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  <page>
    <title>877th Bombardment Squadron</title>
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      <text bytes="4406" sha1="qgourhvj7slpvqiqw9z3ittjq9nxrna" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name= 877th Bombardment Squadron
|image=  [[File:877th Bombardment Squadron - Emblem.png|250px]]
|caption=   Emblem of the 877th Bombardment Squadron
|dates=  1943-1946
|country= [[United States]]
|allegiance=
|branch=[[United States Air Force]]
|type= Bombardment
|role=
|size=
|command_structure=
|current_commander=
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
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|mascot=
|battles=
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
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}}
The '''877th Bombardment Squadron''' is an inactive [[United States Air Force]] unit.  It was last assigned to the [[499th Bombardment Group]].  It was inactivated at [[March Field]], [[California]] on 16 February 1946.

==History==
Activated in November 1943 as one of the initial [[B-29 Superfortress]] Very Heavy bombardment squadrons.   Trained in Kansas with early model B-29s, with frequent delays in training due to modifications of the aircraft correcting production deficiencies.

When training was completed moved to [[Isely Field]], Saipan, in the Mariana Islands of the Central Pacific Area in January 1945 and assigned to [[XXI Bomber Command]], [[Twentieth Air Force]].  It's mission was the strategic bombardment of the Japanese Home Islands and the destruction of its war-making capability.  

Flew "shakedown" missions against Japanese targets on [[Moen (island)|Moen]] Island, Truk, and other points in the Carolines and Marianas.  The squadron conducted combat missions over Japan  participating in wide area firebombing attacks, but the first ten day blitz resulting in the Army Air Forces running out of incendiary bombs. Until then the squadron flew conventional strategic bombing missions using high explosive bombs.

The squadron continued attacking urban areas with incendiary raids until the end of the war in August 1945, attacking major Japanese cities, causing massive destruction of urbanized areas.  Also conducted raids against strategic objectives, bombing aircraft factories, chemical plants, oil refineries, and other targets in Japan. The squadron flew its last combat missions on 14 August when hostilities ended.  Afterwards, its B 29s carried relief supplies to Allied prisoner of war camps in Japan and Manchuria 

Squadron was largely de-mobilized on Saipan during the fall of 1945.  Was reoganized as part of continental Air Forces, Fourth Air Force at March Field, California in November 1945, being manned and equipped with low-hour B-29s returned from the Central Pacific.  It later was transferred to the new Strategic Air Command on 21 March 1946, being one of SAC's initial bombardment squadrons.  Demobilization, however, was in full swing and the unit turned in its aircraft and was inactivated on 31 March 1946.

=== Operations and decorations ===
* Combat Operations: Combat in Western Pacific, 28 Oct 1944-14 Aug 1945.
* Campaigns: Air Offensive, Japan; Eastern Mandates; Western Pacific.
* Decorations: [[Distinguished Unit Citation]]s: Japan, 13 Dec 1944; Japan, 1-7 Jun 1945.

===Lineage===
* Constituted '''877th Bombardment Squadron (Very Heavy)''' on 19 November 1943
: Activated on 20 November 1943
: Inactivated on 16 February 1946

===Assignments===
* [[499th Bombardment Group]], 20 November 1943 – 16 February 1946

===Stations===
* [[Davis-Monthan Field]], [[Arizona]], 20 November 1943
* [[Smoky Hill Army Airfield]], [[Kansas]], 1 December 1943
* [[Clovis Army Airfield]], [[New Mexico]], 11 February 1944
* [[Smoky Hill Army Airfield]], [[Kansas]], 8 April-22 July 1944
* [[Isely Airfield]], Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands 22 September 1944-c. November 1945
* [[March Field]], [[California]], c. November 1945-16 February 1946

===Aircraft===
* [[B-17 Flying Fortress]], 1944
* [[B-29 Superfortress]], 1944–1946

==References==
{{AFHRA}}
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Air Force Combat Units of World War II|origyear= 1961|url= http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/fulltext/af_combat_units_wwii.pdf |edition=reprint|year=1983|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-02-1|lccn=61060979}}

{{USAAF 20th Air Force World War II}}

{{Wikipedia|877th Bombardment Squadron}}

[[Category:Military units and formations of the United States in World War II]]
[[Category:Bombardment squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adolf Hitler</title>
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      <text bytes="95867" sha1="olrhp6a0l4i5vfc0hqmm49um9magwmf" xml:space="preserve">{| class="infobox" style="width: 20em; font-size: 89.5%;"
! colspan="4" style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000;" |&lt;center&gt;'''Adolf Hitler'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
{{!}} colspan="2" align="center" {{!}} [[Image:AdolfHitler.jpg]]
|-
! colspan="4" style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000;" |&lt;center&gt;'''[[head of state|Führer]] of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|
|'''In Office'''
|-
|
|1934-1945
|
|-
|'''Succeeded by''' 
|[[Karl Dönitz]]&lt;br&gt;(as President)
|-
! colspan="4" style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000;" |&lt;center&gt;'''Personal Info'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|'''Born'''
|April 20,1889&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Austria-HungaryFlag.png]] Braunau am Inn,&lt;br&gt;Austria-Hungary
|-
|'''Died'''
|April 30,1945 (age 56)&lt;br&gt;[[image:NaziGermanyFlag.png]] Berlin, Germany
|-
|'''Nationality'''
|German 
|-
|'''Party'''
|[[National Socialist German Work Party]]
|-
|'''Spouse''' 
|[[Eva Braun]]
|-
|'''Children''' 
|none
|-
|}

'''Adolf Hitler''' (April 20, [[1889]] &amp;ndash; April 30, [[1945]]) was the German Chancellor (''Reichskanzler'') from 1933 to 1945 and Führer of Germany from 1934 until 1945. He was also the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'' abbreviated NSDAP or simply Nazi Party) and is considered the effective founder of Nazism.

Hitler gained power during Germany's period of crisis following [[World War I]]. Using propaganda and charismatic oratory, he appealed to the economic needs of the lower and middle classes, while sounding resonant chords of nationalism, antisemitism, and anti-communism. With the establishment of a restructured economy, a rearmed military, and a totalitarian regime, Hitler pursued an aggressive foreign policy with the intention of expanding German ''Lebensraum'' (living space).  This triggered [[World War II]] when Germany annexed Austria and the Czech lands and [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invaded]] Poland, much of which was also annexed to form the ''Großdeutschland Reich'' ("Greater German Reich").

Although Nazi Germany and the Axis Powers occupied most of Europe at their zenith, they were eventually defeated by the Allies. By the end of the war, Hitler's policies had culminated in the killing of approximately eleven million people, including the genocide of some six million Jews, in what is now known as the Holocaust.

In the final days of the war, Hitler, along with his new wife, Eva Braun, committed suicide in his underground bunker in Berlin, as the city was overrun by the [[Red Army]] of the Soviet Union.

==Early years==
===Childhood and heritage===
[[Image:Baby-hitler.jpg|thumb|right|Adolf Hitler as an infant.]]

Adolf Hitler was born April 20, [[1889]] at Braunau am Inn, Austria, a village in Upper Austria, bordering Germany, the third son and fourth child of six.&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'' (Penguin Books 1962), 23.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="bull25"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 25.&lt;/ref&gt; His father, Alois Hitler, (born Schicklgruber), (1837&amp;ndash;1903), was a customs official in Austria-Hungary on the German border; his mother, Klara Pölzl, (1860&amp;ndash;1907), Alois's second cousin (presumably), was his father's third wife. Because of the close kinship of the two, a papal dispensation had to be obtained for the marriage, both being Roman Catholic. Of Alois and Klara's six children, only Adolf and his sister Paula reached adulthood.&lt;ref name="bull25"/&gt; Hitler's father also had a son, Alois Jr, and a daughter, Angela, by his second wife.&lt;ref name="bull25"/&gt; There were no children by his first wife.&lt;ref name="bull25"/&gt;

Alois Hitler was born illegitimate.&lt;ref name="bull24"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 24&lt;/ref&gt; For the first 39 years of his life he bore his mother's surname, Schicklgruber.&lt;ref name="bull24"/&gt; In 1876, he began using the surname of his stepfather, Johann Georg Hiedler, after visiting a priest who was responsible for birth registries who had Johann Hiedler declared to be his father.&lt;ref name="bull24"/&gt; The name was variously spelled Hiedler, Huetler, Huettler and Hitler and probably changed to "Hitler" by a clerk. The origin of the name is either from the German word ''Hittler'' and similar, "one who lives in a hut", "shepherd", or from the Slavic word ''Hidlar'' and ''Hidlarcek''.

Later, Hitler was accused by enemies of not being a Hitler, but a Schicklgruber. Allied propaganda exploited this during World War II. Pamphlets bearing the phrase "Heil Schicklgruber" were airdropped over German cities. Adolf was legally born a Hitler, however, and was also related to Hiedler via his maternal grandmother, Johanna Hiedler.

The name, "Adolf", comes from Old High German for "noble wolf" (Adel=nobility + wolf).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thinkbabynames.com/meaning/1/Adolph Origin and Popularity of the Name "Adolph"], thinkbabynames.com&lt;/ref&gt; Hence, not surprisingly, one of Hitler's self-given nicknames was ''Wolf'' or ''Herr Wolf'' — he began using this nickname in the early 1920s and was addressed by it only by intimates (as "Uncle Wolf" by the Wagners) up until the fall of the Third Reich.&lt;ref&gt;Walter C. Langer, &lt;cite&gt;The Mind of Adolf Hitler&lt;/cite&gt;, p. 246 (Basic Books: New York, 1972)&lt;/ref&gt; The names of his various headquarters scattered throughout continental Europe (''Wolfsschanze'' in East Prussia, ''Wolfsschlucht'' in France, ''Werwolf'' in Ukraine, etc.) reflect this. By his closest family and  relatives, Hitler was known as "Adi".

As a boy, Hitler said he was whipped almost daily by his father. Years later he told his secretary, "I then resolved never again to cry when my father whipped me. A few days later I had the opportunity of putting my will to the test. My mother, frightened, took refuge in the front of the door. As for me, I counted silently the blows of the stick which lashed my rear end."&lt;ref&gt;John Toland, ''Adolph Hitler'', pp. 12-13.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hitler's paternal grandfather was probably one of the brothers Johann Georg Hiedler or Johann Nepomuk Hiedler. There were rumours that Hitler was one-quarter Jewish and that his grandmother, Maria Schicklgruber, became pregnant while working as a servant in a Jewish household. During the 1920s, the implications of these rumours were politically explosive, especially for the proponent of a racist ideology. Opponents tried to prove that Hitler had Jewish or Czech ancestors. Although these rumours were never confirmed, for Hitler they were reason enough to conceal his origins. According to Robert G. L. Waite in ''The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler'', Hitler made it illegal for German women to work in Jewish households, and after the "Anschluss" (annexation) of Austria, Hitler had his father's hometown obliterated by turning it into an artillery practice area. Thus Hitler seems to have betrayed a fear of being Jewish. Waite says that Hitler's insecurities in this regard may have been more important than whether Judaic ancestry could have been proven by his peers.

Alois Hitler's family moved often, from Braunau to Passau, Lambach, Leonding, and Linz. Adolf Hitler was a good student at the elementary schools he attended; however, in sixth grade (1900&amp;ndash;1), his first year of high school (''Realschule'') in Linz, he failed and had to repeat the grade. His teachers reported that he had "no desire to work." One of Hitler's classmates in the Linz Realschule was Ludwig Wittgenstein, one of the great philosophers of the 20th century.&lt;ref&gt;, though there is scant evidence that they knew each other or had any meaningful contact. However a recent book by British author Kimberley Cornish suggests that conflict between Hitler and a group of Jewish students that included Wittgenstein was a critical moment in Hitler's formation as an anti-semitic radical. See ''The Jew of Linz: Hitler, Wittgenstein and their secret battle for the mind'' (1999).&lt;/ref&gt;

Hitler explained his educational slump as a rebellion against his father, who wanted the boy to follow him in a career as a customs official, although Adolf wanted to become a painter. This explanation is further supported by Hitler's later description of himself as a misunderstood artist. However, after Alois died on January 3, 1903, when Adolf was 13, Hitler's schoolwork did not improve. At the age of 16, Hitler left school with no qualifications.

===Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich===
From 1905 on, Hitler lived a Bohemian life on an orphan's pension and support from his mother. He was rejected twice by the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna (1907 &amp;ndash; 1908) due to "unfitness for painting", and was told his abilities lay in the field of architecture.&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 30-31.&lt;/ref&gt; His memoirs reflect a fascination with the subject:

&lt;blockquote&gt;"''The purpose of my trip was to study the picture gallery in the Court Museum, but I had eyes for scarcely anything but the Museum itself. From morning until late at night, I ran from one object of interest to another, but it was always the buildings which held my primary interest.''" (Mein Kampf, Chapter II, paragraph 3).&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Following the school rector's recommendation, he too became convinced this was the path to pursue, yet he lacked the proper academic preparation for architecture school:

&lt;blockquote&gt;"''In a few days I myself knew that I should some day become an architect. 
''To be sure, it was an incredibly hard road; for the studies I had neglected out of spite at the Realschule were sorely needed. One could not attend the Academy's architectural school without having attended the building school at the Technic, and the latter required a high-school degree. I had none of all this. The fulfillment of my artistic dream seemed physically impossible.''''"(Mein Kampf, Chapter II, paragraph 5 &amp; 6).&lt;/blockquote&gt;

On December 21, 1907, Hitler's mother died a painful death from breast cancer at the age of 47. Ordered to by a court in Linz, Hitler gave his share of the orphans' benefits to his sister Paula. When he was 21 he inherited money from an aunt. He struggled as a painter in Vienna, copying scenes from postcards and selling his paintings to merchants and tourists (there is evidence he produced over 2000 paintings and drawings before World War I).
[[Image:AHWatercolour1.jpg|thumb|A watercolour by Adolf Hitler depicting Laon, France]]

After the second refusal from the Academy of Arts, Hitler ran out of money. In 1909 he sought refuge in a homeless shelter, and by 1910 had settled into a house for poor working men.

Hitler says he first became an anti-Semite in Vienna, which had a large Jewish community, including Orthodox Jews who had fled from pogroms in Russia. However, according to a close childhood friend, August Kubizek, Hitler was already a "confirmed anti-Semite" before he left Linz, Austria. Vienna at this time was a hotbed of traditional religious prejudice and 19th century racism. Hitler may have been influenced by the writings of the ideologist and anti-Semite Lanz von Liebenfels and polemics from politicians such as Karl Lueger, founder of the Christian Social Party and mayor of Vienna, the composer Richard Wagner, and Georg Ritter von Schönerer, leader of the pan-Germanic ''Away from Rome!'' movement. Hitler claims in ''Mein Kampf'' that his transition from opposing anti-Semitism on religious grounds to supporting it on racial grounds came from having seen an Orthodox Jew, but actually it seems Hitler wasn't that anti-semitic in these years. He often was a guest for dinner in a noble Jewish house and Jewish merchants tried to sell his paintings.&lt;ref&gt;''Hitler's Vienna. A dictator's apprenticeship'' by Brigitte Hamann and Thomas Thornton, Oxford University Press, USA (July 1, 1999)&lt;/ref&gt;

Hitler may also have been influenced by Martin Luther's "The Jews and Their Lies". Kristallnacht took place on 10 November - Luther's birthday - and resembles Luther's own advice on how the Jews should be dealt with.

&lt;blockquote&gt;"''There were very few Jews in Linz. In the course of centuries the Jews who lived there had become Europeanized in external appearance and were so much like other human beings that I even looked upon them as Germans. The reason why I did not then perceive the absurdity of such an illusion was that the only external mark which I recognized as distinguishing them from us was the practice of their strange religion. As I thought that they were persecuted on account of their faith my aversion to hearing remarks against them grew almost into a feeling of abhorrence. I did not in the least suspect that there could be such a thing as a systematic anti-Semitism.''&lt;/blockquote&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;''Once, when passing through the inner City, I suddenly encountered a phenomenon in a long caftan and wearing black side-locks. My first thought was: Is this a Jew? They certainly did not have this appearance in Linz. I carefully watched the man stealthily and cautiously but the longer I gazed at the strange countenance and examined it feature by feature, the more the question shaped itself in my brain: Is this a German?''" &lt;br&gt;(''Mein Kampf'', vol. 1, chap. 2: "Years of study and suffering in Vienna")
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

In his [[Mein Kampf]], Hitler referred to [[wikipedia:Martin Luther|Martin Luther]] as a great warrior, a true statesmen, and a great reformer, alongside [[wikipedia:Richard Wagner|Richard Wagner]] and [[wikipedia:Frederick the Great|Frederick the Great]]&lt;ref&gt;Hitler, Adolf, ''Mein Kapmf'', Volume 1, Chapter VII&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Among them must be counted the great warriors in this world who, though not understood by the present, are nevertheless prepared to carry the fight for their ideas and ideals to their end. They are the men who some day will be closest to the heart of the people; it almost seems as though every individual feels the duty of compensating in the past for the sins which the present once committed against the great. Their life and work are followed with admiring gratitude and emotion, and especially in days of gloom they have the power to raise up broken hearts and despairing souls. To them belong, not only the truly great statesmen, but all other great reformers as well. Beside Frederick the Great stands Martin Luther as well as Richard Wagner. &lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; [[wikipedia:Wilhelm Röpke|Wilhelm Röpke]], writing after Hitler's Holocaust, concluded that "without any question, Lutheranism influenced the political, spiritual and social history of Germany in a way that, after careful consideration of everything, can be described only as fateful." &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Solution to the German Problem|author=Wilhelm Röpke|year=1946|pages=pp.117|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons}}, as cited in Waite, Robert G. L. ''The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler'', pp.251, Da Capo Press, 1993, ISBN 0-306-80514-6&lt;/ref&gt;

Hitler claimed that Jews were enemies of the [[Aryan race]]. He held them responsible for Austria's crisis. He also identified certain forms of [[wikipedia:Socialism|Socialism]] and [[wikipedia:Communism|Bolshevism]], which had many Jewish leaders, as Jewish movements, merging his anti-Semitism with anti-Marxism. Blaming Germany's military defeat on the 1918 Revolutions, he considered Jews the culprit of Imperial Germany's downfall and subsequent economic problems as well.

[[Image:Hitler's Paintings - Landscape.jpg|thumb|left|A landscape painted by Adolf Hitler]]

Generalising from tumultuous scenes in the parliament of the multi-national [[Austria-Hungary|Austria Monarchy]], he decided that the democratic [[wikipedia:parliamentary system|parliamentary system]] was unworkable. However, according to [[wikipedia:August Kubizek|August Kubizek]], his roommate at the time, he was more interested in the [[wikipedia:opera|opera]]s of [[wikipedia:Richard Wagner|Richard Wagner]] than in politics.

Hitler received the final part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to [[wikipedia:Munich|Munich]]. He wrote in ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' that he had always longed to live in a "real" German city. In Munich, he became more interested in architecture and, he says, the writings of [[wikipedia:Houston Stewart Chamberlain|Houston Stewart Chamberlain]]. Moving to Munich also helped him escape [[wikipedia:Conscription|military service]] in Austria for a time, but the Austrian army arrested him finally. After a physical exam (during which his height was measured at 173 cm, or 5 ft 8 in) and a contrite plea, he was deemed unfit for service and allowed to return to Munich. However, when Germany entered World War I in August 1914, he petitioned King Ludwig III of Bavaria for permission to serve in a Bavarian regiment, this request was granted, and Adolf Hitler enlisted in the [[wikipedia:Bavaria|Bavaria]]n army.&lt;ref&gt;Shirer, William L., ''The Rise And Fall of Adolf Hitler'' c 1961, Random House&lt;/ref&gt;

===World War I===
Hitler soldiered in [[wikipedia:France|France]] and [[wikipedia:Belgium|Belgium]] as a runner for the 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment (called ''Regiment List'' after its first commander), which exposed him to enemy fire.&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 50-51.&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike his fellow soldiers, Hitler never complained about the food or hard conditions, preferring to talk about [[wikipedia:art|art]] or history. He drew [[wikipedia:cartoon|cartoon]]s and instructional drawings for the army newspaper. 

Hitler was twice decorated for bravery. He received the [[Iron Cross]], Second Class, in December 1914 and the Iron Cross, First Class, in August 1918, an honour rarely given to a [[Gefreiter]].&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 52.&lt;/ref&gt; However, because the regimental staff thought Hitler lacked leadership skills, and (according to Kershaw){{Page number}} Hitler's unwillingness to leave regimental headquarters (which would have been likely in event of promotion), he was never promoted to [[Unteroffizier]]. Other historians say that the reason he was not promoted is that he did not have German citizenship. His duty station at regimental headquarters, while often dangerous, gave Hitler time to pursue his artwork. In October 1916 Hitler was [[wikipedia:wound|wound]]ed in the leg, but returned to the front in March 1917. He received the [[Wound Badge]] later that year. [[wikipedia:Sebastian Haffner|Sebastian Haffner]], referring to Hitler's experience at the front, suggests he did have at least some understanding of the military.

On [[wikipedia:October 15|October 15]], [[1918]] Hitler was admitted to a [[field hospital]], temporarily [[wikipedia:Blindness|blinded]] by a [[mustard gas]] attack. The English psychologist [[wikipedia:David Lewis (psychologist)|David Lewis]]&lt;ref&gt;David Lewis, ''The Man who invented Hitler'', Headline Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-7553-1148-5.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[wikipedia:Bernhard Horstmann|Bernhard Horstmann]] indicate the blindness may have been the result of a [[wikipedia:conversion disorder|conversion disorder]] (then known as [[wikipedia:hysteria|hysteria]]). Hitler said it was during this experience that he became convinced the purpose of his life was to "save Germany". Some scholars, notably Lucy Dawidowicz,&lt;ref&gt;''The War Against the Jews''. Bantam. 1986&lt;/ref&gt; argue that an intention to exterminate Europe's Jews was fully formed in Hitler's mind at this time, though he probably hadn't thought through how it could be done. This is however a minority view. Most historians think the decision was made in 1940 or 1941, and some think it came as late as 1942.

Two passages in ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' mention the use of ''[[poison gas]]'':
:''At the beginning of the Great War, or even during the War, if twelve or fifteen thousand of these Jews who were corrupting the nation had been forced to submit to poison-gas ... then the millions of sacrifices made at the front would not have been in vain.'' (Volume 2, Chapter 15 "The Right to Self-Defence").

:''These tactics are based on an accurate estimation of human weakness and must lead to success, with almost mathematical certainty, unless the other side also learns how to fight poison gas with poison gas. The weaker natures must be told that here it is a case of to be or not to be.'' (Volume 1, Chapter 2 "Years of Study and Suffering in Vienna")

Hitler had long admired Germany, and during the war he had become a passionate German [[wikipedia:patriotism|patriot]], although he did not become a German citizen until 1932. He was shocked by Germany's [[wikipedia:capitulation|capitulation]] in November 1918 even while the German army still held enemy territory.&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 60.&lt;/ref&gt; Like many other German [[Nationalism|nationalists]], Hitler believed in the ''[[Dolchstoßlegende]]'' ("dagger-stab legend") which claimed that the army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" by civilian leaders and Marxists back on the [[home front]]. These politicians were later dubbed the ''[[November Criminals]]''.

The [[Treaty of Versailles]] deprived Germany of various territories, [[demilitarization|demilitarized]] the [[wikipedia:Rhineland|Rhineland]] and imposed other economically damaging sanctions. The treaty re-created Poland, which even moderate Germans regarded as an outrage. The treaty also blamed Germany for all the horrors of the Great War, something which major historians like [[wikipedia:John Keegan|John Keegan]] now consider at least in part to be [[victor's justice]], as most European nations in the run-up to World War I had become increasingly militarised and had in fact been eager to fight. The culpability of Germany was used as a basis to impose reparations on Germany (the amount was repeatedly revised under the [[Dawes Plan]], the [[Young Plan]], and the [[Hoover Moratorium]]). Germany in turn perceived the treaty and especially the paragraph on the German guilt as a humiliation. For example, there was a nearly total demilitarisation of the armed forces, allowing Germany only 6 battleships, no submarines, no air force, an army of 100,000 without [[wikipedia:conscription|conscription]] and no armoured vehicles. The treaty was an important factor in both the social and political conditions encountered by Hitler and his Nazis as they sought power. Hitler and his party used the signing of the treaty by the "November Criminals" as a reason to build up Germany so that it could never happen again. He also used the "November Criminals" as scapegoats, although at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris peace conference]], these politicians had had very little choice in the matter.

==The early years of the Nazi Party==
[[Image:Hitlermember.png|thumb|A copy of Adolf Hitler's forged [[German Workers' Party|DAP]] membership card. His actual membership number was 555 (the 55th member of the party - the 500 was added to make the group appear larger) but later the number was reduced to create the impression that Hitler was one of the founding members (Ian Kershaw ''Hubris''). Hitler had wanted to create his own party, but was ordered by his superiors in the Reichswehr to infiltrate an existing one instead.]]

===Hitler's entry into politics===
After World War I, Hitler remained in the army and returned to Munich, where he - in contrast to his later declarations - participated in the funeral march for the murdered Bavarian prime minister Kurt Eisner.[18] After the suppression of the Bavarian Soviet Republic, he took part in "national thinking" courses organized by the Education and Propaganda Department (Dept Ib/P) of the Bavarian Reichswehr Group, Headquarters 4 under Captain Karl Mayr. A key purpose of this group was to create a scapegoatTemplate:Fact for the outbreak of the war and Germany's defeat. The scapegoats were found in "international Jewry", communists, and politicians across the party spectrum, especially the parties of the Weimar Coalition, who were deemed "November Criminals". 

In July 1919, Hitler was appointed a Verbindungsmann (police spy) of an Aufklärungskommando (Intelligence Commando) of the Reichswehr, both to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate a small party, the German Workers' Party (DAP). During his inspection of the party, Hitler was impressed with Drexler's anti-Semitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist ideas, which favoured a strong active government, a "non-Jewish" version of socialism and mutual solidarity of all members of society. 

Here Hitler also met Dietrich Eckart, one of the early founders of the party and member of the occult Thule Society.[19] Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas with him, teaching him how to dress and speak, and introducing him to a wide range of people. Hitler thanked Eckart by paying tribute to him in the second volume of Mein Kampf. 

Hitler was discharged from the army in March 1920 and with his former superiors' continued encouragement began participating full time in the party's activities. By early 1921, Hitler was becoming highly effective at speaking in front of large crowds. In February, Hitler spoke before a crowd of nearly six thousand in Munich. To publicize the meeting, he sent out two truckloads of Party supporters to drive around with swastikas, cause a commotion and throw out leaflets, their first use of this tactic. Hitler gained notoriety outside of the Party for his rowdy, polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians (including monarchists, nationalists and other non-internationalist socialists) and especially against Marxists and Jews. 

The DAP was centered in Munich, a hotbed of German nationalists who included Army officers determined to crush Marxism and undermine the Weimar republic. Gradually they noticed Adolf Hitler and his growing movement as a vehicle to hitch themselves to. Hitler traveled to Berlin to visit nationalist groups during the summer of 1921 and in his absence there was a revolt among the DAP leadership in Munich. 

The Party was run by an executive committee whose original members considered Hitler to be overbearing and dictatorial. They formed an alliance with a group of socialists from Augsburg. Hitler rushed back to Munich and countered them by tendering his resignation from the Party on July 11, 1921. When they realized the loss of Hitler would effectively mean the end of the Party, he seized the moment and announced he would return on the condition that he would be given dictatorial powers. Infuriated committee members (including founder Anton Drexler) held out at first. Meanwhile an anonymous pamphlet appeared entitled Adolf Hitler: Is he a traitor?, attacking Hitler's lust for power and criticizing the violent men around him. Hitler responded to its publication in a Munich newspaper by suing for libel and later won a small settlement. 

The executive committee of the DAP eventually backed down and Hitler's demands were put to a vote of party members. Hitler received 543 votes for and only one against. At the next gathering on July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler was introduced as Führer of the National Socialist Party, marking the first time this title was publicly used. Hitler changed the name of the party to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or National Socialist German Workers Party. 

Hitler's beer hall oratory, attacking Jews, social democrats, liberals, reactionary monarchists, capitalists and communists, began attracting adherents. Early followers included Rudolf Hess, the former air force pilot Hermann Göring, and the army captain Ernst Röhm, who became head of the Nazis' paramilitary organization, the SA (Sturmabteilung, or "Storm Division"), which protected meetings and attacked political opponents. Hitler also assimilated independent groups, such as the Nuremberg-based Deutsche Werkgemeinschaft, led by Julius Streicher, who now became Gauleiter of Franconia. Hitler also attracted the attention of local business interests, was accepted into influential circles of Munich society, and became associated with wartime General Erich Ludendorff during this time. 


===The Beer Hall Putsch=== 
Encouraged by this early support, Hitler decided to use Ludendorff as a front in an [[coup|attempt to seize power]] later known as the ''Beer Hall Putsch'' (sometimes as the ''Hitler Putsch'' or ''Munich Putsch''). The Nazi Party had copied the Italian [[Fascism|Fascists]] in appearance and also had adopted some programmatical points and now, in the turbulent year 1923, Hitler wanted to emulate [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]'s "[[March on Rome]]" by staging his own "Campaign in Berlin". Hitler and Ludendorff obtained the clandestine support of [[wikipedia:Gustav von Kahr|Gustav von Kahr]], [[wikipedia:Bavaria|Bavaria]]'s [[wikipedia:de facto|de facto]] ruler along with leading figures in the [[Reichswehr]] and the police. As political posters show, Ludendorff, Hitler and the heads of the Bavarian police and military planned on forming a new government.

However on [[wikipedia:November 8|November 8]], [[1923]] Kahr and the military withdrew their support during a meeting in the Bürgerbräukeller, a large beer hall outside of Munich. A surprised Hitler had them arrested and proceeded with the coup. Unknown to him, Kahr and the other detainees had been released on Ludendorff's orders after he obtained their word not to interfere. That night they prepared resistance measures against the coup and in the morning, when Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government as a start to their "March on Berlin", the army dispersed them. [[Beer_Hall_Putsch#Nazi_supporters_who_died_in_the_putsch|16 NSDAP members]] were killed.

Hitler fled to the home of [[wikipedia:Ernst Hanfstaengl|friends]] and contemplated suicide. He was soon arrested for [[high treason]]. [[Alfred Rosenberg]] became temporary leader of the party. During Hitler's trial, sympathetic  magistrates allowed Hitler to turn his coup debacle into a [[wikipedia:propaganda|propaganda]] triumph. He was given almost unlimited time to speak, and his popularity soared as he voiced nationalistic sentiments. A Munich personality became a nationally known figure. On [[wikipedia:April 1|April 1]], [[1924]] Hitler was sentenced to five years' imprisonment at [[wikipedia:Landsberg Prison|Landsberg Prison]]. Hitler received favoured treatment from the guards and had much fan mail from [[wikipedia:Fan (aficionado)|admirers]].&lt;ref name="bull121"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 121.&lt;/ref&gt; He was pardoned and released from jail in December 1924, as part of a general amnesty for political prisoners. He served nine months of his sentence, or just over a year if time on remand is included.&lt;ref name="bull121"/&gt;

===''Mein Kampf''===
{{main|Mein Kampf}}
While at Landsberg he dictated ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' (''My Struggle'', originally intended "Four Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice") to his deputy [[Rudolf Hess]].&lt;ref name="bull121"/&gt; The book, dedicated to [[wikipedia:Thule Society|Thule Society]] member [[wikipedia:Dietrich Eckart|Dietrich Eckart]], was a selective and sometimes misleading autobiography and an exposition of his ideology. It was published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, selling about 240,000 copies between 1925 and 1934 alone. By the end of the war, about 10 million copies had been sold or distributed (every newly-wed couple, as well as front soldiers, received free copies).

Hitler spent years dodging taxes on the royalties of his book, and had accumulated a tax debt of about 405,500 [[wikipedia:German reichsmark|Reichsmarks]] (€6m in today's money) by the time he became chancellor (at which time his debt was waived).&lt;ref name="taxes"&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4105683.stm Hitler dodged taxes, expert finds.] BBC News, 2004-12-17. Retrieved on 2007-1-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/0,1518,druck-433526,00.html Mythos Ladenhüter] Spiegel Online&lt;/ref&gt;

The copyright of ''Mein Kampf'' in Europe is claimed by the Free State of Bavaria and will expire in 2015. Reproductions in Germany are authorized only for scholarly purposes and in heavily commented form. The situation is however unclear; Werner Maser comments that intellectual property cannot be confiscated and so, it still would lie in the hands of Hitler's nephew, who, however, does not want to have anything to do with Hitler's legacy. This situation led to contested trials, eg., in Poland and Sweden. ''Mein Kampf'', however, is published in the USA, as well as in other countries such as Turkey and Israel, by publishers with various political positions.

===The rebuilding of the party===
At the time of Hitler's release, the political situation in Germany had calmed and the economy had improved, which hampered Hitler's opportunities for agitation. Though the ''Hitler Putsch'' had given Hitler some national prominence, his party's mainstay was still Munich. 

As Hitler was still banned from public speeches, he appointed [[wikipedia:Gregor Strasser|Gregor Strasser]], who in 1924 had been elected to the [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]], as ''Reichsorganisationsleiter'', authorizing him to organize the party in northern Germany. Gregor, joined by his younger brother [[Otto Strasser|Otto]] and [[Joseph Goebbels]], steered an increasingly independent course, emphasizing the socialist element in the party's programme. The ''Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Gauleiter Nord-West'' became an internal opposition, threatening Hitler's authority, but this faction was defeated at the [[Bamberg Conference|Bamberg Conference (1926)]], during which Goebbels joined Hitler.

After this encounter, Hitler centralized the party even more and asserted the ''[[Führerprinzip]]'' ("Leader principle") as the basic principle of party organization. Leaders were not elected by their group but were rather appointed by their superior and were answerable to them while demanding unquestioning obedience from their inferiors. Consistent with Hitler's disdain for [[democracy]], all power and [[authority]] devolved from the top down.

A key element of Hitler's appeal was his ability to evoke a sense of offended national pride caused by the [[Treaty of Versailles]] imposed on the defeated [[Second Reich|German Empire]] by the Western Allies. Germany had lost economically important territory in Europe along with its [[Colony|colonies]] and in admitting to sole responsibility for the war had agreed to pay a huge [[World War I reparations|reparations]] bill totaling 132 billion [[German gold mark|marks]]. Most Germans bitterly resented these terms but early Nazi attempts to gain support by blaming these humiliations on "international Jewry" were not particularly successful with the electorate. The party learned quickly and soon a more subtle propaganda emerged, combining anti-Semitism with an attack on the failures of the "[[Weimar]] system" and the parties supporting it.
[[Image:Hitler1928.jpg|thumb|Adolf Hitler at Nazi rally in Nuremberg 1928.]]
Having failed in overthrowing the Republic by a coup, Hitler now pursued the "strategy of legality": this meant formally adhering to the rules of the [[Weimar Republic]] until he had legally gained power and then transforming liberal democracy into a Nazi dictatorship. Some party members, especially in the paramilitary [[Sturmabteilung|SA]], opposed this strategy and [[Ernst Röhm]] ridiculed Hitler as "Adolphe Legalité".

==The road to power==
{{main|Hitler's rise to power}}

{|  border="2" class="prettytable" 
|  align="center" colspan="5" | &lt;strong&gt;Nazi Party Election Results&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;
|- 
|  align="center" | &lt;strong&gt;Date&lt;/strong&gt;
|  align="center" | &lt;strong&gt;Votes&lt;/strong&gt;
|  align="center" | &lt;strong&gt;Percentage  &lt;/strong&gt;
|  align="center" | &lt;strong&gt;Seats in&amp;nbsp;Reichstag&lt;/strong&gt;
|  align="center" | &lt;strong&gt;Background&lt;/strong&gt;
|- 
|  align="left" | [[wikipedia:German election, May 1924|May 1924]]
|  align="right" | 1,918,300
|  align="right" | 6.5
|  align="right" | 32
|  align="left" | Hitler in prison
|- 
|  align="left" | [[wikipedia:German election, December 1924|December 1924]]
|  align="right" | 907,300
|  align="right" | 3.0
|  align="right" | 14
|  align="left" | Hitler is released from prison
|- 
|  align="left" | [[wikipedia:German election, 1928|May 1928]]
|  align="right" | 810,100
|  align="right" | 2.6
|  align="right" | 12
|  align="left" | &amp;nbsp;
|- 
|  align="left" | [[wikipedia:German election, 1930|September 1930]]
|  align="right" | 6,409,600
|  align="right" | 18.3
|  align="right" | 107
|  align="left" | After the financial crisis
|- 
|  align="left" | [[wikipedia:German election, July 1932|July 1932]]
|  align="right" | 13,745,800
|  align="right" | 37.4
|  align="right" | 230
|  align="left" | After Hitler was candidate for presidency
|- 
|  align="left" | [[wikipedia:German election, November 1932|November 1932]]
|  align="right" | 11,737,000
|  align="right" | 33.1
|  align="right" | 196
|  align="left" | &amp;nbsp;
|- 
|  align="left" | [[wikipedia:German election, 1933|March 1933]]
|  align="right" | 17,277,000
|  align="right" | 43.9
|  align="right" | 288
|  align="left" | During Hitler's term as Chancellor of Germany
|}

===The Brüning administration===
The political turning point for Hitler came when the [[Great Depression]] hit Germany in 1930. The [[Weimar Republic]] had never been firmly rooted and was openly opposed by right-wing conservatives (including monarchists), Communists and the Nazis. As the parties loyal to the democratic, parliamentary republic found themselves unable to agree on counter-measures, their [[Grand Coalition]] broke up and was replaced by a minority cabinet. The new Chancellor [[Heinrich Brüning]] of the Roman Catholic [[wikipedia:Centre Party|Centre Party]], lacking a majority in parliament, had to implement his measures through the President's emergency decrees. Tolerated by the majority of parties, the exception soon became the rule and paved the way for authoritarian forms of government.

The Reichstag's initial opposition to Brüning's measures led to premature elections in September 1930. The republican parties lost their majority and their ability to resume the Grand Coalition, while the Nazis suddenly rose from relative obscurity to win 18.3% of the vote along with 107 seats in the [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]], becoming the second largest party in Germany.

[[Image:Hitler walking out of Brown House after 1930 elections.jpg|thumb|left|Hitler emerges from the [[Brown House]] in Munich (headquarters of the Nazi party during the last days of the [[Weimar Republic]]) after a post-election meeting in 1930.]]

Brüning's measure of budget consolidation and financial [[wikipedia:austerity|austerity]] brought little economic improvement and was extremely unpopular. Under these circumstances, Hitler appealed to the bulk of German [[wikipedia:farmer|farmer]]s, [[war veteran]]s and the [[wikipedia:middle-class|middle-class]] who had been hard-hit by both the [[wikipedia:inflation|inflation]] of the 1920s and the [[wikipedia:unemployment|unemployment]] of the Depression. Hitler received little response from the [[wikipedia:Urban area|urban]] working classes and traditionally Catholic regions.

Meanwhile, on [[wikipedia:September 18|September 18]], [[1931]], Hitler's [[wikipedia:niece|niece]] [[Geli Raubal]] was found dead in her bedroom in his Munich apartment (his half-sister [[Angela Hitler|Angela]] and her daughter Geli had been with him in Munich since 1929), an apparent suicide. Geli, who was believed to be in some sort of romantic relationship with Hitler, was 19 years younger than he was and had used his gun. The event is viewed as having caused lasting turmoil for him.&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 393-394.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1932, Hitler intended to run against the aging [[wikipedia:President of Germany|President]] [[Paul von Hindenburg]] in the scheduled [[wikipedia:German presidential election, 1932|presidential elections]]. Though Hitler had left Austria in 1913, he still had not acquired German citizenship and hence could not run for public office. In February, however, the state government of [[wikipedia:Brunswick-Lüneburg|Brunswick]], in which the Nazi Party participated, appointed Hitler to some minor administrative post and also gave him [[wikipedia:Naturalization|citizenship]] on [[wikipedia:25 February|25 February]] [[1932]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Der Spiegel | work=Des Führers Pass, Hitlers Einbürgerung | url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/zeitgeschichte/0,1518,470844,00.html | accessdate=March 10 | accessyear=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
The new German citizen ran against Hindenburg, who was supported by a broad range of reactionary nationalist, monarchist, Catholic, Republican and even [[wikipedia:Social Democracy|social democratic]] parties, and against the Communist presidential candidate. His campaign was called "Hitler über Deutschland" (Hitler over Germany).&lt;ref name="bull201"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 201.&lt;/ref&gt; The name had a double meaning; besides an obvious reference to Hitler's dictatorial intentions, it also referred to the fact that Hitler was campaigning by aircraft.&lt;ref name="bull201"/&gt; This was a brand new political tactic that allowed Hitler to speak in two cities in one day, which was practically unheard of at the time. Hitler came in second on both rounds, attaining more than 35% of the vote during the second one in April. Although he lost to Hindenburg, the election established Hitler as a realistic and fresh alternative in German politics.

===The cabinets of Papen and Schleicher===
President Hindenburg, influenced by the [[wikipedia:Camarilla (history)|Camarilla]], became increasingly estranged from Brüning and pushed his Chancellor to move the government in a decidedly authoritarian and right-wing direction. This culminated, in May 1932, with the resignation of the Brüning cabinet.

Hindenburg appointed the nobleman [[wikipedia:Franz von Papen|Franz von Papen]] as chancellor, heading a "Cabinet of Barons". Papen was bent on authoritarian rule and, since in the Reichstag only the conservative [[German National People's Party|DNVP]] supported his administration, he immediately called for new elections in July. In these elections, the Nazis achieved their biggest success yet and won 230 seats.

The Nazis had become the largest party in the Reichstag without which no stable government could be formed. Papen tried to convince Hitler to become Vice-Chancellor and enter a new government with a parliamentary basis. Hitler however rejected this offer and put further pressure on Papen by entertaining parallel negotiations with the [[wikipedia:Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]], Papen's former party, which was bent on bringing down the renegade Papen. In both negotiations, Hitler demanded that he, as leader of the strongest party, must be Chancellor, but President Hindenburg consistently refused to appoint the "Bohemian private" to the Chancellorship.

After a [[wikipedia:motion of no confidence|vote of no-confidence]] in the Papen government, supported by 84% of the deputies, the new Reichstag was dissolved and new elections were called in November. This time, the Nazis lost some seats but still remained the largest party in the Reichstag.

After Papen failed to secure a majority, he proposed to dissolve the parliament again along with an indefinite postponement of elections. Hindenburg at first accepted this, but after General [[wikipedia:Kurt von Schleicher|Kurt von Schleicher]] and the military withdrew their support, Hindenburg instead dismissed Papen and appointed Schleicher, who promised he could secure a majority government by negotiations with both the Social Democrats, the trade unions, and dissidents from the Nazi party under [[wikipedia:Gregor Strasser|Gregor Strasser]]. In January 1933, however, Schleicher had to admit failure in these efforts and asked Hindenburg for emergency powers along with the same postponement of elections that he had opposed earlier, to which the President reacted by dismissing Schleicher.

===Hitler's appointment as Chancellor===
Meanwhile Papen, resentful because of his dismissal, tried to get his revenge on Schleicher by working toward the General's downfall, through forming an intrigue with the [[wikipedia:camarilla (history)|camarilla]] and [[wikipedia:Alfred Hugenberg|Alfred Hugenberg]], media mogul and chairman of the [[German National People's Party|DNVP]]. Also involved were [[wikipedia:Hjalmar Schacht|Hjalmar Schacht]], [[wikipedia:Fritz Thyssen|Fritz Thyssen]] and other leading German businessmen. They financially supported the Nazi Party, which had been brought to the brink of bankruptcy by the cost of heavy campaigning. The businessmen also wrote letters to Hindenburg, urging him to appoint Hitler as leader of a government "independent from parliamentary parties" which could turn into a movement that would "enrapture millions of people."&lt;ref&gt;"&lt;cite&gt;Die Übertragung der verantwortlichen Leitung eines mit den besten sachlichen und persönlichen Kräften ausgestatteten Präsidialkabinetts an den Führer der grössten nationalen Gruppe wird die Schlacken und Fehler, die jeder Massenbewegung notgedrungen anhaften, ausmerzen und Millionen Menschen, die heute abseits stehen, zu bejahender Kraft mitreissen.&lt;/cite&gt;" [http://www.glasnost.de/hist/ns/eingabe.html Glasnost archives]&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, the President reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler Chancellor of a coalition government formed by the [[Nazi Party|NSDAP]] and [[German National People's Party|DNVP]]. Hitler and two other Nazi ministers ([[Wilhelm Frick|Frick]], [[Hermann Göring|Göring]]) were to be contained by a framework of conservative cabinet ministers, most notably by Papen as [[wikipedia:Vice-Chancellor of Germany|Vice-Chancellor]] and by Hugenberg as Minister of Economics. Papen wanted to use Hitler as a figure-head, but the Nazis had gained key positions, most notably the Ministry of the Interior. On the morning of [[wikipedia:January 30|January 30]], [[1933]], in Hindenburg's office, Adolf Hitler was sworn in as [[Chancellor]] during what some observers later described as a brief and simple ceremony. The Nazis' seizure of power subsequently became known as the ''[[Machtergreifung]]''. Hitler established the [[Reichssicherheitsdienst]] as his personal bodyguards.

===Reichstag Fire and the March elections===
Having become Chancellor, Hitler foiled all attempts to gain a majority in parliament and on that basis persuaded President Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag again. Elections were scheduled for early March, but on [[wikipedia:February 27|February 27]], [[1933]], the [[Reichstag fire|Reichstag building was set on fire]].&lt;ref name="bull262"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 262.&lt;/ref&gt; Since a [[wikipedia:Marinus van der Lubbe|Dutch independent communist]] was found in the building, the fire was blamed on a Communist plot to which the government reacted with the [[Reichstag Fire Decree]] of [[wikipedia:February 28|February 28]], which suspended basic rights, including ''[[habeas corpus]]''. Under the provisions of this decree, the [[wikipedia:Communist Party of Germany|German Communist Party]] and other groups were suppressed, and Communist functionaries and deputies were arrested, put to flight, or murdered.

Campaigning continued, with the Nazis making use of paramilitary violence, anti-Communist hysteria, and the government's resources for propaganda. On election day, [[wikipedia:March 6|March 6]], the NSDAP increased its result to 43.9% of the vote, remaining the largest party, but its victory was marred by its failure to secure an absolute majority, necessitating maintaining a [[coalition]] with the [[German National People's Party|DNVP]].&lt;ref name="bull265"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 265.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Image:Reichsparteitagnov1935.jpg|thumb|Parade of SA troops past Hitler. Nuremberg, november 1935.]]
===The "Day of Potsdam" and the Enabling Act===
On [[21 March]], the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony held at Potsdam's garrison church. This "Day of Potsdam" was staged to demonstrate reconciliation and union between the revolutionary Nazi movement and "Old Prussia" with its elites and virtues. Hitler himself appeared, not in Nazi uniform, but in a tail coat, and humbly greeted the aged President Hindenburg.

Because of the Nazis' failure to obtain a majority on their own, Hitler's government confronted the newly elected [[Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] with the [[Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act]] that would have vested the cabinet with [[wikipedia:legislative|legislative]] powers for a period of four years. Though such a bill was not unprecedented, this act was different since it allowed for deviations from the constitution. As the bill required a two-thirds majority in order to pass, the government needed the support of other parties. The position of the Catholic [[wikipedia:Centre Party (Germany)|Centre Party]], at this point the third largest party in the Reichstag, turned out to be decisive: under the leadership of [[wikipedia:Ludwig Kaas|Ludwig Kaas]], the party decided to vote for the Enabling Act. It did so in return for the government's oral guarantees regarding the [[wikipedia:Roman Catholic Church|Church]]'s liberty, the concordats signed by German states and the continued existence of the Centre Party itself.

On [[wikipedia:23 March|23 March]], the Reichstag assembled in a replacement building under extremely turbulent circumstances. Some [[Sturmabteilung|SA men]] served as guards within while large groups outside the building shouted slogans and threats toward the arriving deputies. Kaas announced that the Centre would support the bill amid "concerns put aside.", while Social Democrat [[Otto Wels]] denounced the Act in his speech. At the end of the day, all parties except the [[wikipedia:Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] voted in favour of the bill. The [[Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act]] was dutifully renewed by the Reichstag every four years, even through World War II.

===Removal of remaining limits===
With this combination of legislative and [[wikipedia:executive (government)|executive]] power, Hitler's government further suppressed the remaining political [[wikipedia:Opposition (politics)|opposition]]. The [[wikipedia:Communist Party of Germany|KPD]] and the [[wikipedia:Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] were banned, while all other political parties dissolved themselves. [[wikipedia:Trade Union|Labour unions]] were merged with employers' federations into an organisation under Nazi control and the autonomy of German state governments was abolished.
[[Image:Hitler-triumph.JPG|thumb|Adolf Hitler in ''[[Triumph of the Will]]'']]

Hitler also used the [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] paramilitary to push Hugenberg into resigning and proceeded to politically isolate Vice Chancellor Papen. As the SA's demands for political and military power caused much anxiety among military leaders, Hitler used allegations of a plot by the SA leader [[Ernst Röhm]] to purge the SA's leadership during the [[Night of the Long Knives]]. Opponents unconnected with the SA were also [[wikipedia:murder|murder]]ed, notably [[wikipedia:Gregor Strasser|Gregor Strasser]] and former Chancellor [[wikipedia:Kurt von Schleicher|Kurt von Schleicher]].&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 305.&lt;/ref&gt;

President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] died on [[wikipedia:2 August|2 August]] [[1934]]. Rather than holding new presidential elections, Hitler's cabinet passed a law proclaiming the presidency dormant and transferred the role and powers of the head of state to Hitler as ''Führer und Reichskanzler'' (leader and chancellor).&lt;ref name="bull309"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler, A Study in Tyranny'', 309.&lt;/ref&gt; Thereby Hitler also became supreme commander of the military, whose officers then swore an oath not to the state or the constitution but to Hitler personally.&lt;ref name="bull309"/&gt; In a mid-August plebiscite, these acts found the approval of 84.6%&lt;ref&gt;Fest, Joachim, ''Hitler'' (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974), pp. 476.&lt;/ref&gt; of the electorate. Combining the highest offices in state, military and party in his hand, Hitler had attained supreme rule that could no longer be legally challenged.

==The Third Reich==
[[Image:Jugend um hitler.jpg|thumb|Photographs like the one on the cover of Heinrich Hoffmann's book of photography, ''Youth with Hitler'', were used to promote Hitler's populist-nationalist (Völkisch) image]]

Having secured supreme political power, Hitler went on to gain their support by convincing most Germans he was their saviour from the economic Depression, communism and the "Judeo-Bolsheviks," and the Versailles Treaty along with other "undesirable" minorities. The Nazis eliminated opposition through a process known as Gleichschaltung.

===Economics and culture===
Hitler oversaw one of the greatest expansions of industrial production and civil improvement Germany had ever seen, mostly based on debt flotation and expansion of the military. Nazi policies toward women strongly encouraged them to stay at home to bear children and keep house. In a September 1934 speech to the National Socialist Women's Organization, Adolf Hitler argued that for the German woman her “world is her husband, her family, her children, and her home,” a policy which was reinforced by the bestowing of the Cross of Honor of the German Mother on women bearing four or more babies. The unemployment rate was cut substantially, mostly through arms production and sending women home so that men could take their jobs. Given this, claims that the German economy achieved near full employment are at least partly artifacts of propaganda from the era. Much of the financing for Hitler's reconstruction and rearmament came from currency manipulation by Hjalmar Schacht, including the clouded credits through the Mefo bills. The negative effects of this inflation were offset in later years by the acquisition of foreign gold from the treasuries of conquered nations.

Hitler also oversaw one of the largest infrastructure-improvement campaigns in German history, with the construction of dozens of dams, autobahns, railways, and other civil works. Hitler's policies emphasised the importance of family life: men were the "breadwinners", while women's priorities were to lie in bringing up children and in household work. This revitalising of industry and infrastructure came at the expense of the overall standard of living, at least for those not affected by the chronic unemployment of the later Weimar Republic, since wages were slightly reduced in pre-World-War-II years, despite a 25% increase in the cost of living. &lt;ref&gt;The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich&lt;/ref&gt; Labourers and farmers, the traditional voters of the NSDAP, however, saw an increase their standard of living.

Hitler's government sponsored architecture on an immense scale, with Albert Speer becoming famous as the first architect of the Reich. While important as an Architect in implementing Hitler's classicist reinterpretation of German culture, Speer would prove much more effective as armaments minister during the last years of World War II. In 1936, Berlin hosted the summer Olympic games, which were opened by Hitler and choreographed to demonstrate Aryan superiority over all other races, achieving mixed results. ''Olympia'', the movie about the games and other documentary propaganda films for the German Nazi Party were directed by Hitler's personal filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl.

Although Hitler made plans for a ''Breitspurbahn'' (broad gauge railroad network), they were preempted by World War II. Had the railroad been built, its gauge would have been three metres, even wider than the old Great Western Railway of Britain.

Hitler contributed slightly to the design of the car that later became the Volkswagen Beetle, and charged Ferdinand Porsche with its design and construction.&lt;ref&gt;Robert S. Wistrich,&lt;cite&gt;Who's Who in Nazi Germany &lt;/cite&gt;(New York: Routledge, 2002), p. 193.&lt;/ref&gt;  Production was also deferred due to the war.

He awarded the Order of the German Eagle, the Third Reich's highest distinction, to the industrialist Emil Kirdorf in April 1937, in reward for his financial support during his rise to power. The next year, he organized state funerals for him.

===Rearmament and new alliances===
In March 1935, Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by reintroducing conscription in Germany, building a massive military machine, including a new Navy (''Kriegsmarine'') and an Air Force (''Luftwaffe''). The enlistment of vast numbers of men and women in the new military seemed to solve unemployment problems, but seriously distorted the economy. For the first time in 20 years, Germany's armed forces were as strong as France's.
[[Image:Hitler Mannerheim Ryti.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Hitler in Finland]]

In March 1936, Hitler again violated the Treaty by reoccupying the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland. When Britain and France did nothing, he grew bolder. In July 1936, the Spanish Civil War began when the military, led by General Francisco Franco, rebelled against the elected Popular Front government. Hitler sent troops to support Franco and Spain served as a testing ground for Germany's new forces and their methods, including the bombing of undefended towns such as Guernica in April 1937, prompting Pablo Picasso's famous eponymous Guernica painting.

An Axis was declared between Germany and Italy by Galeazzo Ciano, foreign minister of Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini on October 25, 1936. Tripartite Treaty was then signed by Saburo Kurusu of Imperial Japan, Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany and Galeazzo Ciano of Fascist Italy in September 27, 1940 and was later expanded to include Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria. They were collectively known as the Axis Powers. Then on November 5, 1937, at the Reich Chancellory, Adolf Hitler held a secret meeting and stated his plans for acquiring "living space" (Lebensraum) for the German people.

===The Holocaust===
One of the foundations of Hitler's and the NSDAP's social policies was the concept of racial hygiene. It was based on the ideas of Arthur de Gobineau, eugenics, and social Darwinism. Applied to human beings, "survival of the fittest" was interpreted as requiring racial purity and killing off "life unworthy of life." The first victims were crippled and retarded children in a program dubbed Action T4.&lt;ref name="overy252"&gt;Overy, Richard. ''The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia'' (Penguin Books 2005), 252.&lt;/ref&gt; After a public outcry, Hitler made a show of ending this program, but the killings in fact continued.
  
Between 1939 and 1945, the SS, assisted by collaborationist governments and recruits from occupied countries, systematically killed somewhere between 11 and 14 million people, including about 6 million Jews,&lt;ref&gt;"&lt;cite&gt;There is no precise figure for the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust. The figure commonly used is the six million quoted by Adolf Eichmann, a senior SS official. Most research confirms that the number of victims was between five to six million.&lt;/cite&gt;" [http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_holocaust/faqs/answers/faq_3.html How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? How do we know? Do we have their names?]; FAQs About The Holocaust, Yad Vashem (URL accessed on January 3, 2006)&lt;br /&gt;"&lt;cite&gt;Between 1942 and 1944, Nazi Germany deported millions more Jews from the occupied territories to extermination camps, where they murdered them in specially developed killing facilities&lt;/cite&gt;" [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?lang=en&amp;ModuleId=10005143 The Holocaust]; ''Holocaust Encyclopedia'', United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (URL accessed on January 3, 2006).&lt;/ref&gt; in concentration camps, ghettos and mass executions, or through less systematic methods elsewhere. Besides being gassed to death, many also died as a result of starvation and disease while working as slave labourers (sometimes benefiting private German companies in the process, because of the low cost of such labour). Along with Jews, non-Jewish Poles (over 3 million of whom died), alleged communists or political opposition, resisting Roman Catholics and Protestants, homosexuals, Roma, the physically handicapped and mentally retarded, Soviet prisoners of war (possibly as many as 3 million), Jehovah's Witnesses, anti-Nazi clergy, trade unionists, and psychiatric patients were killed. This industrial-scale genocide in Europe is referred to as the Holocaust (the term is also used by some authors in a narrower sense, to refer specifically to the unprecedented destruction of European Jewry). One of the biggest centres of mass-killing was the [[extermination camp]] complex of [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz-Birkenau]]. Hitler never visited the concentration camps and did not speak publicly about the killing in precise terms.

The massacres that led to the coining of the word "genocide" (the ''[[Final Solution|Endlösung der jüdischen Frage]]'' or "Final Solution of the Jewish Question") were planned and ordered by leading Nazis, with [[Heinrich Himmler|Himmler]] playing a key role. While no specific order from Hitler authorizing the mass killing of the Jews has surfaced, there is documentation showing that he approved the ''Einsatzgruppen'', killing squads that followed the German army through Poland and Russia and that he was kept well informed about their activities. The evidence also suggests that in the fall of 1941 Himmler and Hitler decided upon mass extermination by gassing. During interrogations by Soviet intelligence officers declassified over fifty years later, Hitler's valet Heinz Linge and his military aide Otto Gunsche said Hitler had "pored over the first blueprints of gas chambers."

To make for smoother cooperation in the implementation of this "Final Solution", the Wannsee conference was held near Berlin on January 20, 1942, with fifteen senior officials participating, led by Reinhard Heydrich and Adolf Eichmann. The records of this meeting provide the clearest evidence of  planning for the Holocaust. On February 22, Hitler was recorded saying to his associates, "we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews".

==World War II==
{{main|World War II}}

===Opening moves===
On March 12, 1938, Hitler pressured Austria into unification with Germany (the Anschluss) and made a triumphal entry into Vienna on the 14th.&lt;ref&gt;Butler, Ewan and Young, Gordon. ''The Life and Death of Hermann Goering'' (David and Charles Publishers 1989), 159.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 434.&lt;/ref&gt; Next, he intensified a crisis over the German-speaking Sudetenland districts of Czechoslovakia.&lt;ref&gt;Overy, 425.&lt;/ref&gt; This led to the Munich Agreement of September 1938, which authorized the annexation and immediate military occupation of these districts by Germany.&lt;ref name="bull469"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 469.&lt;/ref&gt; As a result of the summit, Hitler was ''TIME'' magazine's Man of the Year for 1938.&lt;ref&gt;''TIME'' magazine (January 2, 1939), [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,760539-1,00.html "Man of the Year"], ''time.com&lt;/ref&gt; British prime minister Neville Chamberlain hailed this agreement as "Peace in our time", but by giving way to Hitler's military demands Britain and France also left Czechoslovakia to Hitler's mercy.&lt;ref name="bull469"/&gt; Hitler ordered Germany's army to enter Prague on March 15 1939 and from Prague Castle proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate.

After that, Hitler claimed German grievances relating to the Free City of Danzig and the Polish Corridor, that Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty. Britain had not been able to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for an alliance against Germany, and, on August 23, 1939, Hitler concluded a secret non-aggression pact (the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) with Stalin on which it was likely agreed that the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany would partition Poland. On September 1, Germany invaded the western portion of Poland. Britain and France, who had guaranteed assistance to Poland, declared war on Germany. Not long after this, on September 17, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland.

Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, but did not immediately act. During this ''Phony War'', Hitler built up his forces. In April 1940, he ordered German forces to march into Denmark and Norway. In May 1940, Hitler ordered his forces to attack France, conquering the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium in the process. France surrendered on June 22, 1940. This series of victories convinced his main ally, Benito Mussolini of Italy, to join the war on Hitler's side in May 1940.
[[Image:AHitlerinParis1940.jpg|thumb|Adolf Hitler in Paris, 1940.]]
Britain, whose defeated forces had evacuated France from the coastal town of Dunkirk, continued to fight alongside Canadian forces in the [[Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)|Battle of the Atlantic]]. After having his overtures for peace systematically rejected by the defiant British Government, now led by [[Winston Churchill]], Hitler ordered bombing raids on the British Isles, leading to the [[Battle of Britain]], a prelude of the planned German invasion. The attacks began by pounding the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] airbases and the radar stations protecting South-East England. However, the [[Luftwaffe]] failed to defeat the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] by the end of October 1940. Air superiority for the invasion, code-named [[Operation Sealion]], could not be assured and Hitler ordered bombing raids to be carried out on British cities, including London and Coventry, mostly at night.

===Path to defeat===
On June 22 1941, Hitler gave the signal for three million German troops to attack the Soviet Union, breaking the non-aggression pact he had concluded with Stalin less than two years earlier. This invasion, code-named [[Operation Barbarossa]], seized huge amounts of territory, including the Baltic states, Belarus, and Ukraine, along with the encirclement and destruction of many Soviet forces. German forces, however, were stopped short of Moscow in December 1941 by the Russian winter and fierce Soviet resistance (see [[Battle of Moscow]]), and the invasion failed to achieve the quick triumph over the Soviet Union which Hitler had anticipated.

Hitler's declaration of war against the United States on December 11, 1941 four days after the Empire of Japan's attack on [[Pearl Harbour]], Hawaii, USA set him against a coalition that included the world's largest empire (the British Empire), the world's greatest industrial and financial power (the USA), and the world's largest army (the Soviet Union).

In late 1942, German forces under Feldmarschall [[Erwin Rommel]] were defeated in the [[Second Battle of El Alamein|second battle of El Alamein]], thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and the Middle East. In February 1943, the lengthy [[Battle of Stalingrad]] ended with the complete encirclement and destruction of the German [[German Sixth Army|6th Army]]. Both defeats were turning points in the war, although the latter is more commonly considered primary. From this point on, the quality of Hitler's military judgment became increasingly erratic and Germany's military and economic position deteriorated. Hitler's health was deteriorating too. His left hand started shaking uncontrollably. The biographer Ian Kershaw and UM neurology head Abraham Lieberman&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.med.miami.edu/communications/som_news/index.asp?id=12School of Medicine in the News], University of Miami&lt;/ref&gt; believes he suffered from Parkinson's disease. Other conditions that are suspected by some to have caused some (at least) of his symptoms are methamphetamine addiction and syphilis.&lt;ref name="bull717"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 717.&lt;/ref&gt;

Italians overthrew Hitler's ally, Benito Mussolini, in 1943 after Operation Husky, an American and British invasion of Sicily. Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union steadily forced Hitler's armies into retreat along the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|eastern front]]. On June 6 1944, the Western allied armies landed in northern France in what was the largest amphibious operation ever conducted, [[Operation Overlord]]. Realists in the German army knew defeat was inevitable and some officers plotted to remove Hitler from power. In July 1944 one of them, [[Claus von Stauffenberg]], planted a bomb at Hitler's military headquarters in Rastenburg (the so-called [[July 20 Plot]]), but Hitler narrowly escaped death. He ordered savage reprisals, resulting in the executions of more than 4,900 people&lt;ref&gt;Shirer, William L., ''Rise and Fall of the Third Reich'', ch. 29, ''The Allied Invasion of Western Europe and the Attempt to Kill Hitler'' lists 4,980.&lt;/ref&gt; (sometimes by starvation in solitary confinement followed by slow strangulation). The main resistance movement was destroyed although smaller isolated groups such as Die Rote Kapelle continued to operate.

===Defeat and death===

By the end of 1944, the [[Red Army]] had driven the last Germans from Soviet territory and began entering Central Europe. The [[Western Allies|western allies]] were also rapidly advancing into Germany. The Germans had lost the war, but Hitler allowed no retreat or regrouping for his forces while hoping for a break between the Allied Powers to negotiate a separate peace with America and Britain, hopes buoyed by the death of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] on April 12 1945.&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 753, 763, 778.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 780-781.&lt;/ref&gt; Hitler's stubbornness and defiance of military realities also allowed the continued mass killing of Jews and others to continue. He also gave orders which called for the complete destruction of all German industrial infrastructure before it could fall into the hands of the Allies, citing that Germany's failure to win the war forfeited its right to survive.&lt;ref name="bull774-775"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 774-775.&lt;/ref&gt; Execution of the plan was entrusted to Minister for Armaments Production Albert Speer, who instead opted to question Hitler's reasoning while trying to stop the orders from being carried out himself.&lt;ref name="bull774-775"/&gt;

In April 1945, Soviet forces broke through Berlin's outer defenses and were soon attacking the outskirts of the city itself in the Battle of Berlin. Hitler's closest lieutenants urged him to flee to the mountains of Bavaria or Austria to make a last stand in the National Redoubt. But Hitler seemed determined to either live or die in the capital.

On 20 April, Hitler celebrated his 56th birthday in the "Führer's shelter" (''Führerbunker'') below the Reich Chancellery (''Reichskanzlei'').  The garrison commander of the besieged "fortress Breslau" (''Festung Breslau''), German General Hermann Niehoff, had chocolates distributed to his troops, where possible, in honor of Hitler's birthday. &lt;ref&gt;Dollinger, Hans. The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047, Page 112&lt;/ref&gt;

By 21 April, Soviet Marshal Georgi Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front had broken through the defenses of German General Gotthard Heinrici's [[Army Group Vistula]] during the [[Battle of the Seelow Heights]].  Having achieved a break through, the Soviets were advancing towards Berlin with little to stop them.  Ignoring the facts, Hitler saw salvation in the ragtag units commanded by one of his favorite generals, General Felix Steiner.  For Hitler's purposes, Steiner's command became known as "Army Detachment Steiner" (''Armeeabteilung Steiner'').  Unfortunately for the Germans, the "Army Detachment Steiner" was an army which existed primarily on paper.  It was something more than a corps but less than an army.  Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the huge salient created by the break through of Zhukov's 1st Belorussian Front.  Meanwhile, the German [[Ninth Army (Germany)|Ninth Army]] commanded by General [[Theodor Busse]], which had just been pushed south of the salient, was ordered to attack north in a pincer attack.

Late on 21 April, Heinrici called Hans Krebs Chief German General Staff of the Supreme Army Command (''Oberkommando des Heeres'' or OKH) and told him that Hitler's plan could not be implemented.  Heinrici asked to speak to Hitler, but was told by Krebs that Hitler was too busy to take his call.

On 22 April, during one of his last military conferences, Hitler interrupted the report to ask what had happened to General Felix Steiner's offensive. There was a long silence and then Hitler was told that the attack had never been launched, and that the withdrawal from Berlin of several units for Steiner's army, on Hitler's orders, had so weakened the front that the Russians had broken through into Berlin.  This was too much for Hitler;  he asked everyone except Wilhelm Keitel, Hans Krebs, Alfred Jodl, Wilhelm Burgdorf, and Martin Bormann to leave the room, &lt;ref&gt;Dollinger, Hans. The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047, Page 231&lt;/ref&gt; and launched a furious tirade against the perceived treachery and incompetence of his military commanders, culminating in an oath to stay in Berlin, head up the defense of the city, and shoot himself at the end. &lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 783-784.&lt;/ref&gt;

Before the day ended, Hitler again found salvation in a new plan that included General Walther Wenck's [[Twelfth Army (Germany)|Twelfth Army]].&lt;ref name="bull784"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 784.&lt;/ref&gt;  This new plan had Wenck turn his army, currently facing the Americans to the west, and attack towards the east to relieve Berlin.&lt;ref name="bull784"/&gt;  Wenck's Twelfth Army was to link up with Busse's Ninth Army and break through to the city.  Wenck did attack and, in the confusion, managed to make temporary contact with the Potsdam garrison.  But the link up with the Ninth Army, like the plan in general, was ultimately unsuccessful.&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 790.&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 April, after committing to stay in Berlin with Hitler, Joseph Goebbels made the following proclamation to the people of Berlin:

&lt;blockquote&gt; "I call on you to fight for your city.  Fight with everything you have got, for the sake of your wives and your children, your mothers and your parents.  Your arms are defending everything we have ever held dear, and all the generations that will come after us.  Be proud and courageous!  Be inventive and cunning!  Your ''Gauleiter'' is amongst you.  He and his colleagues will remain in your midst.  His wife and children are here as well.  He, who once captured the city with 200 men, will now use every means to galvanize the defense of the capital.  The [[battle for Berlin]] must become the signal for the whole nation to rise up in battle . . . " &lt;ref&gt;Dollinger, Hans. The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047, Page 231&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

Also on 23 April, second in command of the [[Third Reich]] and commander of the [[Luftwaffe]] [[Hermann Göring]] sent a telegram from Berchtesgaden in Bavaria. In his telegram, Göring argued that, since Hitler was cut off in Berlin, he should assume leadership of Germany as Hitler's designated successor.  Göring' telegram mentioned a time limit after which he would consider Hitler incapacitated.&lt;ref name="bull787"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 787.&lt;/ref&gt; Hitler responded, in anger, by having Göring arrested and when he wrote his will on the 29th Göring was removed from all his positions in the government.&lt;ref name="bull787"/&gt;&lt;ref name="bull795"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 795.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Butler, Ewan and Young, Gordon. ''The Life and Death of Hermann Goering'', 227-228.&lt;/ref&gt;

By the end of the day on 27 April, German General Helmuth Weidling, the commander of the Berlin Defense Area, found the city to be completely cut off from the rest of Germany.

On 28 April Hitler discovered that [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] Leader [[Heinrich Himmler]] was trying on his own to inform the Allies (through the Swedish diplomat Count Folke Bernadotte) that Germany was prepared to discuss surrender terms.&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 791.&lt;/ref&gt; Hitler responded as he did with Göring, ordering his arrest and removing him from office, while having his representative in Berlin Hermann Fegelein shot.&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 792.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="bull795"/&gt;

During the night of 28 April, General Wenck reported to the German Supreme Army Command (''Oberkommando des Heeres'' or OKH) in Fuerstenberg that his Twelfth Army had been forced back along the entire front. Wenck noted that no further attacks towards Berlin were possible. General [[Alfred Jodl]] (Supreme Army Command) did not provide this information to Hans Krebs in Berlin until early in the morning of 30 April.

On 29 April, Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf, Joseph Goebbels, and Martin Bormann witnessed and signed the last will and testament of Adolf Hitler.&lt;ref name="bull795"/&gt; Hitler dictated the document to his personal private secretary, Traudl Junge.&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 793.&lt;/ref&gt; Hitler was also that day informed of the violent death of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini on the 28th, which is presumed to have increased his determination to avoid capture.&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 798.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Image:Stars &amp; Stripes &amp; Hitler Dead2.jpg|left|thumb|Cover of US newspaper ''The Stars and Stripes'', May 1945]]
On 30 April 1945, after intense street-to-street combat, when Soviet troops were spotted within a block or two of the Reich Chancellory in the city centre, Hitler committed suicide in the Führerbunker, shooting himself while simultaneously biting into a cyanide capsule.&lt;ref name="bull799-800"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 799-800.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1800287.stm Hitler's final witness.] BBC News, 2002-02-04. Retrieved on 2007-04-23.&lt;/ref&gt; Hitler's body and that of Eva Braun (his long-term mistress whom he had married the day before) were put in a bomb crater, doused in gasoline by Otto Günsche and other Führerbunker aides, and set alight as the Red Army advanced and shelling continued.&lt;ref name="bull799-800"/&gt; Hitler also had his dog Blondi poisoned before his suicide to test the poison he and Eva Braun were going to take.

On 2 May, General Weidling surrendered Berlin unconditionally to Soviet General Vasily Chuikov. When Russian forces reached the Chancellory, they found his body and an autopsy was performed using dental records to confirm the identification. To avoid any possibility of creating a potential shrine, the remains of Hitler and Braun were repeatedly moved, then secretly buried by SMERSH at their new headquarters in Magdeburg.&lt;ref name="BBCskull"&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/725537.stm Russia displays 'Hitler skull fragment'.] BBC News, 2000-08-26. Retrieved on 2007-04-23.&lt;/ref&gt; In April 1970, when the facility was about to be turned over to the East German government, the remains were reportedly exhumed and thoroughly cremated.&lt;ref name="BBCskull"/&gt; According to the Russian Federal Security Service, a fragment of human skull stored in its archives and displayed to the public in a 2000 exhibition came from the remains of Hitler's body uncovered by the [[Red Army]] in Berlin, and is all that remains of Hitler; however, the authenticity of the skull has been challenged by many historians and researchers.&lt;ref name="BBCskull"/&gt;

At the time of Hitler's death, most of Germany's infrastructure and major cities were in ruins and he had left explicit orders to complete the destruction. Millions of Germans were dead with millions more wounded or homeless. In his will, he dismissed other Nazi leaders and appointed Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]] as ''Reichspräsident'' (President of Germany) and Joseph Goebbels as ''Reichskanzler'' (Chancellor of Germany).&lt;ref name="bull795"/&gt; However, Goebbels and his wife Magda, after killing their six young children, committed suicide on May 1, 1945. On May 7, 1945, in Rheims, France, the German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to the [[Western Allies]] and on May 8, 1945, in Berlin to the Soviet Union thus [[VE day|ending the war in Europe]] and with the creation of the [[Allied Control Council]] on June 5, 1945, the Four Powers assumed "supreme authority with respect to Germany". Hitler's "Thousand Year Reich" had lasted 12 years.

==Legacy==
[[Image:Mahnstein.JPG|thumb|Outside the building in Braunau am Inn], Austria where Adolf Hitler was born is a memorial stone warning of the horrors of World War II]]

Since the defeat of Germany in World War II, Hitler, the Nazi Party and the results of Nazism have been regarded in most of the world as synonymous with evil. Historical and cultural portrayals of Hitler in the west are, almost by consensus, condemnatory.

The display of swastikas or other Nazi symbols is prohibited in Germany and political extremists are generally under surveillance by the Verfassungsschutz, one of the federal or state-based offices for the protection of the constitution.

Despite the condemnation heaped upon Hitler by many public figures, there have been instances of some people referring to Hitler's legacy in neutral or favourable terms, particularly in South America and parts of Asia. He has sometimes been portrayed positively in the Islamic World, if only because of his antisemitism. Former Egyptian President Anwar Sadat wrote favourably of Hitler in 1953.&lt;ref&gt;[http://hebrewcatholic.org/salvationisfromt.html (Review, Excerpts)] Schoeman, Roy. "Salvation Is from the Jews: The Role of Judaism in Salvation History", Ignatius Press 2004. ISBN 0-89870-975-X&lt;/ref&gt; Louis Farrakhan has referred to him as a "very great man".&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cnn.com/US/9510/megamarch/10-17/notebook/index.html CNN News, October 7, 1995]&lt;/ref&gt; Bal Thackeray, leader of the right-wing Hindu Shiv Sena party in the Indian state of the Maharashtra, declared in 1995 that he was an admirer of Hitler.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/95/0922/nat5.html Portrait of a Demagogue] AsiaWeek's interview with Bal Thackeray&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hitler's religious beliefs==
Hitler was raised by Roman Catholic parents, but as a school boy he rejected Catholicism as he was influenced by nationalism. Apparently, after Hitler left home, he never attended Mass or received the sacraments.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Rissmann, Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators, Zürich München: Pendo, 2001, p. 94-96 ISBN 3-85842-421-8. &lt;/ref&gt; 
 
In later life, Hitler's religious beliefs present a discrepant picture; publicly he often spoke positively of the Christian heritage of German culture and of belief in Christ. Hitler’s private statements, as reported by his intimates, are more mixed, showing Hitler as a religious man but also critical of Christianity.&lt;ref name="bull389"&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 389.&lt;/ref&gt; However, in contrast to other Nazi leaders, Hitler did not adhere to esoteric ideas, occultism, or neo-paganism,&lt;ref name="bull389"/&gt; and ridiculed such beliefs in his book ''Mein Kampf''.&lt;ref&gt;Overy, 282.&lt;/ref&gt; Rather, Hitler advocated a "Positive Christianity",&lt;ref&gt;Overy, 278.&lt;/ref&gt; a belief system purged from what he objected to in traditional Christianity, and which reinvented Jesus as a fighter against the Jews.

Hitler believed in Arthur de Gobineau's ideas of struggle for survival between the different races, among which the "Aryan race"—guided by "Providence"—was supposed to be the torchbearers of civilization and the Jews as enemies of all civilization. Whether his anti-semitism was influenced by older Christian ideas remains disputed.

Among Christian denominations, Hitler favored Protestantism, which was more open to such reinterpretations. At the same time, he made use of some elements of the Catholic Church's hierarchical organization, liturgy and phraseology in his politics.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Rissmann, p. 96.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bullock, A. ''Hitler: A Study in Tyranny'', 388.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Health and sexuality==
===Health===
*Eva Braun, mistress and then wife
*Alois Hitler, father
*Klara Hitler, mother
*Paula Hitler, sister
*Alois Hitler, Jr., half-brother
*Bridget Dowling, sister-in-law
*William Patrick Hitler, nephew
*Heinz Hitler, nephew
*Angela Hitler Raubal, half-sister
*Maria Schicklgruber, grandmother
*Johann Georg Hiedler, presumed grandfather
*Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, maternal great-grandfather, presumed great uncle and possibly Hitler's true paternal grandfather
*Geli Raubal, niece and rumoured mistress

==People associated with Hitler==
*Martin Bormann, Adolf Hitler's secretary
*Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, sister of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche and Hitler supporter
*Hans Frank, Hitler's lawyer and later senior Nazi official in occupied Poland
*Joseph Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda
*Hermann Göring, Reichsmarschall, Commander of the Luftwaffe, founder of the Gestapo.
*Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy as party leader, best known for his flight to Scotland to negotiate peace in 1941
*Reinhard Heydrich, chief of the Reich Main Security Office (including the Gestapo)
*Heinrich Himmler, leader of the SS, key figure in the Holocaust and the "Final Solution"
*Heinrich Hoffmann, official photographer from 1920 to 1945
*Alfred Jodl, military officer, knew Hitler since 1923
*Wilhelm Keitel, military Field Marshal during World War II
*August Kubizek, close friend and roommate in Vienna
*Leopold Poetsch, Hitler's anti-Semitic school teacher
*Leni Riefenstahl, friend and filmmaker who documented the Nazi party
*Erwin Rommel, the famous "Desert Fox", Field Marshal forced to commit suicide by Hitler
*Ernst Röhm, leader of the SA and internal critic, killed in the Night of the Long Knives (1934)
*Albert Speer, Hitler's personal architect, Minister of armaments. Close friend of Hitler's
*Paul Troost, famous architect who served before Speer
*Winifred Wagner, head of the Wagner family and close friend of Hitler's

===Hitler's Oratory and Rallies===
Hitler was a gifted orator who captivated many with his beating of the lectern and growling, emotional speech. Hitler honed his skills by giving speeches to soldiers during 1919 and 1920. He had an ability to tell people what they wanted to hear (the stab-in-the-back, the Jewish-Marxists, Versailles). Over time Hitler perfected his delivery by rehearsing in front of mirrors and carefully choreographing his display of emotions with the message he was trying to convey.&lt;ref&gt; Hitler also spoke extensively in Munich's beer halls. [http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/machtrede.htm The Power of Speech] by A. E. Frauenfeld. Calvin College&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/ahspeak.htm The Führer as a Speaker] by Dr. Joseph Goebbels. Calvin College&lt;/ref&gt;

His combination of barnyard racism and reactionary nationalism was a toxic brew. Especially deadly was his equation of Jews and Marxists, a confusion that won over many moderate Germans.

Hitler's oratory also needs to be appreciated in the context of the massive Nazi rallies. Carefully staged by Albert Speer, these rallies sparked a process of self-persuasion for the participants. Leni Riefenstahl's ''Triumph of the Will'' chillingly presents the 1934 Nuremberg Rally.

Hitler and Goebbels toned down their racism as Hitler gained electoral strength. In areas where antisemitism was strong they used code words (railing against "Bolshevists" with most people understanding that he meant "Jews"), and they ignored antisemitism in areas where it wasn't already strong. Many Germans were, as they said, "Nazi, but. . ." meaning that they thought Hitler had abandoned his shrill racism.

===Recording of Hitler in private conversation===
Hitler visited Finnish Field Marshal Mannerheim on June 4 1942. During the visit an engineer of the Finnish broadcasting company YLE, Thor Damen, recorded Hitler and Mannerheim in conversation, something which had to be done secretly as Hitler never allowed recordings of him off-guard.[http://www.hs.fi/english/article/1076153999513] Today the recording is the only known recording of Hitler not speaking in an official tone. The recording captures 11 and a half minutes of the two leaders in private conversation.[http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&amp;g=1&amp;ag=3&amp;t=22&amp;a=376] Hitler speaks in a slightly excited, but still intellectually detached manner during this talk (the speech has been compared to that of the working class). The majority of the recording is a monologue by Hitler (as most conversations with Hitler were). In the recording, Hitler admits to underestimating the Soviet Union's ability to conduct war (some English transcripts exist [http://www.wargamer.com/articles/bdvisit2.asp] [http://www.feldgrau.net/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=88528&amp;sid=b157dd8635d95881d5da965bd53ce87a]).
*[http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&amp;g=1&amp;ag=3&amp;t=22&amp;a=376 Recording on the YLE Internet Archive]

===Documentaries during the Third Reich===
Hitler appeared in and was involved to varying degrees with a series of films by the pioneering filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl] via Universum Film AG (UFA):
*''Der Sieg des Glaubens'' (''The Victory of Faith'', 1933).
*''Triumph des Willens'' (''Triumph of the Will'', 1934), co-produced by Hitler.
*''Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht'' (''Day of Freedom: Our Armed Forces'', 1935).
*''Olympia'' (1938).

Hitler was the central figure of the first three films; they focused on the party rallies of the respective years and are considered propaganda films.  Hitler also featured prominently in the ''Olympia'' film.  Whether the latter is a propaganda film or a true documentary is still a subject of controversy, but it nonetheless perpetuated and spread the propagandistic message of the 1936 Olympic Games depicting Nazi Germany as a prosperous and peaceful country.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0386944/ IMDb: Adolf Hitler]&lt;/ref&gt; As a prominent politician, Hitler was also featured in many newsreels.

===Television===
Hitler's attendance at various public functions including the 1936 Olympic games, and Nuremberg Rallies appeared in live Television broadcasts made between 1935 &amp;mdash; 1939. These events along with other programming highlighting activity by public officials were often repeated in public viewing rooms.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ihffilm.com/telunswashis.html ''Television under the Swastika: The history of Nazi Television'']&lt;/ref&gt; 

===Documentaries post Third Reich===
* ''The World at War'' (1974) is a Thames Television series which contains much information about Hitler and Nazi Germany, including an interview with his secretary, Traudl Junge.
* ''Adolf Hitler's Last Days'', from the BBC series "Secrets of World War II" tells the story about Hitler's last days during World War II.
* ''The Nazis:  A Warning From History'' (1997), a 6-part BBC TV series on how the cultured and educated Germans accepted Hitler and the Nazis up to its downfall.  Historical consultant is Ian Kershaw.
*''Blind Spot: Hitler's Secretary'' (2002) is an exclusive 90 minute interview with Traudl Junge, Hitler's final trusted secretary.  Made by Austrian Jewish  director André Heller shortly before Junge's death from lung cancer, Junge recalls the last days in the Berlin bunker.  Clips used in ''Downfall''.
* ''Undergångens arkitektur'' (Architecture of Doom) (1989) documentary about the National Socialist aesthetic as envisioned by Hitler.

===Dramatizations===
* ''Hitler: The Last Ten Days'' (1973) is a movie depicting the days leading up to Adolf Hitler's death, starring Sir Alec Guinness.
* ''The Bunker'' (1978) by James O'Donnell, describing the last days in the Führerbunker from 1945-01-17 to 1945-05-02. Made into the TV movie ''The Bunker'' (1981), starring Anthony Hopkins.
* ''Hitler: The Rise of Evil'' (2003) is a two-part TV series about the early years of Adolf Hitler and his rise to power (up to 1933). Stars [[Robert Carlyle]].
* ''Der Untergang'' ''(Downfall)'' (2004) is a German movie about the last days of Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich, starring Bruno Ganz. This film is partly based on the autobiography of Traudl Junge, a favorite secretary of Hitler's. In 2002 Junge said she felt great guilt for "...liking the greatest criminal ever to have lived."
*[http://www.syberberg.de Hans-Jürgen Syberberg]'s [http://www.german-cinema.de/archive/film_view.php?film_id=404 ''Hitler - Ein Film aus Deutschland''] ''(Hitler, A Film From Germany)'', 1977. Originally presented on German television, this is a 7-hour work in 4 parts: The Grail; A German Dream; The End Of Winter's Tale;  We, Children Of Hell. The director uses documentary clips, photographic backgrounds, puppets, theatrical stages, and other elements from almost all the visual arts, with the "actors" addressing directly the audience/camera, in order to approach and expand on this most taboo subject of European history of the 20th century.
*''Max'' is a 2002 Drama movie, that depicts a friendship between art dealer Max Rothman (who is Jewish) and a young Adolf Hitler as a failed painter in Vienna.

==External links==
*[http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/projects/hitler/hitler.htm Portrayals of Hitler Project] How Hitler has been viewed over the years.
*[http://www.bytwerk.com/gpa/hitler2.htm Photographs of Adolf Hitler]
*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0386944 Adolf Hitler] at the [[wikipedia:Internet Movie Database|Internet Movie Database]]
*[http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/library/donovan/hitler 1943 Psychological Profile of Hitler] written by Dr. Henry A. Murray for the wartime [[wikipedia:Office of Strategic Services|Office of Strategic Services]] [1943 OSS Archives, DD247.H5 M87 1943]
*[http://www.ww2incolor.com/gallery/movies/hitler_color Color Footage of Hitler] - Watch color footage of Hitler during WWII
*[http://www.mondopolitico.com/library/meinkampf/introduction.htm Hitler's ''Mein Kampf''] (full text)
*[http://www.yle.fi/elavaarkisto/?s=s&amp;g=1&amp;ag=3&amp;t=22&amp;a=376 Finnish Broadcasting Company recording of Adolf Hitler speaking in Mannerheim's birthday] The world's only recording of Adolf Hitler's natural speech. More of the subject: [http://www.fpp.co.uk/Hitler/docs/Mannerheim/recording_040642.html] 
*[http://dl01.blastpodcast.com/EVTV1History/1531_1135376820.mov Hitler Speech (February 10, 1933)  with English Translation]

{{succession box | before = Anton Drexler | title = Leader of the NSDAP | years = 1921&amp;ndash;1945 | after = None}}
{{succession box | before = Franz Pfeffer von Salomon | title = Leader of the SA | years = 1930&amp;ndash;1945 | after = None}}
{{succession box | before = Kurt von Schleicher | title = Chancellor of Germany&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt; | years = 1933&amp;ndash;1945 | after = Joseph Goebbels}}
{{succession box | before = Paul von Hindenburg (as President) | title = ''Führer und Reichskanzler''&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;| years = 1934&amp;ndash;1945|after = Karl Dönitz (as President)}}
{{succession box | before = Walther von Brauchitsch| title = Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres (Army Commander)| years = 1941&amp;ndash;1945 | after = Ferdinand Schörner}}
&lt;center&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(a)&lt;/sup&gt;The offices of Head of State and of Chancellor were combined 1934-1945 in the office of Führer und Reichskanzler&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

{{wikipedia|Adolf Hitler}}</text>
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    <title>Aircraft carrier</title>
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      <text bytes="36937" sha1="lzx5t7vvydfttd67umnle50jh9wvnjm" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Aircraft-carrier-in-motion01.jpg|thumb|right|An aircraft carrier in action.]]
An '''aircraft carrier''' is a [[warship]] designed to deploy and recover [[aircraft]]&amp;mdash;in effect acting as a sea-going [[airbase]]. Aircraft carriers thus allow a [[navy|naval]] force to project [[air power]] great distances without having to depend on local bases for land-based aircraft. Modern navies that operate such ships treat aircraft carriers as the [[capital ship|centerpiece]] of the fleet, a role previously played by the [[battleship]]. The change, part of the growth of [[air power]] as a significant part of warfare, took place during [[World War II]]. Unescorted carriers are considered vulnerable to attack by other ships, aircraft, submarines or missiles and therefore travel as part of a [[carrier battle group]].  Unlike other types of capital ships in the 20th century, aircraft carrier designs since World War II have been effectively unlimited by any consideration save budgetary, and the ships have ballooned in size accordingly: The large, modern ''Nimitz'' class of United States Navy carriers has a displacement nearly four times that of the World War II-era [[USS Enterprise (CV-6)|USS ''Enterprise'']].

==Flight deck configuration==
Modern aircraft carriers have a flat-top deck, the [[flight deck]] that serves as a [[take off|take-off]] and [[landing]] area for aircraft. Aircraft take off to the front, into the wind, and land from the rear. Carriers steam at speed, for example up to 35 [[knot (nautical)|knots]] (65 km/h), into the wind during take-off in order to increase the [[apparent wind]] speed, thereby reducing the speed of the aircraft relative to the ship. On some ships, a steam-powered [[Aircraft catapult|catapult]] is used to propel the aircraft forward assisting the power of its engines and allowing it to take off in a shorter distance than would otherwise be required, even with the headwind effect of the ship's course. On other carriers, aircraft do not require assistance for take off — the requirement for assistance relates to aircraft design and performance. Conversely, when landing on a carrier, some aircraft rely upon a [[tailhook]] that catches on [[arrestor wires]] stretched across the deck to bring them to a stop in a shorter distance than normal. Other aircraft utilise their hover capability to land vertically and so require no assistance in speed reduction upon landing. Since the end of [[World War II]] it has been common to direct the landing recovery area off to port at an angle to the line of the ship. The primary function of the angle deck landing area is to allow aircraft who miss the arresting wires, referred to as a "bolter", to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked on the forward parts of the deck. The angle deck also allows launching of aircraft at the same time as others land.

The above deck areas of the warship (the [[bridge (ship)|bridge]], flight [[control tower]], and so on) are concentrated to the [[starboard]] side of the deck in a relatively small area called an "island".  Very few carriers have been designed or built without an island and such a configuration has not been seen in a fleet sized carrier.

A more recent configuration, used by the [[Royal Navy]], has a 'ski-jump' ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. This was developed to help launch [[VTOL]] (or [[STOVL]]) aircraft (aircraft that are able to take off and land with little or no forward movement) such as the [[BAE Sea Harrier|Sea Harrier]]. Although the aircraft are capable of flying vertically off the deck, using the ramp is more fuel efficient. As catapults and arrestor cables are unnecessary, carriers with this arrangement reduce weight, complexity, and space needed for equipment.

==Common types==
Over the course of the last century there have been several types of aircraft carrier, some of which are now obsolete. They can be generally categorised as follows:

===Initial designs and inter-war developments===
*[[Seaplane tender]]s, such as [[HMS Engadine (1911)|HMS ''Engadine'']], out of frontline use after the 1920s when carriers capable of handling conventional aircraft came into fleets and the superiority of landplanes over [[seaplane]]s in naval operations became firmly established
*Standard carriers, such as [[HMS Ark Royal (91)|HMS ''Ark Royal'']], typically 20,000 to 65,000 tons. Often known as "fleet carriers"
*Flying aircraft carrier; [http://www.geocities.com/usarmyaviationdigest/airborneaircraftcarriers.htm] an airship that can carry aircraft. Examples include [[USS Akron (ZRS-4)|USS ''Akron'']] and [[USS Macon (ZRS-5)|''Macon'']]

===World War II developments===
*[[Escort carrier]]s, such as [[USS Barnes (CVE-20)|USS ''Barnes'']], were built only during World War II, and were used by the Royal Navy and U.S. Navy
*[[Light aircraft carrier]]s, such as [[USS Independence (CVL-22)|USS ''Independence'']], were designed to primarily carry fighters
*[[CAM ship]]s, such as [[SS Michael E|SS ''Michael E'']], cargo carrying merchant ships which could launch but not retrieve fighter aircraft. These vessels were an emergency measure during [[World War II]]
*[[Merchant aircraft carrier]]s (MACs), such as [[MV Empire MacAlpine|MV ''Empire MacAlpine'']], another emergency measure which saw cargo-carrying merchant ships equipped with flight decks
*[http://www.combatreform.com/battleships.htm Carrier battleships] were created by the Imperial Japanese Navy to partially compensate for the loss of carrier strength at [[Battle of Midway|Midway]]. Two of them were made from [[Ise class battleship|''Ise'' class]] battleships during late 1943. The aft turrets were removed and replaced with a hangar, deck and catapult. The heavy cruiser [[Mogami|''Mogami'']] concurrently received a similar conversion
*[[Submarine aircraft carrier]]s, such as the French [[French submarine Surcouf|''Surcouf'']], or the Japanese [[I-400 class submarine]]s which were capable of carrying 3 [[Aichi]] [[Aichi M6A|M6A ''Seiran'']] aircraft. The first of these were built in the 1920s

Some [[cruiser (warship)|cruisers]] and [[capital ship]]s of the inter-war years often carried a catapult launched seaplane for reconnaissance and spotting the fall of the guns. It was launched by a catapult and recovered by crane from the water after landing. These were mostly removed during World War II, but had some notable successes early in the war as shown by [[HMS Warspite (1913)|HMS ''Warspite'']]’s [[Supermarine Walrus|Walrus]] during operations in the Norwegian fjords in 1940.

By World War II, seaplane carriers were no longer considered to be as good as carriers which could operate conventional aircraft, as conventional planes could fly farther, faster, with heavier weapons loads and greater performance; by the end of the war, early helicopters were taking over many of the roles of [[seaplane]]s.

===Post-war developments===
* [[Amphibious assault ship|Amphibious assault carriers]], such as [[USS Tarawa (LHA-1)|USS ''Tarawa'']], which often also serve the purpose of carrying and landing [[soldier]]s and operate a large contingent of helicopters for that purpose. Also known as "commando carriers" or "helicopter carriers".
* [[Anti-submarine warfare carrier]]s, also known as "helicopter carriers."
* [[Supercarrier]]s, such as [[USS Nimitz (CVN-68)|USS ''Nimitz'']], typically 75,000 tons or greater. Powered by nuclear reactors and forming the core of a fleet designed to operate far from home.

Many modern warships have [[helicopter]] landing capability and helicopter assault ships represent a new form of amphibious assault carrier.

==History and milestones==
===Genesis===
As heavier-than-air aircraft developed in the early 20th century various navies began to take an interest in their potential use as scouts for their big gun warships. A number of experimental flights were made to test the concept. [[Eugene Ely]] was the first [[Aviator|pilot]] to launch from a stationary ship in November 1910. He took off from a structure fixed over the forecastle of the US [[armoured cruiser]] [[USS Birmingham (CL-2)|USS ''Birmingham'']] at [[Hampton Roads]], [[Virginia]] and landed nearby on [[Willoughby Spit]] after some five minutes in the air. On [[January 18]] [[1911]] he became the first pilot to land on a stationary ship. He took off from the [[The Shops at Tanforan|Tanforan racetrack]] and landed on a similar temporary structure on the aft of [[USS Pennsylvania (ACR-4)|USS ''Pennsylvania'']] anchored at the [[San Francisco]] waterfront&amp;mdash;the improvised braking system of sandbags and ropes led directly to the arrestor hook and wires described above. His aircraft was then turned around and he was able to take off again. [[Commander]] Charles Samson, RN, became the first airman to take off from a moving warship on [[May 2]] [[1912]]. He took off in a [[Short S27]] from the battleship [[HMS Hibernia (1905)|HMS ''Hibernia'']] while she steamed at 10.5 knots (19 km/h) during the [[Royal Fleet Review]] at [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]].

[[HMS Ark Royal (1914)|HMS ''Ark Royal'']] was the first aircraft carrier. She was originally laid down as a merchant ship, but was converted on the building stocks to be a seaplane carrier. Launched in 1914, she served in the [[Dardanelles]] campaign and throughout World War I.

The first strike from a carrier against a land target took place on [[July 19]] [[1918]]. Seven [[Sopwith Camel]]s launched from [[HMS Furious (1916)|HMS ''Furious'']] attacked the German [[Zeppelin]] base at [[Tondern]], with two 50 lb bombs each. Several [[airship]]s and [[balloon]]s were destroyed, but as the carrier had no method of recovering the aircraft safely, two of the pilots ditched their aircraft in the sea alongside the carrier while the others headed for neutral [[Denmark]].

===The inter-war years===
The [[Washington Naval Treaty]] of 1922 placed strict limits on the tonnages of battleships and [[battlecruiser]]s for the major naval powers after [[World War I]], as well as limits not only on the total tonnage for carriers, but also an upper limit on 27,000 tonnes for each ship. Although exceptions were made regarding the max ship tonnage (fleet units counted, experimental units did not), the total tonnage could not be exceeded. However, while all of the major navies were over-tonnage on battleships, they were all considerably under-tonnage on aircraft carriers. Consequently, many battleships and battlecruisers under construction (or in service) were converted into aircraft carriers. The first ship to have a full length flat deck was [[HMS Argus (1917)|HMS ''Argus'']] the conversion of which was completed in September 1918, with the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] not following suit until 1920, when the conversion of [[USS Langley (CV-1)|USS ''Langley'']] had completed. The first American fleet carriers would not join the service until [[Lexington class aircraft carrier|1928]] ([[USS Lexington (CV-2)|USS ''Lexington'']] and [[USS Saratoga (CV-3)|''Saratoga'']]).

The first purpose-designed aircraft carrier to be developed was the [[HMS Hermes (1923)|HMS ''Hermes'']], although the first one to be commissionned was the Japanese [[Japanese aircraft carrier Hosho|''Hosho'']] (commissioned in December 1922, followed by HMS ''Hermes'' in July 1923). ''Hermes''&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt; design preceded and influenced that of ''Hosho'', and its construction actually began earlier, but numerous tests, experiments and budget considerations delayed its commission.

By the late 1930s, aircraft carriers around the world typically carried three types of aircraft: [[torpedo bomber]]s, also used for conventional bombings and [[reconnaissance]]; [[dive bomber]]s, also used for reconnaissance (in the U.S. Navy, this type of aircraft were known as "scout bombers"); and [[fighter aircraft|fighters]] for fleet defence and bomber escort duties. Because of the restricted space on aircraft carriers, all these aircraft were of small, single-engined types, usually with [[folding wing]]s to facilitate storage.

===The Second World War===
Aircraft carriers played a significant role in [[World War II]]. With seven aircraft carriers afloat, the Royal Navy had a considerable numerical advantage at the start of the war as neither the Germans nor the Italians had carriers of their own. However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional battleships was quickly illustrated by the sinking of [[HMS Glorious|HMS ''Glorious'']] by [[Germany|German]] battlecruisers during the Norwegian campaign in 1940. 

This apparent weakness to battleships was turned on its head in November 1940 when [[HMS Illustrious (R87)|HMS ''Illustrious'']] launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at [[Battle of Taranto|Taranto]]. This operation incapacitated three of the six battleships in the harbour at a cost of two of the 21 attacking [[Fairey Swordfish]] [[torpedo bombers]]. Carriers also played a major part in reinforcing [[Malta]], both by transporting planes and by defending convoys sent to supply the besieged island. The use of carriers prevented the [[Italian Navy]] and land-based German aircraft from dominating the [[Mediterranean]] theatre.

In the Atlantic, aircraft from HMS ''Ark Royal'' and [[HMS Victorious (R38)|HMS ''Victorious'']] were responsible for slowing [[German Battleship Bismarck|''Bismarck'']] during [[May 1941]]. Later in the war, escort carriers proved their worth guarding convoys crossing the [[Second Battle of the Atlantic|Atlantic]] and [[Arctic convoys of World War II|Arctic]] oceans.

Many of the major battles in the [[Pacific]] involved aircraft carriers. [[Japan]] started the war with ten aircraft carriers, the largest and most modern carrier fleet in the world at that time. There were six American aircraft carriers at the beginning of the hostilities, although only 3 of them were operating in the Pacific.

Drawing on the [[1939]] Japanese development of low-depth runs for aerial torpedoes and the 1940 British aerial attack on the Italian fleet at [[Taranto]], the 1941 Japanese surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] was a clear illustration of the [[power projection]] capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers. Simultaneously, the Japanese began their advance through [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse|sinking of ''Prince of Wales'' and ''Repulse'']] by Japanese land-based aircraft drove home the need for this ship class for fleet defence from aerial attack. In [[April 1942]], the Japanese Fast Carrier Strike Force ranged into the [[Indian Ocean raid|Indian Ocean]] and sank shipping, including the under-repair and undefended carrier [[HMS Hermes (95)|HMS ''Hermes'']]. Smaller Allied fleets with inadequate aerial protection were forced to retreat or be destroyed. In the [[Battle of the Coral Sea|Coral Sea]], US and Japanese fleets traded aircraft strikes in the first battle where neither side's ships sighted the other. At the [[Battle of Midway]] four Japanese carriers were sunk in a surprise attack by planes from three American carriers and this is considered to be the turning point of the war in the Pacific.

Subsequently the US was able to build up large numbers of aircraft aboard a mixture of fleet, light and (newly commissioned) escort carriers. These carriers played a major part in winning the [[Pacific war]]. The eclipse of the battleship as the primary component of a fleet was clearly illustrated by the sinking of the largest battleship ever built, [[Japanese battleship Yamato|''Yamato'']], by carrier-borne aircraft in [[1945]]. Japan also built the largest aircraft carrier of the war, [[Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano|''Shinano'']], which, like ''Yamato'', was named after a Japanese province.

==Wartime innovations==
Combat experience proved that the British invention of the sealed "hurricane bow" which protected against storms was superior to any other use for the very front of the ship, be it machine-guns or a second flight deck. This became standard for British and American carriers. The Japanese carrier [[Japanese aircraft carrier Taiho|''Taiho'']] was the first of their ships to incorporate it.

Starting late in the war with the [[Midway class aircraft carrier|''Midway'' class]], American carriers had grown so large that it was no longer practical to continue the concept of designing the hangar deck to be the strength deck, and all subsequent American carriers have the flight deck as the strength deck, leaving only the island as superstructure.

===Light Aircraft Carriers===
The loss of three major carriers in quick succession in the Pacific led the US Navy to develop the light carrier (CVL) from [[light cruiser]] hulls that had already been laid down. These were intended to add fighter squadrons to a task force, and were used in the US Navy only during World War II. The Royal Navy made a similar design which served both them and [[Commonwealth]] countries after World War II. One of these carriers, India's [[INS Viraat|INS ''Viraat'']], formerly [[HMS Hermes (R12)|HMS ''Hermes'']], is still being used.

===Escort Carriers and Merchant Aircraft Carriers===
To protect Atlantic [[convoy]]s, the British developed what they called [[Merchant Aircraft Carrier]]s, which were merchant ships equipped with a flat deck for half a dozen aircraft. These operated with civilian crews, under merchant colors, and carried their normal cargo besides providing air support for the convoy. As there was no lift or hangar, aircraft maintenance was limited and the aircraft spent the entire trip sitting on the deck.

These served as stop-gap until dedicated [[escort carrier]]s could be built in the US (US classification ''CVE''). About a third of the size of a fleet carrier, it carried about two dozen aircraft for anti-submarine duties. Over one hundred were built or converted from merchantmen.

Escort carriers were built in the US from two basic hull designs: one from a merchant ship, and the other from a slightly larger, slightly faster tanker. Besides defending convoys, these were used to transport aircraft across the ocean. Nevertheless, some participated in the battles to liberate the [[Philippines]], notably the [[battle off Samar]] in which six escort carriers and their escorting destroyers briefly took on five Japanese battleships and bluffed them into retreating.

===Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen===
As an emergency stop-gap before sufficient merchant aircraft carriers became available, the British provided air cover for convoys using ''Catapult aircraft merchantman'' (CAM ships) and [[merchant aircraft carrier]]s. CAM ships were merchant vessels equipped with an aircraft, usually a battle-weary [[Hawker Hurricane]], launched by a catapult. Once launched, the aircraft could not land back on the deck and had to ditch in the sea if it was not within range of land. Over two years, fewer than 10 launches were ever made, yet these flights did have some success: 6 bombers for the loss of a single pilot.

===The angled deck===
During the Second World War, aircraft would land on the flight deck parallel to the long axis of the ship's [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]]. Aircraft which had already landed would be parked on the deck at the bow end of the flight deck. A crash barrier was raised behind them to stop any landing aircraft which overshot the landing area because its landing hook missed the arrestor cables. If this happened, it would often cause serious damage or injury and even, if the crash barrier was not strong enough, destruction of parked aircraft.

An important development of the 1940s was the British invention of the angled deck, where the runway was canted at an angle of a few degrees across the ship. If an aircraft misses the arrestor cables, the pilot only needs to increase [[engine]] power to maximum to get airborne again and will not hit the parked aircraft because the angled deck points out over the sea. The picture of [[USS John C. Stennis (CVN-74)|USS ''John C. Stennis'']] at the top shows an angled landing deck.

===Post-War Developments===
The modern steam-powered catapult, powered by steam from the ship's [[boiler]]s or reactors, was invented by Commander C.C. Mitchell [[Royal Naval Reserve|RNVR]]. It was widely adopted following trials on [[HMS Perseus (R51)|HMS ''Perseus'']] between 1950 and 1952 which showed it to be more powerful and reliable than the compressed air catapults which had been introduced in the 1930s. As now only [[nuclear power]]ed carriers and the two oil-fired carriers [[USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)]] and [[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)]] have boilers as part of their motive power system, the majority of aircraft carriers are now equipped with steam generating plant solely to power the catapults.

Another British invention was the glide-slope indicator (also known as a "meatball"). This was a gyroscopically-controlled lamp on the port side of the deck which could be seen by the aviator who was about to land, indicating to him whether he was too high or too low in relation to the desired glidepath. It also took into account the effect of the waves on the flight deck. The device became a necessity as the landing speed of aircraft increased.

The US Navy prematurely attempted to become a strategic nuclear force with the project to build [[USS United States (CVA-58)|''United States'']], termed CVA, with the "A" signifying "atomic". This ship would have carried twin-propeller bombers, each of which could carry an atomic bomb. The project was cancelled under pressure from the newly-created [[United States Air Force]], and the letter "A" was re-cycled to mean "attack." But this only delayed the growth of carriers. Nuclear weapons would put to sea despite Air Force objections in 1955 aboard [[USS Forrestal (CV-59)|USS ''Forrestal'']], and by the end of the fifties the Navy had a series of nuclear-armed attack aircraft.

The US Navy took nuclear power afloat in other ways by building aircraft carriers powered by nuclear reactors. [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|USS ''Enterprise'']] was the first aircraft carrier to be powered in this way and subsequent supercarriers took advantage of this technology to increase their endurance. The only other nation to have followed the US lead is France with [[FS Charles de Gaulle|''Charles de Gaulle'']].

The post-war years also saw the development of the helicopter with different capabilities to a fighter aircraft. Whereas fixed-wing aircraft are suited to air-to-air combat and air-to-surface attack, helicopters are used to transport equipment and personnel and can be used in an [[anti-submarine warfare]] role with dipped sonar and missiles.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the UK converted some of its old carriers into Commando Carriers, sea-going helicopter airfields like [[HMS Bulwark (R08)|HMS ''Bulwark'']]. To militate against the expensive connotations of the term "aircraft carrier", the new [[Invincible class aircraft carriers|''Invincible'' class]] carriers were originally designated "through deck cruisers" and were initially helicopter only craft to operate as escort carriers. The arrival of the Sea Harrier meant they could carry fixed wing aircraft despite their short flight deck.

==UN Carrier Operations in the Korean War==
The United Nations command began carrier operations against the [[North Korean Army]] on July 3, 1950 in response to the invasion of [[South Korea]]. [[Task Force 77]] consisted at that time of the carriers [[USS Valley Forge (CV-45)|''Valley Forge'']] and [[HMS Triumph|HMS ''Triumph'']]. Before the armistice of July 27, 1953, 12 U.S. carriers served 27 tours in the [[Sea of Japan]] as part of the Task Force 77.

A second carrier unit, Task Force 95, served as a blockade force in the [[Yellow Sea]] off the west coast of North Korea. The task force consisted of a [[Commonwealth  of Nations|Commonwealth]] light carrier ([[HMS Triumph (R16)|''Triumph'']], [[HMS Theseus (R64)|''Theseus'']], [[HMS Glory (R62)|''Glory'']], [[HMS Ocean (R68)|''Ocean'']], and ''[[HMAS Sydney (1944)|HMAS ''Sydney'']]) and usually a U.S. escort carrier ([[USS Badoeng Strait|''Badoeng Strait'']], [[USS Bairoko|''Bairoko'']], [[USS Point Cruz|''Point Cruz'']], [[USS Rendova|''Rendova'']], and [[USS Sicily|''Sicily'']]). 

Over 301,000 carrier strikes were flown during the Korean War: 255,545 by the aircraft of Task Force 77; 25,400 by the Commonwealth aircraft of Task Force 95, and 20,375 by the escort carriers of Task Force 95. United States Navy and Marine Corps carrier-based combat losses were 541 aircraft. The [[Fleet Air Arm]] lost 86 aircraft in combat, and the [[Fleet Air Arm (RAN)|Fleet Air Arm]] of Australia 15.

==U.S. Carrier Operations in Southeast Asia==
The United States Navy fought "the most protracted, bitter, and costly war" (René Francillon) in the history of naval aviation from August 2, 1964 to August 15, 1973 in the waters of the [[South China Sea]]. Operating from two deployment points ([[Yankee Station]] and [[Dixie Station]]), carrier aircraft supported combat operations in [[South Vietnam]] and conducted bombing operations in conjunction with the [[U.S. Air Force]] in [[North Vietnam]] under [[Operation Flaming Dart|Operations Flaming Dart]], [[Operation Rolling Thunder|Rolling Thunder]], and [[Operation Linebacker|Linebacker]].

21 aircraft carriers (all operational attack carriers during the era except [[USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)|''John F. Kennedy'']]) deployed to [[Task Force 77]] of the U.S. [[Seventh Fleet]], conducting 86 war cruises and operating 9,178 total days on the line in the [[Gulf of Tonkin]]. 530 aircraft were lost in combat and 329 more in operational accidents, causing the deaths of 377 naval aviators, with 64 others reported missing and 179 taken [[prisoner-of-war]]. 205 officers and men of the ship's complements of three carriers ([[USS Forrestal|''Forrestal'']], [[USS Enterprise (CVN-65)|''Enterprise'']], and [[USS Oriskany|''Oriskany'']]) were killed in major shipboard fires.

==Aircraft carriers today==
Aircraft carriers are generally the largest ships operated by [[Navy|navies]]; a ''Nimitz'' class carrier powered by two [[nuclear reactor]]s and four [[steam turbine]]s is 1092 ft (333 m) long and costs about $4.5 billion. The United States has the majority of aircraft carriers with a dozen in service, and its aircraft carriers are a cornerstone of American power projection capability.

Nine countries maintain aircraft carriers: [[United States]], [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], [[Russia]], [[Spain]], [[Brazil]], [[Italy]], [[India]] and [[Thailand]]. In addition the [[People's Republic of China]]'s [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] possesses the former [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] aircraft carrier [[Soviet aircraft carrier Varyag|''Varyag'']], but most naval analysts believe that they have no intention to operate it, but instead are using ''Varyag'' to learn about carrier operations for a future Chinese aircraft carrier. Canada, China, Japan, [[Pakistan]], [[Australia]], [[Chile]] and [[Singapore]] also operate helicopter-carrying vessels.

Aircraft carriers are generally accompanied by a number of other ships, to provide protection for the relatively unwieldy carrier, to carry supplies, and to provide additional offensive capabilities. This is often termed a battle group or carrier group, sometimes a carrier battle group.

===Modern carriers===
More modern uses of aircraft carriers include the [[Falklands War]], where the United Kingdom was able to win a conflict 8,000 miles (13,000 km) from home in large part due to the use of the full size carrier HMS ''Hermes'' and the smaller [[HMS Invincible (R05)|HMS ''Invincible'']]. The Falklands showed the value of a [[VSTOL]] aircraft&amp;mdash;the [[Hawker-Siddeley Harrier]] (the RN Sea Harrier and press-ganged RAF Harriers) in defending the fleet and assault force from shore based aircraft and for attacking the enemy. Helicopters from the carriers were used to deploy troops and pick up the wounded.

The US has also made use of carriers in the [[Persian Gulf]], [[Afghanistan]] and to protect its interests in the Pacific. Most recently, the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]] featured US aircraft carriers as the primary base of US air power. Even without the ability to place significant numbers of aircraft in Middle Eastern airbases, the United States was capable of carrying out significant air attacks from carrier-based squadrons.

In the early 21st century, worldwide aircraft carriers were capable of carrying about 1250 aircraft. US carriers accounted for over 1000 of these; the second leading country, the United Kingdom fielded over 50 aircraft. The United Kingdom and France are both undergoing a major expansion in carrier capability (with a [[Royal Navy CVF programme|common ship class]]), but the United States will still maintain a very large lead.

&lt;p clear="left"&gt;

==Future aircraft carriers==
Several nations which currently possess aircraft carriers are in the process of planning new classes, to replace current ones.

===British Royal Navy===
The [[Royal Navy]] is currently planning two new larger aircraft carriers (as yet only known as [[Royal Navy CVF programme|CVF]]) to replace the three [[Invincible class aircraft carrier|''Invincible'' class]] carriers currently in service. These two ships are expected to be named [[HMS Queen Elizabeth (2012)|HMS ''Queen Elizabeth'']] and [[HMS Prince of Wales (2015)|HMS ''Prince of Wales'']]. They will be able to operate about 50 aircraft and will have a displacement of around 60,000 tonnes. The two ships are due to enter service in 2012 and 2015 respectively. Their primary aircraft complement will be made up of [[F-35 Joint Strike Fighter]], and their ship's company will number around 1000.

The two ships will be the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy. Initially to be configured for STOVL operations, the carriers are to be adaptable to allow any type of future generation of aircraft to operate from them.

===Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy===
In June 2005, it was reported by boxun.com that the [[People's Republic of China]] would build a US$362 million aircraft carrier with a displacement of 78,000 tons, to be built by the enclosed Jiangnan Shipyard in [[Shanghai]]. The report was denied by Chinese defense official ''Zhang Guangqin''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://english.www.gov.tw/index.jsp?action=cna&amp;cnaid=11087 CNA report]&lt;/ref&gt; Previous talks to purchase an aircraft carrier from Russia and France have not borne fruit. On March 10, 2006, [[People's Liberation Army]] Lt. Gen. [[Wang Zhiyuan]] announced that the People's Republic of China will research and build an aircraft carrier to develop a CVBG in 3 to 5 years.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marinetimes.com/story.php?f=1-292925-1590111.php Report: China plans to build carrier], 2006 March 10, Marine Corps Times.&lt;/ref&gt; Observers say the first carrier would be deployed to secure energy supply lines in the [[South China Sea]].

===French ''Marine Nationale''===
The [[French Navy]] has set in motion plans for a [[Future French aircraft carrier|second aircraft carrier]], to supplement ''[[FS Charles de Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]]''. The design is to be much larger, in the range of 50&amp;ndash;60,000 tonnes, and will not be nuclear-powered like Charles de Gaulle. There are plans to adopt the current [[Royal Navy CVF programme|Royal Navy design]] for [[CATOBAR]] operations (the [[Thales Group|Thales]]/[[BAE Systems]] design for the Royal Navy is for a STOVL carrier which is reconfigureable to CATOBAR operations).

===Indian Navy===
[[India]] started the construction of a 37,500 tonne, 252 metre-long aircraft carrier in April 2005. The new carrier will cost US$762 million and will operate [[Mikoyan MiG-29|MiG 29K 'Fulcrum']] and Sea Harrier aircraft along with Russian- and Indian-made helicopters. The ship will be powered by four turbine engines and when completed will have a range of 7,500 nautical miles, carrying 160 officers, 1400 sailors, and 30 aircraft. The carrier is to be constructed by a state-run shipyard in southern India. In 2004, India also bought [[Soviet aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov|''Admiral Gorshkov'']] from [[Russia]] for US$1.5 billion; it is expected to join the [[Indian Navy]] in 2008 after a refit.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www2.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-04/12/content_433517.htm Article on India's indegeniously-built aircraft carrier.]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Italian ''Marina Militare''===
The construction of the conventional powered ''[[Marina Militare]]'' V/STOL aircraft carrier [[Cavour (C552)|''Cavour'']] began in 2001. It is being built by [[Fincantieri]] of Italy. After much delay, ''Cavour'' is expected to enter service in 2008  to complement the Marina Militare aircraft carrier [[Italian aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi|''Giuseppe Garibaldi'']]. A second aircraft carrier in the 25-30,000 ton range is much desired by the Italian Navy, to replace the already decommissioned carrier [[Italian aircraft carrier Vittorio Veneto|''Vittorio Veneto'']], but for budgetary reasons all further development is on hold. It is provisionally called [[Alcide de Gasperi]].

===Royal Australian Navy===
The Royal Australian Navy is currently investing in two [[Australian Multi-Purpose vessel|'multi-purpose' vessels]], which will either be the French [[Mistral class landing platform dock|''Mistral'' class]] or the Spanish [[Buque de Proyección Estratégica|''Buque de Proyección Estratégica'']] design. While it is planned that these ships will only operate six helicopters, it has been suggested by commentators that they also operate aircraft such as the F-35B. No Australian F-35B purchase is currently planned, however.

===Russian Navy===
Has one operational aircraft carrier, [[Soviet aircraft carrier Kuznetsov|''Admiral Kuznetsov'']].

The [[Russian Federation]] is currently developing a new aircraft carrier design. They are starting from scratch to make a modern model, with the newest available materials and electronics. Requirements would be for two aircraft carriers - one for the Russian Baltic Fleet and one for the Russian Pacific Fleet. Construction is set to begin by 2010, and finish in around 6 years.

===Spanish ''Armada Española''===
The project for the 231 meter-long and 25,000-30,000 tons conventional powered ''[[Buque de Proyección Estratégica]]'' (Strategic projection vessel) for the Spanish navy was approved in 2003, and its construction started in August 2005, with the ship-building firm [[Navantia]] in charge of the project. The ''Buque de proyección estratégica'' is a vessel designed to operate both as [[amphibious assault]] vessel and as VSTOL aircraft carrier, depending on the mission assigned. The design was made keeping in mind the low-intensity conflicts in which the Spanish Armada is going to be involved in the future. When it is configured to operate as VSTOL aircraft carrier, the operating range will be about 25,000 tons, and it will operate a maximum of 30 [[AV-8B Harrier II|Matador AV-8B+]], F-35 or a mixed force of both aircraft. The ship is provided with a Sky-Jump and a tri-dimensional radar based combat system, and she will be the second operating aircraft carrier of the Spanish navy after [[Spanish aircraft carrier Principe de Asturias|''Príncipe de Asturias'']].

===US Navy===
The current US Fleet of [[Nimitz class aircraft carrier|''Nimitz''-class]] carriers are to be followed into service (and in some cases replaced) by the [[CVN-21]]/CVNX Carrier. It is expected that the ships will be larger and will operate more aircraft than the 80 or so of [[USS Nimitz|''Nimitz'']], and will also be designed for lower detectability by radar.

==See also==
*[[List of aircraft carriers]]
**[[List of aircraft carriers by country]]
**[[List of aircraft carriers by type]]
**[[List of aircraft carrier classes of the United States Navy]]
**[[List of aircraft carrier deployments]]
*[[List of amphibious warfare ships]]
*[[Aircraft carriers in fiction]]
*[[Project Habakkuk]]
*[[CATOBAR]]
*[[STOL]]
*[[STOBAR]]
*[[STOVL]]
*[[VSTOL]]

==References==
*Francillon, René J, ''Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club US Carrier Operations off Vietnam'', (1988) ISBN 0-87021-696-1 
*Nordeen, Lon, ''Air Warfare in the Missile Age'', (1985) ISBN 158834083X

&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
*[http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/carriers/ Haze Gray &amp; Underway, World Aircraft Carrier Lists] comprehensive and detailed listings of all the world's aircraft carriers and [[seaplane tender]]s from 1913-2001, with photo gallery.
*[http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=4200&amp;tid=200&amp;ct=4 Aircraft carriers of the USN]
*[http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/200632525124.asp New UK and French Aircraft Carriers]

[[Category:Aircraft carriers| ]]
[[Category:Ship types]]

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      <text bytes="615" sha1="99alqjrla648kl0ir4t8qf5tkydyxq1" xml:space="preserve">'''Al-Qaeda''' (also '''al-Qaida''' or '''al-Qa'ida''' or '''al-Qa'idah''') ([[wikipedia:Arabic language|Arabic]]: القاعدة‎ ''al-qāʕida'', translation: ''The Base'') is an international alliance of terrorist organizations. Its roots can be traced back to [[wikipedia:Osama bin Laden|Osama Bin Laden]] and others around the time of the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989. Al-Qaeda's objectives include the end of foreign influence in  [[wikipedia:Muslim world|Muslim countries]] and the creation of a new Islamic caliphate.

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{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Allied invasion of Italy
|partof=the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] of [[World War II]]
|image=[[File:ItalySalernoInvasion1943.jpg|300px]]
|caption=Troops and vehicles being landed under shell fire during the invasion of mainland Italy at Salerno, September 1943.
|date=3–16 September 1943
|place=[[Salerno]], [[Calabria]] and [[Taranto]], Italy
|result=Allied victory
|combatant1={{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|United States|1912}} [[United States]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flag |Canada|1921}}
|combatant2={{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]&lt;br /&gt;(to 8 September)
|commander1={{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Harold Alexander]]&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Bernard Montgomery]]&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Mark W. Clark]]
|commander2={{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Albert Kesselring]]&lt;br /&gt;{{Flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]]
|strength1=189,000 (by 16 September)
|strength2=100,000
|casualties1=2,009 killed&lt;br /&gt;7,050 wounded&lt;br /&gt;3,501 missing
|casualties2=3,500 casualties
}}
{{Campaignbox Italy}}
The '''Allied invasion of Italy''' was the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious landing]] on mainland [[Italy]] that took place on 3 September 1943 during [[World War II]]. The operation was undertaken by [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Sir Harold Alexander]]'s [[15th Army Group]] (comprising [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]]'s [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] and General [[Bernard Montgomery]]'s [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]]). The operation followed the successful [[Allied invasion of Sicily|invasion of Sicily]], which began the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]]. The main invasion force landed around [[Salerno]] on the western coast in '''Operation ''Avalanche''''', while two supporting operations took place in [[Calabria]] ('''[[Operation Baytown|Operation ''Baytown'']]''') and [[Taranto]] ('''[[Operation Slapstick|Operation ''Slapstick'']]''').

==Background==
===Allied plan===
[[File:Invasionofitaly1943.jpg|thumb|right|Map of the Invasion of Italy.]]
{{Further|Allied invasion of Italy order of battle}}
Following the defeat of the [[Axis powers|Axis Powers]] in [[Tunisia Campaign|North Africa]] in May 1943, there was disagreement between the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] as to what the next step should be. The [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]], [[Winston Churchill]], in particular wanted to invade Italy, which in November 1942 he called "the soft underbelly of the axis" (and [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]], in contrast, later called "one tough gut").&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Langworth|2008|p=43}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Popular support in Italy for the war was declining, and he believed an invasion would remove Italy, and thus the influence of axis forces in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], opening it to Allied traffic. This would reduce the amount of shipping capacity needed to supply Allied forces in the [[Middle East Theatre of World War II|Middle East]] and [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|Far East]]&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Molony|2004|p=2}}.&lt;/ref&gt; at a time when the disposal of Allied shipping capacity was in crisis&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Leighton|2000|pp=206–218}}.&lt;/ref&gt; and increase British and American supplies to the [[Soviet Union]]. In addition, it would tie down [[Wehrmacht|German]] forces, keeping them away from the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]. [[Joseph Stalin]], the Soviet leader, had been pressing to open a "second front" in Europe, which would weaken the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]]'s [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of Russia]], in mid-1941.

However the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|U.S. Army Chief of Staff]], [[George Marshall]], and much of the American staff wanted to avoid operations that might delay an invasion of Europe, discussed and planned as early as 1942, which finally materialized as [[Operation Overlord|Operation ''Overlord'']] in 1944. When it became clear that no invasion could be undertaken in 1943, it was agreed to invade Sicily, with no commitment made to any follow-up operations. However, both Churchill and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]], the [[President of the United States]], accepted the necessity of Allied armies continuing to engage the Axis in the period after a successful campaign in Sicily and before the start of one in northwest Europe.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p.&amp;nbsp;186.&lt;/ref&gt; The discussion continued through the [[Washington Conference (1943)|Trident Conference]] in Washington in May but it was not until late July, after the course of the Sicily campaign had become clear and with the fall of [[Benito Mussolini]], that the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] instructed [[General (United States)|General]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] to go ahead at the earliest possible date.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, pp. 185-197.&lt;/ref&gt;

Joint [[Allied Force Headquarters]] were operationally responsible for all Allied land forces in the [[Mediterranean Theater of Operations|Mediterranean theatre]], and it was they who planned and commanded the invasion of Sicily and the Italian mainland.

The [[Allied invasion of Sicily]] in July 1943, codenamed [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Operation ''Husky'']], was highly successful, although many of the Axis forces managed to avoid capture and escape to the mainland. To the Axis, this was viewed as a success. More importantly in late July ''[[25 Luglio|a coup]]'' deposed Benito Mussolini as head of the Italian government, which then began approaching the Allies to make peace. It was believed a quick invasion of Italy might hasten an Italian surrender and produce quick military victories over the German troops that could be trapped fighting in a hostile country. However, Italian (and more so German) resistance proved relatively strong, and fighting in Italy continued even after the [[Battle of Berlin|fall of Berlin]]. In addition, the invasion left the Allies in a position of supplying food and supplies to conquered territory, a burden which would otherwise have fallen on Germany. As well, Italy occupied by a hostile German army would have created additional problems for the German Commander-in-Chief, [[Albert Kesselring]].&lt;ref&gt;Grigg, {{Page needed|date=July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Troops from 2nd Battalion, The Northamptonshire Regiment wait to board landing craft at Catania, Sicily, for the invasion of Italy, 2 September 1943. NA6283.jpg|thumb|Men of the 2nd Battalion, [[Northamptonshire Regiment]], part of [[17th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|17th Brigade]] of [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 5th Division]], wait to board [[landing craft]] at Catania, Sicily, for the invasion of Italy, 2 September 1943.]]

Prior to Sicily, Allied plans envisioned crossing the [[Strait of Messina]], a limited invasion in the "instep" area ([[Taranto]]), and advancing up the toe of Italy, anticipating a defense by both German and Italian forces. The overthrowing of Benito Mussolini and the ''Fascisti'' made a more ambitious plan feasible, and the Allies decided to supplement the crossing of the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]] with a seizure of the [[port]] of [[Naples]]. They had a choice of two landing areas: one at the [[Volturno|Volturno River]] basin and the other at Salerno, both at the range limits of Allied [[fighter plane]]s based in Sicily. Salerno was chosen because it was closer to air bases, experienced better [[ocean surface wave|surf]] conditions for landing, allowed transport ships to anchor closer to the beaches, had narrower beaches for the rapid construction of exit roads, and had an excellent pre-existing road network behind the beaches.

''[[Operation Baytown]]'' was the preliminary step in the plan in which the British Eighth Army, under [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Sir]] [[Bernard Montgomery]] would depart from the port of [[Messina]] on Sicily, to cross the Straits of Messina and land near the tip of [[Calabria]] (the "toe" of Italy), on 3 September 1943. The short distance from Sicily meant [[landing craft]] could launch from there directly, rather than be carried by ship. The [[5th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 5th Infantry Division]] of [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]], under [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Miles Dempsey|Miles C. Dempsey]], would land on the north side of the "toe" while its [[1st Canadian Division|1st Canadian Infantry Division]] would land at Cape Spartivento on the south side. Montgomery was strongly opposed to ''Operation Baytown''. He predicted it would be a waste of effort since it assumed the Germans would give battle in Calabria; if they failed to do so, the diversion would not work, and the only effect of the operation would be to place the Eighth Army {{convert|300|miles|km|abbr=on}} south of the main landing at [[Salerno]]. He was proved correct; after ''Operation Baytown'' the British Eighth Army marched 300 miles north to the Salerno area against no opposition other than engineer obstacles.

[[File:SalernoDDayPlans1943.jpg|thumb|left|Salerno D-Day plan.]]

Plans for the use of [[airborne forces]] took several forms, all of which were cancelled. The initial plan to land [[Glider infantry|glider-borne troops]] in the mountain passes of the Sorrento Peninsula above Salerno was abandoned 12 August. Six days later it was replaced by ''Operation Giant'', in which two regiments of the [[82nd Airborne Division|U.S. 82nd Airborne Division]], under [[Matthew Ridgway|Matthew B. Ridgway]], would seize and hold crossings over the Volturno River. This was at first expanded to include the entire division, including an [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious landing]] by the [[325th Infantry Regiment (United States)|325th Glider Infantry Regiment]], then deemed logistically unsupportable and reduced to a two-battalion drop at [[Capua]] to block the highway there. The Italian surrender on 3 September cancelled ''Operation Giant I'' and replaced it with ''Operation Giant II'', a drop of the [[504th Infantry Regiment (United States)|504th Parachute Infantry Regiment]] on Stazione di Furbara and [[Cerveteri]] airfields, {{convert|25|mi|km|abbr=on}} northwest of Rome, to aid Italian forces in saving Rome from the Germans, a condition of the Italian armistice. Because the distance from the Allied beachheads precluded any substantial Allied support of the airborne troops, [[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] [[Maxwell D. Taylor|Maxwell Taylor]], the 82nd Airborne's Assistant Division Commander, was spirited into Rome to assess the willingness of Italian troops to cooperate with the Americans. Taylor's judgment was the operation would be a trap and he advised cancellation, which occurred late on the afternoon of 8 September after [[Pathfinder (military)|pathfinders]] had already taken off aboard their troop carrier aircraft.

The main landings (''Operation Avalanche'') were scheduled to take on 9 September, during which the main force would land around Salerno on the western coast. It would consist of the [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] under [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]], comprising the [[VI Corps (United States)|U.S. VI Corps]] under [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Ernest J. Dawley]], the [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|British X Corps]] under Lieutenant-General [[Richard McCreery|Richard L. McCreery]], with the 82nd Airborne in reserve, a total of eight [[Division (military)|divisions]] and two [[brigade]]-sized units. Its primary objectives were to seize the port of [[Naples]] to ensure resupply, and to cut across to the east coast, trapping Axis troops further south. The naval task force of warships, merchant ships and landing craft totaling 627 vessels came under the command of Vice Admiral Kent Hewitt.&lt;ref name="Molony261"&gt;Molony, p. 261.&lt;/ref&gt; Part of Hewitt's command was Force V which included five aircraft carriers to provide air cover for the landings. Cover for the task force was provided by [[Force H]], a group of four British battleships and two fleet carriers with destroyers in support, which was directly subordinate to the C–in–C Mediterranean [[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]] [[Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope|Sir Andrew Cunningham]].&lt;ref name="Molony261"/&gt;

In the original planning, the great attraction of capturing the important port of [[Taranto]] in the "heel" of Italy had been evident and an assault had been considered but rejected because of the very strong defenses there. However, with the signing of the armistice with the Italians on 3 September the picture changed. It was decided to carry the [[1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|British 1st Airborne Division]] to Taranto using British warships, seize the port and several nearby airfields and follow up by shipping in [[V Corps (United Kingdom)|British V Corps]] and a number of fighter squadrons. The airborne division, which was undergoing training exercises in two locations {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=on}} apart, was ordered on 4 September to embark on 8 September. With such short notice to create plans, ''[[Operation Slapstick]]'' was soon nicknamed ''Operation Bedlam''.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 242.&lt;/ref&gt;

The ''Avalanche'' plan was daring but flawed; the Fifth Army would be landing on a very broad {{convert|35|mi|km|abbr=on}} front, using only three assault divisions (one American, the [[36th Infantry Division (United States)|36th]], in VI Corps, and two British, the [[46th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|46th]] and [[56th (London) Division|56th]], in X Corps),&lt;ref&gt;Terdoslavich, William. "Nothing Goes Right in Italy", in Fawcett, Bill, ed. ''How to Lose WWII'' (New York: Harper, 2000), p.157.&lt;/ref&gt; and the two Corps were widely separated, both in distance ({{convert|12|mi|km|abbr=on}}) and by the [[Sele River]].&lt;ref name="Terdoslavich, p.157"&gt;Terdoslavich, p.157.&lt;/ref&gt; Clark initially provided no troops to cover the river, offering the Germans an easy route to attack, and only belatedly landed two battalions to protect it.&lt;ref name="Terdoslavich, p.157"/&gt; Furthermore, the terrain was highly favorable to the defender. Planning for the Salerno phase was accomplished in only forty-five days, rather than the months that might be expected.&lt;ref name="Terdoslavich, p.157"/&gt; A [[United States Army Rangers|U.S. Army Ranger]] force under [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] [[William Orlando Darby]] consisting of three U.S. Ranger battalions and two [[British Commandos|British Commando]] units was tasked with holding the [[mountain pass]]es leading to Naples, but no plan existed for linking the Ranger force up with X Corps' follow-up units. Finally, although tactical surprise was unlikely, Clark ordered no naval preparatory bombardment or [[naval gunfire support]] take place, despite experience in the [[Asiatic-Pacific Theater|Pacific Theater]] demonstrating it was necessary. (Major General [[Fred L. Walker]],&lt;!--a link to his full name might be better before creating this page, tho...--&gt; commanding the 36th "Arrowhead" Division, believed the defenders, from [[LXXVI Panzer Corps]],&lt;!--Terdoslavich doesn't specify if they were armored or infantry--&gt; were too scattered for it to be effective.)&lt;ref name="Terdoslavich, p.157"/&gt;

On the German side, [[Albert Kesselring|Albrecht von Kesselring]] lacked the strength to push the Salerno landing back, and was refused two [[Panzer division|''panzer'' division]]s from northern Italy to assist him.&lt;ref name="Terdoslavich, p.157"/&gt;

''Operation Avalanche'' was planned under the name ''Top Hat'' and supported by a deception plan, ''[[Operation Boardman]]'', a false threat of an Allied invasion of the [[Balkans]].

===Axis defensive organization===
In mid-August, the Germans had activated [[Army Group B]] (''Heeresgruppe B'') under [[Erwin Rommel]] with responsibility for German troops in Italy as far south as [[Pisa]].&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 210.&lt;/ref&gt; [[OB Süd|Army Command South]] (''OB Süd'') under [[Albert Kesselring]] continued to be responsible for southern Italy&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 212.&lt;/ref&gt; and the German High Command formed a new army headquarters to be Army Command South's main field formation. The new [[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|German Tenth Army]] (''10. Armee'') headquarters, commanded by [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]], was activated on 22 August.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, pp. 209 -210.&lt;/ref&gt; The German Tenth Army had two subordinate corps with a total of six divisions which were positioned to cover possible landing sites. Under [[XIV Panzer Corps]] (''XIV Panzerkorps'') was [[Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring|Hermann Göring ''Panzer'' Division]] (''Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring''), [[15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)|15th Panzergrenadier Division]] (''15. Panzergrenadier-Division'') and [[16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|16th Panzer Division]] (''16. Panzer-Division''); and under [[LXXVI Panzer Corps]] (''LXXVI Panzerkorps'') was [[23rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|26th Panzer Division]] (''26. Panzer-Division''), [[29th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|29th Panzergrenadier Division]] (''29. Panzergrenadier-Division'') and [[1st Parachute Division (Germany)|1st Parachute Division]] (''1. [[Fallschirmjäger (Nazi Germany)|Fallschirmjäger]]-Division'').&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 213.&lt;/ref&gt; Von Vietinghoff specifically positioned the 16th Panzer Division in the hills above the Salerno plain.

==Battle==
===Operations in southern Italy===
[[File:Mark w clark 1943.jpg|thumb|[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Mark W. Clark|Mark Clark]] on board {{USS|Ancon|AGC-4|6}} during the landings at Salerno, Italy, 12 September 1943.]]

On 3 September 1943, the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]]'s [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]], commanded by [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Miles Dempsey]] and composed of British and Canadian formations, launched ''[[Operation Baytown]]'' under [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Bernard Montgomery]]'s direction. Opposition to the landings was light and the Italian units surrendered almost immediately. [[Albert Kesselring]] and his staff did not believe the Calabria landings would be the main Allied point of attack, the Salerno region or possibly even north of Rome being more logical. He had already therefore ordered General [[Traugott Herr]]'s [[LXXVI Panzer Corps]] to pull back from engagement with the Eighth Army, leaving only [[29th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|29th Panzergrenadier Division]]'s 15th Panzergrenadier Regiment in the 'toe' of Italy. By 3 September, most of this unit was in prepared positions at Bagnara, some {{convert|25|mi|km|abbr=on}} from the landings which it had orders to hold until 6 September. After this they were to withdraw to join the rest of 29th Panzergrenadier Division which was concentrating at Castrovillari, some {{convert|80|mi|km|abbr=on}} to the rear. The Krüger Battle Group (two battalions of 71st Panzergrenadier Regiment, 129th Reconnaissance Battalion and detachments of artillery and engineers) under [[23rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|26th Panzer Division]], would then stand at Nicotera, roughly {{convert|15|mi|km|abbr=on}} up the coast from Bagnara.&lt;ref name="Molony239"&gt;Molony, p. 239.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:SalernoBeachhead1943 09 11 2400.jpg|thumb|left|Map of the Salerno Beachhead at the end of 11 September 1943.]]

On 4 September, the British 5th Infantry Division reached [[Bagnara Calabra]], linked up with 1st Special Reconnaissance Squadron (which arrived by sea) and drove the 3rd Battalion, 15th Panzergrenadier Regiment from its position. On 7 September, contact was made with the Krüger Battle Group. On 8 September, the [[231st Brigade (United Kingdom)|231st Independent Brigade Group]] was landed by sea at [[Pizzo Calabro]], some {{Convert|15|mi|km}} behind the Nicotera defenses. They found themselves attacked from the north by a mobile force from 26th Panzer Division and from the south by the Krüger Battle Group which was withdrawing from the Nicotera position. After an initial attack which made no headway, the Krüger Battle Group veered away but the northern attack continued throughout the day before the whole German force withdrew at dusk.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt;

Progress was slow as demolished bridges, roadblocks and mines delayed the Eighth Army. The nature of the countryside in the toe of Italy made it impossible to by-pass obstacles and so the Allies' speed of advance was entirely dependent on the rate at which their engineers could clear obstructions.&lt;ref name="Molony239"/&gt; Thus, Montgomery's objections to the operation were proved correct: the Eighth Army could not tie down German units that refused battle and the main obstacle to their advance was the terrain and German demolitions of roads and bridges.

By 8 September, Kesselring had concentrated [[Heinrich von Vietinghoff]]'s [[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|10th Army]], ready to make a rapid response to any Allied landing.&lt;ref&gt;Clark, p.20.&lt;/ref&gt; In Calabria, Herr's [[LXXVI Panzer Corps]] had two divisions concentrated in the Castrovillari area. Its third division, [[1st Parachute Division (Germany)|1st Parachute Division]] (''1. Fallschirmjäger-Division''), was deployed toward Taranto. The rearguard in the toe was BattleGroup von Usedom, comprising a single battalion (1/67th Panzergrenadier Regiment) with detachments of artillery and engineers.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 245.&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, [[Hans-Valentin Hube|Hube]]'s [[XIV Panzer Corps]] was positioned to face possible landings from the sea with [[16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|16th Panzer Division]] in the Gulf of Salerno, the [[Fallschirm-Panzer Division 1 Hermann Göring|Hermann Göring Division]] near Naples and the [[15th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)|15th Panzergrenadier Division]] to the north in the Gulf of Gaeta.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 267.&lt;/ref&gt;

On 8 September (before the main invasion), the [[Armistice of Cassibile|surrender of Italy]] to the Allies was announced, first by [[General (United States)|General]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]], then in the [[Badoglio Proclamation]] by the Italian government. Italian units ceased combat and the Navy sailed to Allied ports to surrender. The German forces in Italy were prepared for this and implemented [[Operation Achse]] to disarm Italian units and occupy important defensive positions.

''[[Operation Slapstick]]'' commenced on 9 September. The first echelon of the [[1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|British 1st Airborne Division]] arrived on four British cruisers, a U.S. cruiser, and the British fast minelayer {{HMS|Abdiel|M39|6}}. The Italian battleships [[Italian battleship Andrea Doria|''Andrea Doria'']] and {{Ship|Italian battleship|Caio Duilio||2}} with two cruisers passed by, en route to surrender in Malta. There were no Germans in Taranto and so disembarkation was unopposed. The only casualties occurred when ''Abdiel'', at anchor, struck a mine and sank in minutes, with 168 killed and 126 injured.&lt;ref name="Molony243"&gt;Molony, p. 243.&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 September, as patrols were sent further afield, there were some sharp encounters with elements of the German 1st Parachute Division. But 1st Parachute could do little but skirmish and fall back because most of its strength was attached to the 26th Panzer and Herman Göring divisions at Salerno. The [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding]] 1st Airborne Division, [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[George F. Hopkinson]], was mortally wounded in one of these actions. By 11 September the ports of Bari and Brindisi, still under Italian control, were occupied.&lt;ref name="Molony243"/&gt;

===Salerno landings===
''Operation Avalanche'' - the main invasion at Salerno by the [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] under [[Mark W. Clark]] - began on 9 September 1943, and in order to secure surprise, the Army decided to assault without preliminary naval or aerial bombardment. However, as amphibious force commander Hewitt had predicted, tactical surprise was not achieved. As the first wave of the [[36th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 36th Infantry Division]] approached the shore at Paestum a loudspeaker from the landing area proclaimed in English: ''"Come on in and give up. We have you covered."'' The Allied troops attacked nonetheless.&lt;ref&gt;Potter &amp; Nimitz pp.595-598&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:LCT-222 on beach with Jeep 1943.jpg|thumb|right|[[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] tank landing craft offloads a U.S. Army Jeep at Salerno.]]

[[Major general|Major General]] [[Rudolf Sieckenius]] commander of [[16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|16th Panzer Division]] had organised his forces into four mixed arms battle groups which he had placed roughly {{convert|6|mi|km|abbr=on}} apart and between {{convert|3|and|6|mi|km|abbr=on}} back from the beaches. The ''Dőrnemann'' group was just east of Salerno (and therefore were opposite [[46th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 46th Infantry Division]] when it landed), the ''Stempel'' battle group was between Pontecagnano and Battipaglia (and so faced the [[56th (London) Division|British 56th Infantry Division]]), the ''Holtey'' battle group was in a reserve role at Persano on the Sele river which formed the corps boundary between [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|British X Corps]] and [[VI Corps (United States)|U.S. VI Corps]], while the ''von Doering'' battle group responsible for the Albanella to Rutino sector was {{convert|4|mi|km|abbr=on}} south-east of Ogliastro, somewhat south of the U.S. 36th Division's beaches.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 268.&lt;/ref&gt;

The British X Corps, composed of the British 46th and 56th Infantry divisions and a [[light infantry]] force of [[United States Army Rangers|U.S. Army Rangers]] and [[British Commandos]] of [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] [[Robert Laycock|'Lucky' Laycock's]] [[2nd Special Service Brigade]], experienced mixed reactions to its landings. The U.S. Rangers met no opposition and with support from the guns of {{HMS|Ledbury|L90|6}} seized their mountain pass objectives while the Commandos, from [[No. 2 Commando]] and [[41 Commando|No. 41 (Royal Marine) Commando]], were also unopposed and secured the high ground on each side of the road through Molina Pass on the main route from Salerno to Naples. At first light units of No. 2 Commando moved towards Salerno and pushed back a small force of tanks and armoured cars from 16th Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion.&lt;ref name="Molony280"/&gt; The British Commandos captured the town of Salerno after some serious fighting that cost [[40 Commando|40 (Royal Marine) Commando]] and 41 Commando nine killed and thirty-seven wounded.&lt;ref&gt;By Land and By Sea: The Story of the Royal Marine Commandos, Robin Neillands, p. 86, Pen and Sword,  2004&lt;/ref&gt;

The two British infantry divisions, however, met determined resistance and had to fight their way ashore with the help of naval bombardments. The depth and intensity of German resistance forced British commanders to concentrate their forces, rather than driving for a linkup with the Americans to the south.

At [[Paestum]], the two lead battalions of the 36th (Texas) Division (from [[141st Infantry Regiment (United States)|141st]] and [[142nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|142nd Regimental Combat Team]]s) received a hot reception from two companies of the ''von Doering'' group.&lt;ref name="Molony280"&gt;Molony, p. 280.&lt;/ref&gt; The division had not been in combat before and as a result of the Italian surrender, there was a general belief amongst the soldiers that the landings would be routine.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, pp. 280-281.&lt;/ref&gt; The 141st RCT lost cohesion and failed to gain any depth during the day which made the landing of supporting arms and stores impossible, leaving them without artillery and anti-tank guns.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 281.&lt;/ref&gt; However, the 142nd RCT fared better and with the support of the [[143rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|143rd Infantry]], the reserve formation which had landed by 0800, were able to push forward.

By the end of the first day the Fifth Army, although it had not gained all its objectives, had made a promising start: British X Corps' two assault divisions had pushed between {{convert|5|and|7|mi|km|abbr=on}} inland and the special forces had advanced north across the Sorrento Peninsula and were looking down on the Plain of Naples. To the south, 36th Division had established itself in the plain to the right of the Sele river and the higher ground to a depth of {{convert|5|mi|km|abbr=on}}, although the 141st RCT was still stuck near the beach. However, XIV Panzer Corps commander Hermann Balck had seen the 16th ''Panzer'' Division's battle groups perform as intended and he had ordered both the Hermann Göring Division south to the battle and later in the day had been able to order 15th Panzergrenadier likewise. Meanwhile, to the south, the 29th Panzergrenadier Division from [[LXXVI Panzer Corps]] had also been directed to Salerno.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 276.&lt;/ref&gt; Neither side had gained the initiative.

===Consolidation of the beachhead===
[[File:Men of the 2-6th Queens's Regiment advance past a pair of burning German PzKpfw IV tank in the Salerno area, Italy, 22 September 1943. NA7137.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Men of 2/6th Battalion, [[Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)|Queen's Royal Regiment]], part of [[169th (3rd London) Brigade|169th (Queen's) Brigade]] of [[56th (London) Division|British 56th Infantry Division]], advance past a pair of burning German [[Panzer IV|PzKpfw IV tanks]] in the Salerno area, 22 September 1943.]]

For the next three days, the Allies fought to expand their beachhead while the Germans defended stubbornly to mask the build-up of their reinforcements for a counter-offensive.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 289.&lt;/ref&gt; On 10 September, Clark visited the battlefield and judged that it was unlikely that X Corps would be able to push quickly east past Battipaglia to link with VI Corps. Since X Corps' main line of thrust was to be north towards Naples, he decided to move the VI Corps left hand boundary north of the Sele river and move the bulk of the [[45th Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 45th Division]] into the gap. In view of the enemy reinforcements approaching from the north he also ordered a battalion-sized mixed arms group to reinforce the Rangers the next day.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 293.&lt;/ref&gt; Over the same period, German reinforcements filtered into the battlefield. Units, short of transport and subjected to other delays, arrived piecemeal and were formed into ad-hoc battle groups for immediate action. By 13 September, all the immediately available reinforcements had arrived including additional elements from the [[3rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|3rd Panzergrenadier Division]] which had been released by [[Albert Kesselring|Kesselring]] from further north near Rome.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 294.&lt;/ref&gt; By contrast, the Allied build-up was constrained by the limited transport available for the operation and the pre-determined schedule of the build-up based on how, during the planning phase, it had been anticipated the battle would develop. By 12 September, it had become clear that the Fifth Army had an acute shortage of infantry on the ground.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 304.&lt;/ref&gt; On 12 September, [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|Alexander]] reported to London that: "I am not satisfied with the situation at ''Avalanche''. The build-up is slow and they are pinned down to a bridgehead which has not enough depth. Everything is being done to push follow-up units and material to them. I expect heavy German counter-attack to be imminent."&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 299.&lt;/ref&gt;

By 12 September, X Corps had taken a defensive posture because every battalion was committed and there were no reserves available to form an attack.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 300.&lt;/ref&gt; In the south, 36th Division made some progress but towards midday a counter-attack by elements of the 29th Panzergrenadier Division overran the 1st Battalion, 142nd Infantry Regiment.

===German counterattacks===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J15460, Italien, Soldaten beim Laden einer Pak.jpg|thumb|A German [[7.5 cm PaK 40]] anti-tank gun near Salerno.]]

On 13 September, the Germans launched their counteroffensive. While the Herman Göring battle groups attacked the northern flank of the beachhead, the main attack was on the boundary between the two Allied Corps which ran roughly from Battipaglia to the sea, with the greatest weight due to fall on the VI Corps side &lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt; On the morning of 13 September elements of 36th Division attacked and captured Altavilla in the high ground some {{convert|9|mi|km|abbr=on}} behind Paestum but a counterattack forced them to withdraw as darkness fell. During the afternoon, two German battlegroups, the Kleine Limburg and the Krüger had attacked Persano and overrun the 1st Battalion, [[157th Field Artillery Regiment|157th Infantry]] before crossing the Sele to engage 2nd Battalion, 143rd Infantry and virtually wipe it out.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, pp. 309-310.&lt;/ref&gt;

The battle groups continued their strike south and south-west until reaching the confluence of the Sele and its large tributary the Calore, where it was stopped by artillery firing over open sights, naval gunfire and a makeshift infantry position manned by artillerymen, drivers, cooks and clerks and anyone else that [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Fred L. Walker|Walker]], commander of the 36th Division, could scrape together.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 310.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2005-0103-505, Albert Kesselring.jpg|left|thumb|[[Albert Kesselring]], Commander of the German 
forces in Italy.]]

The U.S. VI Corps had by this time lost the best part of three battalions and so the forward units of both its divisions were withdrawn to reduce the length of the defensive line. The 45th Division consolidated at the Sele - Calore position while the 36th Division was on the high ground on the seaward side of the La Caso stream (which flowed into the Calore).&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 312.&lt;/ref&gt; The new perimeter was held with the assistance of the [[82nd Airborne Division]]. Two battalions (roughly 1,300 [[paratrooper]]s) of the [[504th Infantry Regiment (United States)|504th Parachute Infantry Regiment]], after the cancellation of ''Giant II'', had been assigned to execute the final version of ''Operation Giant I'' at Capua on the evening of 13 September. Instead they jumped inside the beachhead, guided by [[Rebecca/Eureka transponding radar|Rebecca/Eureka]] beacons and moved immediately into the line on the right of VI Corps. The next night, with the crisis passed, 2,100 troops of the [[505th Infantry Regiment (United States)|505th Parachute Infantry Regiment]] also parachuted into the beachhead and reinforced the 504th PIR. A clear sign of the crisis passing was that when, on the afternoon of 14 September, the final unit of 45th Division, the [[180th Cavalry Regiment|180th Infantry Regiment]], landed and Clark was able to place it in reserve rather than in the line.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 313.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[325th Infantry Regiment (United States)|325th Glider Infantry Regiment]], reinforced by the 3rd Battalion, 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, landed by sea on 15 September. A night drop of 600 paratroops of the [[509th Infantry Regiment (United States)|509th Parachute Infantry Battalion]] to disrupt German movements behind the lines in the vicinity of [[Avellino]] was widely dispersed and failed,&lt;ref name="Molony322"&gt;Molony, p. 322.&lt;/ref&gt; incurring significant casualties. In the X Corps sector the lead elements of the [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|British 7th Armoured Division]] began to land, along with the [[23rd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|British 23rd Armoured Brigade]].

With strong naval gunfire support from the [[Royal Navy]] and well-served by Fifth Army's artillery, the reinforced and reorganized infantry units defeated all German attempts on 14 September to find a weak spot in the lines. German losses, particularly in tanks, were severe. In addition, on 14 September and the following night Tedder ordered every available aircraft to support the Fifth Army, including the strategic bomber force. Over 1,000 tons of bombs were dropped during the daylight hours of that day.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 314.&lt;/ref&gt;

On 15 September both the 16th Panzer Division and 29th Panzergrenadier Division went on the defensive, thus marking the end to the thrust towards Paestum.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 316.&lt;/ref&gt; Further north the Schmalz group of the Hermann Göering Division achieved surprise, attacking [[128th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|128th (Hampshire) Infantry Brigade]] (comprising three battalions, the 2nd, 1/4th and 5th, of the [[Royal Hampshire Regiment|Hampshire Regiment]]), of British 46th Division, on the high ground east of Salerno. The armoured column following up was intercepted and driven back leaving the German infantry exposed.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, pp. 316-317/&lt;/ref&gt;

The Allied bomber effort continued on 15 September, although slightly less intense than the previous day, as did the naval bombardment. The arrival of the British battleships {{HMS|Warspite|03|6}} and {{HMS|Valiant|1914|2}}, with {{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}} guns off the beaches provided the Allied troops with a morale boost, although ''Valiant'' was not required to shoot and ''Warspite''{{'}}s 29 rounds fired were awe-inspiring but a minor contribution to the 2,592 naval rounds fired in total that day.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, 318.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:The Allied Landings in Italy, September 1943- Reggio, Taranto and Salerno NA6780.jpg|thumb|British troops enter the town of Salerno, 10 September 1943.]]

On 15 September, Kesselring reported to the High Command that the Allied air and naval superiority had forced LXXVI Panzer Corps onto the defensive and that a decisive success would depend on the current attack by XIV Panzer Corps. If this failed, the Tenth Army must break off the battle to avoid being 'mangled'.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 319.&lt;/ref&gt;

On 16 September, the Schmalz group renewed its efforts on the X Corps front but with no more success, although [[No. 2 Commando]] suffered casualties, including 31-year-old [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] [[Henry Wellesley, 6th Duke of Wellington|Henry Wellesley]], the then-Duke of Wellington. The air force and navy continued to batter enemy targets, although during an air raid by [[Dornier Do 217]] K-2 bombers armed with [[Fritz X]] radio-controlled glide bombs, ''Warspite'' was hit and disabled which required her to be towed to Malta for repair.&lt;ref name="Molony322"/&gt;

===Eighth Army ordered to apply pressure===
On 9 September, Montgomery's formations had been strung out along the coastal roads in the 'toe' of Italy. The build-up across the Straits of Messina had proved slow and he was therefore short of transport. On 9 September, he decided to halt his formations in order to reorganise before pushing on but Alexander replied on 10 September that "It is of the utmost importance that you maintain pressure upon the Germans so that they cannot remove forces from your front and concentrate them against ''Avalanche''". This message was further reinforced on 12 September by a personal visit from Alexander's Chief of Staff.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 244.&lt;/ref&gt; Montgomery had no choice and while reorganising the main body of his troops sent light forces up the coast which reached Castrovillari and Belvedere on 12 September, still some {{convert|80|mi|km|abbr=on}} from the Salerno battlefield. On 14 September, he was in a position to start a more general advance, and by 16 September the British 5th Infantry Division had reached Sapri, {{convert|25|mi|km|abbr=on}} beyond Belvedere, where forward patrols made contact with patrols from VI Corps' 36th Division.&lt;ref name="Molony246"&gt;Molony, p. 246.&lt;/ref&gt;

===German withdrawal===
On 16 September, von Vietinghoff reported to Kesselring that the Allied air and naval superiority were decisive and that he had not the power to neutralize this. Tenth Army had succeeded in preventing troops being cut off, and continuing the battle would just invite heavy losses. The approach of the Eighth Army was also now posing a threat. He recommended to break off the battle, pivoting on Salerno to form a defensive line, preparatory to commencing withdrawal on 18/19 September. Kesselring's agreement reached von Vietinghoff early on 17 September.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 324.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Salerno mutiny===
{{main|Salerno Mutiny}}
The Salerno battle was also the site of the [[Salerno Mutiny]] instigated by about 500 men of the [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|British X Corps]], which had by this time suffered over 1,500 casualties, who on 16 September refused assignment to new units as replacements. They had previously understood that they would be returning to their own units from which they had been separated during the fighting in the [[North African Campaign]], mainly because they had been wounded. Eventually the corps commander, [[Richard McCreery|Richard L. McCreery]], persuaded about half of the men to follow their orders. The remainder were court-martialled. Three [[Non-commissioned officer|NCOs]] who led the mutiny were sentenced to death but the sentence was not carried out and they were eventually allowed to rejoin units.

===Further Allied advances=== &lt;!-- [[Four days of Naples]] links here --&gt;
[[File:SalernoAdvancetoVolturno1943.jpg|thumb|right|Allied advance to the Volturno river.]]

With the Salerno beachhead secure, the Fifth Army began its attack northwest towards [[Naples]] on 19 September. The [[82nd Airborne Division|82nd Airborne]], after suffering serious casualties near [[Altavilla Silentina]], was shifted to X Corps, joining the Rangers and the [[23rd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)|British 23rd Armoured Brigade]] on the Sorrento Peninsula to flank the German defenses at [[Nocera Inferiore]], [[Sant'Antonio Abate]], and [[Angri]], which the [[46th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 46th Infantry Division]] attacked. The [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|British 7th Armoured Division]], which had landed on the 18th, passing through the 46th Division, was assigned the task of taking Naples, while the newly landed [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 3rd Infantry Division]] took [[Acerno]] on 22 September and [[Avellino]] on 28 September.

[[File:ItalyDefenseLinesSouthofRome1943 4.jpg|thumb|left|Map of the [[Winter Line|German prepared defensive lines south of Rome]].]]

The Eighth Army made good progress from the "toe" in spite of German demolitions and linked with the [[1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)|British 1st Airborne Division]] at Taranto. Its left linked up with the Fifth Army's right on 16 September. Eighth Army now concentrated its forces east of the [[Apennines]] mountains and pushed north along the Adriatic coast through [[Bari]]. On 27 September, the Eighth Army captured the large airfield complex near [[Foggia]], a major Allied objective.

German troops occupying Naples [[Four days of Naples|provoked a rebellion by the population]], starting on 27 September and had to evacuate. On 1 October, "A" Squadron of the [[1st King's Dragoon Guards]] entered the city. The entire Fifth Army, now consisting of five American and three British divisions, reached the line of the [[Volturno Line|Volturno]] River on 6 October. This provided a natural defensive barrier, securing Naples, the Campanian plain and the vital airfields on it from German counterattack.

Meanwhile, on the Adriatic coast, the Eighth Army advanced to a line from [[Campobasso]] to [[Larino]] and [[Termoli]] on the Biferno river.

==Aftermath==
The [[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|10th Army]] had come close to defeating the Salerno beachhead. The stubborn initial resistance by [[16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|16th Panzer Division]]'s battlegroups and the Germans' ability to reinforce them by land more quickly than the Allies could land follow-up forces by sea or air had almost tipped the battle. The [[United States Army North|Fifth Army]] planners had concentrated the main weight of its forces in [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|X Corps]] on its left wing, in line with its major objective of advancing on [[Naples]]. This had left its right wing too thinly manned to defend X Corps' right flank and left a particular weakness at the corps boundary.&lt;ref&gt;Molony, p. 328.&lt;/ref&gt; In the end, the Germans, aware of the limited time available to deal with the Salerno landings because of the inevitable arrival in due course of the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]], were obliged to make hurried and uncoordinated attempts to force a quick decision&lt;ref name="Molony246"/&gt; and had failed to break through [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] lines and exploit the gains in the face of total Allied air superiority and artillery and naval gunfire support. The Allies had been fortunate that at this time [[Adolf Hitler]] had sided with the view of his Army Group commander in Northern Italy, [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] [[Erwin Rommel]], and decided that defending Italy south of Rome was not a strategic priority. As a result, Kesselring had been forbidden to call upon reserves from the northern Army Group.

The success of the 10th Army in inflicting heavy casualties, and Kesselring's strategic arguments, led Hitler to agree that the Allies should be kept away from German borders and prevented from gaining the oil resources of the Balkans. On 6 November,&lt;ref&gt;Orgill, p. 5.&lt;/ref&gt; Hitler withdrew Rommel to oversee the build-up of defenses in northern France and gave Kesselring command of the whole of Italy with a remit to keep Rome in German hands for as long as possible.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_12.htm Mavrogordato], p. 321&lt;/ref&gt;

By early October 1943, the whole of southern Italy was in Allied hands, and the Allied armies stood facing the [[Volturno Line]], the first of a series of prepared defensive lines running across Italy from which the Germans chose to fight delaying actions, giving ground slowly and buying time to complete their preparation of the [[Winter Line]], their strongest defensive line south of Rome. The next stage of the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] became for the Allied armies a grinding and attritional slog against skillful, determined and well-prepared defenses in terrain and weather conditions which favoured defense and hampered the Allied advantages in mechanised equipment and air superiority. It took until mid-January 1944 to fight through the [[Volturno Line|Volturno]], [[Barbara Line|Barbara]] and [[Bernhardt Line|Bernhardt]] lines to reach the Gustav Line, the backbone of the [[Winter Line]] defenses, setting the scene for the four [[Battle of Monte Cassino|battles of Monte Cassino]] which took place between January and May 1944.

===Clark's award===
[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Mark W. Clark]], the U.S. Fifth Army commander, was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]], the second-highest U.S. award for valor in combat, for his front-line leadership during this crisis. He was frequently seen in the most forward positions encouraging the troops. However, in the opinion of [[historian]] [[Carlo D'Este]], Clark "mistakenly believed he had saved the Allied invasion by his leadership, when in fact it was precisely his inexperience that precipitated most of the problems the invasion force faced."&lt;ref&gt;D'Este, p. 63.&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
* [[Allied invasion of Italy order of battle]]
* [[Military history of Italy during World War II]]
* [[European Theatre of World War II]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{More footnotes|article|date=May 2008}}

==References==
:{{ACMH}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|first=Winston|last=Churchill|first2=Richard|last2=Langworth|title=Churchill by Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations|location=New York|publisher=PublicAffairs|year=2008|ref=CITEREFLangworth2008}}
* {{Cite book|author=Clark, Lloyd|title=Anzio: The Friction of War - Italy and the Battle for Rome 1944|publisher=Headline Publishing Group, London|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7553-1420-1}}
* {{Cite book|author=D'Este, Carlo|title=Fatal Decision: Anzio and the Battle for Rome|publisher=|year=1991|isbn=0-06-092148-X}}
* {{Cite book|author=Fifth Army Historical Section|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/salerno/sal-fm.htm#cont |title=Salerno: American Operations From the Beaches to the Volturno 9 September - 6 October 1943|series=American Forces in Action Series|publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington|year=1990|origyear=1944|id=CMH Pub 100-7| isbn=0-16-001998-2}}
* {{Cite book|author=Grigg, John|title=1943: The Victory that Never Was|publisher=Kensington Pub Corp|year=1982|isbn=0-8217-1596-8}}
* {{Cite book|first=Richard M.|last=Leighton|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm|title=Command Decisions|chapterurl=http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_08.htm|series= |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington|year=2000|origyear=1960|id=CMH Pub 72-7|chapter=Chapter 8: U.S. Merchant Shipping and the British Import Crisis|editor=Greenfield, Kent Roberts|ref=CITEREFLeighton2000}}
* {{Cite book|first=Ralph S.|last=Mavrogordato|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm|title=Command Decisions|chapterurl=http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_12.htm |series=|publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington|year=2000|origyear=1960|id=CMH Pub 72-7|chapter=Chapter 12: Hitler's Decision on the Defense of Italy|editor=Greenfield, Kent Roberts}}
* {{Cite book|first3=Major-General H.L.| last3=Davies| last2=with Flynn| first2=Captain F.C. (R.N.)| last1=Molony| first1=Brigadier C.J.C.| last4=Gleave| first4=Group Captain T.P.|editor-last=Butler| editor-first=Sir James| editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series| title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume V: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and The Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944| publisher=Naval &amp; Military Press |location=Uckfield, UK |year=2004| origyear=1st. pub. [[HMSO]]:1973| isbn=1-84574-069-6| lastauthoramp=y|ref=CITEREFMolony2004}}
* {{Cite book|author=Muhm, Gerhard|title=La Tattica tedesca nella Campagna d'Italia, in Linea Gotica avanposto dei Balcani, (Hrsg.)|publisher=Amedeo Montemaggi - Edizioni Civitas|location=Roma|language=Italian|year=1993|id=}}
* {{Cite web|author=Muhm, Gerhard|title=German Tactics in the Italian Campaign|language=|url=http://www.larchivio.org/xoom/gerhardmuhm2.htm|year=|id=}}
* {{Cite book|first=Douglas|last=Orgill|title=The Gothic Line (The Autumn Campaign in Italy 1944)|publisher =Heinemann|location= London|year= 1967}}
* {{Cite book|first2=Chester W.|last2=Nimitz|authorlink2=Chester W. Nimitz|first1=E.B.|last1=Potter|title=Sea Power|publisher =Prentice-Hall|location= Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|year= 1960}}
* {{Cite book|first=Col. Kenneth V.|last=Smith|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/naples/72-17.htm |title=Naples-Foggia 9 September 1943-21 January 1944|series=The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II Campaigns|publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]] |location=Washington|year=c. 1990|id=CMH Pub 72-17}}
* Terdoslavich, William. "Nothing Goes Right in Italy", in Fawcett, Bill, ed. ''How to Lose WWII'', pp.&amp;nbsp;156–60. New York: Harper, 2000.
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book| title = Command Decisions| editor = Kent Roberts Greenfield| url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm| publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]]| year = 1960 | id = CMH Pub 70-7| chapter = 12 Hitler's Decision on the Defense of Italy |first = Ralph S. | last = Mavrogordato | chapterurl =http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_12.htm |edition=2000 reissue}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Operation Avalanche (World War II)}}
* {{Cite web |title=Canada–Italy: 1943–1945 |url=http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=history/secondwar/Italy&amp;CFID=7306822&amp;CFTOKEN=14403978 |publisher=Veterans Affairs Canada |accessdate=17 February 2010 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100327030720/http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=history/secondwar/Italy |archivedate= 27 March 2010 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;| deadurl= no}}
* {{Cite web|title=Campaign Summaries of World War 2: Italy and the Italian Campaign 1943–1945, including Sicily, Salerno &amp; Anzio Landings|url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsItaly.htm|date=1998–2010|publisher=Naval-History.net|accessdate=17 February 2010}}
* [http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part16.htm Royal Engineers Museum] Royal Engineers and Second World War (Italy)
* [http://www.worldwar2history.info/Italy/ Summary of the Italian Campaign]
* [http://www.ku.edu/carrie/specoll/AFS/4/e/4e4.html University of Kansas Electronic Library] Bad link
* {{Wayback |df=yes|date=20070621175054 |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~oneofmany/html/avalanche.html |title=One of Many - Overview of 10 Corps operations at Salerno }}
* [http://omniatlas.com/maps/europe/19430930/ Map of Europe during the Allied invasion of Italy (omniatlas.com)]

{{Coord missing|Italy}}
{{World War II}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allied Invasion Of Italy}}
[[Category:1943 in Italy]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Canada|Italy]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Italy|Italy]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving the United States]]
[[Category:United States Army Rangers]]
[[Category:World War II invasions|Italy]]
[[Category:Italian Campaign]]
[[Category:Naval battles and operations of the European theatre of World War II|Italy]]
[[Category:World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign|Italy]]
[[Category:History of Salerno]]
[[Category:Invasions of Italy]]
[[Category:Invasions by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Invasions by the United States]]
[[Category:Invasions by Canada]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Armed forces</title>
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      <text bytes="4448" sha1="nt6on9afi0opnnvpq2y81bg0mchb4to" xml:space="preserve">The '''armed forces''' of a [[wikipedia:state|state]] are its government sponsored defense and fighting forces and organizations. They exist to further the foreign and domestic policies of their governing body. In some countries [[paramilitary]] forces are included in a nation's armed forces. '''Armed force''' is the use of armed forces to achieve political objectives.

The study of the use of Armed Forces is called [[military science]].  Broadly speaking, this involves considering offense and defense at three "levels": [[strategy]], [[operational art]], and [[military tactics|tactics]]. All three levels study the application of the use of force in order to achieve a desired
objective.

==Organization==
Britain invented the first armed forces in 1610. Armed forces may be organized as ''standing forces'' (e.g. [[regular army]]), which describes a professional army that is engaged in no other profession than preparing for and engaging in warfare. In contrast, there is the ''citizen army''. A citizen army (also known as a [[militia]] or [[reserve army]]) is only mobilized as needed. Its advantage lies in the fact that it is dramatically less expensive (in terms of wealth, manpower, and opportunity cost) for the organizing [[wikipedia:society|society]] to support.  The disadvantage is that such a "citizen's army" is less well trained and organized.    

A compromise between the two has a small cadre of professional [[wikipedia:NCO|NCO]]s (non-commissioned officers) and officers who act as a skeleton for a much larger force. When war comes, this skeleton is filled out with conscripts or reservists (former full-time soldiers who volunteer for a small stipend to occasionally train with the cadre to keep their military skills intact), who form the wartime unit. This balances the pros and cons of each basic organization, and allows the formation of huge armies (in terms of millions of combatants), necessary in modern large scale [[war]]fare.  

The armed forces in many larger countries are divided into three forces: an [[army]], an [[air force]], and usually a [[navy]] (unless geography dictates otherwise).  These forces may be solely for the purposes of training and support, or may be completely independent branches responsible for conducting operations independently of other services.  Most smaller countries have a single organization that encompasses all armed forces employed by the country in question.

Various countries have a variation on this standard model of three basic forces. Some, following the French model, use four forces, an army, a navy, an air force, and a [[gendarmerie]], all with equal status. Other variations include South Africa (army, navy, air force, military health service), and Egypt (army, navy, air force, air defence.) The United States has five armed forces or services; the [[United States Army|US Army]], [[United States Navy|US Navy]], [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]], [[United States Marine Corps|US Marine Corps]], and the [[United States Coast Guard|US Coast Guard]]. A unique version is Canada's [[Canadian Forces]] which is a unified force. (Army, Navy and Air Force combined together.)

In larger armed forces the culture between the different branches of a countries armed forces can be quite different. It has been said that "a navy and an air force man equipment" whereas "an army equips men".

The state of readiness of a military organisation may be indicated by its [[Alert state]].

==Benefits and costs==
[[Image:Worldwide military spending 2005.svg|thumb|right|240px|Top worldwide military budgets/expenditures for 2005, in $USD billions.]]

The obvious benefit to a country in maintaining armed forces, is in providing protection from foreign threats, and from internal conflict. In recent decades armed forces personnel have also been used as emergency civil support roles in post-disaster situations. On the other hand they may also harm a society by engaging in counter-productive (or merely unsuccessful) warfare.

Expenditure on science and technology to develop weapons and systems sometimes produces side benefits, although some claim that greater benefits could come from targeting the money directly. 

Excessive expenditure on armed forces can drain a society of needed manpower and material, significantly reducing [[wikipedia:civilian|civilian]] living standards. If continued over a significant period of time,

{{wikipedia|Armed forces}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Army MOS</title>
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      <text bytes="19480" sha1="4naccwx08wt34p88a3o7zuvx42v0pjv" xml:space="preserve">The Army's '''Military Occupational Specialty''' ([[Military Occupational Specialty|MOS]]) is a system of categorizing career fields. Related jobs are grouped together by Career Management Field (CMF) numbers. For example, 11 is the CMF for the infantry. Some CMFs group entire Army branches, while others contain miscellaneous jobs. The Army is currently restructuring the MOS designation to simplify the system. Most of these changes took place in 2004 but will continue into 2009. Changes already taken place include consolidating engineering into CMF 21, moving meds (enlisted) to CMF 68, and deletion &amp; mergers of redundant jobs.

==Enlisted MOS==

Two digit number plus letter.

[[Image:InfantryBC.gif|right|100px]] 
===Infantry Branch (IN)===
*11B [[Infantryman]]
*11C Indirect Fire Infantryman
*11X Infantryman (Status upon Infantry initial entry training; turns into 11B or 11C)
*11Z Infantry Senior Sergeant (Rank 1sgt)
*11H Infantry [[Anti-Armor Specialist]] (No longer a separate MOS; reclassified 11B)
*11M Mechanized Infantryman (No longer a separate MOS; reclassified 11B)
[[Image:FieldArtilleryBC.gif|right|100px]]

===Field Artillery Branch (FA)===
*13B Cannon Crew member
*13C TAC Fire Operations Specialist
*13D Field Artillery Tactical Data Systems Specialist
*13E Cannon Fire Direction Specialist
*13F Fire Support Specialist
*13M [[Multiple Launch Rocket System]] Crew member
*13P [[MLRS]] Automated Tactical Data Systems Specialist
*13R Field Artillery Firefinder Radar Operator
*13S Field Artillery Surveyor
*13W Field Artillery Meteorological Crew member
*13X Field Artillery Enlistment Option (turns into 13B, 13C, 13D, 13E, 13F, 13M, 13P, or 13R)
*13Z Field Artillery Senior Sergeant
[[Image:AirDefArtyBC.gif|right|100px]]

===Air Defense Artillery Branch (AD)===
*14E Patriot Fire Control Enhanced Operator/Maintainer
*14J Air Defense Tactical Operations Center Operator/Maintainer
*14M Man Portable Air Defense System Crew member
*14R Bradley Linebacker Crew member
*14S Avenger Crew member
*14T PATRIOT Launching Station Enhanced Operator/Maintainer
*14Z Air Defense Artillery (ADA) Senior Sergeant

[[Image:AviationBC.gif|right|100px]]

===Aviation Branch (AV)===
*15B Aircraft Powerplant Repairer
*15D Aircraft Powertrain Repairer
*15F Aircraft Electrician
*15G Aircraft Structural Repairer
*15H Aircraft Pneudraulics Repairer
*15J OH-58D Armament/Electrical/Avionics Systems Repairer
*15K Aircraft Components Repair Supervisor
*15M UH-1 Helicopter Repairer
*15N Avionics Mechanic
*15P Aviation Operations Specialist
*15Q Air Traffic Control Operator
*15R AH-64 Attack Helicopter Repairer
*15S OH-58D Helicopter Repairer
*15T UH-60 Helicopter Repairer
*15U Medium Helicopter Repairer
*15V Observation/Scout Helicopter Repairer
*15X AH-64 Armament/Electrical Systems Repairer
*15Y AH-64D Armament/ Electrical Systems Repairer
*15Z Aircraft Maintenance Senior Sergeant

[[Image:SpecialForcesBC.gif|right|100px]]

===Special Forces Branch (SF)===
*18B Special Forces Weapons Sergeant
*18C Special Forces Engineer Sergeant
*18D Special Forces Medical Sergeant
*18E Special Forces Communications Sergeant
*18F Special Forces Assistant Operations &amp; Intelligence Sergeant
*18X Special Forces Candidate
*18Z Special Forces Operations Sergeant

[[Image:ArmorBC.gif|right|100px]]

===Armor Branch (AR)===
*19D [[Cavalry Scout]]
*19K Armor Crew member
*19Z Armor Senior Sergeant

===Corps of Engineers Branch (EN)===
[[Image:CorpEngrBC.gif|right|100px]]
*21B Combat Engineer (Formally 12B)
*21C Bridge Crewmember
*21D Diver
*21E Heavy Construction Equipment Operator
*21G Quarrying Specialist
*21H Construction Engineering Supervisor
*21J General Construction Equipment Operator
*21K Plumber
*21L Lithographer
*21M Firefighter
*21N Construction Equipment Supervisor
*21P Prime Power Production Specialist
*21Q Transmission and Distribution Specialist
*21R Interior Electrician
*21S Topographic Surveyor
*21T Technical Engineering Specialist
*21U Topographic Analyst
*21V Concrete and Asphalt Equipment Operator
*21W Carpentry and Masonry Specialist
*21X General Engineering Supervisor
*21Y Topographic Engineering Supervisor
*21Z Combat Engineering Senior Sergeant

[[Image:Insignia signal.svg|right|100px]]

===Signal Corps Branch (SC)===
*25B Information Technology Specialist 
*25C Radio Operator Maintainer
*25F Network Switching Systems Operator/Maintainer
*25L Cable Systems Installer/Maintainer
*25M Multimedia Illustrator
*25N JNN-N Nodal System Operators/Maintainers
*25P Microwave Systems Operator/Maintainer
*25Q Multichannel Transmission Systems Operator
*25R Visual Information/Audio Equipment Repairer
*25S Satellite Communication Systems Operator/Maintainer
*25T Satellite/Microwave Systems Chief
*25U Signal Support Systems Specialist
*25V Combat Documentation &amp; Production Specialist
*25W Telecommunications Operations Chief
*25X Senior Signal Sergeant
*25Z Visual Information Operations Chief

[[Image:JAGBC.gif|right|100px]]

===Judge Advocate General Branch===
*27D Paralegal Specialist

===Military Police Corps Branch (MP)===
[[Image:MilitaryPoliceCorpBC.gif|right|100px]]
*31B Military Police
*31D CID Special Agent
*31E Internment/Resettlement Specialist

===Military Intelligence Branch (MI)===
*[[33W]] (35T) MI Systems Maintainer/Integrator
*96B (35F) Intelligence Analyst
*96D (35G) Imagery Analyst
*96H (35H) Imagery Ground Station Operator
[[Image:MilitaryIntelBC.gif|right|80px]]
*96R (35H) Ground Surveillance Systems Operator
*96U (35K) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operator
*96Z (35X) Intelligence Senior Sergeant
*97B (35L) Counterintelligence Agent
*97E (35M) Human Intelligence Collector
*97L (35Q) Translator/Interpreter
*97Z (35Y) Counterintelligence/Human Intelligence Senior Sergeant
*98C (35N) Signal Intelligence Analyst (Linguist)
*98G (35P) Cryptologic Linguist
*98P (35U) Multi-Sensor Operator
*98Y (35S) Signals Collector/Analyst
*98Z (35Z) Signals Intelligence Senior Sergeant
*[[09L]] (35V) Translator Aide
*05H       EW/SIGINT Morse Intercept Operator

[[Image:PsychoOpsCorpBC.gif|right|60px]]

===Psychological Operations Corps Branch (PO)===
*37F Psychological Operations Specialist

[[Image:CivilAffairsBC.gif|right|60px]]

===Civil Affairs Branch (CA)===
*38B Civil Affairs Specialist

[[Image:AdjGenBC.svg|right|60px]]

===Adjutant General Branch (AG)===
*42A Human Resource Specialist
*42F Human Resource Systems Information Specialist
*42L Administration Specialist ''(to be deleted)''

===Army Band Branch===
*42R9B Trumpet Player
*42R9C Baritone or Euphonium Player
*42R9D French Horn Player
*42R9E Trombone Player
[[Image:ArmyBandBC.gif|right|60px]]
*42R9F Tuba Player
*42R9G Flute or Piccolo Player
*42R9H Oboe Player
*42R9J Clarinet Player
*42R9K Bassoon Player
*42R9L Saxophone Player
*42R9M Percussion Player
*42R9N Piano Player
*42R9T Guitar Player
*42R9U Electric Bass Guitar Player
*42S Special Band member

[[Image:FinanceBC.gif|right|75px]]

===Finance Branch (FI)===
*44C Finance Specialist/Accounting Specialist

[[Image:PublicAffairsBC.gif|right|60px]]

===Public Affairs Branch===
*46Q Public Affairs Specialist
*46R Broadcast Journalist
*46Z Public Affairs Chief

[[Image:ChaplainAsstBC.gif|right|60px]]

===Chaplain Branch (CH)===
*56A Chaplain
*56M Chaplain Assistant

===CMF 63 - Mechanical Maintenance (Ordnance Corps)===
[[Image:Ordnance Branch Insignia.svg|right|45px]]
*44B Metal Worker
*44E Machinist
*45B Small Arms/Artillery Repairer
*45G Fire Control Repairer
*45K Armament Repairer
*52C Utilities Equipment Repairer
*52D Power Generation Equipment Repairer
*52X Special Purpose Equipment Repairer
*62B Construction Equipment Repairer
*63A [[M1 Abrams]] Tank System Maintainer
*63B Wheeled Vehicle Mechanic
*63D Artillery Mechanic
*63H Track Vehicle Repairer
*63J Quartermaster and Chemical Equipment Repairer
*63M Bradley Fighting Vehicle System Maintainer
*63X Maintenance Supervisor
*63Z Mechanical Maintenance Supervisor

===Medical Department Branches===
[[Image:MedCorpsBC.gif|60px]]
[[Image:DentalCorpsBC.gif|60px]]
[[Image:VeterinaryBC.gif|60px]]
[[Image:MedSpecCorpBC.gif|60px]]
[[Image:NursesCorpsBC.gif|60px]]
[[Image:MedServiceBC.gif|60px]]
*68A [[Medical Equipment]] Repairer
*68D Operating Room Specialist
*68E Dental Specialist
*68G Patient Administration Specialist
*68H Optical Laboratory Specialist
*68J Medical Logistic Specialist
*68K Medical Laboratory Specialist
*68M Hospital Food Specialist
*68P Radiology Specialist
*68Q Pharmacy Specialist
*68R Veterinary Food Inspection Specialist
*68S Preventive Medicine Specialist
*68T Animal Care Specialist
*68V Respiratory Specialist
*[[68W]] Health Care Specialist
*68X Mental Health Specialist
*68Z Chief Medical NCO
[[Image:Chemical Branch Insignia.svg|right|100px]]

===Chemical Branch (CM)===
*74D Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Operations Specialist (formerly 54B)
* 2167 Research and Development Coordinator (1950's)

===CMF 79 - Recruiting and Retention===
*79R Recruiter Noncommissioned Officer
*79S Career Counselor
*79T Recruiting and Retention NCO
*79V Retention and Transition Noncommissioned Officer

===Transportation Branch===
[[Image:TransportationBC.gif|right|75px]]

*88H Cargo Specialist
*88K Watercraft Operator
*88L Watercraft Engineer
*88M Motor Transport Operator
*88N Traffic Management Coordinator
*88P Railway Equipment Repairer
*88T Railway Section Repairer
*88U Railway Operations Crew member
*88Z Transportation Senior Sergeant

[[Image:Ordnance Branch Insignia.svg|right|45px]]

===Ordnance Branch (OD)===
*89A Ammunition Stock Control and Accounting Specialist
*89B Ammunition Specialist
*89D Explosive Ordnance Disposal Specialist

===Quartermaster Corps Branch (QM)===
*92A Automated Logistical Specialist
*92F Petroleum Supply Specialist
*92G Food Service Specialist
[[Image:QMCorpsBC.gif|right|100px]]
*92L Petroleum Laboratory Specialist
*92M Mortuary Affairs Specialist
*92R Parachute Rigger
*92S Shower/Laundry and Clothing Repair Specialist
*92W Water Treatment Specialist
*92Y Unit Supply Specialist
*92Z Senior Noncommissioned Logistician
*76C Equipment Records And Parts Specialist

===CMF 94 - Electronic Maintenance===
*94A Land Combat Electronic Missile System Repairer
*94D Air Traffic Control Equipment Repairer
*94E Radio and Communications Security Repairer
*94F Computer Detection Systems Repairer
*94H Test, Measurement &amp; Diagnostic Equipment Support Specialist
*94K Apache Attack Helicopter Systems Repairer
*94L Avionics Communications Equipment Repairer
*94M Radar Repairer
*94P Multiple Launch Rocket System Repairer
*94R Avionic and Survivability Equipment Repairer
*94S Patriot System Repairer
*94T Avenger System Repairer
*94W Electronic Maintenance Chief
*94Y Integrated Family of Test Equipment (IFTE) Operator and Maintainer
*94Z Senior Electronic Maintenance Chief

[[Image:ImmaterialCmdSGMBC.gif|right|60px]]

===Branch Immaterial (not oriented to a branch)===
*00Z Command Sergeant Major

==Commissioned Officer &amp; Warrant Officer MOS==

Officer MOS's are usually two numerical digits plus a letter (most of the time "alpha"). Letterless MOS's are ambiguous and have several specific MOS's within them. E.g. 62 contains 62A (Emergency Physician) and 62B (Field Surgeon).

Warrant Officer MOS's (known as WOMOS) are three numerical digits plus a letter, except 09W who is not yet a WO.

===Officer Candidates===
*09R Cadet
*09S Officer Candidate
*09W Warrant Officer Candidate

[[Image:InfantryBC.gif|right|100px]]

===Infantry Branch===
*11A Infantry Officer

===Field Artillery Branch===
[[Image:FieldArtilleryBC.gif|right|100px]]
*13A Field Artillery Officer
*131A Field Artillery Targeting Technician

===Air Defense Artillery Branch===
[[Image:AirDefArtyBC.gif|right|100px]]
*14A Air Defense Artillery Officer
*140A Command and Control Systems Technician
*140E Air and Missile Defense (AMD) Tactician/Technician (Patriot Systems Technician)
*140X Air Defense Artillery (ADA) Immaterial

===Aviation Branch===
[[Image:AviationBC.gif|right|100px]]
*15A Aviation Officer
*15B Aviation, Operations
*15C Aviation, Intelligence
*15D Aviation, Logistics
*150A Air Traffic and Air Space Management Technician
*150U Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (TUAV) Operations Technician (still classified at 350K until official transfer to Aviation Branch)
*151A Aviation Maintenance Technician
*152C [[Hughes H-6|OH-6]] Pilot
*152B [[OH-58 Kiowa|OH-58]]A/C Pilot
*152D OH-58D Pilot
*152F [[AH-64 Apache|AH-64]]A Pilot
*152H AH-64D Pilot
*153A Rotary Wing Aviator (Aircraft Nonspecific)
*153B [[UH-1 Iroquois|UH-1]] Pilot
*153D [[UH-60 Black Hawk|UH-60]] Pilot
*153DD UH-60 [[MEDEVAC]] Pilot
*153E MH-60 Pilot
*154C [[CH-47 Chinook|CH-47]]D Pilot
*154E MH-47 Pilot
*155A Fixed Wing Aviator (Aircraft Nonspecific)
*155E [[C-12 Huron|C-12]] Pilot
*155F Jet Aircraft Pilot
*155G O-5A/EO-5B/RC-7 Pilot

[[Image:SpecialForcesBC.gif|right|100px]]

===Special Forces Branch===
*18A Special Forces Officer
*180A Special Forces Warrant Officer


[[Image:ArmorBC.gif|right|100px]]

===Armor Branch===
*19A Armor Officer
*19B Armor Officer in an Armor Slot
*19C Cavalry Officer

[[Image:CorpEngrBC.gif|right|100px]]

===Corps of Engineers Branch===
*21A Engineer Officer
*210A Utilities Operation and Maintenance Technician
*215D Geospatial Information Technician (Old - Terrain Analysis Technician)

[[Image:Insignia signal.svg|right|100px]]

===Signal Corps Branch===
*25A Signal Officer
*25B Information Systems Technician
*250N Network Management Technician
*254A Signal Systems Support Technician
*255Z Senior Signal Systems Technician

[[Image:JAGBC.gif|right|100px]]

===Judge Advocate General Branch===
*27A JAG Corps Attorney
*27B Military Judge
*270A Legal Administrator

[[Image:MilitaryPoliceCorpBC.gif|right|100px]]
===Military Police Corps Branch===
*31A Military Police Officer
*311A CID Special Agent

===Military Intelligence Branch===
*35C Imagery Intelligence Officer
*35D All Source Intelligence Officer
*35E Counterintelligence Officer
*35F Human Intelligence Officer
*35G SIGINT/Electronic Warfare Officer
*350F All Source Intelligence Technician
[[Image:MilitaryIntelBC.gif|right|80px]]
*350G Imagery Intelligence Technician
*350Z Attaché Technician
*350K (150U) Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operations ''(transferring to Aviation Branch in Summer 07)''
*351L Counterintelligence Technician
*351M Human Intelligence Collection Technician
*351Y Area Intelligence Technician
*352N Traffic Analysis Technician
*352P Voice Intercept Technician
*352Q Morse Intercept Technician
*352R Emanations Analysis Technician
*352S Non Morse Intercept Technician
*353T Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Technician

===Psychological Operations Corps Branch===
*37A Psychological Operations Officer
*37X Psychological Operations Officer, Designated
[[Image:PsychoOpsCorpBC.gif|right]]

===Civil Affairs Branch===
[[Image:CivilAffairsBC.gif|50px|right|60px]]
*38A Civil Affairs Officer
*38X Civil Affairs Officer, Designated

===Adjutant General Branch===
[[Image:AdjGenBC.svg|right|55px]]
*42B Personnel Systems Management Officer
*42C Band Officer
*420A Military Personnel Technician
*420C Bandmaster

===Finance Branch===
*44A Finance Officer

===Chaplain Branch===
*56 Chaplain
**56A Command and Unit Chaplain
**56D Clinical Pastoral Educator

===Medical Department Branches===
[[Image:MedCorpsBC.gif|60px]]
[[Image:DentalCorpsBC.gif|60px]]
[[Image:VeterinaryBC.gif|60px]]
[[Image:MedSpecCorpBC.gif|60px]]
[[Image:NursesCorpsBC.gif|60px]]
[[Image:MedServiceBC.gif|60px]]
*60A Operational Medicine
*60B Nuclear Medicine Officer
*60C Preventive Medicine Officer
*60D Occupational Medicine Officer
*60F Pulmonary Disease/Critical Care Officer
*60G Gastroenterologist
*60H Cardiologist
*60J Obstetrician and Gynecologist
*60K Urologist
*60L Dermatologist
*60M Allergist, Clinical Immunologist
*60N Anestesiologist
*60P Pediatrician
*60Q Pediatric Sub-Specialist
*60R Child Neurologist
*60S Opthalmologist
*60T Otolaryngologist
*60U Child Psychiatrist
*60V Neurologist
*60W Psychiatrist
*61A Nephrologist
*61B Medical Oncologist/Hematologist
*61C Endocrinologist
*61D Rheumatologist
*61E Clinical Pharmacologist
*61F Internist
*61G Infectious Disease Officer
*61H Family Medicine
*61J General Surgeon
*61K Thoracic Surgeon
*61L Plastic Surgeon
*61M Orthopedic Surgeon
*61N Flight Surgeon
*61P Physiatrist
*61Q Radiation Oncologist
*61R Diagnostic Radiologist
*61U Pathologist
*61W Peripheral Vascular Surgeon
*61Z Neurosurgeon
*62 Medical Corps Officer
**62A Emergency Physician
**62B Field Surgeon
*63 Dental Corps Officer
**63A General Dentist
**63B Comprehensive Dentist
**63D Periodontist
**63E Endodontist
**63F Prosthodontist
**63H Public Health Dentist
**63K Pediatric Dentist
**63M Orthodontist
**63N Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon
**63P Oral Pathologist
**63R Executive Dentist
*64A Veterinary Corps Officer
*640A Veterinary Services Food Safety Technician
*65 Medical Specialist Corps Officer
**65A Occupational Therapy
**65B Physical Therapy
**65C Dietitian
**65D Physician Assistant
**65DM3 Aviation Physician Assistant
**65X Specialist Allied Operations
*66 Nurse Corps Officer
**66B Community Health Nurse
**66C Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurse
**66E Perioperative Nurse
**66F Nurse Anesthetist
**66G Obstetrics and Gyneco
**66H Medical-Surgical Nurse
**66N Generalist Nurse
**66P Family Nurse Practitioner
*67 Medical Service Corps Officer
**67A Health Services
**67B Laboratory Sciences
**67C Preventive Medicine Sciences
**67D Behavioral Sciences
**67E Pharmacy
**67F Optometry
**67G Podiatry
**67J Aeromedical Evacuation
*670A Health Services Maintenance Technician
*70A Healthcare Administrator 
*70B Health Services Officer 
*70C Comptroller 
*70D Information Systems Manager 
*70E Patient Administrator 
*70F Human Resources Manager 
*70H Plans, Operations, Intelligence Training, and Security 
*70K Medical Logistics 
*70K9I Health Facilities Management

===Chemical Branch===
[[Image:Chemical Branch Insignia.svg|right|100px]]
*74A Chemical, General
*74B Chemical Operations and Training
*74C Chemical Munitions and Materiel Management

===Transportation Branch===
[[Image:TransportationBC.gif|right|70px]]
*88A Transportation Officer, General
*88B Traffic Management
*88C Marine and Terminal Operations
*88D Motor/Rail Transportation
*880A Marine Deck Officer
*881A Marine Engineering Officer
*882A Mobility Officer

===Ordnance Branch===
[[Image:Ordnance Branch Insignia.svg|right|43px]]
*91A Ordnance Officer
*890A Ammunition Technician
*89E  Explosive Ordnance Disposal 
*913A Armament Systems Maintenance Technician
*914A Allied Trades Technician
*915A Automotive Maintenance Technician
*915E Senior Automotive Maintenance/Senior Ordnance Logistics Officer
*919A Engineer Equipment Maintenance Technician

===Quartermaster Corps Branch===
[[Image:QMCorpsBC.gif|right|100px]]
*92A Quartermaster Officer
*920A Property Accounting Technician
*920B Supply Systems Technician
*921A Airdrop Systems Technician
*922A Food Service Technician
*923A Petroleum Systems Technician

===CMF 94 - Electronic Maintenance===
*948B Electronic Systems Maintenance Technician
*948D Electronic Missile Systems Maintenance Technician
*948E Senior Electronics Maintenance Technician

==External links==
*[https://www.armyg1.army.mil/pamxxi/secured/mosstructure/mos-charts.asp MOS charts] from United Stats Army PAMXXI (Personnel Authorizations Module) website 

[[Category:United States Army personnel]]
[[Category:United States Army lists|MOS]]</text>
      <sha1>4naccwx08wt34p88a3o7zuvx42v0pjv</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3304</id>
      <timestamp>2007-11-20T01:19:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>76.64.250.208</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: The Asian and Pacific Theatre of World War I was a largely bloodless conquest of a number of German controlled islands in the Pacific Ocean. The only real military action was the careful a...</comment>
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      <text bytes="240" sha1="biepad5l9zzoran8ho2tcib46922ppc" xml:space="preserve">The Asian and Pacific Theatre of World War I was a largely bloodless conquest of a number of German controlled islands in the Pacific Ocean. The only real military action was the careful and well-executed Japanese attack on German Tsingtao.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>800</id>
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      <id>2883</id>
      <parentid>2882</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-04-16T13:28:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/204.234.82.253|204.234.82.253]] ([[User talk:204.234.82.253|talk]]) to last version by [[User:General Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="480" sha1="qwsops10xnelv1wss7q5sg7cyy6904p" xml:space="preserve">The '''Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki''' were nuclear attacks on [[Axis Powers|Axis Power]] [[Imperial Japan]] by [[Allies of World War II|Allied Power]] [[United States of America]]. On August 6, [[1945]], "Little Boy" was dropped on Hiroshima followed by another attack on Nagasaki where "Fat Man" was dropped on August 9, 1945. These bombings led to Imperial Japan's surrender. This was the only instance of nuclear warfare ever being used.
{{Stub}}
{{World War II}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Axis Powers</title>
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      <timestamp>2009-05-30T17:29:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/76.79.199.130|76.79.199.130]] ([[User talk:76.79.199.130|Talk]]) to last version by [[User:Outlawguy89|Outlawguy89]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="77281" sha1="o8a1n59d90vn5auz84arquua32u9dpl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="dablink"&gt;''{{#if: {{{1|}}}|This article is about the independent states that comprised the Axis powers.&amp;#32;|}}For information about other countries that took part in World War II, see [[Participants in World War II]].''&lt;/div&gt;

[[Image:WWII.png|thumb|400px|World Map with the [[participants in World War II]].&lt;br&gt;The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] depicted in green (those in light green entered after the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]]), the Axis Powers in orange (including occupied or annexed countries), and neutral countries in grey.]]

[[Image:Ww2 allied axis.gif|thumb|400px|Area under Axis control over the course of the war shown in black]]
The '''Axis powers''' were those states opposed to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. The three major Axis Powers, [[Nazi Germany]], [[wikipedia:Italian fascism|Fascist Italy]] and the [[wikipedia:Empire of Japan|Empire of Japan]] were part of an [[Military alliance|alliance]]. At their zenith, the Axis Powers ruled empires that dominated large parts of [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]], [[wikipedia:Asia|Asia]], [[wikipedia:Africa|Africa]] and the [[wikipedia:Asia-Pacific|Pacific Ocean]], but the Second World War ended with their total defeat. Like the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, and some nations entered and later left the Axis during the course of the war. 

==Origins==
{{main|Tripartite Treaty}}
The term was first used by [[Benito Mussolini]], in November 1936, when he spoke of a [[wikipedia:Rome|Rome]]-[[wikipedia:Berlin|Berlin]] [[wikipedia:axis of rotation|axis]] arising out of the [[treaty]] of friendship signed between Italy and Germany on October 25, 1936. Mussolini declared that the two countries would form an "axis" around which the other states of Europe would revolve. This treaty was forged when Italy, originally opposed to Germany, was faced with opposition to its [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War|war in Abyssinia]] from the [[League of Nations]] and received support from Germany. Later, in May 1939, this relationship transformed into an alliance, called by Mussolini the "[[Pact of Steel]]".

The term "Axis Powers" formally took the name after the [[Tripartite Treaty]] was signed by Germany, Italy and  Japan on September 27, [[1940]] in [[wikipedia:Berlin|Berlin]], [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]]. The pact was subsequently joined by Hungary (November 20, 1940), Romania (November 23, [[1940]]), Slovakia (November 24, [[1940]]) and Bulgaria (March 1, [[1941]]). The Italian name ''Roberto'' briefly acquired a new meaning from "''Ro''me-''Ber''lin-''To''kyo" between 1940 and 1945. Its most militarily powerful members were Germany and  Japan. These two nations had also signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] with each other as allies before the Tripartite Pact in 1936.

==Major Axis Powers==
The three major Axis powers were the original signatories to the [[Tripartite Pact]]:

===Germany===
{{main|Nazi Germany}}
[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|right|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|Greater German Reich]]]]

[[Nazi Germany|Germany]] was the principal Axis power in Europe. Its official name was ''Deutsches Reich'' meaning German Empire, and after 1943, ''Grossdeutsches Reich'' meaning Greater German Empire, but during this period is most commonly known as [[Nazi Germany]] after its ruling [[wikipedia:National Socialist German Workers Party|National Socialist]] party.

Germany was headed by [[Führer]] [[Adolf Hitler]], and during the last days of the war, [[wikipedia:Karl Dönitz|President Karl Dönitz]].

At the start of the Second World War Germany included [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]], with which it was [[Anschluss|united in 1938]] and the [[wikipedia:Sudetenland|Sudetenland]], which was ceded by Czechoslovakia in 1938, and [[wikipedia:Memel|Memelland]] which was ceded by Lithuania in 1939. The [[wikipedia:Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia|Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia]], created in 1939, was ''de facto'' part of Germany, although technically a Czech state under German protection.

Germany annexed additional territory during the course of the Second World War. On September 2, [[1939]], the day after the German invasion of Poland, the pro-Nazi government of the [[wikipedia:Free City of Danzig|Free City of Danzig]] voted to reunite with Germany.  On October 10, [[1939]], after the defeat and occupation of Poland, Hitler issued decrees annexing the [[wikipedia:Polish Corridor|Polish Corridor]], [[wikipedia:West Prussia|West Prussia]] and [[wikipedia:Upper Silesia|Upper Silesia]], formerly German territories lost to Poland under the terms of the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. The remainder of the country was organised into the [[wikipedia:General Government|"Government General for the Occupied Polish Territories"]].

On its western frontier, Germany made additional annexations after its defeat of France and occupation of Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg in 1940. Germany immediately annexed the predominately German [[wikipedia:Eupen-Malmedy|Eupen-Malmedy]] from Belgium in 1940, placing the rest of the country under military occupation. [[wikipedia:Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], an independent grand duchy formerly associated with Germany, was formally annexed in 1942. [[wikipedia:Alsace-Lorraine|Alsace-Lorraine]], a region claimed by both Germany and France for centuries, was likewise annexed in 1942. In the Balkans, [[wikipedia:Slovenia|Slovenia]] was annexed in 1941 from the former [[wikipedia:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].

After the German invasion of the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] in 1941, Greater Germany was enlarged to include parts of Poland occupied by the USSR in 1939. Other territories occupied by the Germans were subject to separate civilian commissariats or to direct military rule.

It would not be for another four years until many nations managed to reduce the Nazi war machine.

=== Japan===   
{{main|wikipedia:Empire of Japan}}
[[Image:Flag of Japan_-_variant.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Empire of Japan|Empire of Japan]]]]

[[wikipedia:Empire of Japan|Japan]] was the principal Axis power in Asia and the [[wikipedia:Pacific|Pacific]]. Its official name was ''Dai Nippon Teikoku'' meaning Empire of Greater Japan, known commonly as Imperial Japan for its imperial ambitions toward Asia and the [[wikipedia:Pacific|Pacific]]. 

Japan was ruled by [[wikipedia:Hirohito|Emperor Hirohito]] and [[wikipedia:Hideki Tojo|Prime Minister Hideki Tojo]], and during the last days of the war, Prime Ministers [[wikipedia:Kuniaki Koiso|Kuniaki Koiso]] and [[wikipedia:Kantaro Suzuki|Kantaro Suzuki]]. Japan deployed most of its troops fighting in China proper, and was also the enemy of both the Americans fighting in the [[Pacific War]] and also the British fighting in Burma . Just days before the war ended, the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] also engaged Japanese forces in [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]] during [[Operation August Storm]]. Japan's first involvement in World War II was a strike against the [[wikipedia:Republic of China|Republic of China]], headed by General [[wikipedia:Chiang Kai-shek|Chiang Kai-shek]], on July 7, [[1937]]. Even though not officially involved, many Americans rushed to help the Chinese, and American airmen helped the Chinese air force. The United States also instituted embargoes to stop supplying Japan with raw materials needed for the war in China. This caused the Japanese to [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|strike on the Pearl Harbor naval base]] in Hawaii, on December 7, [[1941]], to destroy Allied presence in the Pacific and to secure raw material in Southeast Asia. The following day [[wikipedia:Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] asked the [[wikipedia:US Congress|US Congress]] to declare war on Japan, saying that December 7 would be "a date which will live in infamy." The Congress willingly complied, and the [[Pacific War]] began, lasting until the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] in 1945. 

At its height, Japan's empire included [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]], [[wikipedia:Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia]], some of [[wikipedia:China|China]], [[wikipedia:Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[wikipedia:French Indochina|French Indochina]], [[wikipedia:Dutch East Indies|Dutch East Indies]], [[wikipedia:The Philippines|The Philippines]], [[wikipedia:Burma|Burma]], some of [[wikipedia:India|India]], and various other Pacific Islands ([[wikipedia:Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]], [[wikipedia:Okinawa|Okinawa]]).

=== Italy ===
{{main|wikipedia:Italian fascism}}
[[Image:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|180px|thumb|[[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars#Italy and the Second World War (1940-1945)|Kingdom of Italy]]]]
Fascist Italy was the other European power member of the Axis, belonging to the Axis in two incarnations, both under the leadership of [[Il Duce]] [[Benito Mussolini]]. Its first incarnation was officially known as ''Regno d'Italia'' meaning Kingdom of Italy. 

The Kingdom of Italy was ruled by Mussolini in the name of [[wikipedia:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|King Victor Emmanuel III]]. Victor Emmanuel III was additionally Emperor of Abyssinia and King of Albania. Abyssinia had been occupied by Italian troops in 1936 and incorporated into the Italian colony of [[wikipedia:Italian East Africa|Italian East Africa]]. Albania was occupied by Italian troops in 1939 and joined in "personal union" with Italy when Victor Emmanuel III was offered the Albanian crown. Other Italian colonies included Libya and the Dodecanese Islands.

The second incarnation of Fascist Italy was officially known as ''Repubblica Sociale Italiana'' meaning [[wikipedia:Italian Social Republic|Italian Social Republic]]. On July 25, [[1943]], after Italy had lost control of its African colonies and been subjected to Anglo-American invasion of its mainland, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini, placed him under arrest and began secret negotiations with the Allies.  When Italy switched sides in the war in September 1943, Mussolini was rescued by the Germans, and later announced the formation of the Italian Social Republic in Northern Italy.

==Minor powers==
Several minor powers formally adhered to the Tripartite Pact between Germany, Italy and Japan in this order: 

===Hungary===
{{main|Hungary during the Second World War}}
[[Image:Flag of Hungary 1940.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Hungary|Kingdom of Hungary]]]]

[[wikipedia:Hungary|Hungary]], ruled by Admiral [[wikipedia:Miklos Horty|Miklós Horthy]] as Regent, was the first power to adhere to the Tripartite Pact of Germany, Italy and Japan, signing the agreement on November 20, [[1940]].

Hungary was allied to Germany during the [[World War I|First World War]] by virtue of her being a constituent kingdom of the [[wikipedia:Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Monarchy]]. Hungary suffered much the same fate as Germany, with the victorious powers stripping the kingdom of more than 70 percent of her pre-war sovereign territory, which was then distributed to neighbouring states, some newly created in accordance with the [[Treaty of Trianon]]. Horthy, a Hungarian nobleman and Austro-Hungarian naval officer, became Regent in 1920, ruling the kingdom in the absence of an acknowledged king.

Hungary's foreign policy under Horthy was driven by the ambition to recover the territories lost through the imposition on her of the Trianon Treaty. Hungary drew closer to Germany and Italy largely because of the shared desire to revise the peace settlements made after the First World War.

Hungary participated in the German partition of Czechoslovakia, signed the Tripartite Pact, and was rewarded by Germany in the [[wikipedia:Vienna Awards|Vienna Awards]] which restored some of the territories taken from her by the Trianon Treaty.

Following political upheaval in Yugoslavia which threatened its continued membership in the Tripartite Pact, Hungary permitted German troops to transit its territory for a military invasion and occupation of that country. On April 11, [[1941]], five days after Germany invaded Yugoslavia and had largely destroyed the Yugoslav army, Hungary invaded Yugoslavia, occupying border territories. Hungary participated in the partition of Yugoslavia. [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|Great Britain]] immediately broke off diplomatic relations with Hungary.

Hungary was not asked to participate in the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which began on June 22, [[1941]] with attacks from German, Finnish and Romanian forces as well as a declaration of war by Italy. Currying favour with Germany, Hungary declared war on the Soviet Union five days later on June 27, [[1941]]. Hungary raised over 200,000 troops for [[Eastern Front of World War II|Eastern Front]], and all three of its field armies participated in the war against the Soviet Union, although by far the largest and the most significant was the [[wikipedia:Hungarian Second Army|Hungarian Second Army]].

On November 26, [[1941]], Hungary was one of 13 signatories to the revived [[Anti-Comintern Pact]]. The other sigatories were: Germany, Japan, Italy, [[wikipedia:Spanish State|Spain]], [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]], [[wikipedia:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[wikipedia:Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]], [[wikipedia:Denmark|Denmark]], [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]], [[wikipedia:Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[wikipedia:Slovak Republic (1939-1945)|Slovakia]], and the [[wikipedia:Nanking|Nanking]] regime of [[wikipedia:Wang Chingwei|Wang Chingwei]].

On December 6, [[1941]], Great Britain declared war on Hungary. Several days later, Hungary declared war on Great Britain and the [[wikipedia:United States of America|United States of America]]. The United States declared war on Hungary in 1942.

Hungarian troops advanced far into Soviet territory, but in the Soviet counteroffensive of 1943, the Hungarian Second Army was almost completely annihilated in fighting near Voronezh on the banks of the [[wikipedia:Don|Don]] River.

In 1944, as Soviet troops neared Hungarian territory, German troops occupied Hungary. After the German occupation of Hungary, Horthy was forced to abdicate after his son was kidnapped by the Germans. Hitler and Horthy had disagreed on the way to handle Hungarian Jews.  In Horthy's place Ferenc Szalasi head of the Fascist Arrow Cross was put in control of Hungary. When Soviet troops entered Budapest he fled to Austria and in 1946 was returned to Hungary and hanged for war crimes.

The [[wikipedia:Hungarian First Army|Hungarian First Army]] continued to fight the [[wikipedia:Red Army|Red Army]] even after Hungary had been completely occupied by the Soviet Union, not disbanding until May 8, [[1945]].  Hungary remained as the last fighting Tripartite ally of Germany-Japan.

===Romania===
{{main|Romania during World War II}}
[[Image:Rumania.gif|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Kingdom of Romania|Kingdom of Romania]]]]
[[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]], under King Michael and the military government of [[wikipedia:Ion Antonescu|Ion Antonescu]], adhered to the [[Tripartite Pact]] on November 23, [[1940]]. 

Romania entered the First World War in 1916 on the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] side but was quickly defeated, its territory overrun by troops from Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the [[wikipedia:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]]. Romania became a German vassal under the [[Treaty of Bucharest, 1918|Treaty of Bucharest]], but when Germany itself suffered defeat in the West, the Treaty of Bucharest was voided. Romania then saw its borders greatly enlarged in the peace treaties imposed on Germany and her allies.

The Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria exploited the fall of France to revise the terms of those peace treaties, reducing Romania in size. On June 28, [[1940]], the Soviet Union occupied and annexed [[wikipedia:Bessarabia|Bessarabia]] and [[wikipedia:Northern Bukovina|Northern Bukovina]]. Germany forced Romania to relinquish Transylvania to Hungary on August 30, [[1940]] in the second [[wikipedia:Vienna Award|Vienna Award]]. Germany also forced Romania to cede [[wikipedia:Southern Dobruja|Southern Dobruja]] to Bulgaria on September 5, [[1940]].

In an effort to please Hitler and obtain German protection, [[wikipedia:Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]] appointed the General [[wikipedia:Ion Antonescu|Ion Antonescu]]  Prime Minister on September 6, [[1940]]. Two days later, Antonescu forced the king to abdicate, installed his young son [[wikipedia:Michael I of Romania|Michael]] on the throne, and declared himself Conducător (Leader) with [[wikipedia:Dictatorship|dictatorial]] powers. 

German troops entered the country in 1941, and used it as a base for its invasions of both Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Romania was also a key supplier of resources, especially oil and grain.

Romania joined Germany in invading the Soviet Union on June 22, [[1941]]. Not only was Romania a base for the invasion, the country contributed nearly 300,000 troops - more than any other minor Axis power - to the war against the Soviet Union. German and Romanian troops quickly overran Moldova, which was again incorporated into Romania. Romania made additional annexations of Soviet territory as far east as Odessa and Romanian armies 3 and 4 were involved even in the [[battle of Stalingrad]].

After the Soviets turned back the German invasion and prepared to attack Romania, Romania switched to the Allied side on August 23, [[1944]].

===Slovak Republic===	 
[[Image:1stslovakia flag large.svg|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Slovak Republic (1939-1945)|Slovak Republic]]]]	 
The [[wikipedia:Slovak Republic (1939-1945)|Slovak Republic]] under President [[wikipedia:Jozef Tiso|Jozef Tiso]] signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] on November 24, [[1940]].	 
		 
Slovakia had been closely aligned with Germany almost immediately from its declaration of independence from Czechoslovakia on March 14, [[1939]]. Slovakia entered into a treaty of protection with Germany on March 23, [[1939]]. Slovak troops joined the German invasion of Poland, fighting to reclaim territories lost in 1918. 	 
		 
Slovakia declared war on the Soviet Union in 1941 and signed the revived Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941. Slovak troops fought on Germany's Eastern Front, with Slovakia furnishing Germany with two divisions totalling 20,000 men. Slovakia declared war on Great Britain and the United States of America in 1942. 	
		 
Slovakia was spared German military occupation until the [[Slovak National Uprising]], which began on August 29, [[1944]] and was almost immediately crushed by the [[Waffen SS]] and Slovak troops loyal to Tiso.	 
		 
After the war, Tiso was executed and Slovakia was rejoined with Czechoslovakia. Slovakia regained its independence in 1993.

===Bulgaria===
{{main|Military history of Bulgaria during World War II}}
[[Image:Flag of Bulgaria (1878-1944).svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:History of Independent Bulgaria#World War II and after|Kingdom of Bulgaria]]]]

[[wikipedia:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], under its king [[wikipedia:Boris III of Bulgaria|Boris III]], signed the Tripartite Pact on March 1, [[1941]]. Bulgaria had been an ally of Germany in the First World War, and like Germany and Hungary, sought a revision of the peace terms, specifically the restoration of the [[Treaty of San Stefano|San Stefano Treaty]] lands.

Like the other Balkan nations, Bulgaria drew closer to Nazi Germany during the 1930s. In 1940, under the terms of the [[Treaty of Craiova]], Germany forced Romania to cede Southern Dobrudja to Bulgaria. 

Bulgaria participated in the German invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece, and annexed [[wikipedia:Vardar Banovina|Vardar Banovina]] from Yugoslavia and [[wikipedia:Western Thrace|Western Thrace]] from Greece. However, Bulgaria did not join the German invasion of the Soviet Union and didn't declare war. Despite the lack of official declarations of war by both sides, the [[wikipedia:Bulgarian Navy|Bulgarian Navy]] was involved in a number of skirmishes with the [[wikipedia:Soviet Black Sea Fleet|Soviet Black Sea Fleet]], which attacked Bulgarian shipping. Besides this, Bulgarian armed forces garrisoned in the Balkans  battled various resistance groups. 

As the war progressed Bulgaria declared war on [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] and [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]. The 'symbolic' war against the Western Allies, however, turned into a disaster for the citizens of [[wikipedia:Sofia|Sofia]] and other major Bulgarian cities, as they were heavily bombed by the [[wikipedia:United States Air Force|USAF]] and [[wikipedia:Royal Air Force|RAF]] in 1943 and 1944.

As the [[wikipedia:Red Army|Red Army]] approached the Bulgarian border, on September 9 [[1944]], a coup brought to power a new government of the pro-Allied [[wikipedia:Fatherland Front|Fatherland Front]]. Bulgaria switched sides and was permitted to keep Southern Dobrudja after the war.

===Yugoslavia===
[[Image:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (state).svg|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]]]
The [[wikipedia:Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], under the regency of [[wikipedia:Prince Paul of Yugoslavia|Prince Paul]], was briefly a member of the Axis in 1941.

Prince Paul adhered to the Tripartite Pact on March 25, [[1941]], but was removed from office two days later by a coup that ended his regency.  The new Yugoslav government declared that it would be bound by the treaty, but Hitler suspected that the British were behind the coup against Prince Paul and vowed to destroy the country.

The German invasion began on April 6, [[1941]], and after two weeks of resistance, the country was completely occupied. Croatian nationalists declared the independence of Croatia on April 10, [[1941]] as the "[[wikipedia:Independent State of Croatia|Independent State of Croatia]]" and enthusiastically joined the Axis.  The government of Serbia was reorganised as the [[wikipedia:Nedić's Serbia|"National Government of Salvation"]] under General [[wikipedia:Milan Nedic|Milan Nedić]] on September 1, [[1941]].  Nedić maintained that his Serb government was the lawful successor to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and his troops wore the uniform of the Royal Yugoslav Army, but unlike the generous treatment accorded the Independent State of Croatia, the German treated Nedić's Serbia as a puppet state. 

The remainder of Yugoslavia was divided among the other Axis powers. Germany annexed [[wikipedia:Slovenia|Slovenia]]. Italy annexed [[wikipedia:Dalmatia|Dalmatia]], and Albania annexed Montenegro. Hungary annexed border territories, and Bulgaria annexed Macedonia.  

[[wikipedia:Ivan Mihailov|Ivan Mihailov]]'s [[wikipedia:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization|Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] ([[wikipedia:IMRO|IMRO]]) welcomed the Bulgarian annexation of [[wikipedia:Vardar Macedonia|Vardar Macedonia]]. In early September 1944, when the Bulgarian government left the Axis, Germany offered Mihailov support to declare Macedonia's independence, but he declined.

===Croatia===
[[Image:Flag_of_Croatia_Ustasa.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Independent State of Croatia|Independent State of Croatia]]]]
Declared on April 10, [[1941]], the [[wikipedia:Independent State of Croatia|Independent State of Croatia]] (''Nezavisna Država Hrvatska or NDH'') was a member of the Axis powers until the end of Second World War, its forces fighting for Germany even after Croatia had been overrun by the Soviets.  [[wikipedia:Ante Pavelić|Ante Pavelić]], a Croatian nationalist and one of the founders of the Croatian Uprising (''[[wikipedia:Ustaše|Ustaše]]'') Movement, was proclaimed Leader (''Poglavnik'') of the new state on April 24, [[1941]].  

Pavelic led a Croatian delegation to Rome and offered the crown of Croatia to an Italian prince of the House of Savoy, who was crowned [[wikipedia:Tomislav II|Tomislav II]], King of Croatia, Prince of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Voivode of Dalmatia, [[wikipedia:Tuzla|Tuzla]] and Temun, Prince of [[wikipedia:Cisterna|Cisterna]] and of Belriguardo, Marquess of [[wikipedia:Voghera|Voghera]], and Count of [[wikipedia:Ponderano|Ponderano]].  The next day, Pavelic signed the Contracts of Rome with Mussolini, ceding Dalmatia to Italy and fixing the permanent borders between Croatia and Italy.  He was also received by the Pope.

Pavelić formed the Croatian Home Guard (''Hrvatsko domobranstvo'') as the official military force of Croatia.  Originally authorized at 16,000 men, it grew to a peak fighting force of 130,000.  The Croatian Home Guard included a small air force and navy, although its navy was restricted in size by the Contracts of Rome.  In addition to the Croatian Home Guard, Pavelić also commanded the Ustaše militia.  A number of Croats also volunteered for the German ''Waffen SS''.

The Ustaše government declared war on the Soviet Union, signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 and sent troops to Germany's Eastern Front. Ustaše militia  garrisoned the Balkans, battled the Yugoslav Partisans (Titove Partizane među kojima je bilo najviše hrvata),Yugoslav Partisans were mostly Soviet Croats, and freed up German and Italian forces to fight elsewhere.

During the time of its existence, the Ustaše government applied racial laws on [[wikipedia:Serbs|Serbs]], [[wikipedia:Jew|Jews]] and [[wikipedia:Roma people|Roma]]s, and after June 1941 deported them to the concentration camp at Jasenovac (or to camps in Poland).  The number of victims of the Ustaše regime is a mystery due to numbers given by various historians vying for political clout. The number of total victims is between 300,000 and 1,000,000. The racial laws were enforced by the Ustaše militia.

==Co-belligerents==
===Thailand===
[[Image:Flag of Thailand.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Thailand|Kingdom of Thailand]] ]]

[[wikipedia:Thailand|Thailand]] was an ally and co-belligerent of Japan.
 
In the immediate aftermath of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan [[Japanese Invasion of Thailand|invaded Thailand]] on the morning of December 8, [[1941]].  Only hours after the invasion, Field Marshal [[wikipedia:Plaek Pibulsonggram|Phibunsongkhram]], the prime minister, ordered the cessation of resistance. On December 21, 1941, a military alliance with Japan was signed and on January 25, [[1942]] Thailand declared war on Britain and the [[wikipedia:United States|United States of America]]. The Thai ambassador to the United States, [[wikipedia:Thai royal and noble titles#Mom Rajawongse|Mom Rajawongse]] [[wikipedia:Seni Pramoj|Seni Pramoj]] did not deliver his copy of the declaration of war, so although the British reciprocated by declaring war on Thailand and consequently considered it a hostile country, the United States did not. 

On May 10, [[1942]], the Thai [[wikipedia:Phayap Army|Phayap Army]] entered Burma's [[wikipedia:Shan State|Shan State]]. At one time in the past the area had been part of the [[wikipedia:Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya Kingdom]]. The boundary between the Japanese and Thai operations was generally the [[wikipedia:Salween|Salween]]. However, that area south of the Shan States known as [[wikipedia:Karenni States|Karenni States]], the homeland of the Karens, was specifically retained under Japanese control.

Three Thai infantry and one cavalry division, spearheaded by armoured reconnaissance groups and supported ably by the air force, started their advance on May 10, and engaged the retreating Chinese 93rd Division. [[wikipedia:Kengtung|Kengtung]], the main objective, was captured on May 27. Renewed offensives in June and November evicted the Chinese into [[wikipedia:Yunnan|Yunnan]].

As the war dragged on, the Thai population came to resent the Japanese presence. In June 1944, Phibun was overthrown in a [[wikipedia:coup d'état|coup d'état]]. The new civilian government under [[wikipedia:Khuang Aphaiwong|Khuang Aphaiwong]] attempted to aid the resistance while at the same time maintaining cordial relations with the Japanese. 

The [[wikipedia:Free Thai Movement|Free Thai Movement]] ("Seri Thai") was established during these first few months.  Parallel Free Thai organisations were established in Britain and inside Thailand. Queen [[wikipedia:Ramphaiphanni|Ramphaiphanni]] was the nominal head of the Britain-based organisation, and [[wikipedia:Pridi Phanomyong|Pridi Phanomyong]], the regent, headed its largest contingent, which was operating within the country. Aided by elements of the military, secret airfields and training camps were established while [[wikipedia:Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] and [[wikipedia:Force 136|Force 136]] agents fluidly slipped in and out of the country. 

After the war, U.S. influence prevented Thailand from being treated as an Axis country, but Britain demanded three million tons of rice as reparations and the return of areas annexed from the British colony of [[wikipedia:Malaya|Malaya]] during the war and invasion. Thailand also had to return the portions of British Burma and [[wikipedia:French Indochina|French Indochina]] that had been taken.

Phibun and a number of his associates were put on trial on charges of having committed war crimes, mainly that of collaborating with the Axis powers. However, the charges were dropped due to intense public pressure. Public opinion was favourable to Phibun, since he was thought to have done his best to protect Thai interests.

===Finland===
[[Image:Flag_of_Finland.svg|thumb|right|[[wikipedia:Finland|Republic of Finland]]]]

[[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]] was a co-belligerent of Germany in its war against the Soviet Union. An avowed enemy of [[wikipedia:Bolshevism|Bolshevism]] having recently fought the [[Winter War]] against the Soviets, Finland allowed Germany to use Finnish territory as a base for [[Operation Barbarossa]].

After its loss of the Winter War to the Soviet Union in March 1940, Finland first sought protection from Great Britain&lt;ref name="Seppinen"&gt;Seppinen, Ilkka: ''Suomen ulkomaankaupan ehdot 1939-1940'' (''Conditions of Finnish foreign trade 1939-1940''), 1983, ISBN 951-9254-48-X&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="FOFinland"&gt;British Foreign Office Archive, 371/24809/461-556&lt;/ref&gt; and neutral Sweden&lt;ref name="Jokipii"&gt;Jokipii, Mauno: ''Jatkosodan synty'' (''Birth of the Continuation War''), 1987, ISBN 951-1-08799-1&lt;/ref&gt;, but was thwarted by Soviet and German actions. This resulted in Finland drawing closer to Germany, first with an intent of enlisting German support as a counterweight to thwart continuing Soviet pressure, but later to help regain its lost territories.

Finland's role in Operation Barbossa was laid out in German Chancellor Adolf Hitler's Directive 21, "The mass of the Finnish army will have the task, in accordance with the advance made by the northern wing of the German armies, of tying up maximum Russian strength by attacking to the west, or on both sides, of Lake Ladoga. The Finns will also capture [[wikipedia:Hanko, Finland|Hanko]]." The directive was given December 18, [[1940]], over two months before Finnish High Command or civilian leadership received the first tentative hints to upcoming invasion.

In May 1941, at the suggestion of Germany, Finland allowed Germany to recruit Finnish volunteers for ''[[wikipedia:SS-Volunteer Battalion Nordost|SS-Freiwilligen-Bataillon Nordost]]''.  This battalion, with an initial strength of 1200 men, was attached to the multinational ''Wiking'' Division of Germany's ''Waffen SS''. Later, an additional 200 Finns joined the battalion to cover the losses.

In the weeks leading up to Operation Barbossa, cooperation between Finland and Germany increased, with the exchange of liaison officers and the beginning of preparations for joint military action. On June 7, Germany moved two divisions into the Finnish [[wikipedia:Lapland|Lapland]]. On June 17, [[1941]], Finland ordered its armed forces to be fully mobilized and sent to the Soviet border. Finland evacuated civilians from border areas which were fortified against Soviet attack.  In the opening days of the Operation, Finland permitted German planes returning from bombing runs over Leningrad to refuel at Finnish airfields before returning to bases in [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[wikipedia:East Prussia|East Prussia]].  Finland also permitted Germany to use its naval facilities in the [[wikipedia:Gulf of Finland|Gulf of Finland]].

In his proclamation of war against the Soviet Union issued June 22, [[1941]], Hitler declared that Germany was joined by Finland and Romania. However, Finland did not declare war until June 25, after the Soviet Union bombed Finnish airfields and towns, including the medieval [[wikipedia:Turku castle|Turku castle]], which was badly damaged.  The Soviets cited Finland's cooperation with Germany as provocation for the air raids. Finland countered that it was once again a victim of Soviet aggression.

Finns refer to the conflict with the Soviet Union as the [[Continuation War]], viewing it as continuation of the [[Winter War]] that the Soviets had waged against the Finns. The Finns maintain that their sole objective was to regain the territory lost to the Soviet Union in the Winter War, but on July 10, [[1941]], Field Marshal [[wikipedia:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] issued an Order of the Day declaring that the war aim of the Finns was "to expel the Bolsheviks out of Russian [[wikipedia:Karelia|Karelia]], to liberate the Karelian nations and to accord to Finland a great future."  

Mannerheim's order echoed his Order of the Day issued February 23, [[1918]], during the Finnish War of Independence, known as the [[wikipedia:Sword Scabbard Declaration|Sword Scabbard Declaration]], in which Mannerheim declared he "would not put his sword into the scabbard until East Karelia was free of Lenin's warriors and hooligans."  Conquest of Karelia was a historic dream of Finnish nationalists advocating [[wikipedia:Greater Finland|Greater Finland]].

Finland mobilized over 475,000 men for Germany's [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] against the Soviet Union. About 1,700 volunteers from Sweden and 2,600 from Estonia served in the Finnish army.  Many of the Swedish volunteers had also fought for Finland in the Winter War.

Diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Finland were severed on August 1, [[1941]], after the British bombed German forces in the Finnish city of Petsamo. Great Britain repeatedly called on Finland to cease its offensive against the Soviet Union, and on December 6, [[1941]], declared war on Finland. War was never declared between Finland and the United States.

Finland signed the revived [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] of 1941. Unlike other Axis powers, Finland maintained command of its armed forces and pursued its war objectives independently of Germany. Finland refused German requests to participate in the [[Siege of Leningrad]], stating that capturing Leningrad was not among its goals. Leningrad, now [[wikipedia:St. Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], lies outside the territory of Karelia claimed for Finland by Mannerheim. Finland also granted asylum to Jews, and Jewish soldiers continued to serve in her army.

The relationship between Finland and Germany more closely resembled an alliance during the six weeks of the [[Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement]], which was presented as a German condition for help with munitions and air support, as the [[Fourth strategic offensive|Soviet offensive coordinated with D-Day]] threatened Finland with complete occupation. The agreement, signed by President [[wikipedia:Risto Ryti|Risto Ryti]], but never ratified by the Finnish Parliament, bound Finland not to seek a separate peace.

Ryti's successor, President [[wikipedia:Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim|Mannerheim]], ignored the agreement and opened secret negotiations with the Soviets.  On September 19, [[1944]], Mannerheim signed an armistice with the Soviet Union and Great Britain. Under the terms of the armistice, Finland was obligated to expel German troops from Finnish territory. Finns refer to the skirmishes that followed as the [[Lapland War]]. In 1947, Finland signed a [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|peace treaty]] with the Soviet Union, Great Britain and several British Commonwealth nations acknowledging its "alliance with Hitlerite Germany".

===Iraq===
[[Image:Flag of Iraq 1924.svg|thumb|right|[[wikipedia:Iraq|Kingdom of Iraq]]]]
[[wikipedia:Iraq|Iraq]] was a co-belligerent of the Axis, fighting the United Kingdom in the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] of 1941.

Seizing power on April 3, 1941, the nationalist government of Iraqi Prime Minister [[wikipedia:Rashid Ali|Rashid Ali]] repudiated the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 and demanded that Britain close its military bases within the country.  Ali sought support from Germany, Italy and Vichy France in expelling British forces from Iraq.

Hostilties between the Iraqi and British forces opened on April 18, 1941 with heavy fighting at the British air base at Lake [[wikipedia:Habbaniya|Habbaniya]].  Iraq's Axis allies dispatched two air squadrons, one from the German ''Luftwaffe'' and the other from the Royal Italian Air Force.  The Germans and Italians utilized Vichy French bases in Syria, precipitating fighting between British and French forces in Syria.

In early May 1941, [[wikipedia:Mohammad Amin al-Husayni|Mohammad Amin al-Husayni]], the [[wikipedia:Mufti|Mufti]] of [[wikipedia:Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] and an ally of Ali, declared "holy war" against the United Kingdom and called on Arabs throughout the Middle East to rise up against Britain. On May 25, 1941, Hitler issued his Order 30, stepping up German offensive operations: "The Arab Freedom Movement in the Middle East is our natural ally against England. In this connection special importance is attached to the liberation of Iraq... I have therefore decided to move forward in the Middle East by supporting Iraq."

Hitler dispatched German air and armored forces to Libya and formed the ''Deutsches Afrikakorps'' to coordinate a combined German-Italian offensive against the British in Egypt, Palestine and Iraq. 

Iraqi military resistance ended by May 31, 1941. Rashi Ali and his ally, the Mufti of Jerusalem, fled to Persia, then to [[wikipedia:Turkey|Turkey]], Italy and finally Germany where Ali was welcomed by Hitler as head of the Iraqi [[wikipedia:government-in-exile|government-in-exile]].  

In propaganda broadcasts from Berlin, the Mufti contined to call on Arabs to rise up against the United Kingdom and aid German and Italian forces.  He also recruited Moslem volunteers in the Balkans for the ''Waffen SS''.

==Japanese puppet states==
Japan created a number of puppet states in the areas occupied by its military, beginning with the creation of Manchukuo in 1932. These puppet states achieved varying degrees of international recognition.

===Manchukuo (Manchuria)===
[[Image:Flag of Manchukuo.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]]]]

[[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]] was a Japanese [[puppet state]] in [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]], the northeast region of China. It was nominally ruled by [[wikipedia:Puyi|Puyi]], the last emperor of the [[wikipedia:Qing Dynasty|Qing Dynasty]], but in fact controlled by the Japanese military, in particular the [[wikipedia:Kwantung Army|Kwantung Army]]. While Manchukuo ostensibly meant a state for ethnic [[wikipedia:manchu|manchu]]s,  the region had a [[wikipedia:Han Chinese|Han Chinese]] majority.

Following the [[Mukden Incident|Japanese invasion of Manchuria]] in 1931, the independence of Manchukuo was proclaimed on February 18, [[1932]] with Puyi as "Head of State."  He was proclaimed Emperor of Manchukuo a year later.   Twenty three of the League of Nations's eighty members recognised the new Manchu nation, but the League itself declared in 1934 that Manchuria lawfully remained a part of China, precipitating Japanese withdrawal from the League.  Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union were among the major powers recognising Manchukuo.  The county was also recognised by [[wikipedia:Costa Rica|Costa Rica]], [[wikipedia:El Salvador|El Salvador]], and [[wikipedia:the Vatican|the Vatican]].  Manchukuo was also recognised by the other Japanese allies and puppet states, including Mengjiang, the Burmese government of [[wikipedia:Ba Maw|Ba Maw]], [[wikipedia:Thailand|Thailand]], the Wang Chingwei regime, and the Indian government of [[wikipedia:Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhas Chandra Bose]].

The armed forces of Manchukuo numbered between 200,000 and 220,000 men, according to the Soviet intelligence estimates.  The Manchukuo Army garrisoned Manchukuo under the command of the Japanese Army.  The Manchukuo Navy, including river patrol and coastal defense, were under the direct command of the Japanese Third Fleet.  The [[wikipedia:Manchukuo Imperial Guard|Manchukuo Imperial Guard]], numbering 200 men, was under the direct command of the Emperor and served as his bodyguard.

===Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia)===
[[Image:Flag of the Mengjiang.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Mengjiang|Mengjiang]]]]

[[wikipedia:Mengjiang|Mengjiang]] (alternatively spelled Mengchiang) was a Japanese puppet state in [[wikipedia:Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia]].  It was nominally ruled by Prince [[wikipedia:Demchugdongrub|Demchugdongrub]], a [[wikipedia:Mongol|Mongol]] nobleman descended from [[wikipedia:Ghengis Khan|Ghengis Khan]], but was in fact controlled by the Japanese military.  Mengjiang's independence was proclaimed on February 18, [[1936]] following the Japanese occupation of the region.

The Inner Mongolians had several grievances against the central Chinese government in Nanking, with the most important one being the policy of allowing unlimited migration of Han Chinese to this vast region of open plains and desert. Several of the young princes of Inner Mongolia began to agitate for greater freedom from the central government, and it was through these men that Japanese saw their best chance of exploiting Pan-Mongol nationalism and eventually seizing control of Outer Mongolia from the Soviet Union.  

Japan created Mengjiang to exploit tensions between ethnic Mongolians and the central government of China which in theory ruled Inner Mongolia.  The Japanese hoped to use pan-Mongolism to create a Mongolian ally in Asia and eventually conquer all of Mongolia from the Soviet Union. 

When the various puppet governments of China were unified under the Wang Chingwei government in March 1940, Mengjiang retained its separate identity as an autonomous federation.  Although under the firm control of the Japanese Imperial Army which occupied its territory, Prince Demchugdongrub had his own army that was, in theory, independent.

Mengjiang vanished in 1945 following Japan's defeat ending World War II and the invasion of Soviet and Red Mongol Armies. As the huge Soviet forces advanced into Inner Mongolia, they met limited resistance from small detachments of Mongolian cavalry, which, like the rest of the army, were quickly brushed aside.

===Republic of China (Nanjing puppet regime)===
[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Republic of China-Nanjing|Republic of China-Nanjing]]]]
A [[wikipedia:Wang Jingwei Government|short-lived state]] was founded on March 29, [[1940]] by [[wikipedia:Wang Jingwei|Wang Jingwei]], who became Head of State of this Japanese supported collaborationist government based in [[wikipedia:Nanking|Nanking]]. The government was to be run along the same lines as the Nationalist regime. 

During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], Japan advanced from its bases in Manchuria to occupy much of East and Central China.  Several Japanese puppet states were organised in areas occupied by the Japanese Army, including the [[wikipedia:Provisional Government of the Republic of China|Provisional Government of the Republic of China]] at [[wikipedia:Peking|Peking]] which was formed in 1937 and the [[wikipedia:Reformed Government of the Republic of China|Reformed Government of the Republic of China]] at Nanking which was formed in 1938.  These governments were merged into the Reorganised Government of the Republic of China at Nanking in 1940. The government was to be run along the same lines as the Nationalist regime. 

The Nanking Government had no real power, and its main role was to act as a propaganda tool for the Japanese. The Nanking Government concluded agreements with Japan and Manchukuo, authorising Japanese occupation of China and recognising the independence of Manchukuo under Japanese protection.  The Nanking Government signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 and declared war on the United States and Great Britain on January 9, [[1943]]. 

The government had a strained relationship with the Japanese from the beginning. Wang's insistence on his regime being the true Nationalist government of China and in replicating all the symbols of the [[wikipedia:Kuomintang|Kuomintang]] (KMT) led to frequent conflicts with the Japanese, the most prominent being the issue of the regime's flag, which was identical to that of the [[wikipedia:Republic of China|Republic of China]]. 

The worsening situation for Japan from 1943 onwards meant that the Nanking Army was given a more substantial role in the defence of occupied China than the Japanese had initially envisaged. The army was almost continuously employed against the communist [[wikipedia:New Fourth Army|New Fourth Army]].

Wang Jingwei died in a Tokyo clinic on November 10, [[1944]], and was succeeded by his deputy [[wikipedia:Chen Gongbo|Chen Gongbo]]. Chen had little influence and the real power behind the regime was [[wikipedia:Zhou Fohai|Zhou Fohai]], the mayor of Shanghai. Wang's death dispelled what little legitimacy the regime had. The state stuttered on for another year and continued the display and show of a fascist regime. 

On September 9, [[1945]], following the defeat of Japan in [[World War II]], the area was surrendered to General [[wikipedia:He Yingqin|He Yingqin]], a Nationalist General loyal to [[wikipedia:Chiang Kai-shek|Chiang Kai-shek]]. The Nanking Army generals quickly declared their alliance to the Generalissimo, and were subsequently ordered to resist Communist attempts to fill the vacuum left by the Japanese surrender. Chen Gongbo was tried and executed in 1946.

===Burma (Ba Maw regime)===
[[Image:-Burma1942Japanese1.jpg|thumb|[[Japanese occupation of Burma|Burma]]]]
[[wikipedia:Myanmar|Burmese]] nationalist leader [[wikipedia:Ba Maw|Ba Maw]] formed a [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Japanese puppet state in Burma]] on August 1, [[1942]] after the Japanese Army seized control of the nation from the United Kingdom. The Ba Maw regime organised the Burma Defence Army (later renamed the [[wikipedia:Burma National Army|Burma National Army]]), which was commanded by [[wikipedia:Aung San|Aung San]].

===Philippines (Second Republic)===
[[Image:Flag of the Philippines.svg|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Second Philippine Republic|Second Philippine Republic]] ]]
[[wikipedia:Jose P. Laurel|Jose P. Laurel]] was the President of the [[wikipedia:Second Philippine Republic|Second Republic of the Philippines]], a Japanese puppet state organised on the Philippine Islands in 1942. In 1943, the Philippine National Assembly declared the Philippines an independent republic and elected Laurel as President. The Second Republic ended in with the Japanese surrender. Laurel was arrested and charged with treason by the US government, but was granted amnesty and continued playing politics, ultimately winning a seat in the Philippine Senate.

===India (Provisional Government of Free India)===
[[Image:1931 Flag of India.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]]]]
The [[wikipedia:Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]] was a shadow government led by [[wikipedia:Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhas Chandra Bose]], an Indian nationalist who rejected
[[wikipedia:Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]'s nonviolent methods for achieving independence.  It operated only in those parts of [[wikipedia:India|India]] which came under Japanese control. 
 
A former president of the India National Congress, Bose was arrested by Indian authorities at the outset of the Second World War.  In January 1941 he escaped from house arrest and eventually reached Germany and then to Japan where he formed the [[wikipedia:Indian National Army|Indian National Army]], mostly from Indian prisoners of war.

Bose and [[wikipedia:A.M.Sahay|A.M.Sahay]], another local leader, received ideological support from [[wikipedia:Mitsuru Toyama]], chief of the [[wikipedia:Dark Ocean Society|Dark Ocean Society]] along with Japanese Army advisers. Other Indian thinkers in favour of the Axis cause were [[wikipedia:Asit Krishna Mukherji|Asit Krishna Mukherji]], a friend of Bose and husband of [[wikipedia:Savitri Devi Mukherji|Savitri Devi Mukherji]], one of the women thinkers in support of the German cause, and the Pandit Rajwade of [[wikipedia:Poona|Poona]]. Bose was helped by [[wikipedia:Rash Behari Bose|Rash Behari Bose]], founder of the Indian Independence League in Japan. Bose declared India's independence on October 21 [[1943]]. The Japanese Army assigned to the Indian National Army a number of military advisors, among them [[wikipedia:Hideo Iwakuro|Hideo Iwakuro]] and [[wikipedia:Major-General Isoda]].

With its provisional capital at [[wikipedia:Port Blair|Port Blair]] on the [[wikipedia:Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] after they [[Invasion and Occupation of the Andaman Islands during World War II|fell to the Japanese]], the state would last two more years until August 18, [[1945]] when it officially became defunct. In its existence it received recognition from nine governments: [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], [[wikipedia:Imperial Japan|Japan]], Italy, [[wikipedia:Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]], [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]], China (under the Nanking Government of [[wikipedia:Wang Chingwei|Wang Chingwei]]), Thailand, Burma (under the regime of Burmese nationalist leader [[wikipedia:Ba Maw|Ba Maw]]),  and the [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]] under [[wikipedia:de facto|de facto]] (and later [[wikipedia:de jure|de jure]]) president [[wikipedia:José Laurel|José Laurel]].

The Indian National Army saw plenty of action (as did their Burmese equivalent). The highlight of the force's campaign in Burma was the planting of the Indian national flag by the 'Bose Battalion' during the battle of Frontier Hill in 1944, although it was Japanese troops from the 55th Cavalry, 1/29th Infantry and 2/143rd Infantry who did most of the fighting. This battle also had the curious incidence of three Sikh companies of the Bose Battalion exchanging insults and fire with two Sikh companies of the 7/16th [[wikipedia:Punjab Regiment|Punjab Regiment]] ([[wikipedia:British Indian Army|British Indian Army]]).

The Indian National Army was encountered again during the Second Arakan Campaign, where they deserted in large numbers back to their old 'imperial oppressors' and again during the crossing of the Irrawaddy in 1945, where a couple of companies put up token resistance before leaving their Japanese comrades to fight off the assault crossing by 7th Indian Division.

==Italian puppet states==
===Albania===
[[Image:Flag of Albania 1939.gif|thumb|[[wikipedia:Albania|Albania]]]]
[[wikipedia:Albania|Albania]] was an Italian puppet state, joined in [[wikipedia:personal union|personal union]] with Italy under the kingship of [[wikipedia:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]], whose full title was King of Italy and Albania, Emperor of Ethiopia. Albania was a constituent of the [[wikipedia:New Roman Empire|New Roman Empire]] envisioned by Italy's fascist dictator, [[Il Duce]] [[Benito Mussolini]].

Albania had been in Italian orbit since the [[World War I|First World War]] when it was occupied by Italy as a "protectorate" in accordance with the [[London Pact]]. Italian troops were withdrawn after the war, but throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Albania became increasingly dependent on Italy. The Albanian government and economy were subsidised by Italian loans, the Albanian army was trained by Italian instructors, and Italian settlement was encouraged.  

With the major powers of Europe distracted by Germany's occupation of Czechoslovakia, Mussolini sent an ultimatium to the Albanian [[wikipedia:King Zog|King Zog]] on March 25, [[1939]], demanding that Zog permit the country to be occupied by Italy as a protectorate.  On April 7, [[1939]], Italian troops landed in Albania. Zog, his wife and newborn son immediately fled the country.  Five days after the invasion, on April 12, the Albanian parliament voted to depose Zog and join the nation to Italy "in personal union" by offering the Albanian crown to [[wikipedia:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]]. The parliament elected Albania's largest landowner, [[wikipedia:Shefqet Bey Verlaci|Shefqet Bey Verlaci]], as Prime Minister. Verlaci additionally served as head of state for five days until Victor Emmanuel III formally accepted the Albanian crown in a ceremony at the [[wikipedia:Quirinale|Quirinale]] place in Rome. Victor Emmanuel III appointed Francesco Jacomoni di San Savino as Lieutenant-General to represent him in Albania as viceroy.

On April 15, [[1939]], Albania withdrew from the League of Nations, which Italy had abandoned in 1937. On June 3, [[1939]], the Albanian foreign ministry was merged into the Italian foreign ministry, and the Albanian Foreign Minister, [[wikipedia:Xhemil Bej Dino|Xhemil Bej Dino]], was given the rank of an Italian ambassador.  

The Albanian military was placed under Italian command and formally merged into the Italian Army in 1940. Additionally, the [[wikipedia:Italian Blackshirts|Italian Blackshirts]] formed four legions of [[wikipedia:Albanian Militia|Albanian Militia]].   

Albania followed Italy into war with Britain and France on June 10, [[1940]]. Albania served as the base for the Italian invasion of Greece in 1941, and Albanian troops participated in the Greek campaign. Albania was enlarged by the annexation of Montenegro from the former Yugoslavia in 1941. Victor Emmanuel III as "King of Albania" declared war on the Soviet Union in 1941 and the United States in 1942. Some Albanian volunteers served in the SS Skanderberg Division.

Victor Emmanuel III abdicated as King of Albania in 1943 when Italy left the Axis to join the Allies as a co-belligerent against Germany.
Nevertheless, Albania had a great partisan movement which fiercely resisted the Fascist and Nazi regime, as a result Albania was the state that alone managed to liberate itself from the German Nazis.

===Ethiopia===
[[Image:Flag of Ethiopia (1897).png|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] ]]
[[wikipedia:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] was an Italian puppet state from its conquest in 1936 when Mussolini proclaimed King Victor Emmanuel III the Emperor of Ethiopia (''Keasare Ityopia'').  Ethiopia was consolidated with the Italian colonies of [[wikipedia:Eritrea|Eritrea]] and [[wikipedia:Somalialand|Somalialand]] to form the new state of [[wikipedia:Italian East Africa|Italian East Africa]] (''Africa Orientale Italiana''), which was ruled by an Italian viceroy in the name of the King and Emperor. At the beginning of the Second World War, Italian East Africa was garrisoned by 91,000 Italian troops as well as 200,000 native [[wikipedia:Askari|Askari]]. Italian General [[wikipedia:Guglielmo Ciro Nasi|Guglielmo Ciro Nasi]] led these forces in the conquest of [[wikipedia:British Somaliland|British Somaliland]] in 1940; however, by 1941, the Italians had lost control of [[wikipedia:East Africa|East Africa]].

==German puppet states==

===Italy (Salò regime)===
[[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Italian Social Republic|Italian Social Republic]] ]]
Italian Fascist leader [[Benito Mussolini]] formed the [[wikipedia:Italian Social Republic|Italian Social Republic]] ''(Repubblica Sociale Italiana'' in [[wikipedia:Italian language|Italian]]) on September 23, [[1943]], succeeding the Kingdom of Italy as a member of the Axis. 

Mussolini had been removed from and office and arrested by King [[wikipedia:Victor Emmanuel III|Victor Emmanuel III]] on July 25, [[1943]]. The King publicly reaffirmed his loyalty to Germany but authorized secret armistice negotiations with the Allies.  In a spectacular raid led by German paratrooper [[wikipedia:Otto Skorzeny|Otto Skorzeny]], Mussolini was rescued from arrest. 

Once safely escounced in German occupied [[wikipedia:Salò|Salò]], Mussolini declared that the King was deposed, that Italy was a republic and that he was the new president.  He functioned as a German puppet for the duration of the war.

===Serbia (Nedić regime)===
[[Image:Serbian flag.png|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Nedić's Serbia|Kingdom of Serbia]]]]
Serbian General [[wikipedia:Milan Nedić|Milan Nedić]] formed the National Government of Salvation  
in German-occupied Serbia on September 1, [[1941]].  Nedić served as prime minister of the puppet government which recognized the former Yugoslav regent, Prince Paul, as head of state.  

Nedić's armed forces, the [[wikipedia:Serbian State Guards|Serbian State Guards]] and [[wikipedia:Serbian Volunteer Corps|Serbian Volunteer Corps]], wore the uniform of the Royal Yugoslav Army.  Nedić's forces fought with the Germans against the Yugoslav Partisans.  Unlike Hitler's Nordic collaborators who sent troops to fight the Soviet Union, Nedić's Slavic troops were confined to duty in Serbia.

Several [[wikipedia:List of concentration and internment camps#Serbia|concentration camps]] were formed in Serbia and at the 1942 [[wikipedia:Anti-Freemason Exhibition|Anti-Freemason Exhibition]] in [[wikipedia:Belgrade|Belgrade]] the city was pronounced [[wikipedia:Judenfrei|Judenfrei]]. A [[wikipedia:Serbian Gestapo|Serbian Gestapo]] was 
formed.

=== Montenegro (Drljević regime)===
[[Image:Flag of Montenegro (1993-2004).svg|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Independent State of Montenegro|Independent State of Montenegro]]]]
The leader of the Montenegrin Federalists, [[wikipedia:Sekule Drljević|Sekule Drljević]] formed the Provisional Administrative Committee of Montenegro on July 12, [[1941]]. The Committee originally tried to collaborate with the Italians.

Drljević's Montenegrin Federalists fought a confusing civil war alongside Axis forces against Yugoslav Partisans and Chetniks.

In October 1941, Drljević was exiled from Montenegro and in 1944, he formed the Montenegrin State Council locates in the Independent State of Croatia. It acted as the Federalists' government in exile.

==Axis collaborator states==
===France (Vichy regime)===
[[Image:Flag of France.svg|right|180px|thumb|[[Vichy France|French State]]]]

Pétain became the last Prime Minister of the [[wikipedia:French Third Republic|French Third Republic]] on June 16, 1940 as French resistance to the German invasion of the country was collapsing. Pétain immediately sued for peace with Germany and six days later, on June 22, 1940, his government concluded an [[wikipedia:Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)|armistice]] with Hitler. Under the terms of the agreement, Germany occupied approximately two thirds of France, including [[wikipedia:Paris|Paris]]. Pétain was permitted to keep an army of 100,000 men to defend the unoccupied zone. This number includes neither the army based in [[French colonial empire]] nor the French fleet. In French North-Africa, a strength of 127,000 men was allowed after the rallying of [[wikipedia:Gabon|Gabon]] to the [[Free French]]&lt;ref&gt;Christian Bachelier, ''L'armée française entre la victoire et la défaite'', in ''La France des années noires'', dir. Azéma &amp; Bédarida, Le Seuil, édition 2000, coll. points-histoire,Tome 1, p.98 &lt;/ref&gt;. 

Relations between France and the United Kingdom quickly deteriorated. Fearful that the powerful French fleet might fall into German hands, the United Kingdom launched several naval attacks, the major one against [[Attack on Mers-el-Kébir|the Algerian harbour of Mers el-Kebir]] on July 3, 1940. Though Churchill would defend his controversial decisions to attack the French Fleet and, later, invade French Syria, the French people themselves were less accepting of these decisions. German propaganda was able to trumpet these actions as an absolute betrayal of the French people by their former allies. France broke relations with the UK after the attack and considered declaring war. 

On July 10, 1940, Pétain was given emergency powers by a vote of the French National Assembly, effectively creating the [[Vichy Regime|Vichy regime]], for the resort town of Vichy where Petain chose to maintain his seat of government. The new government continued to be recognised as the lawful government of France by the United States until 1942. Racial laws were introduced in France and its colonies and many French Jews were deported to Germany.

In September 1940, Vichy France unsuccessfully resisted a Japanese [[invasion of French Indochina]]. In late 1941, Vietnam was the base for the Japanese invasions of [[wikipedia:Thailand|Thailand]], [[wikipedia:Malaya|Malaya]] and [[wikipedia:Borneo|Borneo]]. 

The UK permitted French General [[wikipedia:Charles de Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]] to headquarter his [[Free French]] movement in London in a largely unsuccessful effort to win over the French colonial empire. On September 26, 1940, de Gaulle led an attack by Allied forces on the Vichy port of [[Battle of Dakar|Dakar]] in [[wikipedia:French West Africa|French West Africa]]. Forces loyal to Pétain fired on de Gaulle and repulsed the attack after two days of heavy fighting. Public opinion in France was further outraged, and Vichy France drew closer to Germany.

Allied forces attacked [[Syria-Lebanon campaign|Syria and Lebanon in 1941]], after the Vichy government in Syria allowed Germany to support an [[Anglo-Iraqi War|Iraqi revolt against the British]]. In 1942, Allied forces also [[Battle of Madagascar|attacked the Vichy French colony of Madagascar]].

Vichy France did not become directly involved in the war on the Eastrn Front. Almost 7,000 volunteers joined the anti-communist ''Légion des Volontaires Français'' (LVF) from 1941 to 1944 and some 7500 formed the [[wikipedia:33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)|''Division Charlemagne'']], a ''[[Waffen-SS]]'' unit, from 1944 to 1945. Both the ''LVF'' and the ''Division Charlemagne'' fought on the eastern front. Hitler never accepted that France could become a full military partner &lt;ref&gt;Robert O. Paxton, 1993, "La Collaboration d'État" in ''La France des Années Noires'', Ed. J. P. Azéma &amp; François Bédarida, Éditions du Seuil, Paris &lt;/ref&gt;, and constantly prevented the buildup of Vichy's military strenght. 

Other than political, Vichy's collaboration with Germany essentially was industrial, with French factories providing many vehicles to the German armed forces.

In November 1942, Vichy French troops briefly but fiercely resisted the [[Operation Torch|landing of Allied troops in French North Africa]], but were unable to prevail. Admiral [[wikipedia:François Darlan|François Darlan]] negotiated a local ceasefire with the Allies. In response to the landings, and Vichy's inability to defend itself, German troops occupied southern France and the Vichy colony of Tunisia. Although French troops initially did not resist the German invasion of Tunisia, they eventually sided the Allies, and took part in the [[Tunisia Campaign]].

In mid-1943, former Vichy authorities in North Africa came to an agreement with the Free French and setup a temporary French government in Algiers, known as the ''Comité Français de Libération Nationale'', De Gaulle eventually emerging as the leader. The CFLN raised new troops, and re-organized, re-trained and re-equipped the French military under Allied supervision.

However, the Vichy government continued to function in mainland France until late 1944, but had lost most of its territorial sovereignty and military assets, with the exception of Forces stationed in Indochina.

==Cases of controversial relations with Axis==
===The case of Denmark===
{{main|Occupation of Denmark }}
[[Image:Flag of Denmark.svg|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Denmark|Kingdom of Denmark]]]]
On May 31, [[1939]], Denmark and Germany signed a treaty of non-aggression, which did not contain any military obligations for either party.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.navalhistory.dk/Danish/Historien/1939_1945/IkkeAngrebsPagt.htm &lt;span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;"&gt;(Danish)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--don't remove this line. Germany had no legal "right" or claim to same to invade Denmark in 1940. The treaty merely stated that the two countries should never be at war with each other. The text does not mention the word "friendship" either.--&gt; On April 9, [[1940]], citing intended British mining of Norwegian and Danish waters as a pretext, Germany occupied both countries.  King Christian X and the Danish government, worried about German bombings if they resisted occupation, accepted "protection by the Reich" in exchange for nominal independence under German military occupation.  Three successive Prime Ministers, [[wikipedia:Thorvald Stauning|Thorvald Stauning]], [[wikipedia:Vilhelm Buhl|Vilhelm Buhl]] and [[wikipedia:Erik Scavenius|Erik Scavenius]], maintained this ''samarbejdspolitik'' ("cooperation policy") of collaborating with Germany.
*Denmark coordinated its foreign policy with Germany, extending diplomatic recognition to Axis collaborator and puppet regimes and breaking diplomatic relations with the "governments-in-exile" formed by countries occupied by Germany. Denmark broke diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] of 1941.&lt;ref name="Trommer"&gt;{{cite web | author=Trommer, Aage | title="Denmark". The Occupation 1940-45 | publisher=Foreign Ministry of Denmark | url=http://www.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/Denmark/kap6/6-15.asp| accessdate=2006-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

*In 1941, a Danish military corps, ''[[wikipedia:Frikorps Danmark|Frikorps Danmark]]'' was created at the initiative of the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] and the [[wikipedia:National Socialist Workers Party of Denmark|Danish Nazi Party]], to fight alongside the ''Wehrmacht'' on Germany's [[Eastern Front]]. The government's following statement was widely interpreted as a sanctioning of the corps.&lt;ref name="Lidegaard"&gt;{{cite book  | last = Lidegaard  | first = Bo  | authorlink = | title = Dansk Udenrigspolitisk Historie, vol. 4  | publisher = Gyldendal |location=  Copenhagen | pages= 461-463 | year = 2003  | id = ISBN 87-7789-093-0 }} &lt;span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;"&gt;(Danish)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ''Frikorps Danmark'' was open to members of the Danish Royal Army and those who had completed their service within the last ten years. &lt;ref name="Feldpost"&gt;{{cite web | title=Danish Legion Military and Feldpost History |  url=http://axis101.bizland.com/DanishFeldpost.htm| accessdate=2006-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 4,000 and 10,000 Danes joined the ''Frikorps Danmark'', including 77 officers of the Royal Danish Army. An estimated 3,900 Danes died fighting for Germany during the Second World War.

*Denmark transferred six torpedo boats to Germany in 1941, although the bulk of its navy remain under Danish command until the declaration of martial law in 1943.

*Denmark supplied agricultural and industrial products to Germany as well as loans for armaments and fortifications.  Denmark's central bank, ''[[wikipedia:Danmarks Nationalbank|Nationalbanken]]'', financed Germany's construction of the Danish part of the [[wikipedia:Atlantic Wall|Atlantic Wall]] fortifications at a cost of 5 billion kroner. 

The Danish protectorate government lasted until August 29, [[1943]], when the cabinet resigned following a declaration of martial law by occupying German military officials. The [[wikipedia:Royal Danish Navy|Danish navy]] managed to scuttle several ships to prevent their use by Germany although most were seized by the Germans. Danish collaboration continued on an administrative level, with the Danish bureacracy functioning under German command.
 
Active resistance to the German occupation among the populace, virtually nonexistent before 1943, increased after the declaration of martial law.  The intelligence operations of the [[Danish resistance movement|Danish resistance]] was described as "second to none" by [[wikipedia:Field Marshal (UK)|Field Marshal]] [[wikipedia:Bernard Law Montgomery|Bernard Law Montgomery]] after the liberation of Denmark.&lt;ref&gt;http://befrielsen1945.emu.dk/temaer/befrielsen/jubel/index.html &lt;span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;"&gt;(Danish)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

===The case of the Soviet Union===
[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|thumb|180px|right|[[wikipedia:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]]]	

Relations between the Soviet Union and the major Axis powers were generally hostile before 1939. In the [[Spanish Civil War]], the Soviet Union gave military aid to the [[wikipedia:Second Spanish Republic|Second Spanish Republic]], against [[wikipedia:Spanish State|Spanish Nationalist]] forces, which were assisted by Germany and Italy. However the Nationalist forces were victorious.  In 1938 and 1939, the USSR fought and defeated Japan in two separate border wars, at [[Battle of Lake Khasan|Lake Khasan]] and [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol|Khalkhin Gol]]. The Soviets suffered another political defeat when an ally, Czechoslovakia, [[Munich Agreement|was partitioned and partially annexed]], by Germany, Hungary and Poland &amp;mdash; with the agreement of Britain and France &amp;mdash; in 1938-39.

There were talks between Soviet Union and United Kingdom and France for an alliance against the growing power of Germany but these talks failed.  As a result, on August 23, [[1939]], the Soviet Union and [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] signed the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], which included a secret protocol whereby the independent countries of [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]], [[wikipedia:Estonia|Estonia]], [[wikipedia:Latvia|Latvia]], [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]] and [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]] were divided into [[wikipedia:spheres of interest|spheres of interest]] of the parties.	 
		 
On September 1, barely a week after the pact had been signed, the partition of Poland commenced with [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|the German invasion]]. The Soviet Union [[Invasion of Poland (1939)#Phase 2: Soviet aggression|invaded Poland from the east]] on September 17.	 

Soon after that, the Soviet Union [[Occupation of Baltic Republics|occupied]] Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, in addition, it annexed [[wikipedia:Bessarabia|Bessarabia]] and [[wikipedia:Bukovina|Northern Bukovina]] from Romania. The Soviet Union attacked Finland on November 30, [[1939]] which started the [[Winter War]]. Finnish defence prevented an all-out invasion, but Finland was forced to cede strategically important border areas near [[wikipedia:Leningrad|Leningrad]].	 
		 
The Soviet Union supported Germany in the war effort against Western Europe through the [[German-Soviet Commercial Agreement]] with supplies of raw materials (phosphates, chrome and iron ore, mineral oil, grain, cotton, rubber). These and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories and allowed Germany to circumvent the British naval blockade.		 
Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact by invading the Soviet Union in [[Operation Barbarossa]] on June 22, [[1941]]. That resulted in the Soviet Union becoming one of the main members of [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].

Germany then revived its Anti-Comintern Pact enlisting many European and Asian countries in opposition to the Soviet Union.	 
		 
The Soviet Union and [[wikipedia:Empire of Japan|Japan]] remained neutral towards each other for most of the war by [[Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact]]. The Soviet Union ended the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact by invading [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]] in [[Operation August Storm]] on August 8, [[1945]].

===The cases of Spain and Portugal===
{{main|Spain in World War II}}
{{main|Portugal in World War II}}
[[Image:Flag of the Spain Under Franco.png|thumb|180px|right|[[Spanish State]]]]
[[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|thumb|180px|right|[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]]]

Together, [[wikipedia:Francisco Franco|''Generalísimo'' Francisco Franco's]] [[wikipedia:Spanish State|Spanish State]] and [[wikipedia:Antonio Salazar|Salazar's]] [[wikipedia:Portugal|Portugal]] gave considerable moral, [[war economy|economic]], and military assistance to the Axis Powers while nominally maintaining its [[neutral country|neutrality]].  Franco described Spain as a "nonbelligerent" member of the Axis and signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 with Hitler and Mussolini. The Portuguese position was more ambivalent; although Salazar was personally sympathetic to the Axis, Portugal and the United Kingdom were bound by the world's oldest defence treaty, the [[Treaty of Windsor 1386|Treaty of Windsor]]. 

Franco, who shared the fascist ideology of Hitler and Mussolini, had won the [[Spanish Civil War]] with the help Germany and Italy.  Spain owed Germany over $212 million for supplies of [[wikipedia:matériel|matériel]] during the Spanish Civil War, and Italian combat troops had actually fought in Spain on the side of Franco's [[wikipedia:Nationalists|Nationalists]]. During the War, Salazar had been active in aiding the Nationalist factions, providing troops, equipment, and even executing Loyalists attempting to flee during the final collapse of resistance. 

When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Franco immediately offered to form a unit of military volunteers to fight against the [[wikipedia:Bolsheviks|Bolsheviks]].  This was accepted by Hitler and, within two weeks, there were more than enough volunteers to form a division - the [[wikipedia:Blue Division|Blue Division]] (''División Azul'' in Spanish) under General [[wikipedia:Agustín Muñoz Grandes|Agustín Muñoz Grandes]]. 

Additionally, over 100,000 Spanish civilian workers were sent to Germany to help maintain industrial production to free up able bodied German men for military service, and Portugal implemented similar but smaller scale measures.

With Spain and Portugal's co-operation, the ''[[Abwehr]]'', the German intelligence organisation, operated in Spain and Portugal themselves, and even in their African colonies, such as Spanish Morocco and Portuguese East Africa.  

Relations between Portugal and the Axis deteriorated somewhat after Japanese incursions into Portugal's Asian colonies: the domination of [[wikipedia:Macau|Macau]], from late 1941 onwards, and the killing of more than 40,000 civilians in the Japanese response to an [[Battle of Timor (1942-43)|Allied guerilla campaign in Portuguese Timor]], during 1942-43.

In early 1944, when it became apparent that the Allies had gained the advantage over Germany, the Spanish government declared its "strict neutrality" and the Abwehr operation in southern Spain was consequently closed down. Portugal had done the same even earlier.

During the war, Franco's Spain was an escape route for several thousands of mainly [[wikipedia:Western Europe|Western Europe]]an Jews fleeing occupied France to evade deportation to [[concentration camp]]s. Likewise, Spain was an escape route for Nazi officials fleeing capture at the end of the war.

==References==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

*Gerhard L. Weinberg. ''A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II.''(NY: Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition, 2005) provides a scholarly overview. 
*I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot, eds. ''The Oxford Companion to World War II.'' (2001) is a reference book with encyclopedic coverage of all military, political and economic topics.
*Kirschbaum, Stanislav (1995) A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312-10403-0 entails Slovakia's involvement during the World War II.

==See also==

''General information''

*[[World War II]]
*[[Allies of World War II]]
*[[Participants in World War II]]
*[[List of Pro-Axis Leaders and Governments or Direct Control in Occupied Territories]]
*[[Expansion plans of the Axis]]
*[[Expansion operations and planning of the Axis Powers]]

''Pacts and treaties''

*[[Tripartite Pact]]
*[[Pact of Steel]]
*[[Anti-Comintern Pact]]
*[[Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.axishistory.com/ Axis History Factbook]
*[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/triparti.htm Full text of The Tripartite Pact]
*[http://www.adolfhitler.ws/lib/proc/pactsteel.html Full text of The Pact of Steel]
*[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/fi_fset.php?lang=en&amp;ModuleId=10005177&amp;ArticleId=6&amp;MediaId=151 Silent movie of the signing of The Tripartite Pact]
{{World War II}}

[[Category:World War II|Axis powers of World War II]]

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      <text bytes="77262" sha1="564eih6o80c327j2g964a2zhycwdpbp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="dablink"&gt;''This article is about the independent states that comprised the Axis powers. For information about other countries that took part in World War II, see [[Participants in World War II]].''&lt;/div&gt;

[[Image:WWII.png|thumb|400px|World Map with the [[participants in World War II]].&lt;br /&gt;The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] depicted in green (those in light green entered after the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]]), the Axis Powers in orange (including occupied or annexed countries), and neutral countries in grey.]]

[[Image:Ww2 allied axis.gif|thumb|400px|Area under Axis control over the course of the war shown in black]]
The '''Axis powers''' were those states opposed to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] during the [[World War II|Second World War]]. The three major Axis Powers, [[Nazi Germany]], [[wikipedia:Italian fascism|Fascist Italy]] and the [[wikipedia:Empire of Japan|Empire of Japan]] were part of an [[Military alliance|alliance]]. At their zenith, the Axis Powers ruled empires that dominated large parts of [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]], [[wikipedia:Asia|Asia]], [[wikipedia:Africa|Africa]] and the [[wikipedia:Asia-Pacific|Pacific Ocean]], but the Second World War ended with their total defeat. Like the Allies, membership of the Axis was fluid, and some nations entered and later left the Axis during the course of the war. 

==Origins==
{{main|Tripartite Treaty}}
The term was first used by [[Benito Mussolini]], in November 1936, when he spoke of a [[wikipedia:Rome|Rome]]-[[wikipedia:Berlin|Berlin]] [[wikipedia:axis of rotation|axis]] arising out of the [[treaty]] of friendship signed between Italy and Germany on October 25, 1936. Mussolini declared that the two countries would form an "axis" around which the other states of Europe would revolve. This treaty was forged when Italy, originally opposed to Germany, was faced with opposition to its [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War|war in Abyssinia]] from the [[League of Nations]] and received support from Germany. Later, in May 1939, this relationship transformed into an alliance, called by Mussolini the "[[Pact of Steel]]".

The term "Axis Powers" formally took the name after the [[Tripartite Treaty]] was signed by Germany, Italy and  Japan on September 27, [[1940]] in [[wikipedia:Berlin|Berlin]], [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]]. The pact was subsequently joined by Hungary (November 20, 1940), Romania (November 23, [[1940]]), Slovakia (November 24, [[1940]]) and Bulgaria (March 1, [[1941]]). The Italian name ''Roberto'' briefly acquired a new meaning from "''Ro''me-''Ber''lin-''To''kyo" between 1940 and 1945. Its most militarily powerful members were Germany and  Japan. These two nations had also signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] with each other as allies before the Tripartite Pact in 1936.

==Major Axis Powers==
The three major Axis powers were the original signatories to the [[Tripartite Pact]]:

===Germany===
{{main|Nazi Germany}}
[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|right|thumb|[[Nazi Germany|Greater German Reich]]]]

[[Nazi Germany|Germany]] was the principal Axis power in Europe. Its official name was ''Deutsches Reich'' meaning German Empire, and after 1943, ''Grossdeutsches Reich'' meaning Greater German Empire, but during this period is most commonly known as [[Nazi Germany]] after its ruling [[wikipedia:National Socialist German Workers Party|National Socialist]] party.

Germany was headed by [[Führer]] [[Adolf Hitler]], and during the last days of the war, [[wikipedia:Karl Dönitz|President Karl Dönitz]].

At the start of the Second World War Germany included [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]], with which it was [[Anschluss|united in 1938]] and the [[wikipedia:Sudetenland|Sudetenland]], which was ceded by Czechoslovakia in 1938, and [[wikipedia:Memel|Memelland]] which was ceded by Lithuania in 1939. The [[wikipedia:Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia|Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia]], created in 1939, was ''de facto'' part of Germany, although technically a Czech state under German protection.

Germany annexed additional territory during the course of the Second World War. On September 2, [[1939]], the day after the German invasion of Poland, the pro-Nazi government of the [[wikipedia:Free City of Danzig|Free City of Danzig]] voted to reunite with Germany.  On October 10, [[1939]], after the defeat and occupation of Poland, Hitler issued decrees annexing the [[wikipedia:Polish Corridor|Polish Corridor]], [[wikipedia:West Prussia|West Prussia]] and [[wikipedia:Upper Silesia|Upper Silesia]], formerly German territories lost to Poland under the terms of the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. The remainder of the country was organised into the [[wikipedia:General Government|"Government General for the Occupied Polish Territories"]].

On its western frontier, Germany made additional annexations after its defeat of France and occupation of Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg in 1940. Germany immediately annexed the predominately German [[wikipedia:Eupen-Malmedy|Eupen-Malmedy]] from Belgium in 1940, placing the rest of the country under military occupation. [[wikipedia:Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], an independent grand duchy formerly associated with Germany, was formally annexed in 1942. [[wikipedia:Alsace-Lorraine|Alsace-Lorraine]], a region claimed by both Germany and France for centuries, was likewise annexed in 1942. In the Balkans, [[wikipedia:Slovenia|Slovenia]] was annexed in 1941 from the former [[wikipedia:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].

After the German invasion of the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] in 1941, Greater Germany was enlarged to include parts of Poland occupied by the USSR in 1939. Other territories occupied by the Germans were subject to separate civilian commissariats or to direct military rule.

It would not be for another four years until many nations managed to reduce the Nazi war machine.

=== Japan===   
{{main|wikipedia:Empire of Japan}}
[[Image:Flag of Japan_-_variant.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Empire of Japan|Empire of Japan]]]]

[[wikipedia:Empire of Japan|Japan]] was the principal Axis power in Asia and the [[wikipedia:Pacific|Pacific]]. Its official name was ''Dai Nippon Teikoku'' meaning Empire of Greater Japan, known commonly as Imperial Japan for its imperial ambitions toward Asia and the [[wikipedia:Pacific|Pacific]]. 

Japan was ruled by [[wikipedia:Hirohito|Emperor Hirohito]] and [[wikipedia:Hideki Tojo|Prime Minister Hideki Tojo]], and during the last days of the war, Prime Ministers [[wikipedia:Kuniaki Koiso|Kuniaki Koiso]] and [[wikipedia:Kantaro Suzuki|Kantaro Suzuki]]. Japan deployed most of its troops fighting in China proper, and was also the enemy of both the Americans fighting in the [[Pacific War]] and also the British fighting in Burma . Just days before the war ended, the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] also engaged Japanese forces in [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]] during [[Operation August Storm]]. Japan's first involvement in World War II was a strike against the [[wikipedia:Republic of China|Republic of China]], headed by General [[wikipedia:Chiang Kai-shek|Chiang Kai-shek]], on July 7, [[1937]]. Even though not officially involved, many Americans rushed to help the Chinese, and American airmen helped the Chinese air force. The United States also instituted embargoes to stop supplying Japan with raw materials needed for the war in China. This caused the Japanese to [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|strike on the Pearl Harbor naval base]] in Hawaii, on December 7, [[1941]], to destroy Allied presence in the Pacific and to secure raw material in Southeast Asia. The following day [[wikipedia:Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] asked the [[wikipedia:US Congress|US Congress]] to declare war on Japan, saying that December 7 would be "a date which will live in infamy." The Congress willingly complied, and the [[Pacific War]] began, lasting until the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] in 1945. 

At its height, Japan's empire included [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]], [[wikipedia:Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia]], some of [[wikipedia:China|China]], [[wikipedia:Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[wikipedia:French Indochina|French Indochina]], [[wikipedia:Dutch East Indies|Dutch East Indies]], [[wikipedia:The Philippines|The Philippines]], [[wikipedia:Burma|Burma]], some of [[wikipedia:India|India]], and various other Pacific Islands ([[wikipedia:Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]], [[wikipedia:Okinawa|Okinawa]]).

=== Italy ===
{{main|wikipedia:Italian fascism}}
[[Image:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|180px|thumb|[[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars#Italy and the Second World War (1940-1945)|Kingdom of Italy]]]]
Fascist Italy was the other European power member of the Axis, belonging to the Axis in two incarnations, both under the leadership of [[Il Duce]] [[Benito Mussolini]]. Its first incarnation was officially known as ''Regno d'Italia'' meaning Kingdom of Italy. 

The Kingdom of Italy was ruled by Mussolini in the name of [[wikipedia:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|King Victor Emmanuel III]]. Victor Emmanuel III was additionally Emperor of Abyssinia and King of Albania. Abyssinia had been occupied by Italian troops in 1936 and incorporated into the Italian colony of [[wikipedia:Italian East Africa|Italian East Africa]]. Albania was occupied by Italian troops in 1939 and joined in "personal union" with Italy when Victor Emmanuel III was offered the Albanian crown. Other Italian colonies included Libya and the Dodecanese Islands.

The second incarnation of Fascist Italy was officially known as ''Repubblica Sociale Italiana'' meaning [[wikipedia:Italian Social Republic|Italian Social Republic]]. On July 25, [[1943]], after Italy had lost control of its African colonies and been subjected to Anglo-American invasion of its mainland, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini, placed him under arrest and began secret negotiations with the Allies.  When Italy switched sides in the war in September 1943, Mussolini was rescued by the Germans, and later announced the formation of the Italian Social Republic in Northern Italy.

==Minor powers==
Several minor powers formally adhered to the Tripartite Pact between Germany, Italy and Japan in this order: 

===Hungary===
{{main|Hungary during the Second World War}}
[[Image:Flag of Hungary 1940.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Hungary|Kingdom of Hungary]]]]

[[wikipedia:Hungary|Hungary]], ruled by Admiral [[wikipedia:Miklos Horty|Miklós Horthy]] as Regent, was the first power to adhere to the Tripartite Pact of Germany, Italy and Japan, signing the agreement on November 20, [[1940]].

Hungary was allied to Germany during the [[World War I|First World War]] by virtue of her being a constituent kingdom of the [[wikipedia:Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Monarchy]]. Hungary suffered much the same fate as Germany, with the victorious powers stripping the kingdom of more than 70 percent of her pre-war sovereign territory, which was then distributed to neighbouring states, some newly created in accordance with the [[Treaty of Trianon]]. Horthy, a Hungarian nobleman and Austro-Hungarian naval officer, became Regent in 1920, ruling the kingdom in the absence of an acknowledged king.

Hungary's foreign policy under Horthy was driven by the ambition to recover the territories lost through the imposition on her of the Trianon Treaty. Hungary drew closer to Germany and Italy largely because of the shared desire to revise the peace settlements made after the First World War.

Hungary participated in the German partition of Czechoslovakia, signed the Tripartite Pact, and was rewarded by Germany in the [[wikipedia:Vienna Awards|Vienna Awards]] which restored some of the territories taken from her by the Trianon Treaty.

Following political upheaval in Yugoslavia which threatened its continued membership in the Tripartite Pact, Hungary permitted German troops to transit its territory for a military invasion and occupation of that country. On April 11, [[1941]], five days after Germany invaded Yugoslavia and had largely destroyed the Yugoslav army, Hungary invaded Yugoslavia, occupying border territories. Hungary participated in the partition of Yugoslavia. [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|Great Britain]] immediately broke off diplomatic relations with Hungary.

Hungary was not asked to participate in the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which began on June 22, [[1941]] with attacks from German, Finnish and Romanian forces as well as a declaration of war by Italy. Currying favour with Germany, Hungary declared war on the Soviet Union five days later on June 27, [[1941]]. Hungary raised over 200,000 troops for [[Eastern Front of World War II|Eastern Front]], and all three of its field armies participated in the war against the Soviet Union, although by far the largest and the most significant was the [[wikipedia:Hungarian Second Army|Hungarian Second Army]].

On November 26, [[1941]], Hungary was one of 13 signatories to the revived [[Anti-Comintern Pact]]. The other sigatories were: Germany, Japan, Italy, [[wikipedia:Spanish State|Spain]], [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]], [[wikipedia:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[wikipedia:Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]], [[wikipedia:Denmark|Denmark]], [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]], [[wikipedia:Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[wikipedia:Slovak Republic (1939-1945)|Slovakia]], and the [[wikipedia:Nanking|Nanking]] regime of [[wikipedia:Wang Chingwei|Wang Chingwei]].

On December 6, [[1941]], Great Britain declared war on Hungary. Several days later, Hungary declared war on Great Britain and the [[wikipedia:United States of America|United States of America]]. The United States declared war on Hungary in 1942.

Hungarian troops advanced far into Soviet territory, but in the Soviet counteroffensive of 1943, the Hungarian Second Army was almost completely annihilated in fighting near Voronezh on the banks of the [[wikipedia:Don|Don]] River.

In 1944, as Soviet troops neared Hungarian territory, German troops occupied Hungary. After the German occupation of Hungary, Horthy was forced to abdicate after his son was kidnapped by the Germans. Hitler and Horthy had disagreed on the way to handle Hungarian Jews.  In Horthy's place Ferenc Szalasi head of the Fascist Arrow Cross was put in control of Hungary. When Soviet troops entered Budapest he fled to Austria and in 1946 was returned to Hungary and hanged for war crimes.

The [[wikipedia:Hungarian First Army|Hungarian First Army]] continued to fight the [[wikipedia:Red Army|Red Army]] even after Hungary had been completely occupied by the Soviet Union, not disbanding until May 8, [[1945]].  Hungary remained as the last fighting Tripartite ally of Germany-Japan.

===Romania===
{{main|Romania during World War II}}
[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Kingdom of Romania|Kingdom of Romania]]]]
[[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]], under King Michael and the military government of [[wikipedia:Ion Antonescu|Ion Antonescu]], adhered to the [[Tripartite Pact]] on November 23, [[1940]]. 

Romania entered the First World War in 1916 on the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] side but was quickly defeated, its territory overrun by troops from Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the [[wikipedia:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]]. Romania became a German vassal under the [[Treaty of Bucharest, 1918|Treaty of Bucharest]], but when Germany itself suffered defeat in the West, the Treaty of Bucharest was voided. Romania then saw its borders greatly enlarged in the peace treaties imposed on Germany and her allies.

The Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria exploited the fall of France to revise the terms of those peace treaties, reducing Romania in size. On June 28, [[1940]], the Soviet Union occupied and annexed [[wikipedia:Bessarabia|Bessarabia]] and [[wikipedia:Northern Bukovina|Northern Bukovina]]. Germany forced Romania to relinquish Transylvania to Hungary on August 30, [[1940]] in the second [[wikipedia:Vienna Award|Vienna Award]]. Germany also forced Romania to cede [[wikipedia:Southern Dobruja|Southern Dobruja]] to Bulgaria on September 5, [[1940]].

In an effort to please Hitler and obtain German protection, [[wikipedia:Carol II of Romania|King Carol II]] appointed the General [[wikipedia:Ion Antonescu|Ion Antonescu]]  Prime Minister on September 6, [[1940]]. Two days later, Antonescu forced the king to abdicate, installed his young son [[wikipedia:Michael I of Romania|Michael]] on the throne, and declared himself Conducător (Leader) with [[wikipedia:Dictatorship|dictatorial]] powers. 

German troops entered the country in 1941, and used it as a base for its invasions of both Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Romania was also a key supplier of resources, especially oil and grain.

Romania joined Germany in invading the Soviet Union on June 22, [[1941]]. Not only was Romania a base for the invasion, the country contributed nearly 300,000 troops - more than any other minor Axis power - to the war against the Soviet Union. German and Romanian troops quickly overran Moldova, which was again incorporated into Romania. Romania made additional annexations of Soviet territory as far east as Odessa and Romanian armies 3 and 4 were involved even in the [[battle of Stalingrad]].

After the Soviets turned back the German invasion and prepared to attack Romania, Romania switched to the Allied side on August 23, [[1944]].

===Slovak Republic===	 
[[Image:1stslovakia flag large.svg|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Slovak Republic (1939-1945)|Slovak Republic]]]]	 
The [[wikipedia:Slovak Republic (1939-1945)|Slovak Republic]] under President [[wikipedia:Jozef Tiso|Jozef Tiso]] signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] on November 24, [[1940]].	 
		 
Slovakia had been closely aligned with Germany almost immediately from its declaration of independence from Czechoslovakia on March 14, [[1939]]. Slovakia entered into a treaty of protection with Germany on March 23, [[1939]]. Slovak troops joined the German invasion of Poland, fighting to reclaim territories lost in 1918. 	 
		 
Slovakia declared war on the Soviet Union in 1941 and signed the revived Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941. Slovak troops fought on Germany's Eastern Front, with Slovakia furnishing Germany with two divisions totalling 20,000 men. Slovakia declared war on Great Britain and the United States of America in 1942. 	
		 
Slovakia was spared German military occupation until the [[Slovak National Uprising]], which began on August 29, [[1944]] and was almost immediately crushed by the [[Waffen SS]] and Slovak troops loyal to Tiso.	 
		 
After the war, Tiso was executed and Slovakia was rejoined with Czechoslovakia. Slovakia regained its independence in 1993.

===Bulgaria===
{{main|Military history of Bulgaria during World War II}}
[[Image:Flag of Bulgaria (1878-1944).svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:History of Independent Bulgaria#World War II and after|Kingdom of Bulgaria]]]]

[[wikipedia:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], under its king [[wikipedia:Boris III of Bulgaria|Boris III]], signed the Tripartite Pact on March 1, [[1941]]. Bulgaria had been an ally of Germany in the First World War, and like Germany and Hungary, sought a revision of the peace terms, specifically the restoration of the [[Treaty of San Stefano|San Stefano Treaty]] lands.

Like the other Balkan nations, Bulgaria drew closer to Nazi Germany during the 1930s. In 1940, under the terms of the [[Treaty of Craiova]], Germany forced Romania to cede Southern Dobrudja to Bulgaria. 

Bulgaria participated in the German invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece, and annexed [[wikipedia:Vardar Banovina|Vardar Banovina]] from Yugoslavia and [[wikipedia:Western Thrace|Western Thrace]] from Greece. However, Bulgaria did not join the German invasion of the Soviet Union and didn't declare war. Despite the lack of official declarations of war by both sides, the [[wikipedia:Bulgarian Navy|Bulgarian Navy]] was involved in a number of skirmishes with the [[wikipedia:Soviet Black Sea Fleet|Soviet Black Sea Fleet]], which attacked Bulgarian shipping. Besides this, Bulgarian armed forces garrisoned in the Balkans  battled various resistance groups. 

As the war progressed Bulgaria declared war on [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] and [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]. The 'symbolic' war against the Western Allies, however, turned into a disaster for the citizens of [[wikipedia:Sofia|Sofia]] and other major Bulgarian cities, as they were heavily bombed by the [[wikipedia:United States Air Force|USAF]] and [[wikipedia:Royal Air Force|RAF]] in 1943 and 1944.

As the [[wikipedia:Red Army|Red Army]] approached the Bulgarian border, on September 9 [[1944]], a coup brought to power a new government of the pro-Allied [[wikipedia:Fatherland Front|Fatherland Front]]. Bulgaria switched sides and was permitted to keep Southern Dobrudja after the war.

===Yugoslavia===
[[Image:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (state).svg|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]]]
The [[wikipedia:Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], under the regency of [[wikipedia:Prince Paul of Yugoslavia|Prince Paul]], was briefly a member of the Axis in 1941.

Prince Paul adhered to the Tripartite Pact on March 25, [[1941]], but was removed from office two days later by a coup that ended his regency.  The new Yugoslav government declared that it would be bound by the treaty, but Hitler suspected that the British were behind the coup against Prince Paul and vowed to destroy the country.

The German invasion began on April 6, [[1941]], and after two weeks of resistance, the country was completely occupied. Croatian nationalists declared the independence of Croatia on April 10, [[1941]] as the "[[wikipedia:Independent State of Croatia|Independent State of Croatia]]" and enthusiastically joined the Axis.  The government of Serbia was reorganised as the [[wikipedia:Nedić's Serbia|"National Government of Salvation"]] under General [[wikipedia:Milan Nedic|Milan Nedić]] on September 1, [[1941]].  Nedić maintained that his Serb government was the lawful successor to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and his troops wore the uniform of the Royal Yugoslav Army, but unlike the generous treatment accorded the Independent State of Croatia, the German treated Nedić's Serbia as a puppet state. 

The remainder of Yugoslavia was divided among the other Axis powers. Germany annexed [[wikipedia:Slovenia|Slovenia]]. Italy annexed [[wikipedia:Dalmatia|Dalmatia]], and Albania annexed Montenegro. Hungary annexed border territories, and Bulgaria annexed Macedonia.  

[[wikipedia:Ivan Mihailov|Ivan Mihailov]]'s [[wikipedia:Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization|Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] ([[wikipedia:IMRO|IMRO]]) welcomed the Bulgarian annexation of [[wikipedia:Vardar Macedonia|Vardar Macedonia]]. In early September 1944, when the Bulgarian government left the Axis, Germany offered Mihailov support to declare Macedonia's independence, but he declined.

===Croatia===
[[File:Flag of Croatia Ustasa.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Independent State of Croatia|Independent State of Croatia]]]]
Declared on April 10, [[1941]], the [[wikipedia:Independent State of Croatia|Independent State of Croatia]] (''Nezavisna Država Hrvatska or NDH'') was a member of the Axis powers until the end of Second World War, its forces fighting for Germany even after Croatia had been overrun by the Soviets.  [[wikipedia:Ante Pavelić|Ante Pavelić]], a Croatian nationalist and one of the founders of the Croatian Uprising (''[[wikipedia:Ustaše|Ustaše]]'') Movement, was proclaimed Leader (''Poglavnik'') of the new state on April 24, [[1941]].  

Pavelic led a Croatian delegation to Rome and offered the crown of Croatia to an Italian prince of the House of Savoy, who was crowned [[wikipedia:Tomislav II|Tomislav II]], King of Croatia, Prince of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Voivode of Dalmatia, [[wikipedia:Tuzla|Tuzla]] and Temun, Prince of [[wikipedia:Cisterna|Cisterna]] and of Belriguardo, Marquess of [[wikipedia:Voghera|Voghera]], and Count of [[wikipedia:Ponderano|Ponderano]].  The next day, Pavelic signed the Contracts of Rome with Mussolini, ceding Dalmatia to Italy and fixing the permanent borders between Croatia and Italy.  He was also received by the Pope.

Pavelić formed the Croatian Home Guard (''Hrvatsko domobranstvo'') as the official military force of Croatia.  Originally authorized at 16,000 men, it grew to a peak fighting force of 130,000.  The Croatian Home Guard included a small air force and navy, although its navy was restricted in size by the Contracts of Rome.  In addition to the Croatian Home Guard, Pavelić also commanded the Ustaše militia.  A number of Croats also volunteered for the German ''Waffen SS''.

The Ustaše government declared war on the Soviet Union, signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 and sent troops to Germany's Eastern Front. Ustaše militia  garrisoned the Balkans, battled the Yugoslav Partisans (Titove Partizane među kojima je bilo najviše hrvata),Yugoslav Partisans were mostly Soviet Croats, and freed up German and Italian forces to fight elsewhere.

During the time of its existence, the Ustaše government applied racial laws on [[wikipedia:Serbs|Serbs]], [[wikipedia:Jew|Jews]] and [[wikipedia:Roma people|Roma]]s, and after June 1941 deported them to the concentration camp at Jasenovac (or to camps in Poland).  The number of victims of the Ustaše regime is a mystery due to numbers given by various historians vying for political clout. The number of total victims is between 300,000 and 1,000,000. The racial laws were enforced by the Ustaše militia.

==Co-belligerents==
===Thailand===
[[Image:Flag of Thailand.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Thailand|Kingdom of Thailand]] ]]

[[wikipedia:Thailand|Thailand]] was an ally and co-belligerent of Japan.
 
In the immediate aftermath of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan [[Japanese Invasion of Thailand|invaded Thailand]] on the morning of December 8, [[1941]].  Only hours after the invasion, Field Marshal [[wikipedia:Plaek Pibulsonggram|Phibunsongkhram]], the prime minister, ordered the cessation of resistance. On December 21, 1941, a military alliance with Japan was signed and on January 25, [[1942]] Thailand declared war on Britain and the [[wikipedia:United States|United States of America]]. The Thai ambassador to the United States, [[wikipedia:Thai royal and noble titles#Mom Rajawongse|Mom Rajawongse]] [[wikipedia:Seni Pramoj|Seni Pramoj]] did not deliver his copy of the declaration of war, so although the British reciprocated by declaring war on Thailand and consequently considered it a hostile country, the United States did not. 

On May 10, [[1942]], the Thai [[wikipedia:Phayap Army|Phayap Army]] entered Burma's [[wikipedia:Shan State|Shan State]]. At one time in the past the area had been part of the [[wikipedia:Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya Kingdom]]. The boundary between the Japanese and Thai operations was generally the [[wikipedia:Salween|Salween]]. However, that area south of the Shan States known as [[wikipedia:Karenni States|Karenni States]], the homeland of the Karens, was specifically retained under Japanese control.

Three Thai infantry and one cavalry division, spearheaded by armoured reconnaissance groups and supported ably by the air force, started their advance on May 10, and engaged the retreating Chinese 93rd Division. [[wikipedia:Kengtung|Kengtung]], the main objective, was captured on May 27. Renewed offensives in June and November evicted the Chinese into [[wikipedia:Yunnan|Yunnan]].

As the war dragged on, the Thai population came to resent the Japanese presence. In June 1944, Phibun was overthrown in a [[wikipedia:coup d'état|coup d'état]]. The new civilian government under [[wikipedia:Khuang Aphaiwong|Khuang Aphaiwong]] attempted to aid the resistance while at the same time maintaining cordial relations with the Japanese. 

The [[wikipedia:Free Thai Movement|Free Thai Movement]] ("Seri Thai") was established during these first few months.  Parallel Free Thai organisations were established in Britain and inside Thailand. Queen [[wikipedia:Ramphaiphanni|Ramphaiphanni]] was the nominal head of the Britain-based organisation, and [[wikipedia:Pridi Phanomyong|Pridi Phanomyong]], the regent, headed its largest contingent, which was operating within the country. Aided by elements of the military, secret airfields and training camps were established while [[wikipedia:Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] and [[wikipedia:Force 136|Force 136]] agents fluidly slipped in and out of the country. 

After the war, U.S. influence prevented Thailand from being treated as an Axis country, but Britain demanded three million tons of rice as reparations and the return of areas annexed from the British colony of [[wikipedia:Malaya|Malaya]] during the war and invasion. Thailand also had to return the portions of British Burma and [[wikipedia:French Indochina|French Indochina]] that had been taken.

Phibun and a number of his associates were put on trial on charges of having committed war crimes, mainly that of collaborating with the Axis powers. However, the charges were dropped due to intense public pressure. Public opinion was favourable to Phibun, since he was thought to have done his best to protect Thai interests.

===Finland===
[[File:Flag of Finland.svg|thumb|right|[[wikipedia:Finland|Republic of Finland]]]]

[[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]] was a co-belligerent of Germany in its war against the Soviet Union. An avowed enemy of [[wikipedia:Bolshevism|Bolshevism]] having recently fought the [[Winter War]] against the Soviets, Finland allowed Germany to use Finnish territory as a base for [[Operation Barbarossa]].

After its loss of the Winter War to the Soviet Union in March 1940, Finland first sought protection from Great Britain&lt;ref name="Seppinen"&gt;Seppinen, Ilkka: ''Suomen ulkomaankaupan ehdot 1939-1940'' (''Conditions of Finnish foreign trade 1939-1940''), 1983, ISBN 951-9254-48-X&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="FOFinland"&gt;British Foreign Office Archive, 371/24809/461-556&lt;/ref&gt; and neutral Sweden&lt;ref name="Jokipii"&gt;Jokipii, Mauno: ''Jatkosodan synty'' (''Birth of the Continuation War''), 1987, ISBN 951-1-08799-1&lt;/ref&gt;, but was thwarted by Soviet and German actions. This resulted in Finland drawing closer to Germany, first with an intent of enlisting German support as a counterweight to thwart continuing Soviet pressure, but later to help regain its lost territories.

Finland's role in Operation Barbossa was laid out in German Chancellor Adolf Hitler's Directive 21, "The mass of the Finnish army will have the task, in accordance with the advance made by the northern wing of the German armies, of tying up maximum Russian strength by attacking to the west, or on both sides, of Lake Ladoga. The Finns will also capture [[wikipedia:Hanko, Finland|Hanko]]." The directive was given December 18, [[1940]], over two months before Finnish High Command or civilian leadership received the first tentative hints to upcoming invasion.

In May 1941, at the suggestion of Germany, Finland allowed Germany to recruit Finnish volunteers for ''[[wikipedia:SS-Volunteer Battalion Nordost|SS-Freiwilligen-Bataillon Nordost]]''.  This battalion, with an initial strength of 1200 men, was attached to the multinational ''Wiking'' Division of Germany's ''Waffen SS''. Later, an additional 200 Finns joined the battalion to cover the losses.

In the weeks leading up to Operation Barbossa, cooperation between Finland and Germany increased, with the exchange of liaison officers and the beginning of preparations for joint military action. On June 7, Germany moved two divisions into the Finnish [[wikipedia:Lapland|Lapland]]. On June 17, [[1941]], Finland ordered its armed forces to be fully mobilized and sent to the Soviet border. Finland evacuated civilians from border areas which were fortified against Soviet attack.  In the opening days of the Operation, Finland permitted German planes returning from bombing runs over Leningrad to refuel at Finnish airfields before returning to bases in [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[wikipedia:East Prussia|East Prussia]].  Finland also permitted Germany to use its naval facilities in the [[wikipedia:Gulf of Finland|Gulf of Finland]].

In his proclamation of war against the Soviet Union issued June 22, [[1941]], Hitler declared that Germany was joined by Finland and Romania. However, Finland did not declare war until June 25, after the Soviet Union bombed Finnish airfields and towns, including the medieval [[wikipedia:Turku castle|Turku castle]], which was badly damaged.  The Soviets cited Finland's cooperation with Germany as provocation for the air raids. Finland countered that it was once again a victim of Soviet aggression.

Finns refer to the conflict with the Soviet Union as the [[Continuation War]], viewing it as continuation of the [[Winter War]] that the Soviets had waged against the Finns. The Finns maintain that their sole objective was to regain the territory lost to the Soviet Union in the Winter War, but on July 10, [[1941]], Field Marshal [[wikipedia:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] issued an Order of the Day declaring that the war aim of the Finns was "to expel the Bolsheviks out of Russian [[wikipedia:Karelia|Karelia]], to liberate the Karelian nations and to accord to Finland a great future."  

Mannerheim's order echoed his Order of the Day issued February 23, [[1918]], during the Finnish War of Independence, known as the [[wikipedia:Sword Scabbard Declaration|Sword Scabbard Declaration]], in which Mannerheim declared he "would not put his sword into the scabbard until East Karelia was free of Lenin's warriors and hooligans."  Conquest of Karelia was a historic dream of Finnish nationalists advocating [[wikipedia:Greater Finland|Greater Finland]].

Finland mobilized over 475,000 men for Germany's [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] against the Soviet Union. About 1,700 volunteers from Sweden and 2,600 from Estonia served in the Finnish army.  Many of the Swedish volunteers had also fought for Finland in the Winter War.

Diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Finland were severed on August 1, [[1941]], after the British bombed German forces in the Finnish city of Petsamo. Great Britain repeatedly called on Finland to cease its offensive against the Soviet Union, and on December 6, [[1941]], declared war on Finland. War was never declared between Finland and the United States.

Finland signed the revived [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] of 1941. Unlike other Axis powers, Finland maintained command of its armed forces and pursued its war objectives independently of Germany. Finland refused German requests to participate in the [[Siege of Leningrad]], stating that capturing Leningrad was not among its goals. Leningrad, now [[wikipedia:St. Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], lies outside the territory of Karelia claimed for Finland by Mannerheim. Finland also granted asylum to Jews, and Jewish soldiers continued to serve in her army.

The relationship between Finland and Germany more closely resembled an alliance during the six weeks of the [[Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement]], which was presented as a German condition for help with munitions and air support, as the [[Fourth strategic offensive|Soviet offensive coordinated with D-Day]] threatened Finland with complete occupation. The agreement, signed by President [[wikipedia:Risto Ryti|Risto Ryti]], but never ratified by the Finnish Parliament, bound Finland not to seek a separate peace.

Ryti's successor, President [[wikipedia:Carl Gustav Emil Mannerheim|Mannerheim]], ignored the agreement and opened secret negotiations with the Soviets.  On September 19, [[1944]], Mannerheim signed an armistice with the Soviet Union and Great Britain. Under the terms of the armistice, Finland was obligated to expel German troops from Finnish territory. Finns refer to the skirmishes that followed as the [[Lapland War]]. In 1947, Finland signed a [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|peace treaty]] with the Soviet Union, Great Britain and several British Commonwealth nations acknowledging its "alliance with Hitlerite Germany".

===Iraq===
[[Image:Flag of Iraq 1924.svg|thumb|right|[[wikipedia:Iraq|Kingdom of Iraq]]]]
[[wikipedia:Iraq|Iraq]] was a co-belligerent of the Axis, fighting the United Kingdom in the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] of 1941.

Seizing power on April 3, 1941, the nationalist government of Iraqi Prime Minister [[wikipedia:Rashid Ali|Rashid Ali]] repudiated the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 and demanded that Britain close its military bases within the country.  Ali sought support from Germany, Italy and Vichy France in expelling British forces from Iraq.

Hostilties between the Iraqi and British forces opened on April 18, 1941 with heavy fighting at the British air base at Lake [[wikipedia:Habbaniya|Habbaniya]].  Iraq's Axis allies dispatched two air squadrons, one from the German ''Luftwaffe'' and the other from the Royal Italian Air Force.  The Germans and Italians utilized Vichy French bases in Syria, precipitating fighting between British and French forces in Syria.

In early May 1941, [[wikipedia:Mohammad Amin al-Husayni|Mohammad Amin al-Husayni]], the [[wikipedia:Mufti|Mufti]] of [[wikipedia:Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] and an ally of Ali, declared "holy war" against the United Kingdom and called on Arabs throughout the Middle East to rise up against Britain. On May 25, 1941, Hitler issued his Order 30, stepping up German offensive operations: "The Arab Freedom Movement in the Middle East is our natural ally against England. In this connection special importance is attached to the liberation of Iraq... I have therefore decided to move forward in the Middle East by supporting Iraq."

Hitler dispatched German air and armored forces to Libya and formed the ''Deutsches Afrikakorps'' to coordinate a combined German-Italian offensive against the British in Egypt, Palestine and Iraq. 

Iraqi military resistance ended by May 31, 1941. Rashi Ali and his ally, the Mufti of Jerusalem, fled to Persia, then to [[wikipedia:Turkey|Turkey]], Italy and finally Germany where Ali was welcomed by Hitler as head of the Iraqi [[wikipedia:government-in-exile|government-in-exile]].  

In propaganda broadcasts from Berlin, the Mufti contined to call on Arabs to rise up against the United Kingdom and aid German and Italian forces.  He also recruited Moslem volunteers in the Balkans for the ''Waffen SS''.

==Japanese puppet states==
Japan created a number of puppet states in the areas occupied by its military, beginning with the creation of Manchukuo in 1932. These puppet states achieved varying degrees of international recognition.

===Manchukuo (Manchuria)===
[[Image:Flag of Manchukuo.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]]]]

[[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]] was a Japanese [[puppet state]] in [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]], the northeast region of China. It was nominally ruled by [[wikipedia:Puyi|Puyi]], the last emperor of the [[wikipedia:Qing Dynasty|Qing Dynasty]], but in fact controlled by the Japanese military, in particular the [[wikipedia:Kwantung Army|Kwantung Army]]. While Manchukuo ostensibly meant a state for ethnic [[wikipedia:manchu|manchu]]s,  the region had a [[wikipedia:Han Chinese|Han Chinese]] majority.

Following the [[Mukden Incident|Japanese invasion of Manchuria]] in 1931, the independence of Manchukuo was proclaimed on February 18, [[1932]] with Puyi as "Head of State."  He was proclaimed Emperor of Manchukuo a year later.   Twenty three of the League of Nations's eighty members recognised the new Manchu nation, but the League itself declared in 1934 that Manchuria lawfully remained a part of China, precipitating Japanese withdrawal from the League.  Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union were among the major powers recognising Manchukuo.  The county was also recognised by [[wikipedia:Costa Rica|Costa Rica]], [[wikipedia:El Salvador|El Salvador]], and [[wikipedia:the Vatican|the Vatican]].  Manchukuo was also recognised by the other Japanese allies and puppet states, including Mengjiang, the Burmese government of [[wikipedia:Ba Maw|Ba Maw]], [[wikipedia:Thailand|Thailand]], the Wang Chingwei regime, and the Indian government of [[wikipedia:Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhas Chandra Bose]].

The armed forces of Manchukuo numbered between 200,000 and 220,000 men, according to the Soviet intelligence estimates.  The Manchukuo Army garrisoned Manchukuo under the command of the Japanese Army.  The Manchukuo Navy, including river patrol and coastal defense, were under the direct command of the Japanese Third Fleet.  The [[wikipedia:Manchukuo Imperial Guard|Manchukuo Imperial Guard]], numbering 200 men, was under the direct command of the Emperor and served as his bodyguard.

===Mengjiang (Inner Mongolia)===
[[Image:Flag of the Mengjiang.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Mengjiang|Mengjiang]]]]

[[wikipedia:Mengjiang|Mengjiang]] (alternatively spelled Mengchiang) was a Japanese puppet state in [[wikipedia:Inner Mongolia|Inner Mongolia]].  It was nominally ruled by Prince [[wikipedia:Demchugdongrub|Demchugdongrub]], a [[wikipedia:Mongol|Mongol]] nobleman descended from [[wikipedia:Ghengis Khan|Ghengis Khan]], but was in fact controlled by the Japanese military.  Mengjiang's independence was proclaimed on February 18, [[1936]] following the Japanese occupation of the region.

The Inner Mongolians had several grievances against the central Chinese government in Nanking, with the most important one being the policy of allowing unlimited migration of Han Chinese to this vast region of open plains and desert. Several of the young princes of Inner Mongolia began to agitate for greater freedom from the central government, and it was through these men that Japanese saw their best chance of exploiting Pan-Mongol nationalism and eventually seizing control of Outer Mongolia from the Soviet Union.  

Japan created Mengjiang to exploit tensions between ethnic Mongolians and the central government of China which in theory ruled Inner Mongolia.  The Japanese hoped to use pan-Mongolism to create a Mongolian ally in Asia and eventually conquer all of Mongolia from the Soviet Union. 

When the various puppet governments of China were unified under the Wang Chingwei government in March 1940, Mengjiang retained its separate identity as an autonomous federation.  Although under the firm control of the Japanese Imperial Army which occupied its territory, Prince Demchugdongrub had his own army that was, in theory, independent.

Mengjiang vanished in 1945 following Japan's defeat ending World War II and the invasion of Soviet and Red Mongol Armies. As the huge Soviet forces advanced into Inner Mongolia, they met limited resistance from small detachments of Mongolian cavalry, which, like the rest of the army, were quickly brushed aside.

===Republic of China (Nanjing puppet regime)===
[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Republic of China-Nanjing|Republic of China-Nanjing]]]]
A [[wikipedia:Wang Jingwei Government|short-lived state]] was founded on March 29, [[1940]] by [[wikipedia:Wang Jingwei|Wang Jingwei]], who became Head of State of this Japanese supported collaborationist government based in [[wikipedia:Nanking|Nanking]]. The government was to be run along the same lines as the Nationalist regime. 

During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], Japan advanced from its bases in Manchuria to occupy much of East and Central China.  Several Japanese puppet states were organised in areas occupied by the Japanese Army, including the [[wikipedia:Provisional Government of the Republic of China|Provisional Government of the Republic of China]] at [[wikipedia:Peking|Peking]] which was formed in 1937 and the [[wikipedia:Reformed Government of the Republic of China|Reformed Government of the Republic of China]] at Nanking which was formed in 1938.  These governments were merged into the Reorganised Government of the Republic of China at Nanking in 1940. The government was to be run along the same lines as the Nationalist regime. 

The Nanking Government had no real power, and its main role was to act as a propaganda tool for the Japanese. The Nanking Government concluded agreements with Japan and Manchukuo, authorising Japanese occupation of China and recognising the independence of Manchukuo under Japanese protection.  The Nanking Government signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 and declared war on the United States and Great Britain on January 9, [[1943]]. 

The government had a strained relationship with the Japanese from the beginning. Wang's insistence on his regime being the true Nationalist government of China and in replicating all the symbols of the [[wikipedia:Kuomintang|Kuomintang]] (KMT) led to frequent conflicts with the Japanese, the most prominent being the issue of the regime's flag, which was identical to that of the [[wikipedia:Republic of China|Republic of China]]. 

The worsening situation for Japan from 1943 onwards meant that the Nanking Army was given a more substantial role in the defence of occupied China than the Japanese had initially envisaged. The army was almost continuously employed against the communist [[wikipedia:New Fourth Army|New Fourth Army]].

Wang Jingwei died in a Tokyo clinic on November 10, [[1944]], and was succeeded by his deputy [[wikipedia:Chen Gongbo|Chen Gongbo]]. Chen had little influence and the real power behind the regime was [[wikipedia:Zhou Fohai|Zhou Fohai]], the mayor of Shanghai. Wang's death dispelled what little legitimacy the regime had. The state stuttered on for another year and continued the display and show of a fascist regime. 

On September 9, [[1945]], following the defeat of Japan in [[World War II]], the area was surrendered to General [[wikipedia:He Yingqin|He Yingqin]], a Nationalist General loyal to [[wikipedia:Chiang Kai-shek|Chiang Kai-shek]]. The Nanking Army generals quickly declared their alliance to the Generalissimo, and were subsequently ordered to resist Communist attempts to fill the vacuum left by the Japanese surrender. Chen Gongbo was tried and executed in 1946.

===Burma (Ba Maw regime)===
[[Image:-Burma1942Japanese1.jpg|thumb|[[Japanese occupation of Burma|Burma]]]]
[[wikipedia:Myanmar|Burmese]] nationalist leader [[wikipedia:Ba Maw|Ba Maw]] formed a [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Japanese puppet state in Burma]] on August 1, [[1942]] after the Japanese Army seized control of the nation from the United Kingdom. The Ba Maw regime organised the Burma Defence Army (later renamed the [[wikipedia:Burma National Army|Burma National Army]]), which was commanded by [[wikipedia:Aung San|Aung San]].

===Philippines (Second Republic)===
[[Image:Flag of the Philippines.svg|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Second Philippine Republic|Second Philippine Republic]] ]]
[[wikipedia:Jose P. Laurel|Jose P. Laurel]] was the President of the [[wikipedia:Second Philippine Republic|Second Republic of the Philippines]], a Japanese puppet state organised on the Philippine Islands in 1942. In 1943, the Philippine National Assembly declared the Philippines an independent republic and elected Laurel as President. The Second Republic ended in with the Japanese surrender. Laurel was arrested and charged with treason by the US government, but was granted amnesty and continued playing politics, ultimately winning a seat in the Philippine Senate.

===India (Provisional Government of Free India)===
[[Image:1931 Flag of India.svg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]]]]
The [[wikipedia:Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]] was a shadow government led by [[wikipedia:Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhas Chandra Bose]], an Indian nationalist who rejected
[[wikipedia:Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]'s nonviolent methods for achieving independence.  It operated only in those parts of [[wikipedia:India|India]] which came under Japanese control. 
 
A former president of the India National Congress, Bose was arrested by Indian authorities at the outset of the Second World War.  In January 1941 he escaped from house arrest and eventually reached Germany and then to Japan where he formed the [[wikipedia:Indian National Army|Indian National Army]], mostly from Indian prisoners of war.

Bose and [[wikipedia:A.M.Sahay|A.M.Sahay]], another local leader, received ideological support from [[wikipedia:Mitsuru Toyama]], chief of the [[wikipedia:Dark Ocean Society|Dark Ocean Society]] along with Japanese Army advisers. Other Indian thinkers in favour of the Axis cause were [[wikipedia:Asit Krishna Mukherji|Asit Krishna Mukherji]], a friend of Bose and husband of [[wikipedia:Savitri Devi Mukherji|Savitri Devi Mukherji]], one of the women thinkers in support of the German cause, and the Pandit Rajwade of [[wikipedia:Poona|Poona]]. Bose was helped by [[wikipedia:Rash Behari Bose|Rash Behari Bose]], founder of the Indian Independence League in Japan. Bose declared India's independence on October 21 [[1943]]. The Japanese Army assigned to the Indian National Army a number of military advisors, among them [[wikipedia:Hideo Iwakuro|Hideo Iwakuro]] and [[wikipedia:Major-General Isoda]].

With its provisional capital at [[wikipedia:Port Blair|Port Blair]] on the [[wikipedia:Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] after they [[Invasion and Occupation of the Andaman Islands during World War II|fell to the Japanese]], the state would last two more years until August 18, [[1945]] when it officially became defunct. In its existence it received recognition from nine governments: [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], [[wikipedia:Imperial Japan|Japan]], Italy, [[wikipedia:Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]], [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]], China (under the Nanking Government of [[wikipedia:Wang Chingwei|Wang Chingwei]]), Thailand, Burma (under the regime of Burmese nationalist leader [[wikipedia:Ba Maw|Ba Maw]]),  and the [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]] under [[wikipedia:de facto|de facto]] (and later [[wikipedia:de jure|de jure]]) president [[wikipedia:José Laurel|José Laurel]].

The Indian National Army saw plenty of action (as did their Burmese equivalent). The highlight of the force's campaign in Burma was the planting of the Indian national flag by the 'Bose Battalion' during the battle of Frontier Hill in 1944, although it was Japanese troops from the 55th Cavalry, 1/29th Infantry and 2/143rd Infantry who did most of the fighting. This battle also had the curious incidence of three Sikh companies of the Bose Battalion exchanging insults and fire with two Sikh companies of the 7/16th [[wikipedia:Punjab Regiment|Punjab Regiment]] ([[wikipedia:British Indian Army|British Indian Army]]).

The Indian National Army was encountered again during the Second Arakan Campaign, where they deserted in large numbers back to their old 'imperial oppressors' and again during the crossing of the Irrawaddy in 1945, where a couple of companies put up token resistance before leaving their Japanese comrades to fight off the assault crossing by 7th Indian Division.

==Italian puppet states==
===Albania===
[[Image:Flag of Albania 1939.gif|thumb|[[wikipedia:Albania|Albania]]]]
[[wikipedia:Albania|Albania]] was an Italian puppet state, joined in [[wikipedia:personal union|personal union]] with Italy under the kingship of [[wikipedia:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]], whose full title was King of Italy and Albania, Emperor of Ethiopia. Albania was a constituent of the [[wikipedia:New Roman Empire|New Roman Empire]] envisioned by Italy's fascist dictator, [[Il Duce]] [[Benito Mussolini]].

Albania had been in Italian orbit since the [[World War I|First World War]] when it was occupied by Italy as a "protectorate" in accordance with the [[London Pact]]. Italian troops were withdrawn after the war, but throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Albania became increasingly dependent on Italy. The Albanian government and economy were subsidised by Italian loans, the Albanian army was trained by Italian instructors, and Italian settlement was encouraged.  

With the major powers of Europe distracted by Germany's occupation of Czechoslovakia, Mussolini sent an ultimatium to the Albanian [[wikipedia:King Zog|King Zog]] on March 25, [[1939]], demanding that Zog permit the country to be occupied by Italy as a protectorate.  On April 7, [[1939]], Italian troops landed in Albania. Zog, his wife and newborn son immediately fled the country.  Five days after the invasion, on April 12, the Albanian parliament voted to depose Zog and join the nation to Italy "in personal union" by offering the Albanian crown to [[wikipedia:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]]. The parliament elected Albania's largest landowner, [[wikipedia:Shefqet Bey Verlaci|Shefqet Bey Verlaci]], as Prime Minister. Verlaci additionally served as head of state for five days until Victor Emmanuel III formally accepted the Albanian crown in a ceremony at the [[wikipedia:Quirinale|Quirinale]] place in Rome. Victor Emmanuel III appointed Francesco Jacomoni di San Savino as Lieutenant-General to represent him in Albania as viceroy.

On April 15, [[1939]], Albania withdrew from the League of Nations, which Italy had abandoned in 1937. On June 3, [[1939]], the Albanian foreign ministry was merged into the Italian foreign ministry, and the Albanian Foreign Minister, [[wikipedia:Xhemil Bej Dino|Xhemil Bej Dino]], was given the rank of an Italian ambassador.  

The Albanian military was placed under Italian command and formally merged into the Italian Army in 1940. Additionally, the [[wikipedia:Italian Blackshirts|Italian Blackshirts]] formed four legions of [[wikipedia:Albanian Militia|Albanian Militia]].   

Albania followed Italy into war with Britain and France on June 10, [[1940]]. Albania served as the base for the Italian invasion of Greece in 1941, and Albanian troops participated in the Greek campaign. Albania was enlarged by the annexation of Montenegro from the former Yugoslavia in 1941. Victor Emmanuel III as "King of Albania" declared war on the Soviet Union in 1941 and the United States in 1942. Some Albanian volunteers served in the SS Skanderberg Division.

Victor Emmanuel III abdicated as King of Albania in 1943 when Italy left the Axis to join the Allies as a co-belligerent against Germany.
Nevertheless, Albania had a great partisan movement which fiercely resisted the Fascist and Nazi regime, as a result Albania was the state that alone managed to liberate itself from the German Nazis.

===Ethiopia===
[[Image:Flag of Ethiopia (1897).png|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] ]]
[[wikipedia:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] was an Italian puppet state from its conquest in 1936 when Mussolini proclaimed King Victor Emmanuel III the Emperor of Ethiopia (''Keasare Ityopia'').  Ethiopia was consolidated with the Italian colonies of [[wikipedia:Eritrea|Eritrea]] and [[wikipedia:Somalialand|Somalialand]] to form the new state of [[wikipedia:Italian East Africa|Italian East Africa]] (''Africa Orientale Italiana''), which was ruled by an Italian viceroy in the name of the King and Emperor. At the beginning of the Second World War, Italian East Africa was garrisoned by 91,000 Italian troops as well as 200,000 native [[wikipedia:Askari|Askari]]. Italian General [[wikipedia:Guglielmo Ciro Nasi|Guglielmo Ciro Nasi]] led these forces in the conquest of [[wikipedia:British Somaliland|British Somaliland]] in 1940; however, by 1941, the Italians had lost control of [[wikipedia:East Africa|East Africa]].

==German puppet states==

===Italy (Salò regime)===
[[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Italian Social Republic|Italian Social Republic]] ]]
Italian Fascist leader [[Benito Mussolini]] formed the [[wikipedia:Italian Social Republic|Italian Social Republic]] ''(Repubblica Sociale Italiana'' in [[wikipedia:Italian language|Italian]]) on September 23, [[1943]], succeeding the Kingdom of Italy as a member of the Axis. 

Mussolini had been removed from and office and arrested by King [[wikipedia:Victor Emmanuel III|Victor Emmanuel III]] on July 25, [[1943]]. The King publicly reaffirmed his loyalty to Germany but authorized secret armistice negotiations with the Allies.  In a spectacular raid led by German paratrooper [[wikipedia:Otto Skorzeny|Otto Skorzeny]], Mussolini was rescued from arrest. 

Once safely escounced in German occupied [[wikipedia:Salò|Salò]], Mussolini declared that the King was deposed, that Italy was a republic and that he was the new president.  He functioned as a German puppet for the duration of the war.

===Serbia (Nedić regime)===
[[Image:Serbian flag.png|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Nedić's Serbia|Kingdom of Serbia]]]]
Serbian General [[wikipedia:Milan Nedić|Milan Nedić]] formed the National Government of Salvation  
in German-occupied Serbia on September 1, [[1941]].  Nedić served as prime minister of the puppet government which recognized the former Yugoslav regent, Prince Paul, as head of state.  

Nedić's armed forces, the [[wikipedia:Serbian State Guards|Serbian State Guards]] and [[wikipedia:Serbian Volunteer Corps|Serbian Volunteer Corps]], wore the uniform of the Royal Yugoslav Army.  Nedić's forces fought with the Germans against the Yugoslav Partisans.  Unlike Hitler's Nordic collaborators who sent troops to fight the Soviet Union, Nedić's Slavic troops were confined to duty in Serbia.

Several [[wikipedia:List of concentration and internment camps#Serbia|concentration camps]] were formed in Serbia and at the 1942 [[wikipedia:Anti-Freemason Exhibition|Anti-Freemason Exhibition]] in [[wikipedia:Belgrade|Belgrade]] the city was pronounced [[wikipedia:Judenfrei|Judenfrei]]. A [[wikipedia:Serbian Gestapo|Serbian Gestapo]] was 
formed.

=== Montenegro (Drljević regime)===
[[Image:Flag of Montenegro (1993-2004).svg|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Independent State of Montenegro|Independent State of Montenegro]]]]
The leader of the Montenegrin Federalists, [[wikipedia:Sekule Drljević|Sekule Drljević]] formed the Provisional Administrative Committee of Montenegro on July 12, [[1941]]. The Committee originally tried to collaborate with the Italians.

Drljević's Montenegrin Federalists fought a confusing civil war alongside Axis forces against Yugoslav Partisans and Chetniks.

In October 1941, Drljević was exiled from Montenegro and in 1944, he formed the Montenegrin State Council locates in the Independent State of Croatia. It acted as the Federalists' government in exile.

==Axis collaborator states==
===France (Vichy regime)===
[[Image:Flag of France.svg|right|180px|thumb|[[Vichy France|French State]]]]

Pétain became the last Prime Minister of the [[wikipedia:French Third Republic|French Third Republic]] on June 16, 1940 as French resistance to the German invasion of the country was collapsing. Pétain immediately sued for peace with Germany and six days later, on June 22, 1940, his government concluded an [[wikipedia:Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)|armistice]] with Hitler. Under the terms of the agreement, Germany occupied approximately two thirds of France, including [[wikipedia:Paris|Paris]]. Pétain was permitted to keep an army of 100,000 men to defend the unoccupied zone. This number includes neither the army based in [[French colonial empire]] nor the French fleet. In French North-Africa, a strength of 127,000 men was allowed after the rallying of [[wikipedia:Gabon|Gabon]] to the [[Free French]]&lt;ref&gt;Christian Bachelier, ''L'armée française entre la victoire et la défaite'', in ''La France des années noires'', dir. Azéma &amp; Bédarida, Le Seuil, édition 2000, coll. points-histoire,Tome 1, p.98 &lt;/ref&gt;. 

Relations between France and the United Kingdom quickly deteriorated. Fearful that the powerful French fleet might fall into German hands, the United Kingdom launched several naval attacks, the major one against [[Attack on Mers-el-Kébir|the Algerian harbour of Mers el-Kebir]] on July 3, 1940. Though Churchill would defend his controversial decisions to attack the French Fleet and, later, invade French Syria, the French people themselves were less accepting of these decisions. German propaganda was able to trumpet these actions as an absolute betrayal of the French people by their former allies. France broke relations with the UK after the attack and considered declaring war. 

On July 10, 1940, Pétain was given emergency powers by a vote of the French National Assembly, effectively creating the [[Vichy Regime|Vichy regime]], for the resort town of Vichy where Petain chose to maintain his seat of government. The new government continued to be recognised as the lawful government of France by the United States until 1942. Racial laws were introduced in France and its colonies and many French Jews were deported to Germany.

In September 1940, Vichy France unsuccessfully resisted a Japanese [[invasion of French Indochina]]. In late 1941, Vietnam was the base for the Japanese invasions of [[wikipedia:Thailand|Thailand]], [[wikipedia:Malaya|Malaya]] and [[wikipedia:Borneo|Borneo]]. 

The UK permitted French General [[wikipedia:Charles de Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]] to headquarter his [[Free French]] movement in London in a largely unsuccessful effort to win over the French colonial empire. On September 26, 1940, de Gaulle led an attack by Allied forces on the Vichy port of [[Battle of Dakar|Dakar]] in [[wikipedia:French West Africa|French West Africa]]. Forces loyal to Pétain fired on de Gaulle and repulsed the attack after two days of heavy fighting. Public opinion in France was further outraged, and Vichy France drew closer to Germany.

Allied forces attacked [[Syria-Lebanon campaign|Syria and Lebanon in 1941]], after the Vichy government in Syria allowed Germany to support an [[Anglo-Iraqi War|Iraqi revolt against the British]]. In 1942, Allied forces also [[Battle of Madagascar|attacked the Vichy French colony of Madagascar]].

Vichy France did not become directly involved in the war on the Eastrn Front. Almost 7,000 volunteers joined the anti-communist ''Légion des Volontaires Français'' (LVF) from 1941 to 1944 and some 7500 formed the [[wikipedia:33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)|''Division Charlemagne'']], a ''[[Waffen-SS]]'' unit, from 1944 to 1945. Both the ''LVF'' and the ''Division Charlemagne'' fought on the eastern front. Hitler never accepted that France could become a full military partner &lt;ref&gt;Robert O. Paxton, 1993, "La Collaboration d'État" in ''La France des Années Noires'', Ed. J. P. Azéma &amp; François Bédarida, Éditions du Seuil, Paris &lt;/ref&gt;, and constantly prevented the buildup of Vichy's military strenght. 

Other than political, Vichy's collaboration with Germany essentially was industrial, with French factories providing many vehicles to the German armed forces.

In November 1942, Vichy French troops briefly but fiercely resisted the [[Operation Torch|landing of Allied troops in French North Africa]], but were unable to prevail. Admiral [[wikipedia:François Darlan|François Darlan]] negotiated a local ceasefire with the Allies. In response to the landings, and Vichy's inability to defend itself, German troops occupied southern France and the Vichy colony of Tunisia. Although French troops initially did not resist the German invasion of Tunisia, they eventually sided the Allies, and took part in the [[Tunisia Campaign]].

In mid-1943, former Vichy authorities in North Africa came to an agreement with the Free French and setup a temporary French government in Algiers, known as the ''Comité Français de Libération Nationale'', De Gaulle eventually emerging as the leader. The CFLN raised new troops, and re-organized, re-trained and re-equipped the French military under Allied supervision.

However, the Vichy government continued to function in mainland France until late 1944, but had lost most of its territorial sovereignty and military assets, with the exception of Forces stationed in Indochina.

==Cases of controversial relations with Axis==
===The case of Denmark===
{{main|Occupation of Denmark }}
[[Image:Flag of Denmark.svg|right|180px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Denmark|Kingdom of Denmark]]]]
On May 31, [[1939]], Denmark and Germany signed a treaty of non-aggression, which did not contain any military obligations for either party.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.navalhistory.dk/Danish/Historien/1939_1945/IkkeAngrebsPagt.htm &lt;span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;"&gt;(Danish)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--don't remove this line. Germany had no legal "right" or claim to same to invade Denmark in 1940. The treaty merely stated that the two countries should never be at war with each other. The text does not mention the word "friendship" either.--&gt; On April 9, [[1940]], citing intended British mining of Norwegian and Danish waters as a pretext, Germany occupied both countries.  King Christian X and the Danish government, worried about German bombings if they resisted occupation, accepted "protection by the Reich" in exchange for nominal independence under German military occupation.  Three successive Prime Ministers, [[wikipedia:Thorvald Stauning|Thorvald Stauning]], [[wikipedia:Vilhelm Buhl|Vilhelm Buhl]] and [[wikipedia:Erik Scavenius|Erik Scavenius]], maintained this ''samarbejdspolitik'' ("cooperation policy") of collaborating with Germany.
*Denmark coordinated its foreign policy with Germany, extending diplomatic recognition to Axis collaborator and puppet regimes and breaking diplomatic relations with the "governments-in-exile" formed by countries occupied by Germany. Denmark broke diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] of 1941.&lt;ref name="Trommer"&gt;{{cite web | author=Trommer, Aage | title="Denmark". The Occupation 1940-45 | publisher=Foreign Ministry of Denmark | url=http://www.um.dk/Publikationer/UM/English/Denmark/kap6/6-15.asp| accessdate=2006-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

*In 1941, a Danish military corps, ''[[wikipedia:Frikorps Danmark|Frikorps Danmark]]'' was created at the initiative of the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] and the [[wikipedia:National Socialist Workers Party of Denmark|Danish Nazi Party]], to fight alongside the ''Wehrmacht'' on Germany's [[Eastern Front]]. The government's following statement was widely interpreted as a sanctioning of the corps.&lt;ref name="Lidegaard"&gt;{{cite book  | last = Lidegaard  | first = Bo  | authorlink = | title = Dansk Udenrigspolitisk Historie, vol. 4  | publisher = Gyldendal |location=  Copenhagen | pages= 461-463 | year = 2003  | id = ISBN 87-7789-093-0 }} &lt;span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;"&gt;(Danish)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ''Frikorps Danmark'' was open to members of the Danish Royal Army and those who had completed their service within the last ten years. &lt;ref name="Feldpost"&gt;{{cite web | title=Danish Legion Military and Feldpost History |  url=http://axis101.bizland.com/DanishFeldpost.htm| accessdate=2006-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 4,000 and 10,000 Danes joined the ''Frikorps Danmark'', including 77 officers of the Royal Danish Army. An estimated 3,900 Danes died fighting for Germany during the Second World War.

*Denmark transferred six torpedo boats to Germany in 1941, although the bulk of its navy remain under Danish command until the declaration of martial law in 1943.

*Denmark supplied agricultural and industrial products to Germany as well as loans for armaments and fortifications.  Denmark's central bank, ''[[wikipedia:Danmarks Nationalbank|Nationalbanken]]'', financed Germany's construction of the Danish part of the [[wikipedia:Atlantic Wall|Atlantic Wall]] fortifications at a cost of 5 billion kroner. 

The Danish protectorate government lasted until August 29, [[1943]], when the cabinet resigned following a declaration of martial law by occupying German military officials. The [[wikipedia:Royal Danish Navy|Danish navy]] managed to scuttle several ships to prevent their use by Germany although most were seized by the Germans. Danish collaboration continued on an administrative level, with the Danish bureacracy functioning under German command.
 
Active resistance to the German occupation among the populace, virtually nonexistent before 1943, increased after the declaration of martial law.  The intelligence operations of the [[Danish resistance movement|Danish resistance]] was described as "second to none" by [[wikipedia:Field Marshal (UK)|Field Marshal]] [[wikipedia:Bernard Law Montgomery|Bernard Law Montgomery]] after the liberation of Denmark.&lt;ref&gt;http://befrielsen1945.emu.dk/temaer/befrielsen/jubel/index.html &lt;span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;"&gt;(Danish)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

===The case of the Soviet Union===
[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|thumb|180px|right|[[wikipedia:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]]]	

Relations between the Soviet Union and the major Axis powers were generally hostile before 1939. In the [[Spanish Civil War]], the Soviet Union gave military aid to the [[wikipedia:Second Spanish Republic|Second Spanish Republic]], against [[wikipedia:Spanish State|Spanish Nationalist]] forces, which were assisted by Germany and Italy. However the Nationalist forces were victorious.  In 1938 and 1939, the USSR fought and defeated Japan in two separate border wars, at [[Battle of Lake Khasan|Lake Khasan]] and [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol|Khalkhin Gol]]. The Soviets suffered another political defeat when an ally, Czechoslovakia, [[Munich Agreement|was partitioned and partially annexed]], by Germany, Hungary and Poland &amp;mdash; with the agreement of Britain and France &amp;mdash; in 1938-39.

There were talks between Soviet Union and United Kingdom and France for an alliance against the growing power of Germany but these talks failed.  As a result, on August 23, [[1939]], the Soviet Union and [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] signed the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], which included a secret protocol whereby the independent countries of [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]], [[wikipedia:Estonia|Estonia]], [[wikipedia:Latvia|Latvia]], [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]] and [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]] were divided into [[wikipedia:spheres of interest|spheres of interest]] of the parties.	 
		 
On September 1, barely a week after the pact had been signed, the partition of Poland commenced with [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|the German invasion]]. The Soviet Union [[Invasion of Poland (1939)#Phase 2: Soviet aggression|invaded Poland from the east]] on September 17.	 

Soon after that, the Soviet Union [[Occupation of Baltic Republics|occupied]] Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, in addition, it annexed [[wikipedia:Bessarabia|Bessarabia]] and [[wikipedia:Bukovina|Northern Bukovina]] from Romania. The Soviet Union attacked Finland on November 30, [[1939]] which started the [[Winter War]]. Finnish defence prevented an all-out invasion, but Finland was forced to cede strategically important border areas near [[wikipedia:Leningrad|Leningrad]].	 
		 
The Soviet Union supported Germany in the war effort against Western Europe through the [[German-Soviet Commercial Agreement]] with supplies of raw materials (phosphates, chrome and iron ore, mineral oil, grain, cotton, rubber). These and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories and allowed Germany to circumvent the British naval blockade.		 
Germany ended the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact by invading the Soviet Union in [[Operation Barbarossa]] on June 22, [[1941]]. That resulted in the Soviet Union becoming one of the main members of [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].

Germany then revived its Anti-Comintern Pact enlisting many European and Asian countries in opposition to the Soviet Union.	 
		 
The Soviet Union and [[wikipedia:Empire of Japan|Japan]] remained neutral towards each other for most of the war by [[Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact]]. The Soviet Union ended the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact by invading [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]] in [[Operation August Storm]] on August 8, [[1945]].

===The cases of Spain and Portugal===
{{main|Spain in World War II}}
{{main|Portugal in World War II}}
[[Image:Flag of the Spain Under Franco.png|thumb|180px|right|[[Spanish State]]]]
[[Image:Flag of Portugal.svg|thumb|180px|right|[[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]]]]

Together, [[wikipedia:Francisco Franco|''Generalísimo'' Francisco Franco's]] [[wikipedia:Spanish State|Spanish State]] and [[wikipedia:Antonio Salazar|Salazar's]] [[wikipedia:Portugal|Portugal]] gave considerable moral, [[war economy|economic]], and military assistance to the Axis Powers while nominally maintaining its [[neutral country|neutrality]].  Franco described Spain as a "nonbelligerent" member of the Axis and signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 with Hitler and Mussolini. The Portuguese position was more ambivalent; although Salazar was personally sympathetic to the Axis, Portugal and the United Kingdom were bound by the world's oldest defence treaty, the [[Treaty of Windsor 1386|Treaty of Windsor]]. 

Franco, who shared the fascist ideology of Hitler and Mussolini, had won the [[Spanish Civil War]] with the help Germany and Italy.  Spain owed Germany over $212 million for supplies of [[wikipedia:matériel|matériel]] during the Spanish Civil War, and Italian combat troops had actually fought in Spain on the side of Franco's [[wikipedia:Nationalists|Nationalists]]. During the War, Salazar had been active in aiding the Nationalist factions, providing troops, equipment, and even executing Loyalists attempting to flee during the final collapse of resistance. 

When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Franco immediately offered to form a unit of military volunteers to fight against the [[wikipedia:Bolsheviks|Bolsheviks]].  This was accepted by Hitler and, within two weeks, there were more than enough volunteers to form a division - the [[wikipedia:Blue Division|Blue Division]] (''División Azul'' in Spanish) under General [[wikipedia:Agustín Muñoz Grandes|Agustín Muñoz Grandes]]. 

Additionally, over 100,000 Spanish civilian workers were sent to Germany to help maintain industrial production to free up able bodied German men for military service, and Portugal implemented similar but smaller scale measures.

With Spain and Portugal's co-operation, the ''[[Abwehr]]'', the German intelligence organisation, operated in Spain and Portugal themselves, and even in their African colonies, such as Spanish Morocco and Portuguese East Africa.  

Relations between Portugal and the Axis deteriorated somewhat after Japanese incursions into Portugal's Asian colonies: the domination of [[wikipedia:Macau|Macau]], from late 1941 onwards, and the killing of more than 40,000 civilians in the Japanese response to an [[Battle of Timor (1942-43)|Allied guerilla campaign in Portuguese Timor]], during 1942-43.

In early 1944, when it became apparent that the Allies had gained the advantage over Germany, the Spanish government declared its "strict neutrality" and the Abwehr operation in southern Spain was consequently closed down. Portugal had done the same even earlier.

During the war, Franco's Spain was an escape route for several thousands of mainly [[wikipedia:Western Europe|Western Europe]]an Jews fleeing occupied France to evade deportation to [[concentration camp]]s. Likewise, Spain was an escape route for Nazi officials fleeing capture at the end of the war.

==References==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

*Gerhard L. Weinberg. ''A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II.''(NY: Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition, 2005) provides a scholarly overview. 
*I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot, eds. ''The Oxford Companion to World War II.'' (2001) is a reference book with encyclopedic coverage of all military, political and economic topics.
*Kirschbaum, Stanislav (1995) A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 0-312-10403-0 entails Slovakia's involvement during the World War II.

==See also==
''General information''

*[[World War II]]
*[[Allies of World War II]]
*[[Participants in World War II]]
*[[List of Pro-Axis Leaders and Governments or Direct Control in Occupied Territories]]
*[[Expansion plans of the Axis]]
*[[Expansion operations and planning of the Axis Powers]]

''Pacts and treaties''

*[[Tripartite Pact]]
*[[Pact of Steel]]
*[[Anti-Comintern Pact]]
*[[Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement]]

==External links==
*[http://www.axishistory.com/ Axis History Factbook]
*[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/triparti.htm Full text of The Tripartite Pact]
*[http://www.adolfhitler.ws/lib/proc/pactsteel.html Full text of The Pact of Steel]
*[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/fi_fset.php?lang=en&amp;ModuleId=10005177&amp;ArticleId=6&amp;MediaId=151 Silent movie of the signing of The Tripartite Pact]
{{World War II}}

[[Category:World War II|Axis powers of World War II]]

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|conflict = Battle of Bint Jbeil
|image = [[File:Bint Jbeil.png]]
|caption =
|partof = the [[2006 Israel-Lebanon Conflict]]
|place = Bint Jbeil, [[Lebanon]]
|date = [[wikipedia:July 24|July 24]], [[2006]]–[[wikipedia:August 11|August 11]], [[2006]]
|result = Hezbollah victory
|combatant1 = [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]
|combatant2 = [[Hezbollah]]
|commander1 =
|commander2 =
|strength1 = Unknown
|strength2 = Unknown
|casualties1 = 16 Killed
|casualties2 = 13 Killed (Hezbollah claim), 80 Killed (IDF Claim)
|}}
The '''Battle of Bint Jbeil''' was one of the main battles during the [[2006 Israel-Lebanon Conflict]]. The battle began on July 24th after two Israeli soldiers were killed by Hezbollah. On July 25th Israelis began bombarding the town. There was a brief period of calm between [[wikipedia:July 29|July 29]]th and [[wikipedia:August 6|August 6]]th before fighting ensued until a ceasefire was called on the 11th.

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      <text bytes="50060" sha1="pwox6ym2ia9egkv4ce10vkf66fkcvx0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict = Battle of Britain
|partof = [[World War II]]
|image = [[File:Heinkel He III over London 7 Sep 1940.jpg|300px]]
|caption = ''Heinkel He 111 over London, [[wikipedia:7 September|7 September]] [[1940]]''
|date = July, [[1940]] &amp;ndash; May, [[1941]] 
|place = [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] airspace, mostly over southern [[wikipedia:England|England]]
|result = British victory
|combatant1 = &lt;center&gt;[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|44px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]&lt;/center&gt;
|combatant2 = &lt;center&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|40px]]&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Nazi Germany|Germany]]
|commander1 = [[wikipedia:Hugh Dowding|Hugh Dowding]]
|commander2 = [[wikipedia:Hermann Göring|Hermann Göring]]&lt;br&gt;[[wikipedia:Albert Kesselring|Albert Kesselring]]
|strength1 = initially 700; grew to nearly 1000 by the end of the Battle. 
|strength2 = 1,260 bombers, 316 dive-bombers, 1,089 fighters 
|casualties1 = 1,547 aircraft, 27,450 civilians dead, 32,138 wounded
|casualties2 = 2,698 aircraft
|}}
{{Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)}}

One of the major campaigns of the early part of [[World War II]], the '''Battle of Britain''' is the name commonly given to the attempt by the [[Nazi Germany|German]] ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' to gain [[air superiority]] over the [[wikipedia:Royal Air Force|Royal Air Force]] (RAF), before a planned sea and [[wikipedia:Airborne forces|airborne]] invasion of [[wikipedia:Britain|Britain]] ([[Operation Sealion]]). Neither [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] nor the German ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' believed it possible to carry out a successful [[wikipedia:amphibious assault|amphibious assault]] on the [[wikipedia:British Isles|British Isles]] until the Royal Air Force had been neutralised. Secondary objectives were to destroy [[wikipedia:aircraft|aircraft]] production and ground [[wikipedia:infrastructure|infrastructure]], as well as terrorising the British people with the intent of intimidating them into seeking an [[wikipedia:armistice|armistice]] or surrender and attacking areas of political interest. 

British historians regard the battle as running from [[wikipedia:9 July|9 July]] to [[wikipedia:31 October|31 October]] [[1940]], which represented the most intense period of daylight [[wikipedia:air raid|air raid]]ing. German historians begin the battle in mid-August 1940 and end it in May 1941, on the withdrawal of the [[wikipedia:bomber|bomber]] units in preparation for the [[Operation Barbarossa|attack on the USSR]]. The failure of Nazi Germany to destroy Britain's air forces to allow for an invasion or to break the spirit of either the British government or people is widely considered the [[Third Reich]]'s first major defeat.

Some historians have argued that no invasion could have succeeded given the massive superiority of the [[wikipedia:Royal Navy|Royal Navy]] over the [[Kriegsmarine]]; Sealion would have been a disaster. They argue that the ''Luftwaffe'' would have been unable to prevent decisive intervention by RN cruisers and destroyers, even with air superiority. &lt;ref name="Robinson"&gt;Robinson, Derek: "Invasion 1940". Constable, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;  

An [[wikipedia:Italy|Italian]] [[wikipedia:expeditionary force|expeditionary force]] called [[wikipedia:Corpo Aereo Italiano|Corpo Aereo Italiano]] also took part in the latter stages of battle on the German side.  The Battle of Britain was the first major battle to be fought entirely in the air. It was the largest and most sustained bombing campaign yet attempted and the first real test of the [[wikipedia:strategic bombing|strategic bombing]] theories that had emerged since the [[World War I|previous World War]].

==Background==
Following the British [[Battle of Dunkirk|evacuation from Dunkirk]] and the French surrender in June 1940, the Germans were uncertain what to do next on the military front. Hitler believed the war was practically over and that the British, defeated on the continent and without European  allies, would quickly be forced to come to terms with Germany. Although there was a strand of British public and political sentiment that favoured a negotiated peace with a clearly ascendant Germany, the recently-installed [[wikipedia:British Prime Minister|British Prime Minister]] [[Winston Churchill]] nonetheless refused to consider an armistice with the Nazis. Churchill's skilful use of [[wikipedia:rhetoric|rhetoric]] hardened [[wikipedia:public opinion|public opinion]] against a peaceful resolution and prepared the British for a long war. Simultaneously coining the general term for the ensuing battle, Churchill stated in a speech to the [[wikipedia:British House of Commons|House of Commons]] on [[wikipedia:18 June|18 June]] [[1940]], that:

&lt;blockquote&gt;What [[wikipedia:Maxime Weygand|General Weygand]] called the [[Battle of France]] is over. I expect that the '''Battle of Britain''' is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life, and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world, including the United States, including all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and perhaps more protracted, by the lights of perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, "[[wikipedia:This was their finest hour|This was their finest hour]]."&lt;/blockquote&gt;

The British rejection of German terms was therefore emphatic. Recognising this - and in an effort to finish the war in the West - Hitler subsequently ordered the rapid preparation of an invasion plan against Britain on [[wikipedia:16 July|16 July]]. Hitler hoped perhaps to frighten Britain into peace before an actual invasion was launched, and used the invasion preparations as a means to apply pressure. The plan was prepared by the [[wikipedia:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|OKW]] (Armed Forces High Command). The operation, code-named ''[[Operation Sealion|Seelöwe]]'' (Sea Lion), was planned for mid-September 1940 and called for landings on the south coast of Great Britain, backed by an [[wikipedia:Airborne forces|airborne assault]]. All preparations were to be made by mid-August.     

The Kriegsmarine was reluctant to launch an invasion, and on 11 July, [[wikipedia:Admiral Raeder|Admiral Raeder]] told Hitler that invasion could only be contemplated as a last resort, and only then with full air superiority. The Kriegsmarine had a limited number of ships, while the Royal Navy had over 50 destroyers and dozens of cruisers and battleships in home waters. Nevertheless, Hitler was determined that the invasion plan would go ahead, and ordered all services to make preparations for an amphibious assault once air superiority had been achieved. With control of the air, the ''Luftwaffe'' would have at least a chance of preventing Royal Navy interference.

Therefore, the first task was to win air superiority. A plan was hatched to attack RAF airfields and aircraft production centres. The ''Luftwaffe'' commander, ''[[wikipedia:Reichsmarschall|Reichsmarschall]]'' [[wikipedia:Hermann Göring|Hermann Göring]] called his plan ''Adlerangriff'' (Eagle Attack), which would begin on [[wikipedia:11 August|11 August]], or ''Adlertag'' (Eagle Day), with an all-out attack. The attack had been scheduled to begin 9 days earlier, on the 2nd, but bad weather meant that it had to be postponed.

Before the start of ''Adlertag'', the ''Luftwaffe'' spent a month attacking [[wikipedia:convoy|convoy]]s in the English Channel. This period of fighting was called ''[[wikipedia:Kanalkampf|Kanalkampf]]'' (Channel Battle) by the Germans and was used to test the RAF's defences and to lure their [[wikipedia:fighter aircraft|fighter aircraft]] up for a battle of attrition. The RAF thus dates the beginning of the battle from the first convoy attacks on [[wikipedia:10 July|10 July]] 1940.

==''Luftwaffe'' strategy==
The German strategy was influenced by pre-war theories of strategic bombing that stressed the weakness of air defence and the effects of [[wikipedia:terror bombing|terror bombing]] on public morale. After the [[Spanish Civil War]], the emphasis of German air operations had shifted toward a more tactical force. In [[wikipedia:Polish September Campaign|Poland]] and [[Battle of France|France]], the ''Luftwaffe'' had operated jointly with the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' in its ''[[Blitzkrieg]]'' or "lightning war". In the Battle of Britain, however, the ''Luftwaffe'' had to operate alone, not as support for an advancing army but as a decisive weapon in its own right. There remained a strong belief in the power of strategic bombing and the battle was seen by Göring as an opportunity to prove what his air force could do.  

At the same time, the ''Luftwaffe'' was facing an opponent the likes of which it had not met before: a sizable, highly-coordinated, well-supplied air force, fielding aircraft every bit the match for the German [[wikipedia:Bf-109|Bf-109]] and [[wikipedia:Bf-110|Bf-110]].  The majority of the RAF's fighting would rest upon the workhorse Hurricane Mk I. More shocking to the German pilots was the newer Spitfire Mk I, which was quickly recognised as a nimble, world-class fighter.  The fighters they had encountered thus far in the war did not, despite strong showings by their pilots, measure up to the performance of the German [[wikipedia:Bf-109|Bf-109]]. Only the Spitfire was in a similar class.

The ''Luftwaffe'' regrouped after the Battle of France into three ''Luftflotten'' (Air Fleets) on the UK's southern and northern flanks. ''Luftflotte 2'', commanded by ''[[wikipedia:Generalfeldmarschall|Generalfeldmarschall]]'' [[wikipedia:Albert Kesselring|Albert Kesselring]], was responsible for the bombing of southeast England and the [[wikipedia:London|London]] area. ''Luftflotte 3'', under ''Generalfeldmarschall'' [[wikipedia:Hugo Sperrle|Hugo Sperrle]], targeted the [[wikipedia:West Country|West Country]], Midlands, and northwest England. ''Luftflotte 5'', led by ''[[wikipedia:Generaloberst|Generaloberst]]'' [[wikipedia:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff|Hans-Jürgen Stumpff]] from his headquarters in [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]], was unleashed against the north of England and [[wikipedia:Scotland|Scotland]]. As the battle progressed, command responsibility shifted, with ''Luftflotte 3'' taking more responsibility for the night [[wikipedia:The Blitz|Blitz]] while the main attack fell upon ''Luftflotte 2'''s shoulders. Late in the battle, an [[wikipedia:Italy|Italian]] [[wikipedia:expeditionary force|expeditionary force]], the '''Corpo Aereo Italiano''', briefly joined the fighting.

Initial ''Luftwaffe'' estimates allotted four days to defeat the RAF's [[wikipedia:RAF Fighter Command|Fighter Command]] in southern England, followed by four weeks for the bombers and long-range fighters to mop up the rest of the country and destroy the UK's aircraft industry. The plan was to begin with attacks on airfields near the coast, gradually moving inland toward London and the ring of Sector airfields defending it. 

The ''Luftwaffe'' kept broadly to this scheme, but its commanders had differences of opinion on strategy. The commander of ''Luftflotte 3'', Hugo Sperrle, wanted to eradicate the air defence infrastructure by bombing. His counterpart in ''Luftflotte 2'', Albert Kesselring, championed attacking [[wikipedia:London|London]] directly&amp;mdash;either to bombard the British government into submission or to draw RAF fighters into a decisive battle. Göring did nothing to resolve this disagreement between his commanders, obsessed as he was with maintaining his own power base in the ''Luftwaffe'' and indulging his outdated beliefs on air fighting, which were later to lead to [[wikipedia:tactic|tactic]]al and [[wikipedia:strategic|strategic]] errors.

The ''Luftwaffe'' was ill-served by its lack of [[wikipedia:Military intelligence|intelligence]] on the British defences. The German intelligence services were fractured, driven by rivalries and their overall performance was amateurish. By 1940, there were few if any German agents operating in the UK and a handful of bungled attempts to insert spies into the country were foiled. This meant that the ''Luftwaffe'' had almost no recent knowledge of the workings of the RAF's air defences, in particular of the crucial command and control system that had been built before the war. Even when good information existed, such as 5th ''Abteilung'''s November 1939 assessment of Fighter Command strengths and capabilities, it was ignored if it did not match conventional preconceptions. 

Throughout the battle, the ''Luftwaffe'' was plagued by poor intelligence; as a result, the ''Luftwaffe'' had to launch numerous reconnaissance sorties. The [[wikipedia:Dornier 17|Dornier 17]]s proved easy prey for British fighters, even though for the better part of the battle, they were escorted by a whole squadron of Messerschmitt Me 109s. As a result, for much of the battle, the ''Luftwaffe'' operated 'blind', unaware of their enemy's true strengths, capabilities and deployments. Many times the leadership believed that the Fighter Command's strength had collapsed, while raids against supposed fighter airfields fell instead on bomber or coastal defence installations. The results of bombing and air fighting were exaggerated, resulting in the ''Luftwaffe'' leadership becoming increasingly disconnected from reality. This lack of leadership and solid intelligence meant that the Germans did not adopt any consistent strategy, even when the RAF had its back to the wall.

==The Dowding System==
The Battle of Britain campaign made the eight-gun [[wikipedia:monoplane|monoplane]] fighters of the RAF&amp;mdash;the [[wikipedia:Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]] and [[wikipedia:Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]]&amp;mdash;into legends. The keystone of the British defence, however, was the complex infrastructure of detection, command, and control that ran the battle. This was known as the 'Dowding System' after its chief architect, [[wikipedia:Air Chief Marshal|Air Chief Marshal]] Sir [[wikipedia:Hugh Dowding|Hugh Dowding]], the leader of RAF Fighter Command.

===Groups===
The UK's airspace was divided up into four Groups.
*[[wikipedia:No. 10 Group RAF|10 Group]] defended [[wikipedia:Wales|Wales]] and the [[wikipedia:West Country|West Country]] and was commanded by [[wikipedia:Air Vice-Marshal|Air Vice-Marshal]] Sir [[wikipedia:Christopher Quintin-Brand|Christopher Quintin-Brand]]. 
*[[wikipedia:No. 11 Group RAF|11 Group]] covered the southeast of England and the critical approaches to [[wikipedia:London|London]] and was commanded by Air Vice-Marshal [[wikipedia:Keith Park|Keith Park]]. 
*[[wikipedia:No. 12 Group RAF|12 Group]] defended the Midlands and [[wikipedia:East Anglia|East Anglia]] and was led by Air Vice-Marshal [[wikipedia:Trafford Leigh-Mallory|Trafford Leigh-Mallory]]. 
*[[wikipedia:No. 13 Group RAF|13 Group]] covered the north of England, [[wikipedia:Scotland|Scotland]] and [[wikipedia:Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] and was commanded by Air Vice-Marshal [[wikipedia:Richard Saul|Richard Saul]].

At the HQ of each Group (e.g. for 11 Group [[wikipedia:RAF Uxbridge|RAF Uxbridge]]) information from Fighter Command headquarters would be noted on plotting tables, large maps on which counters marking the incoming raids would be moved, and RAF officers known as Fighter Controllers could then order a response.

===Sectors===
The Group areas were subdivided into Sectors; each commanding officer was assigned between two and four squadrons. Sector stations, comprising an [[wikipedia:aerodrome|aerodrome]] with a command post, were the heart of this organisation, though they also had satellite [[wikipedia:airfield|airfield]]s to disperse squadrons to. When ordered by their Group HQ, the sector stations would 'scramble' their squadrons into the air. Once airborne, the squadrons would be commanded by radio-telephone (R/T) from their sector station. Squadrons could be ordered to patrol airfields or vital targets, or be 'vectored' to intercept incoming raids.

===Limitations===
Though it was the most sophisticated air defence system in the world at that time, the Dowding System had many limitations, including, but not often stressed, its emphatic need for qualified ground maintenance personnel, many of whom had received their training under the [[wikipedia:Aircraft Apprentice|Aircraft Apprentice]] scheme instituted by [[wikipedia:Hugh Trenchard|Hugh Trenchard]]. The RDF radar was subject to significant errors and the [[wikipedia:Royal Observer Corps|Observer Corps]] had difficulties tracking raids at night and in bad weather. R/T communications with airborne fighters were restricted because of the RAF's use of High-Frequency (HF) radio sets. HF radio was limited in range and even with a network of relay stations, the squadrons could not roam more than one or two sectors from their airfields. It was also restricted to a single frequency per squadron, making inter-squadron communication impossible. Finally, the system for tracking RAF fighters, known as HF/DF or "[[wikipedia:Huff-Duff|Huff-Duff]]", restricted sectors to a maximum of four squadrons in the air.

===Efficiency===
In spite of this, RAF Fighter Command was able to achieve high levels of efficiency, at times achieving interception rates greater than 80%. The R/T problems were solved late in the battle with the adoption of Very High-Frequency (VHF) radio sets, which gave clearer voice communications, had longer range, and provided multiple channels. For all of its faults, the RAF's system of ground control directed its fighters to be where they were needed. The ''Luftwaffe'', with no such system, was always at a disadvantage.

===Effect of signals intelligence===
It is unclear how much the British intercepts of the [[wikipedia:Enigma cipher|Enigma cipher]], used for high-security German radio communications, affected the battle. [[wikipedia:Ultra|Ultra]], the information obtained from Enigma intercepts, gave the highest echelons of the UK's command a view of German intentions but it seems that little of this material filtered down to Hugh Dowding's desk. However, the 'Y' radio listening service, monitoring the patterns of ''Luftwaffe'' radio traffic, contributed considerably to the early warning of raids.

==Battle of the beams==
:''See [[Battle of the beams]]''
While the British were using radar more effectively than the Germans realised for air defence, the ''Luftwaffe'' had their own electronic means to increase their air attacks' effectiveness.  One of the systems was called ''[[wikipedia:Knickebein (navigation)|Knickebein]]'' ("crooked leg"), a system where carefully positioned radio transmitters in friendly territory broadcast specially targeted navigational beams that intersected over specific bombing targets in enemy territory.  Bombers equipped with technology to detect these beams could be guided towards a target and receive a signal to drop their bombs when they were (roughly) overhead.  This allowed for somewhat more accurate bombing at night when British air defence was at its weakest.

Although British intelligence had heard of proposals for this system they were not taken seriously until a British science advisor to [[wikipedia:MI6|MI6]], [[wikipedia:Reginald Victor Jones|Reginald Victor Jones]], gathered evidence of its existence and its threat.  He then convinced the high command of the menace and confirmed it with special reconnaissance flights.  Jones was put in charge of developing countermeasures which often involved interfering with the beams to make attacking aircraft go widely off course.  Although the Germans resorted to other navigational systems, Jones and the [[wikipedia:Telecommunications Research Establishment|Telecommunications Research Establishment]] (TRE) were able to neutralise each in turn.  The result was markedly reduced precision bombing effectiveness for the Germans. With the beams no longer accurate, however, many civilian areas that would not normally have been targeted were bombed.

==''Luftwaffe'' tactics==
[[File:Messerschmitt Bf 109E.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[wikipedia:Messerschmitt Bf 109|Messerschmitt Bf 109E]]]]
The ''Luftwaffe'' varied its tactics considerably to try to find a way through the RAF defences. It launched many free-roving fighter sweeps, known as ''Freie Jagd'' or "Free Hunts" to try to draw up RAF fighters. RAF fighter controllers, however, were often able to detect the free hunts and manoeuvre squadrons around them to avoid a direct encounter. The ''Luftwaffe'' also tried using small formations of bombers as bait, covering them with large numbers of escorts. This was more successful, but escort duty tied the fighters to the bombers' slow speed and made them more vulnerable. Casualties were greatest among the escort units.

Standard tactics for raids soon became an amalgam of techniques. A free hunt would precede a raid to try to sweep any defenders out of the raid's path. The bombers would then fly in at altitudes between 10,000 and 16,000 feet, sometimes closely escorted by fighters. A 'detached' escort, or 'top cover' would fly above the bombers and maintain a distant watch.

''Luftwaffe'' tactics were influenced by their fighters, which were divided into single-engined [[wikipedia:Messerschmitt Bf 109|Me 109]]s and twin-engine [[wikipedia:Messerschmitt Bf 110|Me 110]]s. The Me 110 ''Zerstörer'' (Destroyer fighters) proved to be too vulnerable to the nimble single-engined RAF fighters. Soon, they had to be given escorts of their own and were eventually restricted in their employment. This meant that the bulk of fighter duties fell on the Me 109. Fighter tactics were then complicated by the ''Luftwaffe'' bomber crews who demanded closer protection against the RAF. Because they had his ear after the hard-fought battles of [[wikipedia:15 August|15 August]] and [[wikipedia:18 August|18 August]], Göring was only too pleased to order an increase in close escort duties. This shackled many Me 109s to the bombers and, though they were more successful at protecting the bombing forces, casualties amongst the fighters mounted.

==RAF tactics==
[[File:Supermarinespitfire.JPG|thumb|250px|left|An [[wikipedia:Supermarine Spitfire|RAF Spitfire]] shortly before [[World War II]].]]
The weight of the battle fell upon the RAF's 11 Group. Keith Park's tactics were to dispatch individual squadrons to intercept raids. The intention was to subject attackers to continual attacks by relatively small numbers of aircraft and try to break up the tight formations of bombers.  Once formations had fallen apart straggling bombers could be picked off one by one. Where multiple squadrons reached a raid the procedure was for the slower Hurricanes to tackle the bombers while the more agile Spitfires held up the fighter escort. This ideal was not always achieved, however, and sometimes the Spitfires and Hurricanes reversed roles.

In the early phases of the battle the RAF was hamstrung by its reliance on obsolete fighting drills.  These restricted their squadrons to tight 12 aircraft formations composed of three-aircraft "sections" in tight "V's" nicknamed 'vics'.  With four sections flying together in tight formation only the squadron leader at the front was free to actually watch for the enemy; the other pilots had to concentrate on him and each other.  RAF fighter training also emphasised by-the-book attacks by sections breaking away in sequence.  The German pilots dubbed the RAF formations ''"Idiotenreihen"'' ("rows of idiots") because they left squadrons vulnerable to attack.  They employed the looser and more flexible four-ship 'Schwarme' developed in the Spanish Civil War, using two pairs each consisting of leader and wingman.  The frontline RAF pilots were acutely aware of the inherent deficiencies of their own tactics.  However, they could not radically change them as arriving replacement pilots, often with only minimal actual flying time, could not be readily retrained in the midst of battle.  A compromise was adopted whereby squadron formations used much looser formations with one or two aircraft flying independently above and behind ( dubbed 'weavers') to provide increased observation and rear protection.  After the battle RAF pilots adopted a variant on the German formations with some success&lt;ref&gt;Spitfire Mark I/II Aces 1939–41 (Aircraft of the Aces 12) by Alfred Price, Osprey Books, Paperback Edition, November 15 1996, ISBN 1855326272 http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=P6272~ser=ACE&lt;/ref&gt;.

The fact that 'sweeps' by German fighters not escorting bombers were often ignored by fighter command seems to reinforce the idea that Dowding sought always to preserve his fighter force to fight another day. 

[[File:SmithsonianHawkerHurricane.jpg|thumb|250px|RIGHT|A [[wikipedia:Hawker Hurricane|Hawker Hurricane]] at the [[wikipedia:Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian Institution]]'s [[wikipedia:National Air and Space Museum|National Air and Space Museum]].]]

During the battle, some commanders, notably Trafford Leigh-Mallory of 12 Group, proposed that squadrons should be formed into [[wikipedia:Big Wing|Big Wing]]s, consisting of at least three squadrons, to attack the enemy ''en masse'', a method pioneered by the legless pilot [[wikipedia:Douglas Bader|Douglas Bader]]. Proponents of this tactic claimed that interceptions in large numbers caused greater enemy losses while reducing their own casualties. Opponents pointed out that the big wings would take too long to form up, and that the strategy ran a greater risk of fighters being caught on the ground refuelling. The big wing idea also caused pilots to over-claim their kills, due to the confusion of a more intense battle-zone.  This led to the media belief that the big wings were far more effective than they actually were.  

The issue caused intense friction between Park and Leigh-Mallory, as Leigh-Mallory's 12 Group were  tasked with protecting 11 Group's airfields whilst Park's squadrons intercepted incoming raids. However, the delay in forming up Big Wings meant that this air cover often did not arrive until after German bombers had hit 11 Group's airfields. Post-war analysis agrees that Dowding and Park's approach was best for 11 Group. However, the controversy affected Park's career after the battle and contributed to Dowding's dismissal from Fighter Command.

==Phases of the Battle==
The Battle can be roughly divided into four phases:
*[[wikipedia:10 July|10 July]] &amp;ndash; [[wikipedia:11 August|11 August]]: ''Kanalkampf'', the Channel battles.
*[[wikipedia:12 August|12 August]] &amp;ndash; [[wikipedia:23 August|23 August]]: ''Adlerangriff'', the early assault against the coastal airfields.
*[[wikipedia:24 August|24 August]] &amp;ndash; [[wikipedia:6 September|6 September]]: the ''Luftwaffe'' targets the airfields. The critical phase of the battle.
*[[wikipedia:7 September|7 September]] onwards: the day attacks switch to ''British'' towns and cities.

===Kanalkampf===
[[File:Boulton Paul Defiant.jpg|300px|thumb|right|A pair of [[wikipedia:No. 264 Squadron RAF|264 Squadron]] [[wikipedia:Boulton Paul Defiant|Defiants]]. (PS-V was shot down on [[wikipedia:28 August|28 August]] [[1940]] over [[wikipedia:Kent|Kent]] by [[wikipedia:Messerschmitt Bf 109|Bf 109s]].)]]
The ''Kanalkampf'' comprised a series of running fights above convoys of freighter vessels speeding through the English Channel. In general, these battles off the coast tended to favour the Germans, whose bomber escorts massively outnumbered the convoy patrols. Eventually, the number of ship-sinkings became so great that the British [[wikipedia:Admiralty|Admiralty]] cancelled all further convoys through the Channel. However, these early fights provided both sides with experience. They also gave the first indications that some of the aircraft, such as the RAF's [[wikipedia:Boulton Paul Defiant|Defiant]] turret-fighter and the ''Luftwaffe'''s Me 110, were not up to the intense dog-fighting that would characterise the battle.

===Adlerangriff===
The weather, which was to prove an important feature of the campaign, delayed ''Adlertag'', or ''Eagle Day'' until [[wikipedia:13 August|13 August]].  But on the 12th the first attempt was made to blind the Dowding system when aircraft from the specialist fighter-bomber unit ''Erprobungsgruppe 210'' attacked four radar stations. Three stations were briefly taken off the air but were back working within six hours. The raids appeared to show that the British radars were difficult to knock out for any length of time. The ''Luftwaffe'''s failure to mount repeated attacks on them allowed the RAF to get the radar stations back on the air.

''Adlertag'' opened with a series of attacks on coastal airfields, used as forward landing grounds for the RAF fighters. As the week drew on, the airfield attacks moved further inland and repeated raids were made on the radar chain. [[wikipedia:15 August|15 August]] saw "The Greatest Day" when the ''Luftwaffe'' mounted the largest number of sorties of the campaign. This day saw the one major intervention by ''Luftflotte'' 5 in the battle with an attack on the north of England. Believing the strength of Fighter Command to be concentrated away in the south, raiding forces from Denmark and Norway ran into strong resistance. Inadequately escorted by long-ranged Me 110 ''Zerstörers'', the bombers were shot down in large numbers. As a result of the casualties ''Luftflotte'' 5 would not appear in strength again in the campaign.
[[image:Junkers Ju87.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[wikipedia:Junkers Ju 87|Junkers Ju 87 dive-bombers]]]]
[[wikipedia:18 August|The eighteenth of August]], which saw the greatest number of casualties to both sides, has been dubbed "The Hardest Day". Following the grinding battles of the 18th, exhaustion and the weather reduced operations for most of a week, allowing the ''Luftwaffe'' to review their performance. "The Hardest Day" had sounded the end for the [[wikipedia:Junkers Ju 87 Stuka|Ju 87 Stuka]] dive-bomber in the campaign. This veteran of the ''[[Blitzkrieg]]'' was simply too vulnerable to fighter attack over Britain and to preserve the Stuka force Göring withdrew it from the fighting. This removed the ''Luftwaffe'''s main precision-bombing weapon and shifted the burden of pin-point attacks on the already-stretched ''Erprobungsgruppe 210''. But Göring was not finished: the Me 110 ''Zerstörer'' had proven itself too fragile for dog-fighting with single-engined fighters and its participation would also be scaled back. It would only be used when range required it or when sufficient single-engined escort could be provided.

Göring made yet another fateful decision: to order more bomber escorts at the expense of free-hunting sweeps. To achieve this the weight of the attack now fell on ''Luftflotte'' 2 and most of the Me 109 forces in ''Luftflotte'' 3 were transferred to Kesselring's command, reinforcing the fighter bases in the Pas de Calais. Stripped of its fighters, ''Luftflotte'' 3 would concentrate on the night bombing campaign.

Finally, Göring ordered the attacks on the radar chain stopped. The attacks were seen as unsuccessful and neither the technically inept ''Reichsmarschall'' nor his subordinates realised how vital the Chain Home stations were to the defence. It was known that radar provided some early warning of raids, but the belief amongst fighter pilots was that anything that brought up the '[[wikipedia:Tommies|Tommies]]' to fight was to be encouraged.

===''Luftwaffe'' targets RAF airfields===
From [[wikipedia:24 August|24 August]] onwards, the battle was essentially a slugging match between Kesselring's ''Luftflotte'' 2 and Keith Park's 11 Group. The ''Luftwaffe'' concentrated all their strength on knocking out Fighter Command and made repeated attacks on the airfields. Of the 33 heavy attacks in the next two weeks, 24 were against airfields. The key sector stations were hit repeatedly: [[wikipedia:RAF Biggin Hill|Biggin Hill]] and [[wikipedia:Hornchurch Airfield|Hornchurch]] four times each, [[wikipedia:RAF Debden|Debden]] and [[wikipedia:North Weald|North Weald]] twice each. [[wikipedia:Croydon Airport|Croydon]], [[wikipedia:Gravesend Airport|Gravesend]], [[wikipedia:Rochford|Rochford]], [[wikipedia:Hawkinge|Hawkinge]] and [[wikipedia:Manston Airport|Manston]] were also attacked in strength. No fewer than seven attempts were made against [[wikipedia:Eastchurch|Eastchurch]], which was not a Fighter Command aerodrome but was believed to be by the intelligence-starved Germans. At times these raids knocked out the sector stations, threatening the integrity of the Dowding system. Emergency measures had to be taken to keep the sectors operating.

These were desperate times for the RAF, which was also taking many casualties in the air. Aircraft production could replace aircraft but replacement pilots were barely keeping place with losses, and novice flyers were being shot down in droves. Most replacements had as little as nine hours flying time and no combat training. At this point the multinational nature of the RAF came to the fore.  With many pilots from the Dominions already serving in Fighter Command &amp;mdash; [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]]ns, [[wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]]ns, [[wikipedia:New Zealand|New Zealand]]ers and [[wikipedia:Canada|Canadians]] &amp;mdash; they were bolstered by the arrival of fresh  [[wikipedia:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] and [[wikipedia:Poland|Polish]] squadrons. These squadrons had been held back by Dowding, who mistakenly thought the non-English speaking aircrew would have trouble working within his control system.  In addition there were other nationals, including [[wikipedia:Free French|Free French]], [[wikipedia:Belgium|Belgian]] and even a [[wikipedia:British mandate of Palestine|Palestinian Jewish]] pilot serving amongst the squadrons.

The RAF at least had the advantage of fighting over home territory.  Pilots who bailed out of their shot-down aircraft could be back at their airfields within hours. For ''Luftwaffe'' aircrews, a bail out over England meant capture, while parachuting into the English Channel often meant drowning or death from exposure. Morale began to suffer and ''Kanalkrankheit'' or 'Channel Sickness' &amp;mdash; a form of combat fatigue &amp;mdash; began to appear amongst the German pilots. Their replacement problem was even worse than the British. Though the ''Luftwaffe'' always maintained its numerical superiority, the slow appearance of replacement aircraft and pilots put increasing strain on the resources of the remaining attackers.

And yet, the ''Luftwaffe'' was winning this battle of the airfields.  Another fortnight of this pounding and the RAF might have been forced to withdraw their squadrons from the south of England. This was not clear to the ''Luftwaffe'' command, which had watched its bomber force start to waste away and had grown desperate to deliver on the original timetable. They could not understand why the RAF hadn't yet collapsed, or how they were always able to get fighters to the place they were needed, no matter how many raids were sent. Something needed to be done to force the RAF into a decisive battle.

On [[wikipedia:4 September|4 September]], Hitler ordered the ''Luftwaffe'' to bomb London, following RAF raids on [[wikipedia:Berlin|Berlin]] on the night of [[wikipedia:25 August|25]]&amp;ndash;[[wikipedia:26 August|26 August]], itself a reprisal after London and its suburbs had been damaged by bombs on several occasions in late August. The Berlin raid had hurt Göring's pride, as he had previously claimed the British would never be allowed to bomb the city. Kesselring seized his chance and proposed a strategy change. In the face of Sperrle's arguments that attacks on the airfields should continue, Kesselring persuaded the ''Reichsmarschall'' to attack London.  The raids would either panic the British population into submission, or force the "last fifty Spitfires" into the sky where they could be annihilated.  This attack was no longer seen as a prerequisite for ''Seelöwe'', but was meant to be decisive in itself.

===Raids on British Cities===
[[File:Bombing of London.jpg|thumb|Bombing of London.]]
For several months prior to [[wikipedia:7 September|7 September]], when the first major London raid was launched, the ''Luftwaffe'' had bombed a series of British cities, killing more than 1,250 civilians in July and August. The 7 September raid targeted docks in the [[wikipedia:East End of London|East End]] of the city, and over the coming days massive raids were launched again and again: some targeting the docks but others bombing indiscriminately. The RAF did come up but in greater numbers than the ''Luftwaffe'' expected. The 12 Group [[wikipedia:Big Wing|Big Wing]] was deployed for the first time, giving the German pilots a fright. Over the coming days the attacks on London continued. The break from bombing the airfields gave the RAF critical breathing space. It was the turning point.

Without a doubt, the most damaging aspect of the switch to London was the longer range. The Me 109 escorts had a limited fuel capacity, and by the time they arrived over the city, they had only ten minutes of flying time before they had to turn for home. This left many raids completely undefended by fighter escorts. The Battle of Britain culminated on [[wikipedia:September 15|September 15]] [[1940]] with two massive waves of German attacks that were decisively repulsed by the RAF. The total casualties on this critical day was 60 German aircraft shot down versus only 26 for the RAF or a ratio of roughly 2:1 in favour of the RAF. The German defeat caused Hitler to order, two days later, the postponement of preparations for the invasion of Britain. Henceforth, in the face of mounting losses in men, aircraft and the lack of adequate replacements, the ''Luftwaffe'' switched from daylight bombing raids to night-time attacks instead. The threat of invasion was essentially over although the German night blitz on London and other British cities continued into 1941.

==Aftermath==
Overall, the Battle of Britain was a stalemate for both the Germans and the British, but it dramatically raised the morale of the Allied forces. The Battle of Britain marked the first time that the Nazis were stopped and that air superiority became clearly seen as the key to the war. Though the battle was small in the number of combatants and casualties, had the Germans triumphed the war would have taken a very different path. The British victory marked the first failure of Hitler's war machine. It also signaled a shift in U.S. opinion at a time when many people from the U.S. believed that the UK could not survive, a view promoted by [[wikipedia:Joseph Kennedy|Joseph Kennedy]], the U.S. ambassador in London and father of [[wikipedia:John F. Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]], the future President of the United States.

Both sides in the battle made exaggerated claims of numbers of enemy aircraft shot down. In general, claims were two to three times the actual numbers, due to confusion in the whirling air battles. However, post-war analysis of records has shown that between July and September the RAF claimed over 2,698 kills for 1,023 fighter aircraft lost to all causes, while the ''Luftwaffe'' fighters claimed 3,198 RAF aircraft downed for losses of 1,887, of which 873 were fighters. The 147 Polish pilots scored 201 out of that number. To the RAF figure should be added an additional 376 Bomber Command and 148 Coastal Command aircraft that conducted vital bombing, mining and reconnaissance operations in defence of the country.

Modern military historians have suggested the battle was unwinnable for the ''Luftwaffe''. Their numerical majority was not sufficient to achieve superiority. Dowding's and Park's strategy of choosing when to engage the enemy whilst maintaining a coherent force was totally vindicated.  

The theories of strategic bombing, which hinged on the collapse of public morale, were undone by British defiance in the face of the day and night Blitzes. The switch to a terror bombing strategy allowed the RAF to recuperate and to defend against the attacks. Even if the attacks on the 11 Group airfields had continued, the British could have withdrawn to the Midlands, out of German fighter range, and continued the battle from there. Post-war records show that British aircraft were being replaced faster than those of the Germans; the RAF maintained its strength even as the ''Luftwaffe'''s declined. In losses of aircraft and experienced aircrew the battle was a blow from which the ''Luftwaffe'' never fully recovered.

The terror strategy in itself could not force the British to surrender. Even though the Germans launched some spectacular attacks against important British industries, they could not destroy the British industrial potential. But hindsight does not disguise the fact that the threat to the RAF was very real and for the participants, it seemed as if there was a "Narrow Margin" between victory and defeat. The victory was as much psychological as physical. It turned a tide of defeats and heartened the enemies of Nazism.

The British triumph in the Battle of Britain was not without heavy cost. Total British civilian losses from July to December 1940 were 23,002 dead and 32,138 wounded, with one of the largest single raids occurring on [[wikipedia:December 29|December 29]] [[1940]], in which almost 3,000 civilians died.

Winston Churchill summed up the effect of the battle and the contribution of the RAF in the immortal words: ''"Never in the field of human conflict was [[wikipedia:so much owed by so many to so few|so much owed by so many to so few]]"''&lt;ref&gt;Speech to the House of Commons on [[wikipedia:August 20|August 20]] [[1940]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Pilots who fought in the battle have been known as ''[[wikipedia:The Few|The Few]]'' ever since.   

[[wikipedia:September 15|September 15]] is celebrated in the United Kingdom as "Battle of Britain Day", marking the climactic battles witnessed above London in daylight.

In British military tradition, the Battle of Britain is remembered with at least as much pride as the [[Battle of Trafalgar]] or the Battle of [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]]. In addition, the battle has entered popular legend around the world as an inspiring story of how a small island, standing alone against Nazi tyranny, managed to defeat a powerful enemy.

Most important, the end of the Battle of Britain allowed the UK to rebuild its military forces and establish itself as an Allied stronghold. Britain later served as a base from which [[Operation Overlord]], aka the [[Battle of Normandy]], was launched against Nazi forces in Europe.

==Foreign contribution==
''See main article [[wikipedia:Battle of Britain Foreign Contribution|Battle of Britain Foreign Contribution]]''

The RAF roll of honour for the Battle of Britain recognises[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bob1940/roll.html] 510 overseas pilots as flying at least one authorised operational sortie with an eligible unit of the Royal Air Force or Fleet Air Arm between [[wikipedia:10 July|10 July]] and [[wikipedia:31 October|31 October]] [[1940]]. This included pilots from Poland, New Zealand, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Belguim, Australia, South Africa, France, Ireland, United States of America, Jamaica, Palestine and Southern Rhodesia.

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliography==
*Bishop, Patrick. ''Fighter Boys: The Battle of Britain, 1940''. New York: Viking, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-670-03230-1); Penguin Books, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-14-200466-9). As ''Fighter Boys: Saving Britain 1940''. London: HarperPerennial, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-00-653204-7).
*Brittain, Vera. ''England's Hour''. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005 (paperback, ISBN 0-8264-8031-4); Obscure Press (February 14, 2006 (paperback, ISBN 1-84664-834-3).
*Bungay, Stephen. ''The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain''. London: Aurum Press, 2000 (hardcover, ISBN 1-85410-721-6); 2002 (paperback, ISBN 1-85410-801-8).
*Craig, Phil; Clayton, Tim. ''Finest Hour: The Battle of Britain''. New York: Simon &amp; Schuster, 2000 (hardcover, ISBN 0-684-86930-6); 2006 (paperback, ISBN 0-684-86931-4).
*Fisher, David&amp;nbsp;E. ''A Summer Bright and Terrible: Winston Churchill, Lord Dowding, Radar and the Impossible Triumph of the Battle of Britain''. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker&amp;nbsp;&amp; Hoard, 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 1-59376-047-7); 2006 (paperback, ISBN 1-59376-116-3).
*Foreman, John. ''Battle of Britain: The Forgotten Months, November And December 1940''. Wythenshawe, Lancashire, UK: Crécy Publishing, 1989 (hardcover, ISBN 1-871187-02-8).
*Gaskin, Margaret. ''Blitz: The Story of December 29, 1940''. New York: Harcourt, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-15-101404-3).
*Haining, Peter. ''Where the Eagle Landed: The Mystery of the German Invasion of Britain, 1940''. London: Robson Books, 2004 (hardcover, ISBN 1-86105-750-4).
*Hough, Richard. ''The Battle of Britain: The Greatest Air Battle of World War II''. New York: W.W. Norton, 1989 (hardcover, ISBN 0-393-02766-X); 2005 (paperback, ISBN 0-393-30734-4).
*James, Brian. [http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=31810&amp;aid=&amp;tgid=&amp;amid=30233443&amp;g31810=x&amp;g31800=x&amp;g30026=x&amp;g20991=x&amp;g21010=x&amp;g19965=x&amp;g19963=x "Pie in the Sky?"], [http://www.historytoday.com/ ''History Today''], September 2006, Volume&amp;nbsp;56, Issue&amp;nbsp;9, pp.&amp;nbsp;38–40
**Bishop, Patrick. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/08/24/nbattle124.xml "The Fighter Boys achieved a great military success"], [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ ''The Daily Telegraph''], August&amp;nbsp;24, 2006
**Evans, Michael. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-2326051.html "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to . . . the Navy"], [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/ ''The Times''], August&amp;nbsp;24, 2006
**Gillan, Audrey. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/military/story/0,,1856985,00.html "Historians downgrade Battle of Britain"], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/ ''The Guardian''], August&amp;nbsp;24, 2006
**Harding, Thomas. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/08/24/nbattle224.xml "It's baloney, say RAF aces"], [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ ''The Telegraph''], August&amp;nbsp;24, 2006
*James, T.C.G. ''The Battle of Britain (Air Defence of Great Britain; vol. 2)''. London; New York: Frank Cass Publishers, 2000 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7146-5123-0; paperback, ISBN 0-7146-8149-0).
*James, T.C.G. ''Growth of Fighter Command, 1936–1940 (Air Defence of Great Britain; vol. 1)''. London; New York: Frank Cass Publishers, 2000 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7146-5118-4).
*James, T.C.G. ''Night Air Defence During the Blitz''. London; New York: Frank Cass Publishers, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7146-5166-4).
*Overy, Richard. ''The Battle of Britain: The Myth and the Reality''. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001 (hardcover, ISBN 0-393-02008-8); 2002 (paperback, ISBN 0-393-32297-1).
*Parry, Simon W. ''Intruders over Britain: The Story of the ''Luftwaffe'''s Night Intruder Force, the Fernnachtjager ''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 1989 (hardcover, ISBN 0-904811-07-7).
*Ray, John Philip. ''The Battle of Britain: Dowding and the First Victory 1940''. London: Cassel &amp; Co., 2001 (paperback, ISBN 0-304-35677-8).
*Ray, John Philip. ''The Battle of Britain: New Perspectives: Behind the Scenes of the Great Air War''. London: Arms &amp; Armour Press, 1994 (hardcover, ISBN 1-85409-229-4); London: Orion Publishing, 1996 (paperback, ISBN 1-85409-345-2).
*Robinson, Derek. ''Invasion, 1940: Did the Battle of Britain Alone Stop Hitler?'' New York: Carroll&amp;nbsp;&amp; Graf, 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7867-1618-5).
*Wellum, Geoffrey. ''First Light: The Story of the Boy Who Became a Man in the War-Torn Skies Above Britain''. New York: Viking Books, 2002 (hardcover, ISBN 0-670-91248-4); Hoboken, NJ: Wiley &amp; Sons, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-471-42627-X); London: Penguin Books, 2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-14-100814-8).

==See also==
*[[wikipedia:The Darkest Hour|The Darkest Hour]]
*[[wikipedia:Battle of Britain Foreign Contribution|Battle of Britain Foreign Contribution]]
*[[wikipedia:The Blitz|The Blitz]]
*[[wikipedia:Bombing of Coventry|Bombing of Coventry]]
*[[British military history of World War II]]
*[[wikipedia:Royal Canadian Air Force|Royal Canadian Air Force]]
*[[wikipedia:Polish contribution to World War II|Polish contribution to World War II]]
*[[wikipedia:The Few|The Few]]
*[[wikipedia:Battle of Britain Monument in London|Battle of Britain Monument in London]]
*[[wikipedia:Kent Battle of Britain Museum|Kent Battle of Britain Museum]]
*''[[wikipedia:Battle of Britain (film)|Battle of Britain]]'', theatrical release documenting the battle

==External links==   
*[http://www.battleofbritain.net/ Battle Of Britain]
*[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bob1940/bobhome.html Royal Air Force history]
*[http://www.pillboxesuk.co.uk British Invasion Defences]
*[http://www.javaskill.co.uk/ukairfields.html Map of UK Airfields and squadrons.]
*[http://www.raf.mod.uk/bob1940/roll.html RAF Battle of Britain Roll of Honour]
*[http://www.battle-of-britain.com/ Battle-Of-Britain Website.]
*[http://www.battleofbritain.be/ Battle-Of-Britain Website in Dutch.]
*[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part16.htm Royal Engineers Museum] Royal Engineers and Second World War (airfield repair)

{{World War II}}

{{wikipedia|Battle of Britain}}

[[Category:Battles of the United Kingdom|Britain]]
[[Category:World War II strategic bombing]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9439" sha1="obheu42qqynkv33ef7ndcxhuhjufjgs" xml:space="preserve">:''For details about the major evacuation of British troops from Dunkirk, see [[Operation Dynamo]].''
{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict=Battle of Dunkirk
| partof=[[World War II]]
| image=[[Image:British gunner beach dunkirk.png|300px]]
| caption=British infantry taking cover at Dunkirk beach 
| date=[[wikipedia:May 26|May 26]], [[1940]]&amp;ndash;[[wikipedia:June 4|June 4]], [[1940]]
| place=[[wikipedia:Dunkirk, France|Dunkirk]]
| result=German tactical victory, Allied evacution.
| combatant1=[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of France.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:France|France]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of Belgium.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Belgium|Belgium]]
| combatant2=[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|25px]] [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]
| commander1=[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] [[wikipedia:John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort|Lord Gort]]&lt;br/&gt; [[Image:Flag of France.svg|25px]] [[wikipedia:Maxime Weygand|General Weygand]]
| commander2=[[wikipedia:Gerd von Rundstedt|Gerd von Rundstedt]] (Army Group A)&lt;br/&gt; [[wikipedia:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist|Ewald von Kleist]] (Panzergruppe von Kleist)
| strength1=approx. 400,000
| strength2=approx. 800,000
| casualties1=68,000 casualties including&lt;br&gt;34,000 captured&lt;br&gt;6 destroyers and 200+ smaller vessels sunk&lt;br&gt;177 planes shot down
| casualties2=? killed&lt;br&gt;132 planes shot down
|}}
{{Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)}}


After the [[Phoney War]], the [[Battle of France]] began in earnest on [[wikipedia:May 10|May 10]], [[1940]].  The German [[wikipedia:Army Group A|Army Group A]] burst through the [[wikipedia:Ardennes|Ardennes]] region and advanced rapidly to the west, then turned north in the so-called "sickle cut".  To the east, [[wikipedia:Army Group B|Army Group B]] invaded and subdued the [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]] and advanced westward through [[wikipedia:Belgium|Belgium]].

A series of Allied counterattacks, including the [[Battle of Arras (1940)|Battle of Arras]], failed to sever the German spearhead, which reached the coast on [[wikipedia:May 20|May 20]], separating the [[wikipedia:British Expeditionary Force|British Expeditionary Force]] near [[wikipedia:Armentières|Armentières]], the [[wikipedia:French First Army|French First Army]], and the Belgian army further to the north from the majority of French troops south of the German penetration. After reaching the Channel the Germans swung north along the coast, threatening to capture the ports and trap the British and French forces before they could evacuate to Britain. However, for reasons known only to [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]], these lightly opposed German panzer divisions were halted outside [[wikipedia:Dunkirk|Dunkirk]] on [[wikipedia:May 24|May 24]]. This order allowed the Germans to consolidate their gains and prepare for a southward advance against the remaining French forces. In addition, the terrain around Dunkirk was considered unsuitable for armour, so the destruction of the Allied forces was initially assigned to the [[Luftwaffe]] and the German infantry organised in [[wikipedia:Army Group B|Army Group B]].

On [[wikipedia:May 25|May 25]], [[wikipedia:John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort|General Lord Gort]], the commander of the BEF, decided to evacuate British forces. From [[wikipedia:May 25|May 25]] to [[wikipedia:May 28|May 28]], British troops retreated about 30 miles northwest into a pocket along the France-Belgian border extending from [[wikipedia:Dunkirk|Dunkirk]] on the coast to the Belgian town of [[wikipedia:Poperinge|Poperinge]]. The Belgian army surrendered on [[wikipedia:May 28|May 28]], followed the next day by elements of the French 1st Army trapped outside the Dunkirk Pocket.

Starting on [[wikipedia:May 27|May 27]], [[Operation Dynamo]] began the evacuation of Allied troops from the Dunkirk area. The German Panzer divisions were ordered to resume their advance the same day, but improved defences halted their initial offensive, although the remaining Allied forces were compressed into a 5 km wide coastal strip from [[wikipedia:De Panne|De Panne]] through [[wikipedia:Bray-Dunes|Bray-Dunes]] to Dunkirk by [[wikipedia:May 31|May 31]].

A total of five nations took part in the successful evacuation from Dunkirk &amp;ndash; Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands and Poland.

The necessary defence of the perimeter led to the loss or capture of a number of British Army units such as the 2nd Battalion of the [[wikipedia:Royal Norfolk Regiment|Royal Norfolk Regiment]] who were involved in the [[Le Paradis massacre]] on [[wikipedia:26 May|26 May]]. 35,000 French soldiers were made prisoners.

== Aftermath ==

[[Image:Memoriale_Dunkerque.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Battle of Dunkirk memorial.]]
The successful evacuation of 338,000 Allied troops from Dunkirk ended the first phase in the [[Battle of France]]. It provided a great boost to British morale, but left the remaining French to stand alone against a renewed German assault southwards. German troops entered Paris on [[wikipedia:June 14|June 14]] and accepted the surrender of France on [[wikipedia:June 22|June 22]].

A marble memorial was established at Dunkirk ([[wikipedia:Dunkerque|Dunkerque]]), it translates in English as: "''To the glorious memory of the pilots, mariners, and soldiers of the French and Allied armies who sacrified themselves in the Battle of Dunkirk May June 1940''"

== What if? ==

The battle of Dunkirk poses one of the great "what-ifs" of World War II, which has attracted speculation from many military historians.&lt;ref&gt;See for example John Strawson, ''If By Chance'' (MacMillan: 2004); Peter G. Tsouras, ed. ''Third Reich Victorious: The Alternate Decisions of World War II'' (Greenhill Books: 2002); Niall Ferguson, ed. ''Virtual History: Alternatives and Counterfactuals'' (Basic Books: 2000).&lt;/ref&gt; If [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] had not ordered the German panzer divisions to halt from [[wikipedia:24 May|24 May]] to [[wikipedia:26 May|26 May]], but instead ordered an all-out attack on Dunkirk, the retreating Allies could have possibly been cut off from the sea and destroyed. If the whole of the British Expeditionary Force had been captured or killed at Dunkirk, not only would have Britain been vulnerable to [[Operation Sealion|invasion]] but morale in Britain could have possibly sunk so low as to have toppled the government and replaced it with one more disposed to making an accommodation with [[Nazi Germany]], similar to the [[Vichy France|Vichy]] regime in France. Without the need to oppose the British in the Atlantic and North Africa &amp;ndash; or even with the assistance of a [[wikipedia:Quisling|Quisling]] government in Britain &amp;ndash; perhaps the troops and resources thus freed would have been enough to wholly defeat the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] in 1941 and led to German conquest of the whole of Europe and Asia.

On the other hand, the panzer divisions were stopped for repairs and resupply, and to allow the rest of the army to catch up. Had they pushed forward recklessly, they could have outrun their supply lines and become vulnerable to being cut off themselves. Churchill had become Prime Minister after the fall of the [[wikipedia:Neville Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] government on [[wikipedia:May 10|May 10]], [[1940]] precisely because his uncompromising steadfastness reflected the mood of the nation. A commonly reported feeling at the time was relief that Britain was no longer encumbered by a requirement to defend France, and could fight alone on her own terms.

== The Dunkirk Spirit ==
[[Image:Dunkerque retreat.png|thumb|200px|right|British ships rescuing allied troops under German [[wikipedia:Stuka|Stuka]] fire at Dunkirk]] 
The successful evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940, and particularly the role of the "little boats", was subsequently exploited very effectively in British propaganda, with the results that for many decades after the war the catch-phrase "[[Dunkirk spirit]]" stood for an almost romantic belief in the solidarity of the British people in times of adversity.

== Later fighting at Dunkirk ==

The city of Dunkirk was besieged in September 1944 by units of the [[wikipedia:Second Canadian Division|Second Canadian Division]]; German units withstood the siege, and as the [[wikipedia:First Canadian Army|First Canadian Army]] moved north into Belgium, the city was "masked" and left to the rear. The German garrison in Dunkirk held out until May 1945, denying the Allies the use of the port facilities.

== See also ==

* [[Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II]]
* [[Blitzkrieg]]
* [[Battle of France]]

== References ==

* Holmes, Richard, ed. (2001). "France, fall of". ''The Oxford Companion to Military History'', New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866209-2.
* Keegan, John. (1989). ''The Second World War'', New York: Viking Penguin. ISBN 0-670-82359-7.
* Liddell Hart, B.H. (1970). ''History of the Second World War'', New York: G.P. Putnam.
* Murray, Williamson and Millett, Allan R. ''A War to Be Won'', Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-00163-X.
* Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1994). ''A World at Arms'', New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44317-2.
* Wilmot, Chester. (1952). ''The Struggle for Europe'', Old Saybrook, Conn.: Konecky &amp; Konecky. ISBN 1-56852-525-7.

&lt;references /&gt;

{{wikipedia|Battle of Dunkirk}}

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    <title>Battle of Midway</title>
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{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Battle of Midway
|partof=the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] of [[World War II]]
|image=[[Image:SBDs and Mikuma.jpg|300px|SBDs approach the burning Mikuma (Center).]]
|caption=U.S. [[wikipedia:Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] [[wikipedia:SBD Dauntless|SBD Dauntless]] [[dive bomber]] at Midway
|date=[[wikipedia:June 4|June 4]]&amp;ndash;[[wikipedia:June 7|June 7]], [[1942]]
|place=Vicinity of [[Midway Island]]
|result=Decisive American victory
|combatant1=[[wikipedia:United States|United States]]
|combatant2=[[wikipedia:Empire of Japan|Empire of Japan]]
|commander1=[[wikipedia:Chester Nimitz|Chester Nimitz]], &lt;br/&gt;[[wikipedia:Frank J. Fletcher|Frank J. Fletcher]], &lt;br/&gt;[[wikipedia:Raymond A. Spruance|Raymond A. Spruance]]
|commander2=[[wikipedia:Isoroku Yamamoto|Isoroku Yamamoto]], &lt;br/&gt;[[wikipedia:Chuichi Nagumo|Chuichi Nagumo]], &lt;br/&gt;[[wikipedia:Tamon Yamaguchi|Tamon Yamaguchi]]†
|strength1=Three carriers, &lt;br/&gt;~50 support ships,&lt;br/&gt; 233 carrier aircraft, &lt;br/&gt;127 land-based aircraft
|strength2=Four carriers, &lt;br/&gt;~150 support ships,&lt;br/&gt; 248 carrier aircraft, &lt;br/&gt;16 floatplanes
|casualties1=1 carrier and 1 destroyer sunk, &lt;br/&gt;307 killed
|casualties2=4 carriers and 1 cruiser sunk, &lt;br/&gt;3,057 killed
}}
{{Campaignbox Pacific 1941}}
The '''Battle of Midway''' was a [[naval battle]] of the [[Pacific Theater of Operations|Pacific Theater]] of [[World War II]]. It took place from June 4 to June 7, 1942, only one month after the inconclusive [[Battle of the Coral Sea]], and six months after the [[wikipedia:Japanese Empire|Japanese Empire's]] [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] that had led to the entry of the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] into World War II. During the battle, the [[United States Navy]] defeated a [[wikipedia:Imperial Japanese Navy|Japan]]ese attack against [[wikipedia:Midway Atoll|Midway Atoll]] (located northwest of [[Hawaii]]), and destroyed four Japanese [[aircraft carrier]]s in the process.  By putting an end to early-war Japanese expansion, permanently damaging Japan's elite carrier force, and allowing the U.S. Navy to seize the strategic initiative, it represented the turning point in the [[Pacific War]], and is widely seen as the most important naval battle of the war.&lt;ref&gt;Dull, ''The Imperial Japanese Navy: A Battle History,'' p. 166; Willmott, ''The Barrier and the Javelin,'' pp. 519-523; Prange, ''Miracle at Midway'' p. 395; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 416-430&lt;/ref&gt;

The Japanese plan of attack on Midway, which also included a secondary attack against points in the [[wikipedia:Aleutian Islands|Aleutian Islands]] by a smaller fleet, was a ploy by the Japanese to lure America's few remaining carriers into a trap and destroy them.&lt;ref&gt;H.P. Willmott, ''Barrier and the Javelin''; Lundstrom, ''First South Pacific Campaign''; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 19-38&lt;/ref&gt; Doing so would effectively finish off the [[United States Pacific Fleet|U.S. Pacific Fleet]], and guarantee Japanese naval supremacy in the Pacific until at least late 1943. Likewise, securing Midway would extend Japan's defensive perimeter further from the Japanese Home Islands.  The success of this operation was also considered preparatory for further operations against [[wikipedia:Fiji|Fiji]] and [[wikipedia:Samoa|Samoa]], as well as an anticipated invasion of Hawaii.&lt;ref&gt;For a detailed discussion of anticipated follow-on Hawaiian operations, see Parshall &amp; Tully, pp. 43-45&lt;/ref&gt; Had the Japanese achieved their objective at Midway, the northeastern [[wikipedia:Pacific Rim|Pacific Rim]] would have been essentially defenseless against the Japanese Navy. Thus, the Midway operation, like the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] that plunged the United States into  war, was not part of a campaign for the conquest of the United States mainland, but was instead aimed at the elimination of the U.S. as a strategic power in the Pacific, thereby giving Japan a free hand in establishing its regional dominance under the auspices of the [[wikipedia:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere|Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]]. In the best of circumstances, it was also hoped that the Americans would be forced to the negotiating table to terminate the Pacific War.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', p. 33&lt;/ref&gt;  As it happened, however, the battle was a crushing strategic defeat for the Japanese.

==Strategic context==
Japan had been highly successful in rapidly securing its initial war aims, including the reduction of the [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]], the capture of [[wikipedia:Malaysia|Malaysia]] and [[wikipedia:Singapore|Singapore]], and the securing of the vital resource areas in [[wikipedia:Java (island)|Java]], [[Borneo]], and [[wikipedia:Indonesia|Indonesia]]. As such, preliminary planning for a second phase of operations commenced as early as January 1942.  However, due to strategic differences between the Imperial Army and Imperial Navy, as well as infighting between the Navy's GHQ and Admiral Yamamoto's [[Combined Fleet]], the formulation of effective strategy was hampered, and the follow-on strategy was not finalized until April 1942.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, ''Miracle at Midway'', pp. 13-15, 21-23; Willmott, ''The Barrier and the Javelin,'' pp. 39-49; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 22-38&lt;/ref&gt;  At that time, Admiral Yamamoto succeeded in winning a bureaucratic struggle that placed his operational concept — that of further operations in the Central Pacific — ahead of the other  contending plans.  These included operations either directly or indirectly aimed against Australia, as well as operations into the Indian Ocean.  However, in the end, Yamamoto's barely-veiled threat to resign unless he got his way succeeded in carrying his agenda forward.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', p. 33; Prange, ''Miracle at Midway'', p. 23&lt;/ref&gt;

Yamamoto's primary strategic concern was the elimination of America's remaining carrier forces.  This concern was exacerbated by the "[[Doolittle Raid]]" on [[wikipedia:Tokyo|Tokyo]] ([[wikipedia:April 18|April 18]] [[1942]]) by U.S. Army [[B-25 Mitchell|B-25]]'s staging off the carrier [[USS Hornet (CV-8)|USS ''Hornet'']]. The Raid, while negligibly effective militarily, was a severe psychological shock to the Japanese, and demonstrated that their military could not prevent attacks against the Japanese home islands.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, Miracle at Midway, pp. 22-26&lt;/ref&gt;  Destroying America's aircraft carriers was the only means of nullifying this threat. Yamamoto reasoned that an operation aimed at the main carrier base at [[Pearl Harbor]] would induce them to fight.  However, given enhanced American land-based airpower now on Hawaii, Yamamoto judged that the battle could not be fought directly against the powerful American base.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', p. 33&lt;/ref&gt;  Instead, he selected the atoll of Midway, which lay at the extreme northwest end of the Hawaiian Island chain, some 1300&amp;nbsp;nm (2400&amp;nbsp;km) from [[wikipedia:Oahu|Oahu]]. Midway itself was not especially important in the larger scheme of Japan's intentions; however, the Japanese felt that the Americans would consider Midway a vital outpost of [[Pearl Harbor]], and would therefore strongly defend it.&lt;ref&gt;Willmott, ''Barrier and the Javelin,'' pp. 66-67; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 33-34&lt;/ref&gt;

===The Plan===
As was typical of many Japanese naval plans during the [[Second World War]], Admiral [[wikipedia:Isoroku Yamamoto|Isoroku Yamamoto]]'s battle plan was quite complex.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, ''Miracle at Midway,'' pp. 375-379, Willmott, ''Barrier and the Javelin'', pp. 110-117; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', p. 52&lt;/ref&gt;  Additionally, his designs were predicated on optimistic intelligence information suggesting that [[USS Enterprise (CV-6)|''Enterprise'']] and [[USS Hornet (CV-8)|''Hornet'']], forming Task Force 16, were the only carriers available to the US Pacific forces at the time.  [[USS Lexington (CV-2)|''Lexington'']] had been sunk and [[USS Yorktown (CV-5)|''Yorktown'']] had been severely mauled (and was believed sunk) at the [[Battle of the Coral Sea]] just a month earlier.  Likewise, the Japanese believed that [[USS Saratoga (CV-3)|''Saratoga'']] was undergoing repairs on the West Coast after taking torpedo damage.  As such, the Japanese believed that they would have at most two American fleet carriers to deal with at the point of attack.

More important, however, was Yamamoto's belief that the Americans had been demoralized by their frequent defeats during the preceding six months. Yamamoto felt that deception would be required to lure the U.S. Fleet into a fatally compromising situation.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', p. 53, derived from Japanese War History Series (Senshi Sōshō), Volume 43 ('Midowei Kaisen'), p. 118&lt;/ref&gt;  As such, he dispersed his forces such that the full extent of his forces (particularly his battleships) would be unlikely to be discovered by the Americans prior to the decisive battle.  Unfortunately for the Japanese, their emphasis on stealth and dispersal meant that none of their formations was mutually supporting.  Critically, Yamamoto's supporting Main Body of battleships and cruisers would trail Vice-Admiral [[wikipedia:Chuichi Nagumo|Chuichi Nagumo]]'s carrier Striking Force by several hundred miles.  Japan's heavy surface forces were intended to destroy whatever part of the U.S. Fleet might come to Midway's relief, once Nagumo's carriers had weakened them sufficiently for a daylight gun duel to be fought.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 51, 55; &lt;/ref&gt;  However, their distance from Nagumo's carriers would have grave implications during the battle.

Likewise, the Japanese operations aimed at the Aleutian Islands (Operation AL) removed yet more ships from the force that would strike at Midway.  However, whereas prior histories of the battle have often characterized the Aleutians operation as a feint designed to draw American forces northwards, recent scholarship on the battle has shown that Operation AL was no such thing.  In fact, according to the original Japanese battle plan, Operation AL was designed to be launched simultaneously with the initiation of operations against Midway itself.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 43-45, derived from Senshi Sōshō, p. 196&lt;/ref&gt;  However, a 1-day delay in the sailing of Nagumo's task force had the effect of initiating Operation AL a day before its counterpart.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 43-45, derived from Senshi Sōshō, pp. 119-121.&lt;/ref&gt;  In any event, Operation AL was a misguided expenditure of offensive assets that could have been better used in the south.

===The Military Forces===
{{main|Midway order of battle}}
&lt;!--PLEASE NOTE: This cannot be a list.  It must be written in prose. --&gt;

==U.S. Intelligence==
U.S. naval intelligence (in cooperation with the British and Dutch) had been reading parts of the primary Imperial Japanese Navy communications system ([[JN-25]], an enciphered code) for some time, and had made considerable progress on the latest version, which had been issued just before the Pearl Harbor attack.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, ''Miracle at Midway'', pp. 17-20, 73-74&lt;/ref&gt;  The abundance of radio intelligence harvested from the Japanese Navy’s "wild-goose chase" of the Doolittle Raid task force further compromised JN-25.&lt;ref&gt;Lundstrom, ''First South Pacific Campaign'', pp. 150-155&lt;/ref&gt;

Thus, by early May 1942, the Americans knew that the Japanese were preparing to launch a massive offensive against an objective (identifed as "AF" in early June), and could hope to ambush them.  Through analysis of other evidence, [[Station Hypo]], Nimitz's [[cryptology]] unit at Pearl Harbor, was convinced that "AF" was Midway.  On the other hand, Nimitz's superior in Washington, Admiral [[wikipedia:Ernest King|Ernest King]], and his own crypto unit — [[OP-20-G]] — believed AF to be in the [[wikipedia:Aleutian Islands|Aleutian Islands]].&lt;ref&gt;Lundstrom, ''First South Pacific Campaign'', p. 155&lt;/ref&gt;

An ingenious suggestion by Hypo's commander, Commander [[wikipedia:Joseph J. Rochefort|Joseph J. Rochefort]], gave Admiral Nimitz confirmation of AF's identity.  By secure undersea cable, Rochefort asked the Midway base commander to radio a message back to Pearl Harbor stating that drinking water was running low on Midway due to a breakdown of the water plant — and to use a [[wikipedia:cipher|cipher]] known to have been compromised by the Japanese.  Soon after, a deciphered Japanese JN-25 intercept stated that "AF" had fresh-water problems, and that the attack force should plan accordingly.  "AF" was therefore confirmed to be Midway.&lt;ref&gt;Cressman et. al., ''A Glorious Page in Our History'', p. 34&lt;/ref&gt;  Further information from JN-25 decrypts came in slowly, partly as a result of the hurried nature of Japanese preparations, and it was not until the very last minute that [[wikipedia:List of government and military acronyms|CINCPAC]] Admiral [[wikipedia:Chester Nimitz|Chester Nimitz]] had enough information to put together an ambush for the Midway attack force.

==Prelude to Battle==

In order to do battle with an enemy force anticipated to be composed of 4-5 carriers, Nimitz needed every available U.S. flight deck. He already had Vice Admiral [[William Halsey]]'s two-carrier [[task force]] at hand — but Halsey himself was stricken with [[wikipedia:psoriasis|psoriasis]], and had to be replaced with Rear Admiral [[wikipedia:Raymond A. Spruance|Raymond A. Spruance]] (Halsey's escort commander).&lt;ref&gt;Prange, ''Miracle at Midway'', pp. 80-81; Cressman et. al., ''A Glorious Page in Our History,'' p. 37&lt;/ref&gt; Nimitz also hurriedly called back Rear Admiral [[wikipedia:Frank Jack Fletcher|Frank Jack Fletcher]]'s task force from the [[wikipedia:South West Pacific Area|South West Pacific Area]].  They reached Pearl Harbor just in time to provision and re-sortie. [[USS Yorktown (CV-5)|''Yorktown'']] (CV-5) herself had been severely damaged at the [[Battle of the Coral Sea]], but [[Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard]] worked around the clock to patch up the carrier. In 72&amp;nbsp;hours ''Yorktown'' was transformed from a barely-operational wreck, headed for a long stay at [[Puget Sound Naval Shipyard]], into a working (if still compromised) aircraft carrier.&lt;ref&gt;Cressman et. al., ''A Glorious Page in Our History'', pp. 37-45; Lord, ''Incredible Victory'', pp. 37-39&lt;/ref&gt; Her flight deck was patched, whole sections of internal beams were cut out and replaced, and several new squadrons (drawn from carrier ''Saratoga'') were put aboard her. Admiral Nimitz showed total disregard for established procedure in getting his third and last available carrier ready for battle — repairs continued even as ''Yorktown'' sortied. Just three days after pulling into drydock at Pearl Harbor, the ship was again under steam, as its band played "[[wikipedia:California, Here I Come|California]]".&lt;ref&gt;Lord, ''Incredible Victory'', p. 39&lt;/ref&gt;

Meanwhile, as a result of their participation in the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese aircraft carrier [[Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku|''Zuikaku'']] was in port in [[wikipedia:Kure, Hiroshima|Kure]] (near [[wikipedia:Hiroshima|Hiroshima]]), waiting for an air group to be brought to her to replace her destroyed planes, while the heavily damaged [[Japanese aircraft carrier Shokaku|''Shokaku'']] was awaiting drydock and further repairs to damage she received during the battle. Despite the likely availability of sufficient aircraft between the two ships to re-equip ''Zuikaku'' with a composite air group, the Japanese made no serious attempt to get her into the forthcoming battle. &lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 65-67&lt;/ref&gt;  Consequently, instead of bringing six heavy carriers into battle, Admiral Nagumo would now only have four.

Japanese strategic scouting arrangements prior to the battle also fell into disarray.  A picket line of Japanese [[submarine]]s was late getting into position, which let the American carriers proceed to their assembly point northeast of Midway (known as "Point Luck") without being detected.&lt;ref&gt;Willmott, ''Barrier and the Javelin,'' p. 351; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 98-99&lt;/ref&gt;  An attempt to use 4-engine reconnaissance [[seaplane]]s to scout Pearl Harbor prior to the battle (and thereby detect the absence or presence of the American carriers), known as "Operation K", was also thwarted when Japanese submarines assigned to refuel the search aircraft discovered that the refueling point — the hitherto deserted bay off of [[French Frigate Shoals]] — was now occupied by American warships.&lt;ref&gt;Lord, ''Incredible Victory'', pp. 37-39; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', p. 99&lt;/ref&gt;  Thus, Japan was deprived of any knowledge concerning the movements of the American carriers immediately before the battle.  Japanese radio intercepts also noticed an increase in both American submarine activity and U.S. message traffic volume.  This information was in the hands of both Nagumo and Yamamoto prior to the battle.  However, Japanese operational plans were not changed in reaction to these disquieting omens.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 102-104&lt;/ref&gt;  Nimitz, by contrast, had a very good idea of where Nagumo would appear, thanks to his superior signals intelligence.

==The Battle==
===Initial air attacks===
Vice Admiral [[wikipedia:Chuichi Nagumo|Chuichi Nagumo]] launched his initial attack wave of 108 aircraft at 04:30 on [[wikipedia:4 June|4 June]].  At the same time, the Japanese launched seven search aircraft (one of which was launched 30 minutes late), as well as [[combat air patrol]] (CAP) fighters.  Japanese reconnaissance arrangements were flimsy, with too few aircraft to adequately cover the assigned search areas, and laboring under poor weather conditions to the northeast and east of the task force.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 107-112; 132-133&lt;/ref&gt; 

At 06:20, Japanese carrier [[aircraft]] bombed and heavily damaged the U.S. base on Midway. Midway-based fighter pilots, many flying obsolete [[Brewster Buffalo|Brewster F2A]]s (British name, Buffalo), made a defense of Midway.  American anti-aircraft fire was accurate and intense, damaging many enemy aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 200-204&lt;/ref&gt;  The Japanese strike leader, recognizing that the island's strike aircraft had already departed, signaled Nagumo that another mission would be necessary to neutralize the island's defenses before troops could be landed on the 7th.&lt;ref&gt; Lord, ''Incredible Victory'', p. 110; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', p. 149&lt;/ref&gt;

Having taken off prior to the Japanese attack, American bombers based on Midway made several attacks on the Japanese carrier fleet.  These included six [[TBF Avenger]]s in their first combat operation, and four [[B-26 Marauder]]s (armed with torpedoes). The Japanese shrugged off these attacks with almost no losses, while destroying all but three of the American bombers.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, ''Miracle at Midway'', pp. 207-212; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 149-152&lt;/ref&gt;

Admiral Nagumo, in accordance with Japanese carrier operational practices of the time, had kept half of his aircraft in reserve.  These comprised two squadrons each of dive-bombers and torpedo bombers.  The latter were armed with torpedoes for an antiship strike, should any American warships be located.  The dive-bombers were, as yet, unarmed.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 130-132&lt;/ref&gt;  As a result of the attacks from Midway, as well as the morning flight leader's recommendation regarding the need for a second strike, Admiral Nagumo at 07:15 ordered his reserve planes to be re-armed with general purpose contact bombs for use on land targets.  Re-arming had been underway for about 30 minutes, when at 07:40 a scout plane from the [[cruiser]] [[Japanese cruiser Tone|''Tone'']] signaled the discovery of a sizable American naval force to the east.  Nagumo quickly reversed his re-arming order, and asked the scout plane to ascertain the composition of the American task force.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, ''Miracle at Midway'', pp. 216-217; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 159-161&lt;/ref&gt;

Nagumo was now in a quandary.  Rear Admiral [[wikipedia:Tamon Yamaguchi|Tamon Yamaguchi]], leading Carrier Division 2 ([[Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryu|''Hiryu'']] and [[Japanese aircraft carrier Soryu|''Soryu'']]), signaled to Nagumo that he recommended striking immediately with the forces at hand.  Nagumo might have had an opportunity to immediately launch some or all of his reserve strike force to attack the American ships.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 165-170&lt;/ref&gt;  But he had to act quickly, as his Midway strike force would be returning shortly.  They would be low on fuel, and carrying wounded crewmen, and would need to land promptly.  Spotting his flight decks and launching aircraft would require at least 30–45 minutes to accomplish.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 121-124&lt;/ref&gt;  Furthermore, by spotting and launching immediately, he would be committing some of his reserve strike aircraft to battle without proper antiship armament.  Japanese carrier doctrine preferred fully constituted strikes, and in the absence of a confirmation of whether the American force contained carriers, Nagumo's reaction was cautious.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, ''Miracle at Midway,'' pp. 217-218, 372-373; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 170-173&lt;/ref&gt;  In addition, the impending arrival of yet more American air strikes at 07:53 made Nagumo's window of decision quite short.  In the end Nagumo made the fateful decision to wait for his first strike force to land, and then launch the reserve strike force (which would by then be properly armed).&lt;ref&gt;Prange, ''Miracle at Midway'', pp. 231-237; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 170-173&lt;/ref&gt;

===Attacks on the Japanese fleet===
Meanwhile, the Americans had already launched their carrier aircraft against the Japanese.  Admiral Fletcher, in overall command on board ''Yorktown'', and armed with PBY sighting reports from the early morning, ordered Spruance to launch against the Japanese as soon as was practical.  At the urging of Halsey's Chief of Staff, Captain [[wikipedia:Miles Browning|Miles Browning]], Spruance commenced launching from his carriers [[USS Enterprise (CV-6)|''Enterprise'']] and [[USS Hornet (CV-8)|''Hornet'']] at 07:00.  Fletcher, upon completing his own scouting flights, followed suit at 08:00 from ''Yorktown''.&lt;ref&gt;Cressman et. al., ''A Glorious Page in Our History,'' pp. 84-89; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 215-216; 226-227&lt;/ref&gt;  However, American flight deck operations were not nearly as proficient as their enemies' at this point in the war, and the American squadrons were launched in piecemeal fashion, proceeding to the target in several different groups.  This diminished the overall impact of the American attacks, and greatly increased their casualties.

American carrier aircraft began attacking the Japanese carrier fleet at 09:20, with first Torpedo Squadron 8 ([[VT-8]]), followed by [[VT-6]] (at 09:40) attacking without fighter support.&lt;ref&gt;Cressman et. al., "A Glorious Page in Our History," pp. 91-94&lt;/ref&gt;  VT-8 was completely annihilated, and VT-6 nearly so, with no hits against the enemy to show for their efforts.  The Japanese CAP, flying the much faster [[Mitsubishi Zero]] fighter, made short work of the slow, under-armed American torpedo planes.  However, despite their terrible sacrifices, the American torpedo planes indirectly achieved two important results.  First, they kept the Japanese off balance, with no ability to prepare and launch their own counterstrike.  Second, their attacks had pulled the Japanese combat air patrol out of position — not in terms of altitude (as has commonly been described), but by laterally distorting the CAP coverage over the Japanese fleet.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 215-216; 226-227&lt;/ref&gt;  The appearance of a third torpedo plane attack from the SE by [[VT-3]] at 10:00 very quickly drew the majority of the Japanese CAP into the southeast quadrant of the fleet.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 226-227&lt;/ref&gt;

By chance, at the same time VT-3 was sighted by the Japanese, two separate formations (comprising three squadrons total) of American [[SBD Dauntless]] dive-bombers were approaching the Japanese fleet from the northeast and southwest.  These formations, despite having had difficulty in locating the Japanese carriers had now — by sheer luck and some good decision-making on the part of their respective squadron commanders — arrived in a perfect position to attack the Japanese.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, ''Miracle at Midway'', pp. 259-261, 267-269; Cressman et. al., ''A Glorious Page in Our History,'' pp. 96-97; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 215-216; 226-227&lt;/ref&gt;  Armed Japanese strike aircraft filled the hangar decks at the time of the fateful attack, fuel hoses snaking across the decks as refueling operations were hastily completed, and the constant change of ordnance meant that bombs and torpedoes were stacked around the hangars rather than being stowed safely in the magazines.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', p. 250&lt;/ref&gt;  The Japanese carriers were in an extraordinarily vulnerable position.

However, contrary to some accounts of the battle, recent research has demonstrated that the Japanese were not prepared to launch a counterstrike against the Americans at the time they were decisively attacked.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 229-231.  Derived from (Senshi Sōshō), Volume 43, pp. 372-378, and the tabulated air group records (kōdōchōshos) of the Japanese carriers contained in "Midway Operation:DesRon 10,Mine Sweep Div 16,CV Akagi,CV Kaga,CVL Sōryū,
and CVL Hiryū." Extract Translation from DOC No.160985B—MC 397.901.&lt;/ref&gt;  Due to the constant flight deck activity associated with [[combat air patrol]] operations during the preceding hour, the Japanese had never had an opportunity to spot their reserve strike force for launch.  The few aircraft on the Japanese flight decks at the time of the attack were either CAP fighters, or (in the case of [[Japanese aircraft carrier Soryu|''Soryu'']]) strike fighters being spotted to augment the CAP.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', p. 231, derived from Senshi Sosho, pp. 372-378.&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning at 10:22, ''Enterprise'' aircraft attacked carrier [[Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga|''Kaga'']], with [[Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi|''Akagi'']] being struck four minutes later. To the north, ''Yorktown''’s aircraft attacked [[Japanese aircraft carrier Soryu|''Soryu.'']]  Simultaneously, VT-3 was targeting [[Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryu|''Hiryu'']], although the American torpedo aircraft again scored no hits.  The dive-bombers, however, had better fortune.   Within six minutes, the SBDs made their attack runs and left all three of their targets heavily ablaze.  ''Akagi'' had been hit by one bomb (plus a near miss which caused crucial rudder damage),&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', p. 253-354; 256-259&lt;/ref&gt; ''Soryu'' by three, and ''Kaga'' by at least four and likely more.  All three carriers were out of action, and would eventually be abandoned and scuttled.&lt;ref&gt;Recent scholarship has shown that all four Japanese carriers were scuttled, not just ''Akagi'' and ''Hiryu''. Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 330-353&lt;/ref&gt;

Subsequent to the air attacks, the American submarine [[wikipedia:Ships_named_Nautilus#Second_military_submarine_USS_Nautilus_.28SS-168.29_1930|''Nautilus'']] (SS-168) fired torpedoes at what her crew thought was the ''Soryu,'' but which later research suggests was the ''Kaga.'' The ''Nautilus'' crew claimed that one torpedo hit the carrier, causing 'flames.' However, the surviving crew of the ''Kaga'' reported no torpedo hits after the air attack. Of the four fish fired, one failed to run, two ran erratically, and the fourth was a 'dud,' impacting amidships and breaking in half.&lt;ref&gt;Lord, ''Incredible Victory'' p. 213; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 302-303&lt;/ref&gt;

===Japanese counterattacks===
''Hiryu'', now the sole surviving Japanese flight deck, wasted little time in counterattacking. The first strike of Japanese dive-bombers badly damaged the ''Yorktown'', yet her engineers patched her up so quickly that the second strike of torpedo bombers mistook her for an intact carrier.  Despite Japanese hopes to even the battle by eliminating two carriers with two strikes, ''Yorktown'' absorbed both Japanese attacks.  She was now out of the battle, but Task Force 16's two carriers had escaped undamaged as a result.  [''Yorktown'' would later be sunk during salvage efforts by torpedoes from a Japanese [[submarine]] on [[wikipedia:June 7|June 7]].  The same torpedo salvo sank the destroyer [[USS Hammann (DD-412)|''Hammann'']]]  When American scout aircraft subsequently located ''Hiryu'' later in the afternoon, the ''Enterprise'' and ''Hornet'' launched a final dusk strike of dive bombers against the last Japanese carrier that left her ablaze.  

As darkness fell, both sides took stock, and made tentative plans for continuing the action. Admiral Spruance was now in tactical command of the American forces as Admiral Fletcher had been obliged to abandon the derelict ''Yorktown''.  Spruance knew that he had won a great victory, but he was still unsure of what Japanese forces remained at hand, and was determined to safeguard both Midway and his carriers. Consequently, he decided to retire east during the evening, so as to not run into a night action with Japanese surface forces that might still be in the area.  In the early morning hours, he returned to the west to be in a position to cover Midway should an invasion develop in the morning.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, ''Miracle at Midway'', p. 324&lt;/ref&gt;

For his part, Yamamoto initially decided to continue the effort, and sent his remaining surface forces searching eastward for the American carriers.  Simultaneously, a cruiser raiding force was detached to bombard the island that very night. Eventually, however, as the night waned without any sign of the Americans, the reality of the situation imposed its own logic, and at 02:55 Yamamoto ordered his various forces to retire to the west.&lt;ref&gt;Prange, ''Miracle at Midway,'' p. 320; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', p. 345&lt;/ref&gt;

While beating its retreat in close column at night, the Japanese cruiser bombardment force suffered a further trial.  A sighting of the American submarine [[USS Tambor (SS-198)|''Tambor'']] forced the cruiser formation to initiate radical evasive maneuvers.  [[Japanese cruiser Mogami|''Mogami'']] failed to adjust its course correctly for a column turn, and rammed the port quarter of her sistership [[Japanese cruiser Mikuma|''Mikuma'']].  Over the following two days, first Midway and then Spruance's carriers launched several successive strikes against the stragglers. ''Mikuma'' was eventually sent to the bottom, while ''Mogami'' managed to successfully fend off the bombers, and lived to fight another day.
US Marine Captain [[wikipedia:Richard E. Fleming|Richard E. Fleming]] was posthumously awarded the [[Medal of Honor]] for his attack on the ''Mikuma'', although contemporary research has revealed that neither Fleming's bomb nor his aircraft actually struck the ship itself.

==Aftermath==

Having scored a clear victory, American forces retired.  Japan's loss of four fleet carriers ([[Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga|''Kaga'']], [[Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi|''Akagi'']], [[Japanese aircraft carrier Soryu|''Soryu'']], and [[Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryu|''Hiryu'']]) — leaving only ''Zuikaku'' and ''Shokaku'' — stopped the expansion of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific.

With the US Navy now having clawed its way back to a rough parity of fleet carriers, the Americans could contemplate taking to the offensive for the first time in the war.  Shortly thereafter, the Americans would invade [[wikipedia:Guadalcanal|Guadalcanal]], initiating the attritional struggle in the [[wikipedia:Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]] that would permanently wreck the Japanese Navy and its elite naval air groups.

==Impact==
Assessing the impact of the battle requires careful analysis.  Although the battle has often been called "decisive", and a "turning point", it clearly did not win the Pacific War overnight for the Americans.&lt;ref&gt;Dull, p. 166; Prange, p. 395&lt;/ref&gt;  The Japanese navy continued to fight ferociously, and it would be many more months before the U.S. would move from a state of naval parity to that of increasingly clear supremacy.  Nor, given the vast disparity in economic strength between the two combatants, is it even remotely likely that the Americans would have lost the war against Japan had they lost the battle.&lt;ref&gt;Willmott, ''Barrier and the Javelin,'' pp. 522-523; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 416-430&lt;/ref&gt;  Thus, Midway was not "decisive" in the same sense that [[Battle of Salamis|Salamis]] or [[Battle of Trafalgar|Trafalgar]] were decisive.  However, victory at Midway gave the U.S. the opportunity to seize the strategic initiative, inflicted irreparable damage on the Japanese carrier force, and shortened the war in the Pacific.&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Naval War College Analysis, p. 1; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 416-430&lt;/ref&gt;

While Midway did not see the destruction of Japanese naval aviation, it did deal it a heavy blow.  The pre-war Japanese training program produced pilots of exceptional quality, but at a painfully slow rate.&lt;ref&gt;Peattie, ''Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power, 1909-1941,'' pp. 181-184, 191-192&lt;/ref&gt;  This small group of elite aviators were combat hardened veterans.  At Midway, the Japanese lost as many of these pilots in a single day as their pre-war training program produced in a year.&lt;ref&gt;Peattie, ''Sunburst'', pp. 131-134&lt;/ref&gt;  In the subsequent battles around [[wikipedia:Guadalcanal|Guadalcanal]] in late 1942, such as [[Battle of the Eastern Solomons|Eastern Solomons]] and [[Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands|Santa Cruz]], Japanese naval aviation would be ground down in a war of attrition.  Although war-time Japanese training programs produced a sufficient number of pilots, they were of lower quality.  By mid-1943, the combination of the Battle of Midway and the agony of combat in the Solomons had decimated Japanese naval aviation.&lt;ref&gt;Peattie, ''Sunburst'', pp. 176-186; Eric Bergerud, ''Fire in the Sky'', p. 668.&lt;/ref&gt;

Even more important, though, was the irredeemable loss of four of Japan's fleet carriers.&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 416-421&lt;/ref&gt;  These ships would not be replaced, unit for unit, until early in 1945.&lt;ref&gt;Carrier ''Shinano'', commissioned on 19 November, 1944, was the fourth fleet carrier commissioned by Japan during the war, after ''Taiho'', ''Unryu'', and ''Amagi''.&lt;/ref&gt;  In the same span of time, the U.S. Navy would commission more than two-dozen fleet and light fleet carriers, and numerous escort carriers.&lt;ref&gt;See http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/carriers/ for a listing of all American carriers commissioned during the war.  Also refer to http://www.combinedfleet.com/economic.htm for a tabulation of aggregate carrier and carrier aircraft levels between the USN and IJN if the U.S. had lost at Midway.&lt;/ref&gt;  Thus, Midway permanently damaged the Japanese Navy's striking power, and measurably shortened the window of time during which the Japanese carrier force could expect to offer battle on advantageous terms.

The importance of the Battle of Midway can also be assessed by examining the counter-factual of assuming the destruction of the US aircraft carrier fleet, although this is a speculative exercise at best. By any analysis, it seems clear that a loss at Midway would have prolonged the war in the Pacific, as it would have delayed the initiation of large-scale attritional combat that was the only means to bring a modern industrialized power like Japan to its knees.  Likewise, had the U.S. lost, it is arguable that re-allocation of air and naval resources might have delayed amphibious operations in North Africa, the Mediterranean, and perhaps at Normandy. However, a loss at Midway would likely not have reversed President Roosevelt’s commitment to a [[wikipedia:Europe first|Europe first]] policy, which had been reiterated in the wake of naval disaster at Pearl Harbor. A hypothetically longer war in the Pacific also raises the question of the ultimate role of the Soviet Union in forcing Japan's demise, and whether the USSR would have thereby received a post-war presence in a partitioned Japan, ''á la'' that of postwar Germany.  The actual implications of an American defeat, therefore, are unknowable, but there is little question that losing at Midway would have narrowed U.S. options in the Pacific dramatically, at least in the short term.&lt;ref&gt;Willmott, ''Barrier and the Javelin,'' pp. 519-523; Prange,''Miracle at Midway'' 396-397; Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 424-430&lt;/ref&gt;

==Discovery==
Due to the extreme depth of the ocean in the area of the battle (more than 17,000 feet/5200 m), researching the battlefield has presented extraordinary difficulties. However, on May 19, 1998, [[wikipedia:Robert Ballard|Robert Ballard]] and a team of scientists and Midway veterans (including Japanese participants) succeeded in locating and photographing ''Yorktown''. The ship is remarkably intact for a vessel that sank in 1942; much of the original equipment, and even the original paint scheme are still visible. Ballard's subsequent efforts to locate the Japanese carriers were unsuccesful.  However, in September 1999, a joint expedition between Nauticos Corp. and the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office arrived on the battlefield, searching in particular for the Japanese aircraft carriers.  Using advanced renavigation techniques in conjunction with the ship's log of the submarine [[wikipedia:Ships named Nautilus#Second military submarine USS Nautilus (SS-168) 1930|USS ''Nautilus'']], the expedition succeeded in locating a large piece of wreckage.  This wreckage was subsequently identified as having come from the upper hangar deck of carrier [[Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga|''Kaga'']].&lt;ref&gt;Parshall &amp; Tully, ''Shattered Sword'', pp. 491-493&lt;/ref&gt; The main wreck, however, has yet to be located.

==In film==
The Battle of Midway has been featured in several [[wikipedia:motion picture|motion picture]]s.  The first film about the battle was directed [[wikipedia:John Ford|John Ford]], who used color motion picture from U.S. Navy of the actual battle, releasing an award-winning documentary called ''Battle of Midway'' in 1942. Subsequently, the movie ''[[wikipedia:Midway (film)|Midway]]'', directed by [[wikipedia:Jack Smight|Jack Smight]], was released in [[wikipedia:1976 in film|1976]].  This film generally portrayed the events fairly accurately, although it was critized for suffering from several flaws (including a preposterous romance, the presence of American [[F4U Corsair]] fighters (which were not even operational yet), inaccurate warship models, and the promotion of Hypo's Commander Rochefort to Fleet Intelligence Officer).

==See also==
* [[Pacific War|Pacific Battles of the Second World War]] 
* [[Midway order of battle]]

==Sources and further reading==
===Books===
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;
*{{cite book
 | last       = Cook
 | first      = Theodore F., Jr. 
 | authorlink = Theodore F. Cook, Jr.
 | editor     = Robert Cowley (ed.)
 | coauthors  = 
 | year       = 2000
 | chapter    = Our Midway Disaster
 | title      = What if?
 | publisher  = Macmillan
 | location   = London
 | id         = ISBN 0333751833
}} Counterfactual history has the Japanese winning.
*{{cite book
 | last       = Fuchida
 | first      = Mitsuo
 | authorlink = Mitsuo Fuchida
 | coauthors  = Masatake Okumiya
 | year       = 1955
 | title      = Midway: The Battle that Doomed Japan, the Japanese Navy's Story
 | publisher  = [[wikipedia:United States Naval Institute Press|United States Naval Institute Press]]
 | location   = Annapolis, MD
 | id         = ISBN 0870213725
}} A Japanese account, colored by hindsight and sometimes inaccurate.
*{{cite book
 | last       = Hanson
 | first      = Victor D.
 | authorlink = Victor Davis Hanson
 | year       = 2001
 | title      = Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power
 | publisher  = Doubleday
 | location   = 
 | id         = ISBN 0385500521
}}
*{{cite book
 | last       = Hara
 | first      = Tameichi
 | authorlink = Tameichi Hara
 | coauthors  = 
 | year       = 1961
 | title      = Japanese Destroyer Captain
 | publisher  = 
 | location   = 
 | id         = ISBN 0-345-27894-1
}} First-hand account by Japanese captain. 
*{{cite book
 | last       = Kahn
 | first      = David
 | authorlink = David Kahn
 | year       = 
 | title      = [[wikipedia:The Codebreakers|The Codebreakers]]: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet
 | publisher  = Scribner
 | location   = 
 | id         = ISBN 0684831309
}} Significant section on Midway
*{{cite book
 | last       = Kernan
 | first      = Alvin 
 | authorlink = Alvin Kernan
 | coauthors  = 
 | year       = 2005
 | title      = The Unknown Battle of Midway
 | publisher  = [[wikipedia:Yale University Press|Yale University Press]]
 | location   = 
 | id         = ISBN 030010989X
}} An account of the blunders that led to the near total destruction of the American torpedo squadrons, and of what the author calls a cover-up by naval officers after the battle.
*{{cite book
 | last       = Lord
 | first      = Walter
 | authorlink = Walter Lord
 | year       = 1967
 | title      = Incredible Victory
 | publisher  = Burford
 | location   = 
 | id         = ISBN 1580800599
}} Focuses primarily on the human experience of the battle. 
*{{cite book
 | last       = Morison
 | first      = Samuel E.
 | authorlink = Samuel Eliot Morison
 | year       = 1949
 | title      = Coral Sea, Midway and Submarine Actions: May 1942–August 1942
 | publisher  = 
 | location   = 
 | id         = 
}}  ([[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]], Volume&amp;nbsp;4) official US history.
*{{cite book
 | last       = Parshall
 | first      = Jonathan
 | authorlink = Jonathan Parshall
 | coauthors  = Tully, Anthony 
 | year       = 2005
 | title      = Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway
 | publisher  = Potomac Books
 | location   = Dulles, VA
 | id         = ISBN 1574889230
}} Uses recent Japanese sources. 
*{{cite book
 | last       = Prange
 | first      = Gordon W.
 | authorlink = Gordon W. Prange
 | coauthors  = Goldstein, Donald M., and Dillon, Katherine V. 
 | year       = 1982
 | title      = [[wikipedia:Miracle at Midway|Miracle at Midway]]
 | publisher  = McGraw-Hill
 | location   = 
 | id         = ISBN 0070506728
}} The standard academic history of the battle based on massive research into American and Japanese sources.
*{{cite book
 | last       = Wilmott
 | first      = H.P.
 | authorlink = H.P. Wilmott
 | year       = 1983
 | title      = The Barrier and the Javelin
 | publisher  = United States Naval Institute Press
 | location   = 
 | id         = 
}} Broad-scale history of the naval war.
&lt;/div&gt;

===External links===

====Historic documents====
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJN/rep/Midway/Nagumo/ The Japanese Story of the Battle of Midway], according to US Naval Intelligence
*[http://www.archive.org/details/BattleOfMidway Battle of Midway Movie (1942)] - US Navy propaganda film directed by [[wikipedia:John Ford|John Ford]].
*[http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/wwii-pac/midway/midway.htm Naval Historical Center Midway Page.]

====Fiction====
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074899/ ''Midway'' (1976) at IMDb]

====Miscellaneous====
* [[wikipedia:James R. Schlesinger|Schlesinger, James R.]], "Midway in Retrospect: The Still Under-Appreciated Victory", June 5, 2005. (An analysis by former [[wikipedia:Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] Schlesinger.)  Available from the Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy.  
* [http://www.ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=6 WW2DB: The Battle of Midway]
* [http://www.historyanimated.com/MidwayPage.html Animated History of The Battle of Midway]
*[http://www.bartcop.com/midway.htm Midway Chronology 1]
*[http://www.centuryinter.net/midway/appendix/appendixthirteen.html Midway Chronology 2]

== Notes ==

&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{World War II}}

[[Category:World War II|Battle of Midway]]

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|conflict    = Battle of the Atlantic
|partof      = [[World War II]]
|image       = [[Image:Officers on the bridge.jpg|300px]]
|caption     = Officers on the bridge of an escorting British destroyer keep a sharp look out for enemy submarines, October 1941
|date        = [[September 3]] [[1939]] to [[May 7]] [[1945]]  
|place       = [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[North Sea]], [[Irish Sea]], [[Labrador Sea]], [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]]
|result      = Allied victory
|combatant1  = &lt;div&gt;
[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px|border]]&amp;nbsp;[[United Kingdom]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Image:US flag 48 stars.svg|22px]]&amp;nbsp;[[United States]] &lt;small&gt;(1941–45)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
[[Image:Canadian Red Ensign.svg|22px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Canada]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|22px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Norway]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Image:Flag of Poland (bordered).svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Poland]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Image:Flag of Free France 1940-1944.svg|24px]] [[Free French Naval Forces|Free France]]&lt;br&gt;
{{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|combatant2  = &lt;div&gt;
[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Nazi Germany|Germany]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Image:Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg|22px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]] &lt;small&gt;(1940–43)&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|commander1  = &lt;div&gt;
[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px|border]]&amp;nbsp;[[Percy Noble (naval officer)|Sir Percy Noble]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px|border]]&amp;nbsp;[[Max Kennedy Horton|Sir Max K. Horton]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Image:Canadian Red Ensign.svg|22px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Percy W. Nelles]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Image:Canadian Red Ensign.svg|22px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Leonard W. Murray]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Image:US flag 48 stars.svg|22px|Flag of the United States (1912-1959)]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ernest J. King]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|commander2  = &lt;div&gt;
[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Erich Raeder]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Karl Dönitz]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|strength1   = 
|strength2   = 
|casualties1 = 30,248 merchant sailors&lt;br/&gt;3,500 merchant vessels&lt;br/&gt;175 warships
|casualties2 = 28,000 sailors&lt;br/&gt;783 submarines
|}}
{{Campaignbox Atlantic Campaign}}

The '''Battle of the Atlantic''' was the longest continuous [[military campaign]] of [[World War II]], running from 1939 through the defeat of [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] in 1945, and was at its height from mid-1940 through to about the end of 1943. The campaign pitted the [[Kriegsmarine|German Navy]]’s surface raiders and [[U-boat]]s against [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[convoy]]s from [[North America]] and the South Atlantic to the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Russia]], protected mainly by the [[Royal Navy|British]] and [[Royal Canadian Navy|Canadian]] navies and air forces, later aided by [[United States Navy|United States]] ships and aircraft. The German U-boats were joined by Italian [[submarine]]s after Italy entered the war in June 1940.

The name "Battle of the Atlantic", first coined by [[Winston Churchill]] in 1941, is a partial [[misnomer]] for a campaign that began on the first day of the European war and lasted for six years, involved thousands of ships and stretched over hundreds of miles of the vast ocean and seas in a succession of more than 100 convoy battles and perhaps 1,000 single-ship encounters. Tactical advantage switched back and forth over the six years as new weapons, [[Naval tactics in the Age of Steam|tactics]] and counter-measures were developed by both sides. The British and their allies gradually gained the upper hand, driving the German surface raiders from the ocean by the middle of 1941 and decisively defeating the U-boats in a series of convoy battles between March and May 1943. New German submarines arrived in 1945, but they were too late to affect the course of the war.

==Strategic objectives==
As an island nation with an [[British Empire|overseas empire]], the [[United Kingdom]] was highly dependent on sea-going trade. Britain required more than a million tons of imported food and material per week in order to be able to survive and fight on against Germany. In essence, the Battle of the Atlantic was a [[tonnage war]]: the Allied struggle to maintain and the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] struggle to cut off the shipping that enabled Britain to survive.

From 1942 onwards, the Germans also sought to prevent the build-up of Allied troops and equipment in the British Isles in preparation for the invasion of occupied Europe and to destroy all Allied navies. The defeat of the German threat was a pre-requisite for the invasion.

==Submarine warfare==
[[Image:Donitz.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Vice Admiral Karl Dönitz, commander of German U-boats (''BdU''), 1935-1943; Commander-in-Chief of the German Navy, 1943-1945.]]

Before the war the commander of the German U-boats, Vice Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], had advocated a system known as the ''[[Rudeltaktik]]'' or [[wolf pack]], in which groups of U-boats would attack individual merchant ships or whole convoys in mid-ocean and overwhelm any defending [[warship]]s. In order to be effective, Dönitz calculated that he would need 300 of the latest ''Atlantic Boats'' (the [[Type VII U-boat|Type VII]]), which would create enough havoc among British shipping that she would be knocked out of the war.

This was in stark contrast to the traditional view of submarine deployment up until then, in which the submarine was seen as a lone ambusher, waiting outside an enemy port to attack ships entering and leaving. This had been a very successful tactic used by British submarines in the Baltic and Bosphorous during [[World War I]], but it could not be successful if port approaches were well patrolled. There had also been naval theorists who held that the submarine should be attached to a main fleet and used in a similar way to a [[destroyer]]&amp;mdash;this had been tried by the Germans at Jutland with poor results since underwater communications were in their infancy. The [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] also adhered to the idea of a fleet submarine and never used their submarines either as port blockaders or for convoy interdiction. However, the submarine was still looked upon by much of the naval world as a poor-man’s weapon. This was true in the [[Kriegsmarine]] as well, and the Grand Admiral, [[Erich Raeder]], successfully lobbied for the money to be spent on [[capital ship]]s instead.

The Royal Navy’s main anti-submarine weapon before the war was the inshore patrol craft, armed with hydrophones, a small gun and depth charges. The British [[Royal Navy]], like most navies, had not considered [[anti-submarine warfare]] as a tactical subject during the 1920s and 1930s. [[Unrestricted submarine warfare]] had been outlawed by the [[Treaty of Versailles]]; anti-submarine warfare was seen as ‘defensive’ rather than dashing; and many naval officers believed that anti-submarine work was drudgery similar to [[mine sweeping|mine-sweeping]]. Though fast destroyers also carried depth charges, it was expected that these ships would be used in fleet actions rather than coastal patrol, so they were not extensively trained in their use.

===ASDIC===
The development of [[Sonar#History of sonar|ASDIC]], the British secret research on [[sonar]], was as crucial to the Battle of the Atlantic as the development of [[radar]] was to the [[Battle of Britain]], and in both cases it was the British who made the crucial breakthroughs. The fact that sound is transmitted effectively by water was well known during the First World War, and microphones placed in water (hydrophones) had been used to listen for submarines at that time. Natural noises and echoes had also been detected using this technique, but the British were the first to develop a working directional 'sound searchlight'.

The acronym ASDIC is often thought to derive from the initials of the British Allied Submarine Detection Investigation Committee; this was given as the official explanation when the system became public knowledge, but it now appears that this was an explanation constructed after the event&amp;mdash;no trace of this committee has ever been found. Instead the explanation seems to be that during the secret development of this weapon scientists were encouraged to speak in coded form to avoid spies gleaning the least bit of knowledge. Thus work on sound propagation (ultrasonics) became ASD-ics (anti-submarine detection-ics)

ASDIC comprised a transducer housed in a dome beneath the ship that sent out a narrow beam of sound in a series of pulses that would reflect back from a submerged object within a maximum range of about 3,000 yards. The dome was open to the sea and was to ensure the water around the transducer was relatively still as fast moving water would destroy any signal. The echo produced an accurate range and bearing to the target. But differences in the temperatures at different depths could create false echoes, as could currents, eddies and schools of fish, so ASDIC needed experienced operators to be effective. ASDIC was only effective at low speeds. Above 15 knots or so, the noise of the ship going through the water drowned out the echoes.

The early wartime Royal Navy procedure was to sweep the ASDIC in an arc from one side of the ship's course to the other, stopping the transducer every few degrees to send out a signal. Several ships searching together would be used in a line, a mile or a mile and a half apart. If an echo was detected, and if the operator identified it as a submarine, the ship would be pointed towards the target and would close at a moderate speed, the submarine's range and bearing would be plotted over time to determine course and speed as the ship closed to within 1,000 yards. Once it was decided to attack the ship would close more rapidly, using the target's course and speed data to adjust the course. The intention was for the ship to pass a little way ahead of the submarine, then depth charges would be rolled from chutes in the stern at even intervals and depth-charge throwers would fire further charges some forty meters out on either side. The intention was to lay a depth charge 'pattern' like an elongated diamond, hopefully with the submarine somewhere inside the pattern. But to effectively disable a submarine a depth charge would have to explode within about six meters, in depth as well as in plan. Since early ASDIC equipment was poor on determining depth it was usual to vary the depth settings on part of the pattern.

There were disadvantages to the early versions of this system. Exercises in anti-submarine warfare had been restricted to one or two destroyers hunting a single submarine whose starting position was known in daylight and calm weather, rather than stormy conditions. German U-boats could dive far deeper than British or American submarines, to well below the deepest setting on the British depth charges (A dive depth of over 700 feet against a maximum depth charge setting of 350 feet). More importantly, early ASDIC sets could not look directly down, so the operator lost 'sight' of the U-Boat during the final stages of the attack, a time when the submarine would certainly be manoeuvring rapidly. The explosion of a depth-charge also disturbed the water so that ASDIC contact was very difficult to regain if the first attack had failed.

The belief that ASDIC had solved the submarine problem, the acute budgetary pressures of the [[Great Depression]] and the pressing demands for many other types of re-armament meant that little was spent on anti-submarine ships or weapons. Most British naval spending, and many of the best officers, went into the battlefleet. And critically, the British expected that, like the First World War, German submarines would be coastal craft, and only threaten harbour approaches. As a result, the [[Royal Navy]] entered the Second World War in 1939 without enough long-distance escorts to protect ocean shipping, and there were no officers with experience of long-range anti-submarine warfare. The situation in the [[Royal Air Force]]’s [[Coastal Command]] was even more dire, where patrol aircraft could typically only machine-gun the spot where they saw a submarine dive.

==Early skirmishes (September 1939 – May 1940)==

In 1939, the Kriegsmarine lacked the strength to challenge the Allies for [[command of the sea]]. Instead, German [[naval strategy]] relied on [[commerce raiding]] using capital ships, [[armed merchant cruiser]]s, submarines and [[aircraft]]. Many German warships were already at sea when war was declared, including most of the available U-boats and the ‘pocket battleships’ (or ''Panzerschiff'') ''Deutschland'' and the ''[[German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee|Admiral Graf Spee]]'' which had sailed out into the Atlantic in August. These ships began an immediate assault on British and French shipping. [[Unterseeboot 30|''U-30'']] sank the liner [[SS Athenia|SS ''Athenia'']] within hours of the declaration of war – in breach of her orders not to sink passengers ships. The U-boat fleet, which was to dominate so much of the Battle of the Atlantic, was small at the beginning of the war, and many of the 57 available U-boats were the small and short-range [[Type II U-boat]]s which were useful primarily for mine-laying and operations in British coastal waters. Much of the early German anti-shipping activity involved [[naval mine|minelaying]] by [[destroyer]]s, aircraft and U-boats off British ports.

With the outbreak of war, the British and French immediately began a [[blockade]] of Germany, although this had little immediate effect on German industry. The Royal Navy quickly introduced a convoy system for the protection of trade that gradually extended out from the British Isles, eventually reaching as far as [[Panama]], [[Bombay]] and [[Singapore]]. Convoys allowed the Royal Navy to concentrate its escorts near the one place the U-boats were guaranteed to be found &amp;mdash; the convoys.

But some British naval officers, and particularly the [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], Winston Churchill, sought a more ‘offensive’ strategy. The Royal Navy formed anti-submarine hunting groups based on [[aircraft carrier]]s to patrol the shipping lanes in the [[Western Approaches]] and hunt for German U-boats. But this strategy was deeply flawed because a U-boat, with its tiny silhouette, was always likely to spot the surface warships and submerge long before it was sighted. The carrier aircraft were little help. Although they could spot submarines on the surface, at this stage of the war they had no adequate weapons to attack them. Any submarine found by an aircraft was long gone by the time surface warships arrived. The hunting group strategy proved a disaster within days. On [[September 14]] [[1939]], Britain’s most modern carrier, the [[HMS Ark Royal (91)|HMS ''Ark Royal'']], narrowly avoided being sunk when three torpedoes from [[Unterseeboot 39|''U 39'']] exploded prematurely. ''U 39'' was promptly sunk by the escorting destroyers, becoming the first U-boat loss of the war. Failing to learn the lesson, another carrier, the [[HMS Courageous (50)|HMS ''Courageous'']], was sunk three days later by [[Unterseeboot 29|''U 29'']].

Escort destroyers hunting for U-boats continued to be a prominent, but misguided, feature of British anti-submarine strategy for the first year of the war. The U-boats nearly always proved elusive, and the convoys, denuded of cover, were put at even greater risk.

German success in sinking the ''Courageous'' was surpassed a month later when [[Günther Prien]] in [[Unterseeboot 47|''U-47'']] penetrated the British base at [[Scapa Flow]] and sank the battleship [[HMS Royal Oak (1914)|HMS ''Royal Oak'']]. This was attibuted to insufficient anti-submarine measures and watch officer [[William Newbigging]] not being at his post. Prien immediately became a war hero in Germany. 

In the South Atlantic, British forces were stretched by the cruise of the "Pocket Battleship" ''[[Admiral Graf Spee]]'', which sank nine merchant ships of 50,000 tons in the South Atlantic and [[Indian Ocean]]s during the first three months of war. The British and French formed a series of hunting groups including 3 [[battlecruiser]]s, 3 aircraft carriers and 15 cruisers to seek the raider and her sister ''Deutschland'' which was operating in the North Atlantic. These hunting groups scoured the oceans for months with no success until the ''Graf Spee'' was [[Battle of the River Plate|caught off the mouth of the River Plate]] by an inferior British force.  She took shelter in neutral Montevideo harbour and the ship was soon scuttled in December 1939.

After an initial burst of activity, the Atlantic campaign quieted down. [[Karl Dönitz]] had planned a maximum submarine effort for the first month of the war, with almost all the available U-boats out on patrol in September. That level of operations could not be sustained because the boats needed to return to harbour to refuel, re-stock and refit. The harsh winter of 1939-40, which froze over many of the Baltic ports, seriously hampered the German offensive by trapping several new U-boats in the ice. Finally, [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler’s]] plans to invade [[Norway]] and [[Denmark]] in the spring of 1940 led to the withdrawal of the fleet’s surface warships and most of the ocean-going U-boats to prepare for fleet operations in [[Operation Weserübung]].

The resulting [[Norwegian campaign]] revealed serious flaws in the U-boats’ principal weapon, the magnetic [[torpedo]]. Although the narrow fjords gave the U-boats little room for manoeuvre, the concentration of British warships, troopships and supply ships provided countless opportunities for the U-boats to attack. Time and again, U-boat captains tracked British targets and fired only to watch the ships sail on unharmed as the torpedoes exploded prematurely or not at all, or ran straight underneath the target. Not a single British warship was sunk by a U-boat in more than 20 attacks. As the news spread through the U-boat fleet, it began to undermine morale. But the director in charge of torpedo development continued to claim it was the crews' fault. In early 1942 the problems were determined to be magnetic problems from the high latitude and a slow leakage of high-pressure air from the submarine into the torpedo's depth regulation gear. Eventually the Kriegsmarine copied some captured British torpedoes which were much more reliable.

=="Happy Time" (June 1940 – February 1941)==
The German occupation of Norway in April 1940, the rapid conquest of the Low Countries and France in May and June and the Italian entry into the war on the Axis side in June transformed the war at sea in general and the Atlantic campaign in particular in three main ways:
[[Image:Lorient submarine base 2007 2.jpg|600px|thumb|center|Submarine base in Lorient]]
# Britain lost her biggest ally. In 1940, the [[French Navy]] was the fourth-largest in the world. Only a handful of French ships joined the [[Free French Forces]] and fought against Germany, though these were later joined by a few British-built corvettes which played a small but important role in the campaign. With the French fleet removed from the campaign, the Royal Navy was stretched even further. Italy's declaration of war in June meant that Britain also had to reinforce her [[Mediterranean Fleet (Royal Navy)|Mediterranean Fleet]] and establish a new [[squadron (naval)|squadron]] at [[Gibraltar]], known as [[Force H]], to replace the French fleet in the Western Mediterranean.
# The U-boats gained direct access to the Atlantic. Since the [[English Channel]] was relatively shallow and blockaded with minefields by mid 1940, U-boats were ordered not to traverse it and instead travel around the British Isles to reach the most profitable hunting grounds. The French bases at [[Brest, France|Brest]], [[Lorient]], La Pallice and [[La Rochelle]] were about 450 miles (720 km) closer to the Atlantic than the German bases on the [[North Sea]]. This greatly extended the range of U-boats in the Atlantic, enabling them to attack convoys further west and letting them spend longer on patrol, doubling the effective size of the U-boat force. The Germans later built huge fortified concrete bunkers for the U-boats known as U-boat pens in the French Atlantic bases, which were inpervious to Allied bombing until the development of the Barnes-Wallis [[tallboy bomb]]. From early July, U-boats began returning to the new French bases when they completed their Atlantic patrols.
# British destroyers were diverted from the Atlantic. The Norwegian campaign and the German invasion of the Low Countries and France imposed a heavy strain on the Royal Navy’s destroyer flotillas. The Royal Navy withdrew many of its older destroyers from the convoy routes to support the Norwegian operations in April and May and then diverted them to the English Channel to support the withdrawal from [[Battle of Drunkirk|Dunkirk]]. By the summer of 1940 Britain faced a serious threat of invasion. The destroyers were held in the channel where they would be ready to repel a German invasion fleet. The destroyers suffered heavily in these operations when they were exposed to air attack by the Luftwaffe. Seven destroyers were lost in the Norwegian campaign, another six at the [[Battle of Dunkirk]] and a further 10 in the Channel and North Sea between May and July, many of them to air attack because they lacked an adequate anti-aircraft armament.&lt;ref&gt;Between April and July 1940, the Royal Navy lost 24 destroyers and the Royal Canadian Navy one.&lt;/ref&gt; Dozens of other destroyers were damaged.

The completion of Hitler’s campaign in Western Europe meant that the U-boats that had been withdrawn for the Norwegian campaign were now released from fleet operations and returned to the war on trade. So at the very time that the number of U-boats on patrol in the Atlantic began to increase, the number of escorts available for the convoys was greatly reduced. The only consolation for the British was that the large merchant fleets of occupied countries like Norway and the Netherlands were under British control. Britain [[Invasion of Iceland|occupied Iceland]] and the [[The British occupation of the Faroe Islands 1940-1945|Faeroe Islands]] to prevent them falling into enemy hands following the German occupation of Denmark and Norway.

It was in these circumstances that Winston Churchill, who had become Prime Minister on [[May 10]], [[1940]], first wrote to the U.S. President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] to request the loan of 50 obsolete U.S. [[destroyer]]s. This eventually led to the loan (effectively a sale but painted as a loan for political reasons) of the 50 old destroyers under the [[Destroyers for Bases Agreement]] in exchange for 99 year leases on certain British bases in [[Newfoundland]], [[Bermuda]] and the [[West Indies]], a financially advantagous bargain for the United States, whose population was opposed to entering the war and whose politicians considered that Britain and her allies might actually lose. But the first of these destroyers was only taken over by their British and Canadian crews in September and all needed to be rearmed and fitted with ASDIC. It was to be many months before the relatively obsolete destroyers began to contribute to the campaign.

The Germans too began to get help from their allies. From August 1940, a flotilla of Italian submarines was based on [[Bordeaux]] to attack Allied shipping in the Atlantic. The submarines of the Italian Royal Navy (''[[Regia Marina]]''), designed for fleet operations in the Mediterranean, were less well suited to Atlantic convoy operations than the smaller German U-boats. Even so, over the next few years, the 32 Italian submarines that operated in the Atlantic sank 109 ships of 593,864 tons.&lt;ref&gt;Rohwer.&lt;/ref&gt; The Italians were also successful with their use of 'human torpedo' miniature underwater chariots, which disabled several British ships at Gibraltar.

[[Image:Torpedoed merchant ship.jpg|right|250px|thumb|A U-boat shells a merchant ship which has remained afloat after being torpedoed]]
The early U-boat operations from the French bases were spectacularly successful. This was the heyday of the great U-boat aces like [[Günther Prien]] of [[Unterseeboot 47|''U-47'']], [[Otto Kretschmer]] of [[Unterseeboot 99|''U-99'']], [[Joachim Schepke]] of [[Unterseeboot 100|''U-100'']], [[Engelbert Endrass]] of [[Unterseeboot 46|''U-46'']], [[Viktor Oehrn]] of [[Unterseeboot 37|''U-37'']] and [[Heinrich Bleichrodt]] of [[Unterseeboot 48|''U-48'']]. The U-boat crews became heroes at home in Germany and referred to this as the 'happy time'. From June until October 1940, over 270 Allied ships were sunk: this period was referred to by U-boat crews as "Die Glückliche Zeit", the Happy Time&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  | last = purnell | first =  tom | authorlink = tompurnell@bigfoot.com | coauthors =  | title = The “Happy Time” | work = ‘’Canonesa’’, Convoy HX72  U-100 | publisher =  | date =  | url =  http://homepage.ntlworld.com/annemariepurnell/can3.html | format =  | doi =  | accessdate = September 1, 2007  }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The biggest challenge for the U-boats was to find the convoys in the vastness of the ocean. The Germans had a handful of very long range [[Focke-Wulf Fw 200|Focke-Wulf 200]] Kondor aircraft based at [[Bordeaux]] and [[Stavanger]] which were used for reconnaissance, but being essentially a converted civilian airliner, this was a stop-gap solution.  Due to ongoing friction between the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine, the primary source of convoy sightings was the U-boats themselves.  Since a submarine's bridge is very close to the water, their range of visual detection was quite limited.

Instead of attacking the Allied convoys singly, the German U-boats were encouraged to work in [[wolf pack|packs]] coordinated centrally by radio. German [[codebreaking]] efforts had succeeded in decyphering the British Merchant Marine code book, allowing the Germans to estimate where and when convoys could be expected. The boats spread out into a long patrol line that bisected the path of the Allied convoy routes. Once in position, the crew scanned the horizon with [[binoculars]] looking for ship's masts or smoke, or used hydrophones to pick up the propeller noises of the convoys. When one boat sighted a convoy, it would report the sighting to U-boat headquarters before tracking it and waiting for other boats to come up, typically at night. Instead of being faced by a single submarine, the convoy escorts had to cope with a group of up to half a dozen U-boats attacking simultaneously. The most daring commanders, like [[Otto Kretschmer]], penetrated the convoy’s escort screen and attacked from within the columns of merchantmen in the convoy. The escort vessels, which were too few in number and often lacking in endurance, had no answer to multiple submarines attacking on the surface at night as their ASDIC detection apparatus only worked well against underwater targets. Early British marine radar, working in the [[VHF|metric bands]], lacked target discrimination and range.

Pack tactics were first used successfully in September and October 1940, to devastating effect in a series of convoy battles. On [[September 21]], [[Convoy HX-72]] of 42 merchantmen was attacked by a pack of four U-boats, losing eleven ships sunk and two damaged over two nights. In October, [[Convoy SC-7|SC-7]], with a weak escort of two sloops and two corvettes, was overwhelmed, losing 59% of its ships. The battle for [[Convoy HX-79|HX-79]] in the following days was in many ways worse for the escorts than that for SC-7. The loss of a quarter of the convoy without any loss to the U-boats despite a strong escort of two destroyers, four corvettes, three trawlers and a minesweeper demonstrated the effectiveness of the German tactics against the inadequate British anti-submarine technology of the time. Finally on [[December 1]], seven German U-boats and three Italian submarines caught [[Convoy HX-90]], sinking 10 ships and damaging three others. The success of pack tactics against these convoys encouraged Admiral Dönitz to adopt the [[wolf pack]] as his primary tactic.

Nor were the U-boats the only threat to the convoys. Following some early experience in support of the war at sea during [[Operation Weserübung]], the [[Luftwaffe]] contributed small numbers of aircraft to the Battle of the Atlantic from 1940 onwards. These were primarily long-range reconnaissance planes, first with [[Focke-Wulf Fw 200|Focke-Wulf 200]], and later [[Junkers Ju 290|Junkers 290]] maritime patrol aircraft. At first, the Focke-Wulf aircraft were very successful, claiming 365,000&amp;nbsp;tons of shipping in early 1941.  These planes were few in number, however, and were also directly under Luftwaffe control; the pilots had little specialized training for anti-shipping warfare.

==Great surface raiders==
[[Image:Aerial view of a convoy.jpg|right|250px|thumb|An aerial view of a [[convoy]] escorted by a [[battleship]] during the Battle of the Atlantic. The ships stretch as far as the eye can see. April 1941]]

Despite these successes, the U-boat was still not recognized as the primary threat to the North Atlantic convoys. With the exception of men like Dönitz, most naval officers on both sides regarded surface warships as the ultimate commerce destroyers.

For the first half of 1940, there were no German surface raiders in the Atlantic because the German Fleet had been concentrated for the invasion of Norway, and the sole pocket battleship raider, the [[German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee|''Admiral Graf Spee'']], had been stopped at the [[Battle of the River Plate]] by an inferior and outgunned British squadron.  But from the summer of 1940 a small steady stream of warships and [[Merchant raider|armed merchant raider]]s set sail from Germany for the Atlantic.

The power of a battleship against a convoy was demonstrated by the fate of [[Convoy HX-84]] which was found by the German pocket battleship [[Admiral Scheer|''Admiral Scheer'']] on [[5 November]] [[1940]]. The ''Admiral Scheer'' quickly sank five ships and damaged several others as the convoy scattered. Only the sacrifice of the escorting [[Armed Merchant Cruiser]] HMS ''Jervis Bay'' and failing light allowed the rest of the convoy to escape. The British now suspended the North Atlantic convoys and the [[Home Fleet]] put to sea to try to intercept the ''Scheer''. The search failed as the ''Scheer'' had disappeared into the South Atlantic. She reappeared in the Indian Ocean the following month.

Other German surface raiders now began to make their presence felt. On Christmas Day, 1940, the cruiser [[German cruiser Admiral Hipper|''Admiral Hipper'']] attacked the troop convoy WS-5A, but was driven off by the escorting cruisers.&lt;ref&gt;Roskill, p. 291-292.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Hipper'' had more success two months later, on [[February 12]], [[1941]], when she found the unescorted [[Convoy SLS-64]] of 19 ships and sank seven of them.&lt;ref&gt;Roskill, p. 372.&lt;/ref&gt; In January, 1941, the formidable (and fast) German battlecruisers [[German battlecruiser Scharnhorst|''Scharnhorst'']] and [[German battlecruiser Gneisenau|''Gneisenau'']], which outgunned any Allied ship that could catch them, had put to sea from Germany to raid the shipping lanes in [[Operation Berlin]]. With so many German raiders at large in the Atlantic, the British were forced to provide battleship escorts to as many convoys as possible. This twice saved convoys from slaughter by the German battlecruisers. In February, the presence of the old battleship [[HMS Ramillies (1916)|HMS ''Ramillies'']] deterred an attack on [[Convoy HX-106]]. A month later, [[Convoy SL-67]] was saved by the presence of the WW1 battleship [[HMS Malaya (1915)|HMS ''Malaya'']].

[[Image:Bedford_Basin_Plaque.jpg|thumb|left|Historical plaque at the [[Bedford Basin]] in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax, Nova Scotia]], Canada, a major convoy collection area.]]

In May, the Germans mounted the most ambitious raid of all: [[Operation Rheinübung]]. The new battleship [[German battleship Bismarck|''Bismarck'']] and the cruiser [[German cruiser Prinz Eugen|''Prinz Eugen'']] put to sea to attack the convoys. Forewarned by intelligence, a [[Royal Navy|British]] [[squadron (naval)|squadron]] intercepted the raiders off Iceland. But the resulting [[Battle of the Denmark Strait]] was a propaganda disaster for the British, with the loss of the battlecruiser [[HMS Hood (51)|HMS ''Hood'']]. But, thanks to a disabling torpedo hit on her rudders, the ''Bismarck'' was caught and sunk by the [[Home Fleet]] three days later. Her sinking marked the end of the warship raids.

The [[Channel Dash]], the return of the [[German battlecruiser Scharnhorst|''Scharnhorst'']], [[German battlecruiser Gneisenau|''Gneisenau'']] and [[German cruiser Prinz Eugen|''Prinz Eugen'']] to Germany in February 1942, although an embarrassment for the British, marked the end of the German surface threat in the Atlantic. The loss of the ''Bismarck'', [[Arctic convoys]] and the perceived invasion threat to Norway had persuaded [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] to withdraw.  Hitler, an Austrian by birth, had little Naval expertise and was unwilling to risk his heavily-promoted capital ships.

War had come too early for the German [[Plan Z]] naval expansion plan to be close to completion. The concept of battleships powerful enough to destroy any convoy escort, with accompanying ships able to annihilate the convoy, was never achieved. But although the number of ships the warship raiders sank was relatively small when compared with the losses to U-boats, mines and aircraft, their raids severely disrupted the Allied convoy system, seriously reducing British imports.

The German battlecruiser tactics of retreat when challenged stand in marked contrast to the British 'Nelsonian' tactics of closing immediately with the enemy, no matter what the imbalance in firepower was. If the Kriegsmarine had stood and fought when they had  good odds, the Battle of the River Plate would have been a German victory, Convoys HX-34, HX-106 and SL-67 would have been annihilated, and the British would have likely lost the Prince of Wales as well as the Hood in the Battle of the Denmark Strait. The cause seems to be a mixture of dread of the reputation of the Royal Navy, mixed with the strategic desire to preserve the few German capital ships afloat. A lack of tactical experience is also evident - individual German battle units were in many ways superior to older Royal Navy units, and could have prevailed in set battles if handled correctly.

==Escorts strike back (March 1941 – May 1941)==
[[Image:Corvette.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A Flower Class corvette at work]]
The disastrous convoy battles of October 1940 forced a change in British tactics. The most important of these was the introduction of permanent escort groups to improve the co-ordination and effectiveness of ships and men in battle. British efforts were helped by a gradual increase in the number of escort vessels available as the old ex-American destroyers and the new British- and Canadian-built [[Flower class corvette]]s were now coming into service in numbers. Many of these ships became part of the huge expansion of the [[Royal Canadian Navy]], which grew from a handful of destroyers at the outbreak of war to take an increasing share of convoy escort duty. Others of the new ships were manned by Free French, Norwegian and Dutch crews, but these were a tiny minority of the total number, and directly under British command. By 1941 American public opinion had begun to swing against Germany, but the war was still essentially Great Britain and the Empire against Germany.

Initially, the new escort groups consisted of two or three destroyers and half a dozen corvettes. Since two or three of the group would usually be in dock repairing weather or battle damage, the groups typically sailed with about six ships. The training of the escorts also improved as the realities of the battle became obvious. A new base was set up at Tobermory in the Hebrides to prepare the new escort ships and their crews for the demands of battle under the strict regime of [[Vice Admiral]] [[Gilbert O. Stephenson]].&lt;ref&gt;Roskill, p. 358-359.&lt;/ref&gt;

In February 1941, the Admiralty moved the headquarters of [[Western Approaches Command]] from Plymouth to Liverpool, where much closer contact with, and control of, the Atlantic convoys was possible. Greater co-operation with supporting aircraft was also achieved. In April, the Admiralty took over operational control of [[Coastal Command]] aircraft. At a tactical level, new short-wave radar sets that could detect surfaced U-boats and were suitable for both small ships and aircraft began to arrive during 1941.

The impact of these changes first began to be felt in the convoy battles during the spring of 1941. In early March, Prien in [[Unterseeboot 47|''U 47'']] failed to return from patrol. Two weeks later, in the battle of [[Convoy HX-112]], the newly formed 3rd Escort Group of five destroyers and two corvettes held off the U-boat pack. [[Unterseeboot 100|''U 100'']] was detected by the primitive radar on the destroyer ''Vanoc'', rammed and sunk. Shortly afterwards the [[Unterseeboot 99|''U 99'']] was also caught and sunk, its crew captured. Dönitz had lost his three leading aces: Kretschmer, Prien and Schepke.

Dönitz now moved his wolf packs further west, in order to catch the convoys before the anti-submarine escort joined. This new strategy was rewarded at the beginning of April when the pack found [[Convoy SC-26]] before its anti-submarine escort had joined. Ten ships were sunk, but another U-boat was lost.

On [[May 9]], the British destroyer [[HMS Bulldog|HMS ''Bulldog'']] captured [[Unterseeboot 110|''U-110'']] and recovered a complete, intact [[Enigma Machine]]. Combined with a couple of other captures, this was a vital breakthrough for the Allied code-breaking efforts. The machine was taken to [[Bletchley Park]], where it was used to help break the German codes. This, and the genius of men like Flower and Turing would give Britain the ability to read German naval signals for much of the remainder of the campaign, and, incidentally, provide the impetus for the development of the first programmable electronic device, the [[Colossus computer]].

==Field of battle widens (June 1941 – December 1941)==
In June 1941, the British decided to provide convoy escort for the full length of the North Atlantic crossing. To this end, the Admiralty on [[23 May]] asked the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] to assume the responsibility for protecting convoys in the western zone and to establish the base for its escort force at [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]]. On [[13 June]] [[1941]] Commodore [[Leonard W. Murray|L.W. Murray]], [[Royal Canadian Navy]], assumed his post as Commodore Commanding [[Newfoundland Escort Force]], under the overall authority of the Commander in Chief, [[Western Approaches Command|Western Approaches]], at Liverpool. Six Canadian destroyers and 17 corvettes, reinforced by seven destroyers, three sloops and five corvettes of the Royal Navy, were assembled for duty in the force, which escorted the convoys from Canadian ports to Newfoundland and then on to a meeting point south of Iceland, where the British escort groups took over.
[[Image:Convoy en route to Capetown.jpg|right|250px|thumb|A [[SB2U Vindicator]] scout bomber from USS ''Ranger'' (CV-4) flies anti-submarine patrol over Convoy WS-12, en route to [[Cape Town]], [[27 November]] [[1941]]. The [[convoy]] was one of many escorted by the [[US Navy]] ''before'' the US entered the war]]

By 1941 the United States was taking an increasing part in the war, despite its nominal neutrality. In April 1941 [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] extended the 'Pan-American Security Zone' east almost as far as [[Iceland]]. British forces had [[Invasion of Iceland|occupied Iceland]] when [[Denmark]] fell to the Germans in 1940, the US was persuaded to provide forces to relieve British troops on the island. American warships began escorting Allied convoys in the western Atlantic as far as Iceland, and had several hostile encounters with U-boats.

At the same time, the British were working on a number of technical developments which would address the German submarine superiority. It is interesting to note that, though these were British inventions, the critical technology was provided freely to the US, who then re-named and manufactured them. In many cases this has resulted in the misconception that these were American developments.

Firstly, new [[depth charge]]s were developed that fired to the side of the destroyers rather than simply dropping them over the stern as the destroyer passed over. The [[asdic]] contact was lost directly underneath the boat, and the U-boats often used this to escape. In addition, depth charges were fired in patterns, to 'box' the enemy in with explosions. The shockwaves would then destroy the U-boat by crushing it in the middle of these explosions.

===Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen===
Aircraft ranges were also improving all the time, but the Atlantic was far too large to be covered completely at the time. A stop-gap measure was instituted by fitting ramps to the front of some of the cargo ships known as [[CAM Ship|''Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen'']] (CAM ships), armed with a lone expendable [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]] fighter aircraft. When a German plane approached, the fighter was fired off the end of the ramp with a large [[RATO|rocket]] to shoot down or drive off the German aircraft, the pilot [[ditching]] in the water and being picked up by one of the escort ships if land was too far away.  Eight combat launches were made, resulting in the destruction of six Axis aircraft for the loss of one Allied pilot.

German aircraft had been gradually driven out of the campaign by the growing strength of [[RAF Coastal Command]] and the introduction of first [[CAM ship]]s.

===High-Frequency Direction-Finding===
One of the most important developments was that of ship-borne direction-finding radio equipment, known as HF/DF (High-Frequency Direction-Finding) or [[Huff-Duff]], which was gradually fitted to the larger escort ships. HF/DF let an operator see the direction of a broadcast, even if the messages they were sending could not be read. Since the [[Wolf pack]] [[Naval tactics in the Age of Steam|tactics]] relied on U-boats surfacing to report the position of a convoy, there was a steady stream of messages to intercept. A destroyer could then run down the direction of the signal to attack the U-boat, or at least force it to submerge, preventing a coherent attack on the convoy. When two ships fitted with HF/DF were present with a convoy, the exact position of the U-boat could be triangulated. The British also made extensive use of shore HF/DF stations, so they could keep convoys updated with positions of U-Boats around them at all times.

The radio technology behind land based HF/DF was well understood by both sides.  However useful shipborne HF/DF appeared too difficult because of severe distortion to the received radio wavefront due to reflections from the ship's superstructure.  However, a solution to this problem was proposed by the Polish engineer Waclaw Struszynski whilst working at the Admiralty Signal Establishment in England.  Struszynski also led the team which developed the practical system, and these systems were installed on Royal Navy ships in 1942.  The Germans continued to believe that useful HF/DF could not be achieved at sea, and U-Boat radio operators continued to use HF radio. The British system used an oscilloscope-based indicator which almost instantly fixed the position of the shortest HF message. With this there was hardly any need to triangulate - the escort could just run down the precise bearing provided and use radar for final positioning. Many U-Boats attacks were suppressed and submarines sunk in this way - a good example of the great difference technology made in this battle.

===Enigma cipher===
A major factor in the success of the British during the second half of 1941, and throughout the rest of the campaign, was the cracking of the [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma|Naval Enigma machine cipher]]. The [[wolf pack]] [[Naval tactics in the Age of Steam|tactics]] relied on radio communications, based on the assumption that the Enigma cipher could not be broken and that short signal messages could not be pinpointed with enough accuracy to endanger the signalling U-boat. Both assumptions were wrong. Throughout the summer and autumn of 1941, a combination of reading Enigma messages and radio direction finding enabled the British to plot the positions of the U-boat patrol lines, allowing the convoys to be routed to evade them.

But this infusion of strength to the Allied side had to be set against the growing numbers of U-boats now coming into service. The German Type VIIC submarine started reaching the Atlantic in large numbers in 1941; eventually 585 of them would be delivered. Although the Allies generally succeeded in defending the convoys through the summer and autumn of 1941, they were not sinking U-boats in anything like sufficient numbers. The Flower corvette escorts could detect and defend, but they were not fast enough to go on the attack.

In October 1941, Hitler ordered [[Karl Dönitz|Dönitz]] to move many of the U-boats into the Mediterranean, to support German operations in that theatre. The resulting concentration near Gibraltar resulted in a series of battles around the Gibraltar and Sierra Leone convoys. In December 1941, [[Convoy HG-76]] sailed, escorted by the [[36th Escort Group]] of two sloops and six corvettes under Captain [[Frederic John Walker]], reinforced by the first of the new [[escort carrier]]s [[HMS Audacity (D10)|HMS ''Audacity'']] and three destroyers from Gibraltar. The convoy was immediately intercepted by the waiting U-boat pack, resulting in a brutal battle. Walker was a tactical innovator, his ships were highly trained and the presence of an [[escort carrier]] meant that the U-boats were frequently sighted and forced to dive before they could get close to the convoy. Over the next five days, five U-boats were sunk (four by Walker's group) despite the loss of the ''Audacity'' after two days. The British lost the ''Audacity'', a destroyer and just two [[merchant ship]]s. The battle was the first clear Allied convoy victory in the campaign.

Through dogged effort, the Allies slowly gained the upper hand through until the end of 1941. Although Allied warships failed to sink U-boats in large numbers, most convoys evaded attack completely. Shipping losses were high, but manageable.

== Operation Drumbeat (January 1942 – June 1942)==
[[Image:Allied tanker torpedoed.jpg|right|250px|thumb|An Allied tanker torpedoed in the Atlantic by a German [[U-boat]] crumbles amidships and settles towards the bottom of the ocean, 1942]]

The [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States had an immediate effect on the campaign. Dönitz promptly planned to attack shipping off the [[East Coast of the United States|American East Coast]]. Dönitz had only 12 boats of the [[Type IX U-boat|Type IX]] class that were able to make the long trip to the U.S. East Coast, and half of them had been removed by Hitler’s order to counter British forces in the Mediterranean. One of the remainder was under repair, leaving only five boats to set out for the U.S. on the so-called Operation Drumbeat (''Paukenschlag'').

The U.S., having no direct experience of modern naval war on its own shores, did not employ shore-side black-outs. The U-boats simply stood off the shore of the eastern sea-board and picked off ships as they were silhouetted against the lights of the cities.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Also, the U.S. Commander-in-Chief of the Atlantic Fleet, Admiral [[Ernest King]], who hated the British, initially rejected the Royal Navy's calls for a coastal blackout or a convoy system. King has been criticized for this decision, but his defenders argue that the United States destroyer fleet was limited (partly because of the sale of 50 old destroyers to Britain earlier in the war), and King claimed that it was far more important that the destroyers protect Allied troop transports than shipping.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} This does not explain the refusal to require coastal black-outs, or to respond to any advice the Royal Navy provided. No troop transports were lost, but merchant ships sailing in U.S. waters were left exposed and suffered greatly. Britain eventually had to build coastal escorts and provide them for free to the U.S. in a 'reverse [[Lend Lease]]', since King was unwilling to make any provision himself.
[[Image:Pennsylvania Sun.jpg|frame|The tanker MS ''Pennsylvania Sun'', torpedoed by [[Unterseeboot 571|''U 571'']] on [[15 July]] [[1942]]]]

The first boats started shooting on [[January 13]], [[1942]], and by the time they left for France on [[February 6]] they had sunk 156,939&amp;nbsp;tonnes of shipping without loss. The first batch of Type IXs had been replaced by Type VIIs and IXs refuelling at sea from [[Type XIV U-Boat|Type XIV]] ''Milk Cows'' tankers and had sunk 397 ships totalling over 2 million tons. At the same time, not a single troop transport was lost. In 1943, the United States launched over 11 million tons of merchant shipping; that number declined in the latter war years, as priorities moved elsewhere.

In May, King (promoted to Commander-in-Chief U. S. Fleet and the Chief of Naval Operations) was forced to institute a convoy system. This quickly led to the loss of seven U-boats. But the U.S. did not have enough ships to cover all the holes, and the U-boats continued to operate freely during the [[Battle of the Caribbean]] and throughout the [[Gulf of Mexico]] (where they effectively closed several U.S. ports) until July, when the British-loaned escorts began arriving. The institution of an interlocking convoy system on the American coast and in the [[Caribbean Sea]] in mid-1942 resulted in an immediate drop in attacks in those areas. Attention shifted back to the Atlantic convoys. For the Allies, the situation was serious but not critical throughout much of 1942.

Operation Drumbeat had one other effect. It was so successful that Dönitz’s policy of economic war was seen even by Hitler to be the only effective use of the U-boat, and he was given complete command to use them as he saw fit. Meanwhile, Dönitz’s commander Raeder was dismissed as a result of a disastrous [[Battle of the Barents Sea]] in which two German heavy cruisers were beaten off by half a dozen Royal Navy destroyers. Dönitz was eventually made Grand Admiral of the fleet, and all building priorities turned to the U-boats.

==Battle returns to mid-Atlantic (July 1942 – February 1943)==
[[Image:Mk VII depth charge.jpg| right|250px|thumb|A [[depth charge]] being loaded onto a depth-charge thrower aboard the corvette HMS ''Dianthus'', [[14 August]] [[1942]]]]

[[Image:Casablanca convoy.jpg|right|250px|thumb|An Allied Casablanca [[convoy]] heads eastward across the Atlantic bound for Africa, November 1942]]
With the U.S. quickly arranging convoys, ship losses to the U-boats quickly dropped, and Dönitz realized his boats were better used elsewhere. On [[July 19]], [[1942]], he ordered the last U-boats to withdraw from the United States Atlantic coast, and by the end of July 1942 he shifted his attention back to the North Atlantic.

There were enough U-boats spread across the Atlantic to allow several wolf packs to attack several different convoy routes. Often as many as 10 to 15 boats would attack in one or two waves, following the convoys by day and attacking at night. Losses quickly increased, and in October 1942 56 ships of over 258,000 tonnes were sunk in the ‘air gap’ between [[Greenland]] and [[Iceland]] that was still free of the ever-increasing Allied air patrols.

On [[November 19]] [[1942]], Admiral Noble was replaced as Commander-in-Chief of [[Western Approaches Command]] by Admiral [[Max Kennedy Horton|Sir Max Horton]]. Horton used the growing number of escorts that were becoming available to [[Western Approaches Command]] to organize "support groups" that were used to reinforce convoys that came under attack. Unlike the regular escort groups, the support groups were not directly responsible for the safety of any particular convoy. This lack of responsibility gave them much greater [[Naval tactics in the Age of Steam|tactical]] flexibility, allowing the support groups to detach ships to hunt [[submarine]]s spotted by reconnaissance or picked up by high-frequency direction finding (HF/DF). In situations where the regular escorts would have had to return to their convoy, the support groups were able to persist in hunting a submarine for many hours. One tactic used by Captain [[Frederick John Walker|Walker]] was to sit on top of a U-boat and wait until its air ran out and it was forced to the surface.

===Hedgehog===
[[Image:Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar.jpg| right|250px|thumb|[[Hedgehog (weapon)|Hedgehog]], a 24 barrelled anti-submarine mortar, mounted on the forecastle of the destroyer HMS ''Westcott'']]

By late 1942, the British had developed a new weapon, and warships were being fitted with the [[Hedgehog (weapon)|''Hedgehog'']] anti-submarine mortar which fired twenty-four contact-fused bombs directly 'ahead' of the attacking ship. Unlike depth charges, which exploded at certain set depths 'behind' the attacking warship disturbing the water and making it hard to keep track of the target, Hedgehog charges only exploded if they hit a U-boat. This meant that a U-boat could be continuously tracked and attacked until it was sunk. The Hedgehog was a particularly effective weapon, raising the percentage of kills from 7% of attacks to nearer 25%. When one of the Hedgehog charges exploded, it set off the others which increased the weapon's effectiveness.

===Leigh Light===
{{main|Leigh Light}}
[[Image:Leigh Light.jpg|right|150px|thumb|A [[Leigh Light]] used for spotting U-boats on the surface at night fitted to a [[B-24 Liberator|Liberator]] aircraft of Royal Air Force Coastal Command, [[February 26]] [[1944]]]]

Detection by radar-equipped aircraft could suppress U-boat activity over a wide area, but an aircraft attack would only be successful with good visibility. U-boats were quite safe from aircraft at night, since the deployment of an illuminating flare gave adequate warning of an attack.
The introduction by the British of the [[Leigh Light]] in June 1942 was a significant factor in the North Atlantic struggle. It was a powerful searchlight that was automatically aligned with the airborne [[radar]] to illuminate targets suddenly while in the final stages of an attack run. This let British aircraft attack U-boats recharging batteries on the surface at night, forcing German submarine skippers to switch to daytime recharges.

The U-Boat commanders who survived reported a particular fear of this weapon system since the hum of an aircraft was inaudible at night above the noise of the boat. The aircraft acquired the submarine using centimetric radar which was undetectable with the typical U-Boat equipment, then lined up on an attack run. When metric radar was used, the set would automatically lower the radar power during the approach so that the submarine would not think it was being tracked. With a mile or so to go the searchlight would automatically come on, immediately and accurately illuminating the target from the sky, which had about 5 seconds warning before it was hit with a stick of depth-charges. A drop in Allied shipping losses from 600,000 to 200,000&amp;nbsp;tonnes per month was attributed to this ingenious device.

===Metox receiver===
By August 1942 U-boats were being fitted with radar detectors to enable them to avoid the sudden ambushes which a radar-equipped aircraft or corvette might spring. The first such receiver, named the [[Metox]] after its French developer, was capable of picking up the metric radar bands used by the early radars. This not only enabled U-boats to avoid detection by Canadian and US escorts, which were equipped with obsolete radar sets, but allowed them to track convoys where these sets were in use.

== Climax of the campaign (March 1943 – May 1943, "Black May")==
The winter weather provided a short respite from the fighting in January and February 1943, but in the spring of 1943 convoy battles started up again with the same ferocity. By the spring of 1943, there were so many U-boats on patrol in the North Atlantic that it was difficult for the convoys to evade detection, resulting in a succession of vicious convoy battles. In March another 260,000 tonnes were sunk and the escorts were heavily defeated in the battles of [[Convoys HX.229/SC.122|convoys SC-122 and HX-229]].

The supply situation in Britain was such that there was talk of being unable to continue the war effort, with supplies of fuel being particularly low. It appeared that Dönitz was winning the war. And yet the next two months would see a complete reversal of fortunes.

The turning point was the battle centered around the slow [[Convoy ONS-5]] (April–May 1943), when a convoy of 43 merchantmen escorted by two destroyers, a frigate and corvettes was attacked by a pack of 30 U-boats. Although 13 merchant ships were sunk, the U-boats were detected by HF/DF, six U-boats were sunk by the escorts or Allied aircraft. Despite a storm which scattered the convoy – the merchantmen reached the protection of land-based air cover causing Admiral Dönitz to call off the attack.
[[Image:Submarine attack (AWM 304949).jpg|thumb|right|A U-Boat under attack by Allied aircraft in 1943]]

In April, losses of U-boats shot up while their kills of ships fell dramatically. By May, wolf packs were no longer organized and that month was to become known as [[Black May (1943)|Black May]] for the U-Boat. 

===Convergence of technologies===
The Battle of the Atlantic was won by the Allies in two months. There was no single reason for this, but what had changed was a sudden convergence of technologies, combined with an increase in Allied resources. 

The mid-Atlantic gap that had been unreachable by aircraft was closed by long-range [[B-24 Liberator]] aircraft. By spring 1943 the British had developed an effective sea-scanning [[History of radar#Centimetric radar|centimetric radar]] small enough to be carried on patrol aircraft armed with airborne depth charges. Centimetric [[radar]] greatly improved detection and nullified the German Metox radar warning equipment. Further air cover was provided by the introduction of [[merchant aircraft carrier]] or MAC ships and later the growing numbers of American-built [[escort aircraft carrier|escort carrier]]s. Flying [[Grumman Wildcat]]s primarily, they sailed in the convoys and provided the much needed air cover and patrols all the way across the Atlantic. 

The larger numbers of escorts became available, both as a result of American building programmes and the release of escorts that had been tied up in the North African landings during November and December 1942. In particular, [[destroyer escort]]s (similar British ships were known as ''frigates'') were designed, which could be build more economically than [[Destroyer#World War II|expensive fleet destroyers]] and were also more seaworthy than [[Corvette#World War II|corvettes]]. There would not only be sufficient numbers of escorts to securely protect convoys, they could also form hunter-killer groups (often centered around escort carriers) to aggressively hunt U-boats.

The continual breaking of the German naval Enigma enabled the Allied convoys to evade the wolf packs while British support groups and American hunter-killer groups were able to hunt U-boats that approached the convoys or whose positions were revealed by Enigma decrypts.

Also crucial was the US shipbuilding production, as they could literally build merchant ships at a faster rate than the U-boats could sink them, thus enabling them to win the "tonnage war of [[attrition]]".

Allied air forces developed tactics and technology to make the [[Bay of Biscay]], the main route for French based U-boats, very dangerous. The introduction of the [[Leigh Light]] enabled accurate attacks on U-boats re-charging their batteries on the surface at night. The Luftwaffe responded by providing fighter cover for [[U-boat]]s exiting into and returning from the Atlantic and for returning [[blockade runner]]s.  Still, with intelligence coming from [[French Resistance|resistance]] personnel in the ports themselves, the last few miles to and from port proved hazardarous to many U-Boats.

==Final years (June 1943 - May 1945)==
The Germans had lost the technological race. Over the next two years, large numbers of U-boats were sunk, usually with all hands. With the battle won, supplies started to pour into England for the eventual invasion of France. This was clear even to the Germans, who became desperate to restart the battle.

Several attempts were made to salvage the Type VII force. Notable among these attempts were the fitting of massively improved [[German Type VII submarine#U-flak|anti-aircraft batteries]], radar detectors, and finally the addition of the [[Schnorkel#Submarine snorkel|''Schnorchel'' (snorkel)]] device to allow them to run underwater off their diesel engines to avoid radar. None of these were truly effective however, and by 1943 Allied air power was so strong that the U-boats were being attacked right in the [[Bay of Biscay]] as they left port.

From 1943 onwards, German [[Heinkel He 177|He 177]] bombers with [[Henschel Hs 293]] guided glider bombs were sometimes used for attacks on convoys, claiming a number of successes. Lack of air superiority prevented them being a major threat to the Royal Navy.

Development of torpedoes also improved, with weapons which ran a pre-programmed course criss-crossing the convoy path. Perhaps the most dangerous was the development of the 'German Navy Acoustic Torpedo' or 'GNAT', which would home on the propellor noise of a target. This was very effective when first used, but within three days the Canadians had developed a practical countermeasure - a bunch of old pipes towed behind the ship which rattled and distracted the torpedo.

Late in the war, the Germans introduced the "[[Elektroboot]]" series, the [[Type XXI U-boat]] and a short range [[Type XXIII U-boat]], finalized in January 1943 but production only commencing in 1944-1945. When underwater the Type XXI managed to run at 17&amp;nbsp;knots, faster than a Type VII running full out on the surface and almost as fast as the ships attacking her. But mass production of the new types didn't get going until 1944 and only one combat patrol was carried out by a Type XXI before the war ended, making no contact with the enemy.

The last submarine battle of the war took place on [[May 5]], [[1945]].  Commander in Chief of Submarines (Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote) Karl Dönitz ordered all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases, commending them "you have fought like lions"! U-853, lying in wait off Point Judith, Rhode Island, did not receive that order. Soon after, her torpedo struck SS Black Point, a collier underway for Boston, Massachusetts. Within 15 minutes, Black Point had capsized in 95 feet of water, the last US-flagged merchant ship sunk in World War II. Twelve men died, while 34 crew members were rescued. One of the rescuing ships, SS Kamen, sent a report of the torpedoing that was picked up by four American warships:

USS ''Ericsson'' (DD-440), 
USS ''Amick'' (DE-168), 
USS ''Atherton'' (DE-169), and 
USS ''Moberly'' (PF-63) 
discovered ''[[U-853]]'' bottomed in 18 fathoms (33 m), and dropped more than a hundred depth charges through the night. The next morning, [[May 6]], two [[blimp]]s from [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]], ''K-16'' and ''K-58'', joined the attack, locating oil slicks and marking suspected locations with smoke and dye markers. ''K-16'' also attacked with 7.2-inch rocket bombs. Finally, planking, life rafts, a chart tabletop, clothing, and an officer's cap floated to the surface, indicating the destruction, with all hands, 55 officers and men, of the second to last U-boat sunk during World War II.

==Outcomes==
[[Image:Atlanticflagsub.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Canadian]] seamen raise [[White Ensign]] over a captured German U-boat in [[St. John's, Newfoundland]]]]

The Germans failed to strangle the flow of strategic supplies to Britain, and that failure resulted in the massive build-up of troops and supplies needed for the [[D Day|Normandy landings]]. The defeat of the U-boat campaign was a necessary precursor for the re-supply of Britain, and the build-up of a huge concentration of Allied forces that ensured Germany's defeat.

Victory was achieved at a huge cost: between 1939 and 1945, 3,500 Allied ships were sunk (gross tonnage 14.5 million) at a cost of 783 German U-boats.

{| class="wikitable"
! Allies                  !! Germans&lt;/tr&gt;
| 30,248 merchant sailors || 28,000 sailors&lt;/tr&gt;
| 3,500 merchant vessels  || 783 submarines sunk&lt;/tr&gt;
| 175 warships            || &lt;/tr&gt;
|}

==See also==
{{WWIITheatre}}
* [[Timeline of the Second Battle of the Atlantic]]
* [[Battle of the Atlantic (1914-1918)]] for the [[World War I|First World War]] submarine campaign
* [[Arctic Convoys of World War II]] for the convoys to Russia
* [[Aces of the Deep]], the ten most successful U-boat commanders of the war
* [[Black May (1943)]]
* [[Nortraship|The Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission - Nortraship]]
* ''[[Das Boot]]'' - highly regarded for its realistic portrayal of World War II submarine warfare{{Fact|date=July 2007}}
* [[Silent Hunter III]] - Computer simulation of the Battle of the Atlantic

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*Macintyre, Donald ''U-boat Killer'' (Avon Publications, 1956)
*Rohwer, Jürgen ''Die italienischen U-Boote in der Schlacht im Atlantik 1940-43''
*Roskill, S.W. ''The War at Sea''. Four volumes. (London: HMSO 1954-61)

==Further reading==
===Official histories===
* Behrens, C.B.A. ''Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War''  London: HMSO)
* Morison, S.E. ''The Two Ocean War'' and ''History of United States Naval Operation in World War II'' in 15 Volumes. Volume I ''The Battle of the Atlantic'' and volume X ''The Atlantic Battle Won'' deal with the Battle of the Atlantic
* Schull, Joseph. ''The Far Distant Ships''

===Biographies===
* Cremer, Peter. ''U-333''
* Dönitz, Karl. ''Ten Years And Twenty Days''
* Gretton, Peter. ''Convoy Escort Commander'' (London). Autobiography of a former escort group commander
* Macintyre, Donald. ''U-boat Killer'' (London). Autobiography of another former escort group commander
* [[Denys Rayner|Rayner, Denys]], ''Escort: The Battle of the Atlantic'' (London: William Kimber 1955)
* Robertson, Terence. ''The Golden Horseshoe'' (London). Biography of the top German U-boat ace, [[Otto Kretschmer]]
* Robertson, Terence. ''Walker R.N.'' (London 1955). Biography of the leading British escort group commander, [[Frederick John Walker]]
* Werner, Herbert A.  ''Iron Coffins'': The account of a surviving U-boat captain with historical and technical details

===General histories of the campaign===
* Blair, Clay. ''Hitler's U-boat War''. Two volumes. Comprehensive history of the campaign
* Fairbank, David. ''Bitter Ocean: The Battle of the Atlantic, 1939-1945''
* Gannon, Michael. ''Operation Drumbeat'' (Harper and Row)
* Macintyre, Donald. ''The Battle of the Atlantic'' (London 1961). Excellent single volume history by one of the British Escort Group commanders
* [[Jürgen Rohwer|Rohwer, Dr. Jürgen]]. ''The Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943'' (London: Ian Allan 1977). ISBN 0-7110-0749-7. A thorough and lucid analysis of the defeat of the U-boats
* Williams, Andrew, ''The Battle of the Atlantic: Hitler's Gray Wolves of the Sea and the Allies' Desperate Struggle to Defeat Them''
* Woodman, Richard. ''The Real Cruel Sea; The Merchant Navy in the Battle of the Atlantic, 1939-1943'' (London 2004) 

==External links==
*[http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/exhibitions/boa/home.asp Battle of the Atlantic] exhibition at [http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/ Merseyside Maritime Museum]
*[http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/70-7_08.htm U.S. Merchant Shipping and the British Import Crisis]
*[http://www.uboataces.com German U-Boats and Battle of the Atlantic]
*[http://www.armedguard.com/panama.html Foreign Flagged Ships of the US War Administration sunk/damaged World War II]
*[http://www.hmcssackville-cnmt.ns.ca/ Website for HMCS Sackville - the last remaining WWII corvette]
*[http://www.harry-tates.org.uk The Royal Naval Patrol Service - protecting convoys from U-boats and clearing enemy mines during World War II]
*[http://www.subnetitalia.it/ Sub.net ITALIA: Italian Submarines in Battle of Atlantic Pages]

{{World War II}}
[[Category:World War II Battle of the Atlantic]]
[[Category:North Atlantic convoys of World War II]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving Canada|Atlantic 1939-45]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving France|Atlantic 1939-45]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving Germany|Atlantic 1939-45]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving Poland|Atlantic]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving the United Kingdom|Atlantic 1939-45]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving the United States|Atlantic 1939-45]]
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[[File:C-54landingattemplehof.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Berliners watch a [[Douglas C-54 Skymaster|C-54 Skymaster]] land at Tempelhof Airport, 1948]]
{{History of Berlin}}
The '''Berlin blockade''' (24 June 1948&amp;nbsp;– 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the [[Cold War]]. During the [[Allied-occupied Germany|multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany]], the [[Soviet Union]] blocked the [[Western Allies]]' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food, fuel, and aid, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city.

In response, the Western Allies organized the '''Berlin airlift''' to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite video
 | year =1957
 | title =Journey Across Berlin (1961)
 | url =http://www.archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.49495
 | publisher =Universal Newsreel
 | accessdate =22 February 2012
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite video
 | year =1953
 | title =Air Force Story, The – Cold War, 1948–1950 (1953)
 | url =http://archive.org/details/gov.dod.dimoc.26164
 | publisher =Universal Newsreel
 | accessdate =22 February 2012
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aircrews from the  [[United States Air Force]], the British  [[Royal Air Force]], the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]], the [[Royal Australian Air Force]],  the [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]], and the [[South African Air Force]]&lt;ref name=frd-4&gt;{{cite book|title=South Africa: a country study|year=1997|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|isbn=0-8444-0796-8|url=http://www.marines.mil/news/publications/Documents/South%20Africa%20Study_4.pdf|format=pdf|chapter=5 – National Security}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|338}} flew over 200,000 flights in one year, &lt;!-- Has Nash conflated the Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and South African contributions into the US and British figures or omitted them? See e.g. [[Berlin Airlift Squadron RAAF]], which flew 2062 sorties. --&gt; providing up to 4700 tons of necessities daily, such as fuel and food, to the Berliners.&lt;ref name="Nash, Gary B 2008"&gt;Nash, Gary B. "The Next Steps: The Marshall Plan, NATO, and NSC-68." The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society. New York: Pearson Longman, 2008. P 828.&lt;/ref&gt;

By the spring of 1949 the effort was clearly succeeding, and by April the airlift was delivering more cargo than had previously been transported into the city by rail. The success of the Berlin Airlift brought embarrassment to the Soviets who had refused to believe it could make a difference. The blockade was lifted in May 1949 and resulted in the creation of two separate German states.&lt;ref name="Nash, Gary B 2008"/&gt; The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) split up Berlin.&lt;ref name="Nash, Gary B 2008" /&gt; Following the airlift, three airports in the former western zones of the city served as the primary gateways to Germany for another fifty years.

==Postwar division of Germany==
[[File:Map-Germany-1947.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|The red area of Germany (above) is Soviet controlled [[East Germany]]. German territory east of the [[Oder-Neisse line]] (light beige) was ceded to Poland, while a portion of the easternmost section of Germany [[East Prussia]], Königsberg, was annexed by the USSR, as the [[Kaliningrad Oblast]].]]
From 17 July to 2 August 1945, the victorious [[Allies of World War II|Allied Powers]] reached the [[Potsdam Agreement]] on the fate of postwar Europe, calling for the division of defeated Germany into four temporary occupation zones (thus re-affirming principles laid out earlier by the [[Yalta Conference]]). These zones were located roughly around the current locations of the allied armies.&lt;ref name="miller4"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, the German capital of Berlin was to be divided into four sectors: the French sector, British Sector, American sector and the Soviet sector.&lt;ref name="miller4"/&gt;

Berlin was located {{convert|100|mi|km}} inside the Soviet occupation zone.&lt;ref name="miller4"/&gt; The Soviet zone produced much of Germany's food supply, while the territory of the British and American zones had to rely on food imports even before the war.&lt;ref name="miller4"/&gt; In addition, Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]] ordered the incorporation of part of eastern Poland into the Soviet Union, compensating Poland by ceding to it a large portion of Germany east of the [[Oder-Neisse line]]. This area had contained much of Germany's fertile land.&lt;ref name="miller5"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The administration of occupied Germany was coordinated by the [[Four Power Allied Control Council]] (ACC).&lt;ref name="turner27"&gt;{{Harvnb|Turner|1987|p=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===The Soviet zone and the Allies' rights of access to Berlin===
[[File:Berlin Blockade-map.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Sectors of divided Berlin]]
[[File:BerlinerBlockadeLuftwege.png|thumb|upright=1.4|The only three permissible air corridors to Berlin.]]

In the eastern zone, the Soviet authorities forcibly unified the Communist Party of Germany and [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] in the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|Socialist Unity Party ("SED")]], claiming at the time that it would not have a [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] or Soviet orientation.&lt;ref name="wettig96"&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|pp=96–100}}&lt;/ref&gt; The SED leaders then called for the "establishment of an anti-fascist, democratic regime, a parliamentary democratic republic" while the Soviet Military Administration suppressed all other political activities.&lt;ref name="miller11"/&gt; Factories, equipment, technicians, managers and skilled personnel were removed to the Soviet Union.&lt;ref name="miller12"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a June 1945 meeting, Stalin informed German communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the British position within their occupation zone, that the United States would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing would then stand in the way of a united Germany under communist control within the Soviet orbit.&lt;ref name="miller13"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stalin and other leaders told visiting Bulgarian and Yugoslavian delegations in early 1946 that Germany must be both Soviet and communist.&lt;ref name="miller13"/&gt;

A further factor contributing to the Blockade was that there had never been a formal agreement guaranteeing rail and road access to Berlin through the Soviet zone. At the end of the war, western leaders had relied on Soviet goodwill to provide them with a tacit right to such access.&lt;ref name="miller6"/&gt; At that time, the western allies assumed that the Soviets' refusal to grant any cargo access other than one rail line, limited to ten trains per day, was temporary, but the Soviets refused expansion to the various additional routes that were later proposed.&lt;ref name="miller7"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Soviets also granted only [[West Berlin Air Corridor|three air corridors]] for access to Berlin from Hamburg, [[Bückeburg]] and Frankfurt.&lt;ref name="miller7"/&gt; In 1946 the Soviets stopped delivering agricultural goods from their zone in eastern Germany, and the American commander, [[Lucius D. Clay]], responded by stopping shipments of dismantled industries from western Germany to the Soviet Union. In response, the Soviets started a public relations campaign against American policy, and began to obstruct the administrative work of all four zones of occupation.

Until the blockade began in 1948, the Truman Administration had not decided whether American forces should remain in West Berlin after the establishment of a West German government, planned for 1949.&lt;ref&gt;Larson (2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

===The focus on Berlin and the elections of 1946===
Berlin quickly became the focal point of both US and Soviet efforts to re-align Europe to their respective visions. As Molotov noted, "What happens to Berlin, happens to Germany; what happens to Germany, happens to Europe."&lt;ref name=truback&gt;''Airbridge to Berlin'', "Background on Conflict" chapter&lt;/ref&gt; Berlin had suffered enormous damage, its prewar population of 4.6&amp;nbsp;million people was reduced to 2.8&amp;nbsp;million, but the city could only produce 2% of its food needs.&lt;ref name="miller6"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Western allies were not permitted to enter the city until two months after Germany's surrender, during which time the local populace suffered brutal treatment at the hands of the Soviet army.&lt;ref name="miller6"/&gt;

After harsh treatment, forced emigration, political repression and the particularly hard winter of 1945–1946, Germans in the Soviet-controlled zone were hostile to Soviet endeavors.&lt;ref name="miller13"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|pp=13–145}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local elections in mid-1946 resulted in a massive anti-communist protest vote, especially in the Soviet sector of Berlin.&lt;ref name="miller13"/&gt; Berlin's citizens overwhelmingly elected non-Communist members to its city council (with an 86% majority)&amp;nbsp;.

==Political division==

===The Marshall Plan===
{{Further|Marshall Plan|Eastern bloc}}

[[File:EasternBlocAfter.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|The [[Eastern Bloc]] created during and after World War II. The newly annexed or expanded [[Soviet Socialist Republics]] are in light red. [[Satellite state|Soviet Satellite]] states are in pink.]]
Concurring with the view of Clay, the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] declared that the "complete revival of German industry, particularly coal mining" was now of "primary importance" to American security.&lt;ref name="beschloss277"&gt;{{Harvnb|Beschloss|2003|p=277}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 1947, Truman appointed General [[George Marshall]] as Secretary of State; in July 1947 he scrapped JCS 1067&lt;ref&gt;[http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/ga3-450426.pdf ''Directive to Commander-in-Chief of United States Forces of Occupation Regarding the Military Government of Germany; April 1945'']&lt;/ref&gt; and supplanted it with JCS 1779, which decreed that an orderly and prosperous Europe required the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany.&lt;ref name="beschloss277"/&gt;

Administration officials met with Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and others to press for an economically self-sufficient Germany, and demanded a detailed account of the industrial plants, goods and infrastructure previously removed by the Soviets.&lt;ref name="miller16"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=16}}&lt;/ref&gt; After six weeks of negotiations, Molotov refused the demands and the talks were adjourned.&lt;ref name="miller16"/&gt; Marshall was particularly discouraged after a personal meeting with Stalin, who expressed little interest in a solution to German economic problems.&lt;ref name="miller16"/&gt;

The United States concluded that, for Europe's sake, a solution could not be delayed any longer.&lt;ref name="miller16"/&gt; In a 5 June 1947 speech,&lt;ref name="marshallspeech"&gt;Marshall, George C, [[s:The Marshall Plan Speech|''The Marshal Plan Speech'']], 5 June 1947&lt;/ref&gt; Marshall announced a comprehensive program of American assistance to all European countries wanting to participate, including the Soviet Union and those of Eastern Europe. This was to be called the European Recovery Program, but it became more widely known as the [[Marshall Plan]].&lt;ref name="miller16"/&gt;

Stalin opposed the Marshall Plan. He had built up a belt of Soviet-controlled nations on his Western border, the [[Eastern bloc]], which included Poland, Hungary and [[Czechoslovakia]].&lt;ref name="miller10"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stalin wanted to maintain this buffer zone of states, combined with a weakened Germany under Soviet control.&lt;ref name="miller11"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=11}}&lt;/ref&gt; He felt that American aid would "buy" a pro-US re-alignment of the new Europe. He stated "This is a ploy by Truman. It is nothing like Lend-Lease&amp;nbsp;— a different situation. They don't want to help us. What they want is to infiltrate European countries."&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war8_Stalinreaction.htm Why Stalin Rejected Marshall Aid]&lt;/ref&gt;

While Molotov was initially interested in the program and attended its early meetings, he later described it as "[[dollar imperialism]]". Fearing American political, cultural and economic penetration, Stalin eventually forbade Soviet Eastern bloc countries of the newly formed [[Cominform]] from accepting the aid.&lt;ref name="miller16"/&gt; This resulted in heightened unpopularity which was already a threat to the Czechoslovakian coalition government established in the 1946 elections.&lt;ref name="amandaplease21"&gt;{{citation |last=Thody |first=Philip Malcolm Waller |chapter=Berlin Crisis of 1948–1949 and 1958–1962. |title=Europe since 1945 |location= London |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-415-20712-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Czechoslovakia, this demand resulted in the Soviet-backed [[Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948]],&lt;ref name=trueye&gt;''Airbridge to Berlin'', "Eye of the Storm" chapter&lt;/ref&gt; the brutality of which shocked Western powers more than any event so far and briefly provoked fear of a new war. This swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress.&lt;ref name="miller19"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Moves towards a West German state===
Meanwhile, to coordinate the economies of the British and United States occupation zones, these were combined into what was referred to as the [[Bizone]].&lt;ref name="miller13"/&gt; (to be renamed the Trizone when France later joined). Representatives of these three governments, along with the [[Benelux]] nations, met twice in London ([[London 6-Power Conference]]) in the first half of 1948 to discuss the future of Germany, going ahead despite Soviet threats to ignore any decisions taken.&lt;ref name="miller18"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="turner23"&gt;{{Harvnb|Turner|1987|p=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In response to the announcement of the first of these meetings, in late January 1948, the Soviets began stopping British and American trains to Berlin to check passenger identities.&lt;ref name="miller20"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; As outlined in an announcement on 7 March 1948, all of the governments present approved the extension of the [[Marshall Plan]] to Germany, finalized the economic merger of the western occupation zones in Germany and agreed upon the establishment of a federal system of government for them.&lt;ref name="miller18"/&gt;&lt;ref name="turner23"/&gt;

After a 9 March meeting between Stalin and his military advisers, a secret memorandum was sent to Molotov on 12 March 1948, outlining a plan to force the policy of the western allies into line with the wishes of the Soviet government by "regulating" access to Berlin.&lt;ref name="miller19"/&gt; The [[Allied Control Council]] (ACC) met for the last time on 20 March 1948, when [[Vasily Sokolovsky]] demanded to know the outcome of the London Conference and, on being told by negotiators that they had not yet heard the final results from their governments, he said, "I see no sense in continuing this meeting, and I declare it adjourned."&lt;ref name="miller19"/&gt;

The entire Soviet delegation rose and walked out. Truman later noted, "For most of Germany, this act merely formalized what had been an obvious fact for some time, namely, that the four-power control machinery had become unworkable. For the city of Berlin, however, this was the curtain-raiser for a major crisis."&lt;ref name=trueye/&gt;

===The April Crisis and the Little Air Lift===
On 25 March 1948, the Soviets issued orders restricting Western military and passenger traffic between the American, British and French occupation zones and Berlin.&lt;ref name="miller20"/&gt; These new measures began on 1 April along with an announcement that no cargo could leave Berlin by rail without the permission of the Soviet commander. Each train and truck was to be searched by the Soviet authorities.&lt;ref name="miller20"/&gt; On 2 April, General Clay ordered a halt to all military trains and required that supplies to the military garrison be transported by air, in what was dubbed the "Little Lift".&lt;ref name="miller20"/&gt;

The Soviets eased their restrictions on Allied military trains on 10 April 1948, but continued periodically to interrupt rail and road traffic during the next 75 days, while the United States continued supplying its military forces by using cargo aircraft.&lt;ref name="miller26"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some 20 flights a day continued through June, building up stocks of food against future Soviet actions,&lt;ref name="rgm15"&gt;{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; so that by the time the blockade began at the end of June, at least 18 days supply per major food type, and in some types, much more, had been stockpiled that provided time to build up the ensuing airlift.&lt;ref name="rgm2728"&gt;{{harvnb|Miller|1998|pp=27–28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At the same time, Soviet military aircraft began to violate West Berlin airspace and harass, or what the military called "buzz", flights in and out of West Berlin.&lt;ref name=times02debert&gt;{{cite news | first=Delbert | last=Clarks | title=Clay Halts Trains | newspaper=The New York Times | date=1948 2 | page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 April, a [[Soviet Air Force]] [[Yakovlev Yak-3]] fighter collided with a [[British European Airways]] [[Vickers VC.1 Viking|Vickers Viking 1B]] airliner near [[RAF Gatow|RAF Gatow airfield]], killing all aboard both aircraft. The [[1948 Gatow air disaster|Gatow air disaster]] exacerbated tensions between the Soviets and the other allied powers.&lt;ref name=pci&gt;{{Cite web| publisher=PlaneCrashInfo.com | url=http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1948/1948-25.htm| title= Accident Details| accessdate=December 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=asn&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19480405-0&amp;lang=en| title=Accident| accessdate=December 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=times06details&gt;{{cite news | first=Delbert | last=Clarks | title=Soviet-British Plane Collision Kills 15; Russian Apologizes | newspaper=The New York Times | date=1948 6 | page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Internal Soviet reports in April stated that "Our control and restrictive measures have dealt a strong blow to the prestige of the Americans and British in Germany" and that the Americans have "admitted" that the idea of an airlift would be too expensive.&lt;ref name="miller23"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 9 April, Soviet officials demanded that American military personnel maintaining communication equipment in the Eastern zone must withdraw, thus preventing the use of navigation beacons to mark air routes.&lt;ref name="miller26"/&gt; On 20 April, the Soviets demanded that all barges obtain clearance before entering the Soviet zone.&lt;ref name="miller27"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===The currency crisis===
{{Further|Heinrich Rau|East German mark|Deutsche Mark}}
Creation of an economically stable western Germany required reform of the unstable Reichsmark German currency introduced after the [[Inflation in the Weimar Republic|1920s German inflation]]. The Soviets had debased the Reichsmark by excessive printing, resulting in Germans using cigarettes as a [[de facto currency]] or for bartering.&lt;ref name="miller31"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="turner24"&gt;{{Harvnb|Turner|1987|p=24}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Soviets opposed western plans for a reform.&lt;ref name="miller31"/&gt;&lt;ref name="turner24"/&gt; They interpreted this new currency as an unjustified, unilateral decision. They responded by cutting all land links between West Berlin and West Germany. The Soviets believed that the only currency that should be allowed to circulate was the currency that they issued themselves.&lt;ref name="amandaplease21"&gt;{{Thody, Phillip Malcom Waller. "Berlin Crisis of 1948-1949 and 1958-1962." Europe since 1945. London: Routledge, 2000. N. pag. Print.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 1948, the Americans and British had proposed to the ACC that a new German currency be created, replacing the over-circulated and devalued Reichsmark. The Soviets refused to accept this proposal, hoping to continue the German recession, in keeping with their policy of a weak Germany.&lt;ref name="stentx"&gt;{{Harvnb|Stent|2000|p=x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anticipating the introduction of a new currency by the other countries in the non-Soviet zones, the Soviet Union in May 1948 directed its military to introduce its own new currency and to permit only the Soviet currency to be used in their sector of Berlin, if the other countries brought in a different currency there.&lt;ref name="miller31"/&gt; On 18 June the United States, Britain and France announced that on 21 June the [[Deutsche Mark]] would be introduced, but the Soviets refused to permit its use as legal tender in Berlin.&lt;ref name="miller31"/&gt; The Allies had already transported 250,000,000 Deutsche marks into the city and it quickly became the standard currency in all four sectors. This new currency, along with the Marshall Plan that backed it, appeared to have the potential to revitalize Germany, even against the wishes of the Soviets. Further, the introduction of the currency into western Berlin threatened to create a bastion of western economic resurgence deep within the Soviet zone. Stalin considered this a provocation and now wanted the West completely out of Berlin.

==The start of the Berlin Airlift==&lt;!-- [[Berlin Airlift]] and other redirects link here --&gt;

===The beginning of the Blockade===
{{Eastern Bloc sidebar}}
The day after the 18 June 1948 announcement of the new [[Deutsche Mark]], Soviet guards halted all passenger trains and traffic on the autobahn to Berlin, delayed Western and German freight shipments and required that all water transport secure special Soviet permission.&lt;ref name="miller31"/&gt; On 21 June, the day the Deutsche Mark was introduced, the Soviets halted a United States military supply train to Berlin and sent it back to western Germany.&lt;ref name="miller31"/&gt; On 22 June, the Soviets announced that they would introduce a new currency in their zone. This was known as the "[[East German mark|Ostmark]]".&lt;ref name="miller32"/&gt;

That same day, a Soviet representative told the other three occupying powers that "We are warning both you and the population of Berlin that we shall apply economic and administrative sanctions that will lead to the circulation in Berlin exclusively of the currency of the Soviet occupation zone."&lt;ref name="miller32"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=32}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Soviets launched a massive propaganda campaign condemning Britain, the United States and France by radio, newspaper and loudspeaker.&lt;ref name="miller32"/&gt; The Soviets conducted well-advertised military maneuvers just outside the city. Rumors of a potential occupation by Soviet troops spread quickly. German communists demonstrated, rioted and attacked pro-West German leaders when these attended meetings of the municipal government in the Soviet sector.&lt;ref name="miller32"/&gt;

On 24 June, the Soviets severed land and water connections between the non-Soviet zones and Berlin.&lt;ref name="miller32"/&gt; That same day, they halted all rail and barge traffic in and out of Berlin.&lt;ref name="miller32"/&gt; On 25 June, the Soviets stopped supplying food to the civilian population in the non-Soviet sectors of Berlin.&lt;ref name="miller32"/&gt; Motor traffic from Berlin to the western zones was permitted, but this required a 23 kilometer detour to a ferry crossing because of alleged "repairs" to a bridge.&lt;ref name="miller32"/&gt; They also cut off the electricity relied on by Berlin, using their control over the generating plants in the Soviet zone.&lt;ref name="turner24"/&gt;

Surface traffic from non-Soviet zones to Berlin was blockaded, leaving open only the air corridors.&lt;ref name="miller32"/&gt; The Soviets rejected arguments that the occupation rights in the non-Soviet sectors of Berlin and the use of the supply routes during the previous three years had given Britain, France and the United States a legal claim to use of the highways, tunnels, railroads, and canals. Relying on Soviet goodwill after the war, Britain, France, and the United States had never negotiated an agreement with the Soviets to guarantee these land-based rights of access to Berlin through the Soviet zone.&lt;ref name="miller6"/&gt;

At the time, West Berlin had 36 days' worth of food, and 45 days' worth of coal. Militarily, the Americans and British were greatly outnumbered due to the postwar scaling back of their armies. The United States, like other western countries, had disbanded most of its troops and was largely inferior in the European theater.&lt;ref name="wettig168"&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=168}}&lt;/ref&gt; The entire United States Army had been reduced to 552,000 men by February 1948.&lt;ref name="miller28"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Military forces in the western sectors of Berlin numbered only 8,973 Americans, 7,606 British and 6,100 French.&lt;ref name="miller33"/&gt; Of the 98,000 American troops in West Germany in March 1948 only 31,000 were combat forces, and only one reserve division was immediately available in the United States.&lt;ref name="jstor2009841"&gt;{{cite jstor|2009841}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of the imbalance, American war plans were based on using hundreds of atomic bombs but only about 50 bombs existed in mid-1948. As of March 1948 only 35 "[[Silverplate]]" atomic-capable B-29s and a few trained flight and assembly crews existed. Three B-29 groups arrived in Europe in July and August 1948,&lt;ref name="rgm2431"&gt;{{harvnb|Miller|1998|pp=24, 31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=nb&gt;The [[28th Operations Group|28th]] and [[307th Operations Group|307th Bomb Group]]s deployed to England, while the [[301st Operations Group|301st Bomb Group]] located at Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany. In all about 90 conventionally-armed B-29s were assigned.&lt;/ref&gt; but the Soviets possibly knew that none was atomic-capable; the first Silverplate bombers arrived in April 1949.{{r|young200701}}

Soviet military forces in the Soviet sector that surrounded Berlin totaled 1 1/2 million.&lt;ref name="miller30"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=30}}&lt;/ref&gt; The two United States regiments in Berlin could have provided little resistance against a Soviet attack.&lt;ref name="miller29"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=29}}&lt;/ref&gt; General [[Lucius D. Clay]], in charge of the US Occupation Zone in Germany, summed up the reasons for not retreating in a cable to Washington, D.C., on 13 June 1948: "There is no practicability in maintaining our position in Berlin and it must not be evaluated on that basis.... We are convinced that our remaining in Berlin is essential to our prestige in Germany and in Europe. Whether for good or bad, it has become a symbol of the American intent."&lt;ref name=tru11&gt;''Airbridge to Berlin'', Chapter 11&lt;/ref&gt;

Believing that Britain, France, and the United States had little option than to acquiesce, the Soviet Military Administration in Germany celebrated the beginning of the blockade.&lt;ref name="miller35"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=35}}&lt;/ref&gt; General Clay felt that the Soviets were bluffing about Berlin since they would not want to be viewed as starting a [[Third World War]]. He believed that Stalin did not want a war and that Soviet actions were aimed at exerting military and political pressure on the West to obtain concessions, relying on the West's prudence and unwillingness to provoke a war.&lt;ref name="miller33"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commander of [[United States Air Forces in Europe]] (USAFE) General [[Curtis LeMay]] reportedly favored an aggressive response to the blockade, in which his B-29s with fighter escort would approach Soviet air bases while ground troops attempted to reach Berlin; Clay vetoed the plan.&lt;ref name="young200701"&gt;{{cite journal | jstor=30036432 . | title=US 'Atomic Capability' and the British Forward Bases in the Early Cold War | author=Young, Ken | journal=Journal of Contemporary History |date=January 2007 | volume=42 | issue=1 | pages=117–136}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===The decision for an airlift===
Although the ground routes had never been negotiated, the same was not true of the air. On 30 November 1945, it had been agreed in writing that there would be three twenty-mile-wide air corridors providing free access to Berlin.&lt;ref name=spirit&gt;[http://www.spiritoffreedom.org/airlift.html spiritoffreedom.org: ''The Berlin Airlift'']&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, unlike a force of tanks and trucks, the Soviets could not claim that cargo aircraft were some sort of military threat. In the face of unarmed aircraft refusing to turn around, the only way to enforce the blockade would have been to shoot them down. An airlift would force the Soviet Union into the position of either shooting down unarmed humanitarian aircraft, breaking their own agreements, or backing down.

Enforcing this would require an airlift that really worked. If the supplies could not be flown in fast enough, Soviet help would eventually be needed to prevent starvation. Clay was told to take advice from LeMay to see if an airlift was possible. LeMay, initially taken aback by the inquiry, which was "Can you haul coal?", replied "We can haul anything."&lt;ref name=spirit/&gt;

When American forces consulted Britain's [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) about a possible joint airlift, they learned the RAF was already running an airlift in support of British troops in Berlin. General Clay's counterpart, General [[Brian Robertson, 1st Baron Robertson of Oakridge|Sir Brian Robertson]], was ready with some concrete numbers. During the Little Lift earlier that year, British Air Commodore [[Reginald Waite]] had calculated the resources required to support the entire city.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}

The American military government, based on a minimum daily ration of 1,990 calories (July 1948),&lt;ref name="rgm20"&gt;{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; set a total of daily supplies needed at 646 tons of flour and wheat, 125 tons of cereal, 64 tons of fat, 109 tons of meat and fish, 180 tons of dehydrated potatoes, 180 tons of sugar, 11 tons of coffee, 19 tons of powdered milk, 5 tons of whole milk for children, 3 tons of fresh yeast for baking, 144 tons of dehydrated vegetables, 38 tons of salt and 10 tons of cheese. In all, 1,534 tons were required each day to sustain the over two million people of Berlin.&lt;ref name=spirit/&gt;&lt;ref name="rgm28"&gt;{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=28}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, for heat and power, 3,475 tons of coal and gasoline were also required daily.&lt;ref name=pbs&gt;[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/airlift/filmmore/pt.html pbs.org: ''The Berlin Airlift'']&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:C-47s at Tempelhof Airport Berlin 1948.jpg|thumb|[[C-47 Skytrain]]s unloading at [[Tempelhof Airport]] during the Berlin Airlift.]]

Carrying all this in would not be easy. The postwar demobilization left the US forces in Europe with only two [[Group (military aviation unit)|groups]]&lt;ref name="rgm22"&gt;{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=22}}&lt;/ref&gt; of [[C-47 Skytrain]] transports (the military version of the [[Douglas DC-3]], which the British called "Dakota"), nominally 96 aircraft, each of which could carry about 3.5 tons of cargo. LeMay believed that "with an all-out effort" of 100 daily round trips these would be able to haul about 300 tons of supplies a day.&lt;ref name="rgm30"/&gt; The RAF was somewhat better prepared, since it had already moved some aircraft into the German area, and they expected to be able to supply about 400 tons a day.

This was not nearly enough to move the 5,000 tons a day that would be needed, but these numbers could be increased as new aircraft arrived from the United Kingdom, the United States, and France. The RAF would be relied on to increase its numbers quickly. It could fly additional aircraft in from Britain in a single hop, bringing the RAF fleet to about 150 Dakotas and 40 of the larger [[Avro York]]s with a 10 ton payload.

With this fleet, the British contribution was expected to rise to 750 tons a day in the short term, a month, but even that at the cost of suspending all air traffic except to Berlin and Warsaw.&lt;ref name="rgm30"&gt;{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=30}}&lt;/ref&gt; For a longer-term operation, the US would have to add additional aircraft as soon as possible, and those would have to be as large as possible while still able to fly into the Berlin airports. Only one aircraft type was suitable, the four-engined [[C-54 Skymaster]] and its [[United States Navy|US Navy]] equivalent, the R5D, of which the U.S. military had approximately 565, with 268 Air Force and Navy Skymasters in [[Military Air Transport Service|MATS]], 168 in the troop carrier groups, and 80 Navy R5Ds in miscellaneous commands. Planners calculated that including C-54s already ordered to Germany and drawing on those flying with civilian carriers, 447 Skymasters could be available for an "extreme emergency."&lt;ref name="rgm50"&gt;{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=50}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Given the feasibility assessment made by the British, an airlift appeared to be the best course of action. One remaining concern was the population of Berlin. Clay called in Ernst Reuter, the mayor-elect of Berlin, accompanied by his aide, Willy Brandt. Clay told Reuter, "Look, I am ready to try an airlift. I can't guarantee it will work. I am sure that even at its best, people are going to be cold and people are going to be hungry. And if the people of Berlin won't stand that, it will fail. And I don't want to go into this unless I have your assurance that the people will be heavily in approval." Reuter, although skeptical, assured Clay that Berlin would make all the necessary sacrifices and that the Berliners would support his actions.&lt;ref name=tru11/&gt;

General [[Albert Coady Wedemeyer|Albert Wedemeyer]], the US Army Chief of Plans and Operations, was in Europe on an inspection tour when the crisis broke out. He had been the commander of the [[China Burma India Theater of World War II|US China-Burma-India Theater]] in 1944–45 and he had a detailed knowledge of the previously-largest airlift—the World War II American airlift from India over the Hump of the Himalayas to China. His endorsement of the airlift option gave it a major boost.&lt;ref name=tru11/&gt; The British and Americans agreed to start a joint operation without delay; the US action was dubbed "Operation Vittles,"&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=58.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=nb&gt;Miller acknowledges that most histories credit Smith with coining the term by dramatically stating: "Hell's Fire! We're hauling grub. Call it Operation Vittles!" However, he states that the origin is "probably more prosaic" and due to Col. William O. Large, Jr., an duty officer in the Operations Division of Headquarters USAF in the Pentagon. At the time a codename was needed to coordinate activities. Large suggested "Vittles" because of its probable unfamiliarity to the Soviets. (Miller 2000, p. 58)&lt;/ref&gt; while the British action was called "Operation Plainfare".&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=65.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=nb&gt;The original code name for the RAF operation was "[[Carter Paterson]]", a noted British hauling (U.S.="moving") firm. A caustic Soviet jest prompted the change to "Plainfare", a deliberate pun on "plane fare" (airplane/food), on 19 July.&lt;/ref&gt; The Australian contribution to the airlift, begun in September 1948, was designated "[[Berlin Airlift Squadron RAAF|Operation Pelican]]."&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/Details/226/Operation-Pelican-The-Australian-Air-Force-in-the-Berlin-Airlift-with-companion-CDROM.aspx|title=Operation Pelican: The Australian Air Force in the Berlin Airlift|author=Dr Chris Clark|date=March 2008|accessdate=14 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The British asked Canada to contribute planes and crews. It refused primarily on the grounds that the operation risked war and Canada had not been consulted.&lt;ref&gt;James Eayrs, ''In Defence of Canada: volume 4: Growing Up Allied'' (1980) pp 39-51&lt;/ref&gt;

===The Airlift begins===
[[File:Berlin Blockade Milk.jpg|thumb|upright|Loading milk on a West Berlin-bound aircraft]]

On 24 June 1948 LeMay appointed Brigadier General Joseph Smith, headquarters commandant for USAFE at [[Wiesbaden Army Airfield|Camp Lindsey]], as the Provisional Task Force Commander of the airlift. Smith had been chief of staff in LeMay's B-29 command in India during World War II and had no airlift experience. On 25 June 1948 Clay gave the order to launch Operation Vittles. The next day 32 C-47s lifted off for Berlin hauling 80 tons of cargo, including milk, flour, and medicine. The first British aircraft flew on 28 June. At that time, the airlift was expected to last three weeks.

On 27 June Clay cabled [[William Henry Draper Jr.|William Draper]] with an estimate of the current situation:

{{quote|I have already arranged for our maximum airlift to start on Monday [June 28]. For a sustained effort, we can use seventy Dakotas [C-47s]. The number which the British can make available is not yet known, although General Robertson is somewhat doubtful of their ability to make this number available. Our two Berlin airports can handle in the neighborhood of fifty additional airplanes per day. These would have to be C-47s, C-54s or planes with similar landing characteristics, as our airports cannot take larger planes. LeMay is urging two C-54 groups. With this airlift, we should be able to bring in 600 or 700 tons a day. While 2,000 tons a day is required in normal foods, 600 tons a day (utilizing dried foods to the maximum extent) will substantially increase the morale of the German people and will unquestionably seriously disturb the Soviet blockade. To accomplish this, it is urgent that we be given approximately 50 additional transport planes to arrive in Germany at the earliest practicable date, and each day's delay will of course decrease our ability to sustain our position in Berlin. Crews would be needed to permit maximum operation of these planes.|[[Lucius D. Clay]], June 1948&lt;ref name=tru11/&gt;}}

By 1 July the system was getting under way. C-54s were starting to arrive in quantity, and [[Rhein-Main Air Base]] became exclusively a C-54 hub, while Wiesbaden retained a mix of C-54s and C-47s. Aircraft flew northeast through the American [[West Berlin Air Corridor|air corridor]] into [[Berlin Tempelhof Airport|Tempelhof Airport]], then returned due west flying out on through the British air corridor. After reaching the British Zone, they turned south to return to their bases.

[[File:Germans-airlift-1948.jpg|thumb|Germans watching supply planes at Tempelhof.]]
[[File:Berlin airlift.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=16|1950s film by the British Government about the Berlin airlift]]

The British ran a similar system, flying southeast from several airports in the Hamburg area through their second corridor into [[RAF Gatow]] in the British Sector, and then also returning out on the center corridor, turning for home or landing at Hanover. However, unlike the Americans, the British also ran some round-trips, using their southeast corridor. On 6 July the Yorks and [[Douglas DC-3|Dakota]]s were joined by [[Short Sunderland]] flying boats. Flying from Finkenwerder on the Elbe near Hamburg to the Havel river next to Gatow, their corrosion-resistant hulls suited them to the particular task of delivering baking powder and other salt into the city.

Accommodating the large number of flights to Berlin of dissimilar aircraft with widely varying flight characteristics required close coordination. Smith and his staff developed a complex timetable for flights called the "block system": three eight-hour shifts of a C-54 section to Berlin followed by a C-47 section. Aircraft were scheduled to take off every four minutes, flying 1000 feet higher than the flight in front. This pattern began at 5,000 feet and was repeated five times. (This system of stacked inbound serials was later dubbed "the ladder.")&lt;ref name="miller2000_90"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=90}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="miller116"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|pp=116–117}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=mac&gt;''MAC and the Legacy of the Berlin Airlift''&lt;/ref&gt;

During the first week the airlift averaged only ninety tons a day, but by the second week it reached 1000 tons. This likely would have sufficed had the effort lasted only a few weeks, as originally believed. The Communist press in [[East Berlin]] ridiculed the project. It derisively referred to "the futile attempts of the Americans to save face and to maintain their untenable position in Berlin."&lt;ref name=indiana&gt;[http://www.indianamilitary.org/ATTERBURYAAF/History/BerlinAirlift.html ''Fifty years ago, a massive airlift into Berlin showed the Soviets that a post-WW II blockade would not work''], C.V. Glines&lt;/ref&gt;

Despite the excitement engendered by glamorous publicity extolling the work (and over-work) of the crews and the daily increase of tonnage levels, the airlift was not close to being operated to its capability because USAFE was a tactical organization without any airlift expertise. Maintenance was barely adequate, crews were not being efficiently utilized, transports stood idle and disused, necessary record-keeping was scant, and ad hoc flight crews of publicity-seeking desk personnel were disrupting a business-like atmosphere.&lt;ref name="wht"&gt;{{Harvnb|Tunner|1964|p=160}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was recognized by the United States [[National Security Council]] at a meeting with Clay on 22 July 1948, when it became clear that a long-term airlift was necessary. Wedemeyer immediately recommended that the deputy commander for operations of the [[Military Air Transport Service]] (MATS), Maj. Gen. [[William H. Tunner]], command the operation. When Wedemeyer had been the commander of U.S. forces in China during World War II, Tunner as commander of the [[India-China Division]] of the [[Air Transport Command (United States Air Force)|Air Transport Command]] had successfully reorganized the [[The Hump|Hump airlift]] between India and China, doubling the tonnage and hours flown. USAF Chief of Staff [[Hoyt Vandenberg|Hoyt S. Vandenberg]] endorsed the recommendation.&lt;ref name="miller2000_90"/&gt;

===Black Friday===
On 28 July 1948, Tunner arrived in Wiesbaden to take over the operation.&lt;ref name="miller2000_87"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=87}}&lt;/ref&gt; "Tonnage" Tunner had significant experience in commanding and re-organizing the airlift over [[the Hump]] to China in 1944–45.&lt;ref name=tru11/&gt; He revamped the entire airlift operation, reaching an agreement with LeMay to form the ''Combined Air Lift Task Force'' (CALTF) to control both the USAFE and RAF lift operations from a central location, which went into effect in mid-October 1948. MATS immediately deployed eight squadrons of C-54s—72 aircraft to Wiesbaden and [[Rhein-Main Air Base]] to reinforce the 54 already in operation, the first by 30 July and the remainder by mid-August, and two-thirds of all C-54 aircrew worldwide began transferring to Germany to allot three crews per aircraft.&lt;ref name="miller2000_93"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|2000|p=93}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:20111110-OC-AMW-0014 - Flickr - USDAgov.jpg|thumb|A [[C-74 Globemaster]] plane at Gatow airfield on 19 August with more than 20 tons of flour from the United States.]]

Two weeks after his arrival, on 13 August, Tunner decided to fly to Berlin to grant an award to Lt. Paul O. Lykins, an airlift pilot who had made the most flights into Berlin up to that time, as symbolic of the entire effort to date.&lt;ref name="miller1998_62-64"&gt;{{Harvnb|Miller|1998|pp=62–64}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cloud cover over Berlin dropped to the height of the buildings, and heavy rain showers made radar visibility poor. A C-54 crashed and burned at the end of the runway, and a second one landing behind it burst its tires while trying to avoid it. A third transport [[Ground loop (aviation)|ground looped]] after mistakenly landing on a runway under construction. In accordance with the standard procedures then in effect, all incoming transports including Tunner's, arriving every three minutes, were stacked above Berlin by air traffic control from 3,000 to 12,000 feet in bad weather, creating an extreme risk of mid-air collision. Newly unloaded planes were denied permission to take off to avoid that possibility and created a backup on the ground. While no one was killed, Tunner was embarrassed that the control tower at Tempelhof had lost control of the situation while the commander of the airlift was circling overhead. Tunner radioed for all stacked aircraft except his to be sent home immediately. This became known as "Black Friday," and Tunner personally noted it was from that date that the success of the airlift stemmed.&lt;ref name="rgm64"&gt;{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="wht155"&gt;{{Harvnb|Tunner|1964|pp=153–155}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As a result of Black Friday, Tunner instituted a number of new rules; [[instrument flight rules]] (IFR) would be in effect at all times, regardless of actual visibility, and each [[sortie]] would have only one chance to land in Berlin, returning to its air base if it missed its approach, where it was slotted back into the flow. Stacking was completely eliminated, and with straight-in approaches, the planners found that in the time it once took to unstack and land nine aircraft, 30 could be landed bringing in 300 tons.&lt;ref name="rgm65"&gt;{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=65}}&lt;/ref&gt; Accident rates and delays dropped immediately. Another decision was made when it was realized that it took just as long to unload a 3.5-ton C-47 as a 10-ton C-54. One of the reasons for this was the sloping cargo floor of the "taildragger" C-47s, which made truck loading difficult. The tricycle geared C-54's cargo deck was level, so that a truck could back up to it and offload cargo quickly. Tunner decided, as he had done during the Hump operation, to replace all C-47s in the airlift with C-54s or larger aircraft, which went into full effect after September 28, 1948.&lt;ref name="rgm63"&gt;{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=63}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Having noticed on his first inspection trip to Berlin on 31 July that there were long delays as the flight crews returned to their aircraft after getting refreshments from the terminal, Tunner banned aircrew from leaving their aircraft for any reason while in Berlin. Instead, he equipped [[jeep#The origins of the vehicle: the first jeeps|jeeps]] as mobile [[snack bar]]s, handing out refreshments to the crews at their aircraft while it was being unloaded. [[Gail Halvorsen]] later noted, "he put some beautiful German [[Fräulein]]s in that snack bar. They knew we couldn't date them, we had no time. So they were very friendly."&lt;ref name=pbs/&gt; Operations officers handed pilots their clearance slips and pertinent information while they snacked. With unloading begun as soon as engines were shut down on the ramp, turnaround before takeoff back to Rhein-Main or Wiesbaden was reduced to thirty minutes.&lt;ref name="wht171"&gt;{{Harvnb|Tunner|1964|p=164}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Sunderland 201 Sqn on Havel during Berlin Airlift 1948.jpg|thumb|An RAF [[Short Sunderland]] moored on the [[Havel]] near Berlin unloading salt during the airlift]]

To maximize utilization of a limited number of aircraft, Tunner altered the "ladder" to three minutes and 500 feet of separation, stacked from 4,000 to 6,000 feet.&lt;ref name="miller116"/&gt;  Maintenance, particularly adherence to 25-hour, 200-hour, and 1000-hour inspections, became the highest priority and further maximized utilization.&lt;ref name="wht169"&gt;{{harvnb|Tunner|1964|p=169}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tunner also shortened block times to six hours to squeeze in another shift, making 1440 (the number of minutes in a day) landings in Berlin a daily goal.&lt;ref group=nb&gt;It is interesting to contrast this with Military Airlift Command's hot-war requirements of only 1,600 sorties a day for all of Europe. See [http://books.google.ca/books?id=dncFHOF1n2sC&amp;pg=PA213 "The Cognitive Dynamics of Computer Science"], John Wiley and Sons, 2006, pg. 213&lt;/ref&gt; His purpose, illustrating his basic philosophy of the airlift business, was to create a "conveyor belt" approach to scheduling that could be sped up or slowed down as situations might dictate. However, the single most effective measure taken by Tunner, and the most initially resisted until it demonstrated its efficiency, was creation of a single control point in the CALTF for controlling all air movements into Berlin, rather than each air force doing its own.

The Berliners themselves solved the other problem, the lack of manpower. Crews unloading and making airfield repairs at the Berlin airports were replaced almost entirely by local people, who were given additional rations in return. As the crews improved, the times for unloading continued to fall, with a record being set by the unloading of an entire 10-ton shipment of coal from a C-54 in ten minutes, later beaten when a twelve-man crew unloaded the same quantity in five minutes and 45 seconds.

By the end of August, after only one month, the Airlift was succeeding; daily operations flew more than 1,500 flights a day and delivered more than 4,500 tons of cargo, enough to keep West Berlin supplied. From January 1949 forward, 225 C-54s (40% of USAF and USN Skymasters worldwide)&lt;ref name="miller2000_93"/&gt; were devoted to the lift.&lt;ref name="rgm92"&gt;{{harvnb|Miller|1998|p=92}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=nb&gt;The figure of 225 Skymasters—201 from the Air Force and 24 from the Navy—represents only those in Germany at any one time. Another 75 were always in the maintenance pipeline (raised in April 1949 to 100), and 19 more were assigned to the airlift replacement training unit at [[Great Falls AFB]], Montana. At its maximum, 312 of the 441 USAF C-54s were committed to the airlift.&lt;/ref&gt; Supplies improved to 5,000 tons a day.

==="Operation Little Vittles"===
[[File:Gail-halvorsen-wiggly-wings.jpg|thumb|upright|US Air Force pilot [[Gail Halvorsen]], who pioneered the idea of dropping candy bars and bubble gum with handmade miniature parachutes, which later became known as "Operation Little Vittles".]]

[[Gail Halvorsen]], one of the many Airlift pilots, decided to use his off time to fly into Berlin and make movies with his hand-held camera. He arrived at Tempelhof on 17 July on one of the C-54s and walked over to a crowd of children who had gathered at the end of the runway to watch the aircraft. He introduced himself and they started to ask him questions about the aircraft and their flights. As a goodwill gesture, he handed out his only two sticks of Wrigley's Doublemint Gum, and promised that, if they did not fight over them, the next time he returned he would drop off more. The children quickly divided up the pieces as best they could. Before he left them, a child asked him how they would know it was him flying over, and he replied, "I'll wiggle my wings."&lt;ref name=spirit/&gt;

The next day, on his approach to Berlin, he rocked the aircraft and dropped some chocolate bars attached to a handkerchief parachute to the children waiting below. Every day after that the number of children increased and he made several more drops. Soon there was a stack of mail in Base Ops addressed to "Uncle Wiggly Wings", "The Chocolate Uncle" and "The Chocolate Flier". His commanding officer was upset when the story appeared in the news, but when Tunner heard about it he approved of the gesture and immediately expanded it into "Operation Little Vittles". Other pilots participated, and when news reached the US, children all over the country sent in their own candy to help out. Soon, the major manufacturers joined in. In the end, over three tons of candy were dropped on Berlin,&lt;ref name=spirit/&gt; and the "operation" became a major propaganda success. The candy-dropping aircraft were christened "[[raisin bombers]]" by the German children.&lt;ref&gt;Smoler, Fredric (April/May 2003). "[http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2003/2/2003_2_52.shtml Where Berlin and America Meet]" ''American Heritage''. Retrieved 7-29-2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Soviet responses==

===Initial responses===
As the tempo of the Airlift grew, it became apparent that the Western powers might be able to pull off the impossible: indefinitely supplying an entire city by air alone. In response, starting on 1 August, the Soviets offered free food to anyone who crossed into East Berlin and registered their [[ration card]]s there, but West Berliners overwhelmingly rejected Soviet offers of food.&lt;ref name="turner29"/&gt;

Throughout the airlift, Soviet and German communists subjected the hard-pressed West Berliners to sustained psychological warfare.&lt;ref name="turner29"&gt;{{Harvnb|Turner|1987|p=29}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In radio broadcasts, they relentlessly proclaimed that all Berlin came under Soviet authority and predicted the imminent abandonment of the city by the Western occupying powers.&lt;ref name="turner29"/&gt;  The Soviets also harassed members of the democratically elected city-wide administration, which had to conduct its business in the city hall located in the Soviet sector.&lt;ref name="turner29"/&gt;

During the early months of the airlift, the Soviets used various methods to harass allied aircraft. These included buzzing by Soviet planes, obstructive parachute jumps within the corridors, and shining searchlights to dazzle pilots at night. Although the [[USAFE]] reported 733 separate harassing events, including flak, air-to-air fire, rocketing, bombing, and explosions, this is now considered to be exaggerated. None of these measures were effective.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Cherny|2008|pp=129–130}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Canwell|2008|p=200}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===The Communist putsch in the municipal government===
In the autumn of 1948 it became impossible for the non-Communist majority in Greater Berlin's city-wide parliament to attend sessions at city hall within the Soviet sector.&lt;ref name="turner29"/&gt;  The parliament (''Stadtverordnetenversammlung von Groß-Berlin'') had been elected under the provisional constitution of Berlin two years earlier (20 October 1946).  As [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany|SED]]-controlled policemen looked on passively, Communist-led mobs repeatedly invaded the ''Neues Stadthaus'', the provisional city hall (located on Parochialstraße since all other central municipal buildings had been destroyed in the War), interrupted the parliament's sessions, and physically menaced its non-Communist members.&lt;ref name="turner29"/&gt; The Kremlin organized an attempted [[putsch]] for control of all of Berlin through a 6 September takeover of the city hall by SED members.&lt;ref name="wettig173"&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=173}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Three days later [[Radio in the American Sector|RIAS Radio]] urged Berliners to protest against the actions of the communists. On 9 September 1948 a crowd of 500,000 people gathered at the [[Brandenburg Gate]], next to the ruined [[Reichstag building|Reichstag]] in the British sector. The Airlift was working so far, but many West Berliners feared that the Allies would eventually discontinue it. Then SPD city councillor [[Ernst Reuter]] took the microphone and pleaded for his city, "You peoples of the world, you people of America, of England, of France, look on this city, and recognize that this city, this people, must not be abandoned&amp;nbsp;— cannot be abandoned!".&lt;ref name=pbs/&gt;

The crowd surged towards the eastern sector and someone ripped down the Red Flag from the Brandenburg Gate. Soviet military police responded, killing one.&lt;ref name=pbs/&gt; The situation could have escalated further, but a British deputy [[Provost (military police)|provost]] intervened and pointedly pushed the Soviet police back with his swagger stick.&lt;ref&gt;MacDonogh, G "After the Reich" John Murray London 2007 pg 533&lt;/ref&gt; Never before had so many Berliners gathered. The resonance worldwide was enormous, notably in the United States, where a strong feeling of solidarity with Berliners reinforced a determination not to abandon them.&lt;ref name="wettig173"/&gt;

Berlin's parliament decided to meet instead in the canteen of the [[Technical University of Berlin|Technical College of Berlin-Charlottenburg]] in the British sector, boycotted by the members of SED, which had gained 19.8% of the electoral votes in 1946. On 30 November 1948 the SED gathered its elected parliament members and 1,100 further activists and held an unconstitutional so-called "extraordinary city assembly" (''außerordentliche Stadtverordnetenversammlung'') in East Berlin's Metropol-Theater which declared the elected city government (Magistrat) and its democratic members (city councillors) to be deposed and replaced it with a new one led by [[Oberbürgermeister]] (lord mayor) [[Friedrich Ebert junior]] and consisting of communists only.&lt;ref name="wettig173"/&gt; This arbitrary act had no legal effect in West Berlin, but the Soviet occupants prevented the elected city government for all of Berlin from further acting in the eastern sector.

===December elections===
The city parliament, boycotted by its SED members, then voted for its re-election on 5 December 1948, however, inhibited in the eastern sector and defamed by the SED as a ''Spalterwahl'' ("divisive election"). The SED did not nominate any candidates for this election and appealed to the electorate in the western sectors to boycott the election, while the democratic parties ran for seats. The turnout amounted to 86.3% of the western electorate with the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] gaining 64.5% of the votes (= 76 seats), the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] 19.4% (= 26 seats), and the Liberal-Demokratische Partei (LDP, merged in the [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]] in 1949) 16.1% (= 17 seats).&lt;ref name="turner29"/&gt;

On 7 December the new, de facto only West Berlin city parliament elected a new city government in West Berlin headed by Lord Mayor Reuter, who had already once been elected lord mayor in early 1946 but prevented from taking office by a Soviet veto.&lt;ref name="wettig173"/&gt; Thus two separate city governments officiated in the city divided into East and West versions of its former self. In the east, a communist system supervised by house, street, and block wardens was quickly implemented.

West Berlin's parliament accounted for the de facto political partition of Berlin and replaced the provisional constitution of Berlin by the ''Verfassung von Berlin'' (constitution of Berlin), meant for all Berlin, with effect of 1 October 1950 and de facto restricted to the western sectors only, also renaming city parliament (from Stadtverordnetenversammlung von Groß-Berlin to [[Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin]]), city government (from Magistrat von Groß-Berlin to [[Senate of Berlin]]), and head of government (from Oberbürgermeister to [[Governing Mayor of Berlin]]).&lt;ref&gt;Cf. articles 25 and 40 of ''Die Verfassung von Berlin'' (Constitution of Berlin [West]), Berlin (West): Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit Berlin, 1982, pp. 34 and 37.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Winter 1948 to spring 1949==
===Preparing for winter===
Although the early estimates were that about 4,000 to 5,000 tons would be needed to supply the city, this was made in the context of summer weather, when the Airlift was only expected to last a few weeks. As the operation dragged on into the fall, the situation changed considerably. The food requirements would remain the same (around 1,500 tons), but the need for additional coal to heat the city dramatically increased the total amount of cargo to be transported by an additional 6,000 tons a day.

To maintain the Airlift under these conditions, the current system would have to be greatly expanded. Aircraft were available, and the British started adding their larger [[Handley Page Hastings]] in November, but maintaining the fleet proved to be a serious problem. Tunner looked to the Germans once again, hiring (plentiful) ex-[[Luftwaffe]] ground crews.
[[File:Wiesbaden Air Base during Berlin Airlift 1949.jpg|thumb|C-54s stand out against the snow at Wiesbaden Air Base during the Berlin Airlift in the Winter of 1948–49.]]

Another problem was the lack of runways in Berlin to land on: two at Tempelhof and one at Gatow&amp;nbsp;— neither of which was designed to support the loads the C-54s were putting on them. All of the existing runways required hundreds of laborers, who ran onto them between landings and dumped sand into the runway's [[Marsden Matting]] (pierced steel planking) to soften the surface and help the planking survive. Since this system could not endure through the winter, between July and September 1948 a 6,000&amp;nbsp;ft.-long asphalt runway was constructed at Tempelhof.

Far from ideal, with the approach being over Berlin's apartment blocks, the runway was, nevertheless, a major upgrade to the airport's capabilities. With it in place, the auxiliary runway was upgraded from Marsden Matting to asphalt between September and October 1948. A similar upgrade program was carried out by the British at Gatow during the same period, also adding a second runway, using concrete.

The [[French Air Force]], meanwhile, had become involved in the [[First Indochina War]], so it could only bring up some old [[Junkers Ju 52]]s to support its own troops. They were too small and slow to be of much help. However, France agreed to build a complete, new and larger, airport in its sector, on the shores of [[Lake Tegel]]. French military engineers, managing German construction crews, were able to complete the construction in under 90 days. The airport was mostly built by hand, by thousands of mostly female laborers, who worked day and night.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Roger G. Miller|title=To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948-1949|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PC26jfegblgC|year=2008|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University Press|pages=110–11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Heavy equipment was needed to level the ground, equipment that was too large and heavy to fly in on any existing cargo aircraft. The solution was to dismantle large machines and then re-assemble them. Using the five largest American [[C-82 Packet]] transports, it was possible to fly the machinery into West Berlin. This not only helped to build the airfield, but also demonstrated that the Soviet blockade could not keep anything out of Berlin.  The Tegel airfield later evolved into [[Berlin-Tegel Airport]].

To improve air traffic control, which would be critical as the number of flights grew, the newly developed Ground Controlled Approach radar system ([[Ground-controlled approach|GCA]]) was flown to Europe for installation at Tempelhof, with a second set installed at Fassberg in the British Zone in West Germany. With the installation of GCA, all-weather airlift operations were assured.

None of these efforts could fix the weather, though, which would be the biggest problem. November and December 1948 proved to be the worst months of the airlift operation. One of the longest-lasting fogs ever experienced there blanketed the entire European continent for weeks. All too often, aircraft would make the entire flight and then be unable to land in Berlin. On 20 November, 42 aircraft departed for Berlin, but only one landed there. At one point, the city had only a week's supply of coal left.

The weather improved, however. More than 171,000 tons were delivered in January 1949, 152,000 tons in February, and 196,223 tons in March.&lt;ref name=indiana/&gt;

===The Easter parade===
By April 1949 airlift operations were running smoothly and Tunner wanted to shake up his command to discourage complacency. He believed in the spirit of competition between units, and coupled with the idea of a big event, that units would go to whatever extent was necessary to outdo each other. He decided that on Easter Sunday the airlift would break all records. To do this, maximum efficiency was needed. To simplify handling, the only cargo would be coal, and stockpiles were built up for the effort. Maintenance schedules were altered so that the maximum number of aircraft were available.&lt;ref name="wht222"&gt;{{havnrb|Tunner|1964|pp=219–222}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From noon on 15 April to noon on 16 April 1949, crews worked around the clock. When it was over, 12,941 tons of coal had been delivered in 1,383 flights, without a single accident.&lt;ref name="wht222"/&gt; A welcome side effect of the effort was that operations in general were boosted, and tonnage increased from 6,729 tons to 8,893 tons per day thereafter. In total, the airlift delivered 234,476 tons in April.&lt;ref name=indiana/&gt;

On 21 April the tonnage of supplies flown into the city exceeded that previously brought by rail.

==The blockade ends==
[[File:InschriftLuftbruckendenkmal.JPG|thumb|left|Berlin Airlift Monument in Berlin-Tempelhof with inscription "They gave their lives for the freedom of Berlin in service of the Berlin Airlift 1948/49".]]

The continued success of the Airlift humiliated the Soviets, and the "Easter Parade" of 1949 was the last straw. On 15 April 1949 the Russian news agency [[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|TASS]] reported a willingness by the Soviets to lift the blockade. The next day the US State Department stated the "way appears clear" for the blockade to end. Soon afterwards, the four powers began serious negotiations, and a settlement was reached, on Western terms. On 4 May 1949 the Allies announced an agreement to end the blockade in eight days' time.

[[File:Berlin Tempelhof Luftbrueckendenkmal.jpg|thumb|upright|Berlin Airlift Monument in Berlin-Tempelhof, displaying the names of the 39 British and 31 American airmen who lost their lives during the operation. Similar monuments can be found at the military airfield of Wietzenbruch near the former [[RAF Celle]] and at [[Rhein-Main Air Base]].]]

The Soviet blockade of Berlin was lifted at one minute after midnight on 12 May 1949.&lt;ref name="turner27"/&gt; A British convoy immediately drove through to Berlin, and the first train from West Germany reached Berlin at 5:32&amp;nbsp;A.M. Later that day an enormous crowd celebrated the end of the blockade. General Clay, whose retirement had been announced by U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] on 3 May, was saluted by 11,000 US soldiers and dozens of aircraft. Once home, Clay received a [[ticker-tape parade]] in New York City, was invited to address the US Congress, and was honored with a medal from President Truman.

Nevertheless, flights continued for some time, in order to build up a comfortable surplus, though night flying and then weekend flights could be eliminated once the surplus was large enough. By 24 July 1949 three months' worth of supplies had been amassed, ensuring that there was ample time to restart the Airlift if needed. The Berlin Airlift officially ended on 30 September 1949, after fifteen months. In total the USA delivered 1,783,573 tons and the RAF 541,937 tons,&lt;ref group=nb&gt;A fleet of 104 varied transports from 25 civilian companies was integrated into Operation Plainfare and brought in 146,980 tons or 27% of the RAF tonnage. (Miller 1998 p. 40)&lt;/ref&gt; totaling 2,326,406 tons, nearly two-thirds of which was coal, on 278,228 flights to Berlin.&lt;ref name="tine"/&gt; The [[Royal Australian Air Force]] delivered 7,968 tons of freight and 6,964 passengers during 2,062 sorties. The C-47s and C-54s together flew over 92 million miles in the process, almost the [[Astronomical unit|distance from Earth to the Sun]].&lt;ref name="tine"&gt;[http://www.almc.army.mil/ALOG/issues/SepOct05/Berlinairlift.html ''Berlin Airlift: Logistics, Humanitarian Aid, and Strategic Success''], Major Gregory C. Tine, Army Logistician&lt;/ref&gt;  At the height of the Airlift, one plane reached West Berlin every thirty seconds.&lt;ref name="turner27"/&gt;

Pilots came from the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa.&lt;ref name="nationalcoldwarexhibition.org"&gt;[http://www.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org/learn/berlin-airlift/berlin-airlift-fact-figures.cfm ''The Berlin Airlift – Facts &amp; Figures'', National Cold War Exhibition].  Retrieved 2013-01-02&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/world/europe/26iht-berlin.4.14022335.html | title=Germany remembers Berlin airlift on 60th anniversary | newspaper=New York Times | date=26 June 2008 | accessdate=6 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A total of 101 fatalities were recorded as a result of the operation, including 40 Britons and 31 Americans,&lt;ref name="turner27"/&gt; mostly due to non-flying accidents.&lt;ref name="wht218"&gt;{{Harvnb|Tunner|1964|p=218}}&lt;/ref&gt; Seventeen American and eight British aircraft crashed during the operation.

The cost of the Airlift was shared between the USA, UK, and Germany.  Estimated costs range from approximately US$224&amp;nbsp;million&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url = http://www.german-way.com/airlift.html |title = The Berlin Airlift – Die Luftbrücke 1948–49  |accessdate =24 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; to over US$500&amp;nbsp;million (equivalent to approximately ${{formatprice|{{inflation|US|224000000|1949}}}} to ${{formatprice|{{inflation|US|500000000|1949}}}} now).{{inflation-fn|US}}&lt;ref name="nationalcoldwarexhibition.org"/&gt;

==Subsequent events==
Operational control of the three Allied air corridors was assigned to BARTCC (Berlin Air Route Traffic Control Center) air traffic control located at [[Tempelhof]]. Diplomatic approval was granted by a four-power organization called the [[Berlin Air Safety Center]], also located in the American sector.

Tegel was developed into West Berlin's principal airport. In 2007 it was joined by a re-developed [[Berlin-Schönefeld International Airport]] in Brandenburg. As a result of the development of these two airports, [[Berlin Tempelhof Airport|Tempelhof]] was closed in October 2008,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Christina|last=Hebel|title=An Era Ends with Closing of Berlin Airport
|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,587535,00.html|work=De Speigel|publisher=Speigel Online|date=30 October 2008|accessdate=31 October 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; while Gatow is now home of the Museum of the German [[Luftwaffe]] and a housing development. During the 1970s and 1980s Schönefeld had its own crossing points through the [[Berlin Wall]] and communist fortifications for western citizens.

The Soviets' contravention by the blockade of the agreement reached by the [[London 6-Power Conference]], and the [[Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948]], convinced Western leaders that they must take swift and decisive measures to strengthen the portions of Germany not occupied by the Soviets.&lt;ref name="turner27"/&gt;  The Blockade also helped to overcome any remaining differences between the French, British and Americans regarding West Germany, leading to a merger of all three countries' occupation zones into "trizonia".&lt;ref name="turner28"&gt;{{Harvnb|Turner|1987|p=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

These countries also agreed to replace their military administrations in those zones with High Commissioners operating within the terms of a three-power occupation statute.&lt;ref name="turner28"/&gt;  The Blockade also helped to unify German politicians in these zones in support of the creation of a West German state; some of them had hitherto been fearful of Soviet opposition.&lt;ref name="turner28"/&gt;  The blockade also increased the perception among many Europeans that the Soviets posed a danger, helping to prompt the entry into [[NATO]] of Portugal, Iceland, Italy, Denmark, and Norway.&lt;ref name="wettig174"&gt;{{Harvnb|Wettig|2008|p=174}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{citation needed span|text=While there is no clear linkage between the [[Treaty of Brussels]] in March 1948, a mutual defense agreement among France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg (Benelux) and the UK, interest in pan-European cooperation followed and the Berlin affair may have been, or was, a contributing factor to this and the subsequent chain of events. The Treaty of Paris of 1951 created the [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC), a free trade zone in coal and steel, but more importantly, Europe's first supranational organization among democracies. The original signatories were Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Italy. Its success was followed by the Treaty of Paris in 1957 which created the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC), precursor to today's [[European Union]] (EU), established via the Maastricht Treaty of 1992.|date=December 2012}}
{{Further|History of the European Union}}

Animosities between Germans and the western Allies, Britain, France and the United States, were greatly reduced by the airlift, with the former enemies recognizing common interests, shared values and mutual respect.&lt;ref name="turner30"&gt;{{Harvnb|Turner|1987|p=30}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Soviets refused to return to the Allied Control Council in Berlin, rendering useless the four-power occupation authority set up at the Potsdam conference.&lt;ref name="turner27"/&gt; It has been argued that the events of the Berlin Blockade are proof that the Allies conducted their affairs within a rational framework, since they were keen to avoid war.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Lewkowicz|2008|}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; An anonymous pundit noted that Berlin in 1950 had only two shortages: 1. Visible SED Party members, i.e., the Communist Party and 2. instructors qualified to teach English to meet the surge in demand.

==Aircraft used in the Berlin Airlift==
[[File:SpiritOfFreedom.jpg|right|thumb|A [[Douglas C-54]] Skymaster, called Spirit of Freedom, currently operated as a flying museum regarding the [[Berlin Airlift]].]]
[[File:Avro York.jpg|thumb|A British [[Avro York]] transport aircraft.]]
[[File:Short Sunderland Mk V.jpg|thumb|A British Short Sunderland flying boat.]]

In the early days, the Americans used their [[C-47]] Skytrain or its civilian counterpart [[Douglas DC-3]]. These machines could carry a payload of up to 3.5 tons, but were replaced by [[C-54 Skymaster]]s and [[Douglas DC-4]]s, which could carry up to 10 tons and were faster. These made up a total of 330 aircraft, which made them the most used types. Other American aircraft such as the 5 [[Fairchild C-82 Packet|C-82 Packets]], and the one [[Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter|YC-97A Stratofreighter]] 45-9595, with a payload of 20 tons—a gigantic load for that time—were only sparsely used.

The British used a considerable variety of aircraft types. Many aircraft were either former bombers or civil versions of bombers. In the absence of enough transports, the British chartered many civilian aircraft. [[British European Airways]] (BEA) coordinated all British civil aircraft operations. Apart from BEA itself, the participating airlines included British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and most British independent&lt;ref group=nb&gt;independent from [[government-owned corporation]]s&lt;/ref&gt; airlines of that era&amp;nbsp;— e.g. [[British Eagle#Formation and early operations|Eagle Aviation]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.britisheagle.net/G-ALEF-Pic-1.html ''"The Home Of Eagle"'' ... – Berlin Airlift commemorative stamp depicting Handley Page 61 Halifax 8 G-ALEF ''Red Eagle'' (c/n 1399)]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Silver City Airways]], [[British South American Airways]] (BSAA), the Lancashire Aircraft Corporation, [[Airwork Services#Airline operations|Airwork]], [[Airflight|Air Flight]], [[Aquila Airways]], [[Cobham plc|Flight Refuelling Ltd]] (which used their Lancaster tankers to deliver aviation fuel), [[Skyways Limited#Early operations|Skyways]], [[Scottish Airlines]] and Ciro's Aviation.

Altogether, BEA was responsible to the RAF for the direction and operation of 25 British airlines taking part in "Operation Plainfare".&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%202530.html ''One-Eleven 500 into service ...'', Flight International, 7 November 1968, p. 742]&lt;/ref&gt; The British also used flying boats, particularly for transporting corrosive salt. These included civilian aircraft operated by Aquila Airways.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Eglin|Ritchie|1980|pp=14–19}}&lt;/ref&gt; These took off and landed on water and were designed to be corrosion-resistant. In winter, when ice covered the Berlin rivers and made the use of flying boats difficult, the British used other aircraft in their place.

* [[Avro Lancaster]]
* [[Avro Lincoln]]
* [[Avro York]]
* [[Avro Tudor]]
* [[Avro Lancastrian]]
* [[C-97 Stratofreighter|Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter]]
* [[Bristol Freighter|Bristol Type 170 Freighter]]
* [[Consolidated B-24 Liberator]]
* [[Consolidated PBY Catalina]]
* [[Douglas C-54|Douglas C-54 Skymaster]] and [[Douglas DC-4]]
* [[Douglas C-74|Douglas C-74 Globemaster]]
* [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]] and [[Douglas DC-3]] (UK: ''Dakota'')
* [[Fairchild C-82 Packet]]
* [[Handley Page Hastings]]
* [[Handley Page Halifax]] ''Halton''
* [[Junkers Ju 52|Junkers Ju 52/3m]] (operated briefly by France)
* [[Lockheed Constellation|Lockheed C-121A Constellation]]
* [[Short Sunderland]]
* [[Vickers VC.1 Viking]]

Altogether, a total of 692 aircraft were engaged in the Berlin Airlift, more than 100 of which belonged to civilian operators.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Eglin|Ritchie|1980|p=17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
* ''[[Armageddon: A Novel of Berlin]]'', novel by Leon Uris chronicling the airlift
* [[Berlin Airlift Device]] for the [[Army of Occupation Medal|Army of Occupation]] and [[Navy Occupation Service Medal|Navy Occupation Service]] Medals
* ''[[The Big Lift]]'', a [[1950 in film|1950 film]] about the experiences of some Americans during the airlift.
* [[Deutsche Mark#Currency reform of June 1948|Deutsche Mark]] (Section 'Currency reform of June 1948')
* [[East German mark#Currency reform|East German mark]]
* [[Medal for Humane Action]] American medal for the Airlift
* [[Heinrich Rau#1945–1949|Heinrich Rau 1945–1949]], chairman of the East German administration at the time.

==Notes and citations==
;Notes
&lt;references group="nb"/&gt;
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}

*Durie, W. (2012). ''The British Garrison Berlin 1945–1994 "No where to go" ''Berlin: Vergangenheits/Berlin. ISBN 978-3-86408-068-5.
* {{Citation |last=Beschloss|first=Michael R|title=The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2003|isbn=0-7432-6085-6}}
* {{Citation | last = Canwell | first = Diane | title = Berlin Airlift, the | publisher=Pelican Publishing | location = Gretna | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-58980-550-7}}
* {{Citation  |last=Cherny |first=Andrei |year=2008 |title= The Candy Bombers: The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and America's Finest Hour |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York |isbn= 978-0-399-15496-6}}
* {{Citation | last1=Eglin |first1=Roger |last2=Ritchie |first2= Berry | title=Fly me, I'm Freddie | publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson | place=London, UK | year=1980 | isbn=0-297-77746-7}}
* {{Citation |last=Giangreco |first=D. M. |coauthors= Griffin, Robert E. |title=Airbridge to Berlin : The Berlin Crisis of 1948, Its Origins and Aftermath |publisher=Presidio Press |year= 1988 |isbn= 0-89141-329-4 |url=http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/BERLIN_A/INDEX.HTM}}
* Harrington,  Daniel F. ''Berlin on the Brink: The Blockade, the Airlift, and the Early Cold War'' (2012), University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY, ISBN 978-08131-3613-4.
* Larson, Deborah Welch. "The Origins of Commitment: Truman and West Berlin," ''Journal of Cold War Studies,'' 13#1 Winter 2011, pp.&amp;nbsp;180–212
* {{Citation |last=Launius |first= Roger D. |coauthors=Cross, Coy F. |title=MAC and the Legacy of the Berlin Airlift |publisher=Scott Air Force Base IL: Office of History, Military Airlift Command, |year= 1989 |oclc= 21306003}}
* {{Citation |last= Lewkowicz |first=N |title=The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War'' |publisher=IPOC |location=Milan |year=2008 |isbn= 978-88-95145-27-3}}
* {{Citation |last= [[F. L. Lucas|Lucas]] |first=[[F. L. Lucas|F. L.]] (1948), 'A Glimpse of History: Berlin of the Air-Lift, 1948', two ''Manchester Guardian'' articles (19/10/48 and 20/10/48), enlarged in |title=The Greatest Problem, and Other Essays |publisher=Macmillan &amp; Co. |location=New York |year=1960}}
* {{Citation |last=Miller|first=Roger Gene|title=To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949|publisher=US Government printing office|year=1998|id=1998-433-155/92107|url=http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-101001-053.pdf|format=pdf}}
* {{Citation |last=Miller|first=Roger Gene|title=To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-89096-967-1}}
* {{Citation |last1= Nash |first1= Gary B. |first2=Julie Roy |last2= Jeffrey |first3=John R. |last3= Howe |first4=Peter J. |last4=Frederick |title=The American People Creating a Nation and a Society |edition=6th |location=New York |publisher=Longman |year=2007 |isbn= 978-0-205-56843-7}}
* Schrader, Helena P. ''The Blockade Breakers: The Berlin Airlift'' (2011)
* {{Citation |last1= Stent |first1= Angela |title= Russia and Germany Reborn: Unification, the Soviet Collapse, and the New Europe |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2000 |isbn= 978-0-691-05040-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Tunner|first=LTG (USAF) WIlliam H.|title=Over the Hump|publisher=Duell, Sloan and Pearce (USAF History and Museums Program)|year=1964, 1998}}
* {{Citation |last=Turner|first=Henry Ashby|title=The Two Germanies Since 1945: East and West|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1987|isbn=0-300-03865-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Wettig|first=Gerhard|title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|year= 2008|isbn=0-7425-5542-9}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Berlin Airlift}}
*{{Cite web| title=The Berlin Airlift| work=American Experience | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/airlift/ | accessdate=5 March 2007}} – A PBS site on the context and history of the Berlin Airlift.
*[http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Cold-war/Berlin-Airlift.htm Operation Plainfare]
*[http://www.luftbruecke.net Luftbruecke: Allied Culture in the Heart of Berlin]
*[http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box31/t297c01.html Agreement to divide Berlin]
*[http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/marshall/large/documents/index.php?documentdate=1948-07-23&amp;documentid=45&amp;studycollectionid=mp&amp;pagenumber=1 Memorandum for the President: The Situation in Germany, 23 July 1948]
*[http://www.almc.army.mil/ALOG/issues/SepOct05/Berlinairlift.html Berlin Airlift: Logistics, Humanitarian Aid, and Strategic Success]
*[http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part19.htm#berlin Royal Engineers Museum] Royal Engineers and the Cold War (Berlin Airlift)
*[http://www.defenselink.mil/home/features/2008/0508_berlin/index.html Berlin Airlift] ''U.S. Department of Defense''
*{{Cite web| title=Berlin Airlift | url=http://www.archive.org/details/berlin_airlift_TNA | accessdate=22 October 2007}} – A 1948 propaganda film about the airlift, told from the British point of view.
*{{IMDb title|id=0272486|title=The Berlin Airlift: First Battle of the Cold War (1998)}}
*[http://www.german-way.com/airlift.html The Berlin Airlift]
*{{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.65508|name=BERLIN AIR LIFT (OUTTAKES FROM "OPERATIONS VITTLES")}}
{{Eastern Bloc}}
{{US history}}

{{Wikipedia|Berlin Airlift}}

[[Category:Non-combat military operations involving the United States]]
[[Category:Non-combat military operations involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Non-combat military operations involving Australia]]
[[Category:History of the Royal Air Force]]
[[Category:Cold War conflicts]]
[[Category:1948 in military history]]
[[Category:1949 in military history]]
[[Category:Diplomatic incidents]]
[[Category:Allied occupation of Germany]]
[[Category:1948 in Germany]]
[[Category:1949 in Germany]]
[[Category:Germany–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Soviet Union–United States relations]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Blockades|Berlin]]
[[Category:Eastern Bloc]]
[[Category:1949 in international relations]]
[[Category:1948 in international relations]]
[[Category:Airbridge]]
[[Category:Airlifts]]
[[Category:20th century in Berlin]]
[[Category:Cold War history of Germany]]</text>
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    <title>Blitzkrieg</title>
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      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/204.169.40.254|204.169.40.254]] ([[User talk:204.169.40.254|talk]]) to last version by [[User:General Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2657" sha1="s56m94nzhqigefyigh9vj44lop6dhwg" xml:space="preserve">==Blitzkrieg Tactics==
[[Image:PanzerInfantryAdvance.jpg|thumb|250px|The main characteristic of what is commonly known as "Blitzkrieg".. This photo was taken during operations along the Terek River in 1942.]]
The Blitzkrieg tactic is mostly regarded as the greatest tactic ever used by any army. Blitzkreig in german means literally "Lightning War". So, as you might suspect, it consists of lighting fast attacks. In many forms of the tactic, the attacking army will use its air squadrons and moblie artillery to bombard the target. Then [[Tank]]s, [[Half Tracks]] will advance forward to the objective, where it causes the enemies army to fall abck into a pocket of defense, where the following infantry will kill the encircled troops. The tanks will keep up the assault until the enemy is drove back to the objective. A good example of this attack is the [[Battle of Dunkirk]], where the German [[Wermacht]], or army, used Blitzkreig tactics to advance upon the British troops. The Blitzkreig tactic was so fast that the British didn't have time to retreat properly, this casued massive casualties of the British troops. 
==Anti-Blitzkreig Tactics==
[[Image:Stanislaw Maczek.jpg|thumb|right|150px|General [[Stanisław Maczek]], one of the early developers of anti-blitzkrieg tactics]]
Later in [[World War II]], the Russians invented a tactic that was very effective over the Germans Blitzkreig tactics. It was developed by many people, but the most renowned person was [[General]] [[wikipedia:Stanisław Maczek|Stanisław Maczek]] who designed the tactic. The tactic consisted of gaining air support, which kept the air bombardments by the Germans immpossible, it also kept the Tanks and Half-Tracks from moving freely. To do this however, the [[wikipedia:Russians|Russians]] needed a [[ground attack aircraft]] that could do the job of destroying tanks from the air. The Russians answer to this was the [[Ilyushin Il-2]], which consisted of a crew of two people (a pilot and a rear gunner), a maximum speed of 257 Mile per hour, an operational range of 450 Miles, and an Armament consisting of two fixed forward-firing 23 mm VYa-23 cannons, two fixed forward-firing 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns, one manually aimed 12.7 mm Berezin UBT machine gun the in rear cockpit, and up to 1,320 Pounds of bombs and/or Four RS-82 or RS-132 rockets. These ground attack aircraft were used to combat the German [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]]'s. This caused the Blitzkreig tactic to become less effective. This tactic ''paved the way'' for Americans and British to do the same and keep the Germans from trying attacks of the magnitude of these attacks again.

{{World War II}}</text>
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    <title>Causes of World War II</title>
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      <text bytes="46158" sha1="0vt4pkgmexae25yjou1k8t9sxr2m7sp" xml:space="preserve">The immediate '''Causes of World War II''' are generally held to be the German [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]], and the Japanese attacks on [[wikipedia:China|China]], the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]], and the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|British]] and [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Dutch]] colonies. In each of these cases, the attacks were the result of a decision made by authoritarian ruling elites in Germany and Japan. World War II started after these aggressive actions were met with an official [[wikipedia:declaration of war|declaration of war]], armed resistance or both.[[Image:Unfightforfreedom.jpg|300px|right|U.S. Government Poster]] 
==Background==
{{main|Events preceding World War II in Europe|Events preceding World War II in Asia}}
[[Image:Hitlermusso.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Benito Mussolini]] of [[Fascist Italy]] (left) and [[Adolf Hitler]] of [[Nazi Germany]].]] 

The Nazi   Party came to power in Germany by democratic means, although after acquiring power they eliminated most vestiges of Germany's democratic system. The reasons for their popularity included their renouncement of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] (particularly Article 231, known as the "Guilt Clause"), which had placed many restrictions on Germany since the end of the World War I, staunch [[anti-communism]], the [[Dolchstosslegende]] and promises of stability and economic reconstruction. They also appealed to a sense of Germanic identity, superiority and entitlement, which would play an important role in starting the war, as they demanded the integration of lands they considered to be rightfully belonging to Germany. Hitler was also portrayed by himself, his party, and his book ''Mein Kampf'' as an almost otherworldly savior for the German people.

Imperial [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] in the 1930s was largely ruled by a militarist clique of Army and Navy leaders, devoted to Japan becoming a world colonial power. Japan invaded [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]] in 1931 and [[Second Sino-Japanese War|China]] in 1937 to bolster its meager stock of natural resources and extend its colonial control over a wider area. The [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] and the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] reacted by making loans to [[wikipedia:Republic of China|China]], providing [[wikipedia:Flying Tigers|covert military assistance]], pilots and fighter aircraft to [[wikipedia:Kuomintang|Kuomintang]] China and instituting increasingly broad embargoes of raw materials and oil against Japan. These embargoes would potentially have eventually forced Japan to give up its newly conquered possessions in China or find new sources of oil and other materials to run their economy. Japan was faced with the choice of withdrawing from China, negotiating some compromise, developing new sources of supply, buying what they needed some where else, or going to war to conquer the territories that contained oil, bauxite and other resources in the [[wikipedia:Dutch East Indies|Dutch East Indies]], Malay and the [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]]. Believing the French, Dutch and British governments more than occupied with the war in Europe, the Soviets reeling from German attacks and that the United States could not be organized for war for years and would seek a compromise before waging full scale war, they chose the latter, and went ahead with plans for the [[Greater East Asia War in the Pacific]].[http://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm] 

The direct cause of the United States' entry into the war with Japan was the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941. Germany declared war on the United States on December 12, 1941.

==Ideological causes==
===Communism===
[[Image:Lenin.WWI.JPG|thumb|180px|[[Vladimir Lenin]]]]
{{main|Communism|Anti-Communism}}
The [[October Revolution|Russian Revolution]] led many Germans to fear that a communist insurrection would occur in their own country. Shortly after World War I, the communists attempted to seize power in the country, leading to the establishment of the short-lived [[wikipedia:Bavarian Soviet Republic|Bavarian Soviet Republic]]. The [[Freikorps]] helped to put down the rebellion and their forces were an early component of the Nazi Party. [[Neville Chamberlain]] and most of his fellow conservatives were venomously anti-communist. Some saw in [[Fascism]] a force that would militarily oppose the Soviet Union as proxy for Western Capitalism, contributing to the decision to pursue [[wikipedia:appeasement|appeasement]]. [[wikipedia:Lord Halifax|Lord Halifax]] acknowledged that the Nazis had destroyed Communism in Germany and felt that the Nazi State represented a bulwark for the West against Bolshevism.&lt;ref&gt;Halifax's conversation with Hitler, November 19, 1937 ''Documents Relating to the Eve of the Second World War'' Volume I, November 1937-1938&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to the [[wikipedia:Munich Agreement|Munich Agreement]], the Soviet Union had urged for cooperation in protecting [[wikipedia:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]], but the Western Allies were suspicious of Stalin's own expansionist ambitions. Although allowed to absorb the Sudentenland, Germany later invaded what had constituted the rest of [[wikipedia:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]] in March 1939. This had a tremendous effect on foreign opinion and that same month, Britain and France issued a guarantee to Poland. However, eager to keep Germany at bay without playing into perceived Soviet ambitions, the Western Allies failed to collaborate with Moscow, leaving Germany the option of doing so herself. Thus, not only had Germany's expansion increased its capacity to wage war, but the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact|Nazi-Soviet pact]] it secured in late August only increased the likelihood that the guarantee would fail to discourage Nazi aggression.

===Expansionism===
{{Main|Lebensraum}}
[[Image:Japanese Empire2.png|thumb|Expansion of the Japanese Empire]]

[[wikipedia:Expansionism|Expansionism]] is the doctrine of expanding the territorial base (or economic influence) of a country, usually by means of military aggression.

In Europe, Italy’s [[Benito Mussolini]] sought to create a New [[wikipedia:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] based around the Mediterranean and invaded [[wikipedia:Albania|Albania]] in early 1939, before the official start of the war, and later invaded [[wikipedia:Greece|Greece]]. Italy had also invaded [[wikipedia:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] as early as 1935. This provoked little response from the [[League of Nations]] and the former Allied powers, a reaction to empire-building that was common throughout the war weary and depressed economy of the 1930's. Germany came to Mussolini's aid on several occasions.

Italy’s [[wikipedia:expansionist|expansionist]] desires can be tied to bitterness over minimal gains after helping the Allies achieve victory in World War I.  At Versailles, Italy had been promised large chunks of [[wikipedia:Austria|Austrian]] territory, but received only [[wikipedia:South Tirol|South Tirol]], and promises believed to have made by some about [[wikipedia:Albania|Albania]] and [[wikipedia:Asia Minor|Asia Minor]] were ignored by the more powerful nation's leaders.

After World War I, the German State had lost land to [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[wikipedia:France|France]], [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], and [[wikipedia:Denmark|Denmark]]. Notable losses included the [[wikipedia:Polish Corridor|Polish Corridor]], [[wikipedia:Danzig|Danzig]], the [[wikipedia:Klaipėda|Memel Territory]] (to [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]]), the [[wikipedia:Province of Posen|Province of Posen]] and the most economically valuable eastern portion of [[wikipedia:Upper Silesia|Upper Silesia]]. The economically valuable regions of the [[wikipedia:Saarland|Saarland]] and the [[wikipedia:Rhineland|Rhineland]] were placed under the authority (but not jurisdiction) of [[wikipedia:France|France]].  

The result of this loss of land was population relocation, bitterness among Germans, and also difficult relations with those in these neighboring countries, contributing to feelings of [[wikipedia:revanchism|revanchism]] which inspired [[wikipedia:irredentism|irredentism]]. Under the Nazi regime, Germany began its own program of expansion, seeking to restore the "rightful" boundaries of [[wikipedia:German Empire|pre-World War I Germany]], resulting in the reoccupation of the Rhineland and action in the Polish Corridor, leading to a perhaps inevitable war with Poland. However, due to Allied appeasement and prior inaction, Hitler estimated that he could invade Poland without provoking a general war or, at the worst, only spark weak Allied intervention after the results was already decided. 

Also of importance was the idea of a [[Greater Germany]], where supporters hoped to unite the German people under one nation. Germany's pre-World War II ambitions in both Austria and parts of [[wikipedia:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]] mirror this goal. After the Treaty of Versailles, an [[wikipedia:Anschluss|Anschluss]], or union, between Germany and a newly reformed [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]] was prohibited by the Allies. Such a plan of unification, predating the creation of the German State of 1871, had been discarded due to the Austro-Hungarian Empire's multiethnic composition as well as competition between Prussia and Austria for [[wikipedia:hegemony|hegemony]]. At the end of World War I, the majority of Austria's population supported such a union.

The [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] had lost large parts of former [[wikipedia:Russian Empire|Russian Empire]] territories to [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]], [[wikipedia:Estonia|Estonia]], [[wikipedia:Latvia|Latvia]], [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]] and [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]] in [[World War I]] and [[Russian Civil War]] and was interested in regaining lost territories.

[[wikipedia:Hungary|Hungary]], an ally of Germany had also been stripped of enormous territories after the partition of the [[wikipedia:Austria-Hungary|Austria-Hungary]] empire and hoped to regain those lands by allying with Germany. 

In [[wikipedia:Asia|Asia]], [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] also harbored expansionist desires, fuelled at least partially by the minimal gains the Japanese saw after World War I.  Despite having taken a German colony in [[wikipedia:China|China]] and a few other Pacific islands, as well as swaths of [[wikipedia:Siberia|Siberia]] and the Russian port of [[wikipedia:Vladivostok|Vladivostok]], Japan was forced to give up all but the few islands it had gained during World War I.

In many of these cases, the roots of the expansionism leading to World War II can be found in perceived national slights resulting from previous involvement in World War I, nationalistic goals of re-unification of former territories or dreams of an expanded empire.

===Fascism===
{{Main|Fascism}}
"Fascism" is a  philosophy of government that is marked by stringent social and economic control, a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator, and often has a policy of belligerent nationalism that gained power in many countries across Europe in the years leading up to World War II. In general it believes that the government should control industry and people for the good of the country.

In many ways, fascism viewed the [[wikipedia:army|army]] as a model that a whole society should emulate. Fascist countries were highly [[wikipedia:militarism|militaristic]], and the need for individual heroism was an important part of fascist ideology. In his book, ''The Doctrine of Fascism'', [[Benito Mussolini]] declared that "fascism does not, generally speaking, believe in the possibility or utility of perpetual peace".[http://www.worldfuturefund.org/wffmaster/Reading/Germany/mussolini.htm]Fascists believed that war was generally a positive force for improvement, and were therefore eager at the prospect of a new European war.

===Isolationism===
{{main|Isolationism}}

[[wikipedia:Isolationism|Isolationism]] was the dominant foreign policy of the United States following World War I.  Although the U.S. remained active in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific, it withdrew from European political affairs but retained strong business connections.

Popular sentiment in Britain and France was also isolationist and very war weary after the slaughter of World War I.  In reference to Czechoslovakia, Neville Chamberlain said, "How horrible, fantastic it is that we should be digging trenches and trying on gas-masks here because of a quarrel in a far away country between people of whom we know nothing. I am myself a man of peace from the depths of my soul."

Within a few years of this statement, the world would be engulfed in total war.

===Nationalism===
[[wikipedia:Nationalism|Nationalism]] is the belief that groups of people are bound together by territorial, cultural and ethnic links. [[wikipedia:Nationalism|Nationalism]], was used by their leaders to generate public support for German, Italian and Japanese aggression. [[Fascism]] in these countries was built largely upon a theory of nationalism and the search for a cohesive "[[wikipedia:Nation-state|nation state]]".  Hitler and his Nazi party used nationalism to great effect in Germany, already a nation where fervent nationalism was prevalent. In Italy, the idea of restoring the [[wikipedia:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] was attractive to many Italians. In Japan, nationalism, in the sense of duty and honor, especially to the emperor, had been widespread for centuries.

===Racism===
{{main|Racial policy of Nazi Germany|Drang nach Osten|Polabian Slavs|Japanocentrism}}

The events of the 20th century marked the culmination of a millennium-long process of intermingling between [[wikipedia:Germans|Germans]] and [[wikipedia:Slavic peoples|Slavs]]. Over the years, many Germans had settled to the east (e.g. the [[wikipedia:Volga German|Volga German]]s). At the same time, the Slavs had expanded westward (e.g. the [[wikipedia:Sorbs|Sorbs]]). Such [[wikipedia:Migration Period|migratory patterns]] created enclaves and blurred conceiveable ethnic frontiers. By the 19th and 20th century, these migrations now had considerable political implications. The rise of the nation-state had given way to the politics of identity and agendas such as [[wikipedia:Pan-Germanism|Pan-Germanism]] and [[wikipedia:Pan-Slavism|Pan-Slavism]] surfaced. Furthermore, [[wikipedia:Social Darwinism|Social Darwinist]] theories framed the coexistence as a "Teuton vs. Slav" struggle for domination, land and limited resources. Integrating these ideas into their own, the Nazis believed that the Germans, the "[[Aryan race]]", were the [[wikipedia:master race|master race]] and the Slavs were inferior.

Japan, led by a militaristic government, had an increasingly imperialistic and colonial program in the 1930s. Many Japanese were virulently racist, not only towards Europeans, but also against other Asian peoples such as [[wikipedia:Koreans|Koreans]], [[wikipedia:Ainu people|Ainu]], and [[wikipedia:Chinese race|Chinese]]. To these Japanese racists, anyone who was not Japanese was considered inferior and treated as such. Rapid industrialization and progress through the 19th and 20th centuries meant that Japan was economically and technologically ahead of most of its neighbours. Japan used that technological lead to invade its neighbors and pursue its own expansionist ambitions, again an example of Social Darwinism.

===Appeasement===
[[wikipedia:Appeasement|Appeasement]] is a strategy where, hoping to avoid conflict, one party grants concessions to the other. The United Kingdom and France demonstrated this towards Germany in the late 1930's, culminating in the 1938 [[wikipedia:Munich Agreement|Munich Agreement]]. Simultaneously, Germany's capacity increased, assuring that victory would be not as easily obtained by the Western Allies if war ''did'' break out. With the status of [[wikipedia:Polish Corridor|Polish Corridor]] and the [[wikipedia:Free City of Danzig|Free City of Danzig]] hanging in the balance, Germany eventually attacked Poland - the Allies, believe that the situation could be resolved diplomatically, did little to prepare for this event despite the fact that they had issued guarantees towards Poland. As tensions escalated in the final days before the invasion, France explicitly warned Poland against mobilizing, believing the Germans could still be bargained with diplomatically.

==Interrelations and economics==
===Treaty of Versailles===
{{Main|Treaty of Versailles}}

The [[Treaty of Versailles]] was neither lenient enough to appease Germany, nor harsh enough to prevent it from becoming the dominant continental power again.

It placed the blame, or "[[wikipedia:War Guilt Clause|war guilt]]" on Germany and Austria-Hungary, and punished them from their alleged "responsibility" rather than work out an agreement that would assure peace in the long-term future. The Treaty resulted in harsh monetary [[World War I reparations|reparations]], territorial dismemberment, mass ethnic resettlements and indirectly hampered the German economy by causing rapid [[wikipedia:hyperinflation|hyperinflation]]. The Weimar Republic printed trillions to help pay off its debts, and borrowed heavily from the United States (only to [[wikipedia:default|default]] later) to pay war reparations to Britain and France, who still carried war debt from World War I.

Another important aspect of the Treaty was that it created bitter resentment towards the victors of the [[World War I]], who had promised the people of Germany that U.S. President Woodrow [[wikipedia:Wilson's Fourteen Points|Wilson's Fourteen Points]] would be a guideline for peace; many Germans felt that the German government had agreed to an armistice based on this understanding, while others felt that the [[German Revolution]] itself had been orchestrated by the "November criminals" who later assumed office in the new Weimar Republic. President [[wikipedia:Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson]] was never able to get the allies to agree to adopt them, indeed, he couldn't even get the U.S. Congress to join the [[League of Nations]].

Contributing to this, the Allies had failed to militarily step foot on German soil during World War I, and the war in the East against Russia had already been won by Germany. These were the pillars that held together the [[Dolchstosslegende]], and gave the Nazis another tool at their disposal. 

An opposite view of the Treaty held by some is that it did not go far enough in permanently neutering the capability of Germany to be a great power by dividing Germany into smaller, less powerful states. In effect, this would have 'undone [[Bismarck]]'s work' and would have accomplished what the French delegation at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] wanted. However, this could have had any number of unforeseeable consequences, especially amidst the rise of communism. Regardless, the Treaty of Versailles is generally agreed to have been a very poor treaty.

===Competition for resources===
Other than a few [[wikipedia:coal|coal]] and [[wikipedia:iron|iron]] deposits, Japan lacks true natural resources. Japan, the only Asian country with a burgeoning industrial economy at that time, feared that a lack of raw materials might hinder its ability to fight a total war against a reinvigorated Soviet Union. In the hopes of expanding its resources, Japan invaded [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]] (1931) and set about to consolidate its resources and develop its economy. Insurgency by nationalists south of Manchuria compelled the Japanese leaders to argue for a brief, three month war to knock out Chinese power from the north. When it became clear that this time estimate was absurd, plans for obtaining more resources began. The Imperial Navy eventually began to feel that it did not have enough fuel reserves. 

To remedy this deficiency and ensure a safe supply of oil and other critical resources Japan would have to challenge the [[wikipedia:Colonialism|European colonial powers]] over the control of oil rich areas such as the [[wikipedia:Dutch East Indies|Dutch East Indies]] ([[wikipedia:Indonesia|Indonesia]]).  Such a move against the colonial powers was however expected to lead to open conflict also with the United States.  On August 1941, the crisis came to a head as the United States, which at the time supplied 80% of Japanese oil imports, initiated a complete oil embargo. This threatened to cripple both the Japanese economy and military strength once the strategic reserves would run dry. Faced with the choice of either trying to appease the U.S., negotiate a compromise, find other sources of supply or go to war over resources, Japan chose the latter. Hoping to knock out the U.S. for long enough to be able to achieve and consolidate their war-aims, the Japanese Navy attacked the U.S. Navy at [[Pearl Harbor]] in December, 7, 1941. They believed they would have about a two year window to consolidate their conquests before the United States could effectively respond and that the United States would compromise long before they could get near Japan--they were wrong.

Japan felt threatened by the US and wanted to be the sole power in the Pacific region. Several laws were passed in America and Canada which were more or less prejudiced against the Japanese and other Asians.

===League of Nations===
[[Image:1920assemb.jpg|thumb|220px|1920 Assembly of the League of Nations (The first assembly)]]
{{main|League of Nations}}

The [[League of Nations]] was an international organization founded after World War I to prevent future wars.  The League's methods included [[wikipedia:arms control|disarmament]]; preventing war through [[wikipedia:collective security|collective security]]; settling disputes between [[wikipedia:country|countries]] through [[wikipedia:negotiation|negotiation]] [[wikipedia:diplomacy|diplomacy]]; and improving global [[wikipedia:quality of life|welfare]]. The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift in thought from the preceding hundred years. The old philosophy, growing out of the [[wikipedia:Congress of Vienna|Congress of Vienna]] (1815), saw Europe as a shifting map of alliances among nation-states, creating a balance of power maintained by strong armies and secret agreements. Under the new philosophy, the League was a government of governments, with the role of settling disputes between individual nations in an open and legalist forum. The impetus for the founding of the League came from U.S. President [[wikipedia:Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson]], though the United States never joined the League of Nations. This also lessened the power of the League - the addition of a burgeoning industrial and military world power would have added more force behind the League's demands and requests.

The League lacked an armed force of its own and so depended on the members to enforce its resolutions, keep to economic sanctions which the League ordered, or provide an army, when needed, for the League to use. However, they were often very reluctant to do so.

After a number of notable [[#Successes|successes]] and some early [[#Specific failures|failures]] in the 1920's, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis Powers in the 1930's. The absence of the USA, the reliance upon unanimous decisions, the lack of an armed force and the continued self-interest of its leading members meant that this failure was arguably inevitable.

===European Civil War===
Some academics are calling World War II a [[European Civil War]].

==Specific events==
===World War I===
{{main|World War I|Causes of World War I}}

Many people view [[World War II]] as a continuation of [[World War I]]. Firstly, some believe that the [[Versailles Treaty]], drafted at the conclusion of the World War I, failed to set up the parameters which may have prevented the Second.

World War I lacked a dramatically decisive conclusion.  Allied troops had not entered Germany and its people anticipated a treaty along the lines of the [[wikipedia:Fourteen Points|Fourteen Points]]. This meant the German people argued that had the 'traitors' not gone and surrendered to the Allies, Germany could have gone on to win the war, however unlikely the reality. This peace proposal was largely abandoned in favor of punishing Germany for its alleged "war responsibility", an ineffective compromise that left Germany smaller, weaker and embittered, but capable of rebounding and seeking [[wikipedia:revanchism|revenge]].

Large groups of nationalistic minorities still remained trapped in other nations. For example, [[wikipedia:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] (originally the [[wikipedia:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]]) had 5 major ethnic groups (the Serbs, Croats, Macedons, Montenegrins, and the Slovenes), and it was created after the war. Other examples abound in the former lands of Austria-Hungary which were divided up quite arbitrarily and unfairly after the war. For example, Hungary was held responsible for the war and stripped of two thirds of its territory while Austria, which had been an equal partner in the Austro-Hungarian government, had its territory expanded.

The Germans had a difficult time accepting defeat.  At the end of the war, the navy was in a state of mutiny, and the army was retreating (but not routing) in the face of an enemy with more men and material.  Despite this reality, some Germans, notably Hitler, advanced the idea that the army would somehow have triumphed if not for the [[German Revolution]] at home.  This [[Dolchstosslegende|"Stab in the Back" theory]] was used to convince the people that a second world war would be winnable.

===Weimar Republic===
{{main|Weimar Republic|Beer Hall Putsch}}

The [[Weimar Republic]] governed Germany from 1919 to 1933.  The republic was named after the city of [[wikipedia:Weimar, Germany|Weimar]], where a national assembly convened to produce a new [[wikipedia:constitution|constitution]] after the [[wikipedia:German Empire|German Empire]] was abolished following the nation's defeat in World War I.  It was a [[wikipedia:liberal democracy|liberal democracy]] in the style of France and the United States.

The [[Beer Hall Putsch]] was a failed Nazi ''[[wikipedia:coup d'état|coup d'état]]'' which occurred in the evening of Thursday, [[wikipedia:November 8|November 8]] to the early afternoon of Friday, [[wikipedia:November 9|November 9]] [[wikipedia:1923|1923]]. [[Adolf Hitler]], using the popular World War I General [[wikipedia:Erich Ludendorff|Erich Ludendorff]], unsuccessfully tried to overthrow the Weimar Republic.  Following the Putsch, Hitler was imprisoned and wrote [[Mein Kampf]].

===Economic depression===
[[wikipedia:The Great Depression|The Great Depression]] resulted in 33% unemployment rate in Germany and a 25% unemployment rate in the US. This led many people to support dictatorships just for a steady job and adequate food.

The Great Depression hit Germany second only to the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]. Severe unemployment prompted the Nazi party, which had been losing favor, to experience a surge in membership. This more than anything contributed to the rise of Hitler in Germany, and therefore World War II in Europe.  After the end of World War I many American industries and banks invested their money in rebuilding Europe. This happened in many European countries, but especially in Germany. After the 1929 crash many American investors fearing that they would lose their money, or having lost all their capital, stopped investing as heavily in Europe. Additionally, it has also been suggested that the economic downturn that struck Britain in 1939 influenced the decision to back Poland, knowing that this increased the danger of going to war. Interestingly, these conditions were a direct result of most of Central Europe, now part of Nazi Germany, dropping out of the international economy.

===Nazi dictatorship===
{{main|Gleichschaltung|Nazi Germany|National Socialist German Workers Party}}

Hitler was appointed [[wikipedia:Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]]  on [[wikipedia:January 30|January 30]], [[wikipedia:1933|1933]]. The arson of the parliament building on [[wikipedia:February 27|February 27]] (which some have claimed the Nazis had instigated) was used as an excuse for the cancellation of civil and political liberties, enacted by the aged president [[Paul von Hindenburg]] and the rightist [[wikipedia:coalition cabinet|coalition cabinet]] led by Hitler. 

After new elections, a Nazi-led majority abolished [[wikipedia:parliamentarism|parliamentarism]], the Weimar constitution, and practically the parliament itself through the [[wikipedia:Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act]] on [[wikipedia:March 23|March 23]], whereby the Nazis' planned [[Gleichschaltung]] (regimentation) of Germany was made formally legal. In the "[[Night of the Long Knives]]", Hitler's men murdered his remaining political rivals. After Hindenburg died on [[wikipedia:August 2|August 2]], [[wikipedia:1934|1934]], the authority of the presidency fell into the hands of Adolf Hitler.  Without much resistance from the army leadership, the Soldiers' Oath was modified into an oath of obedience to Adolf Hitler personally.

In violation of the Treaty of Versailles and the spirit of the [[wikipedia:Locarno Pact|Locarno Pact]], Germany [[wikipedia:Remilitarization of the Rhineland|remilitarized the Rhineland]] on Saturday, [[wikipedia:March 7|March 7]], [[wikipedia:1936|1936]]. The occupation was done with very little military force, the troops entering on bicycles, and could easily have been stopped had it not been for the appeasement mentality. France could not act due to political instability at the time. In addition, since the remilitarization occurred on a weekend, the British Government could not find out or discuss actions to be taken until the following Monday. As a result of this, the governments were inclined to see the remilitarization as a ''fait accompli''.

===Italian Invasion of Ethiopia===
{{main|Second Italo-Abyssinian War}}

[[Benito Mussolini]] attempted to expand the Italian Empire in Africa by invading Ethiopia, which had so far successfully resisted European colonization.  With the pretext of the Walwal incident in September 1935, Italy invaded on October 3, 1935, without a formal declaration of war. The League of Nations declared Italy the aggressor but failed to impose effective sanctions.

The war progressed slowly for Italy despite its advantage in weaponry and the use of mustard gas.  By March 31, 1936, the Italians won the last major battle of the war, the [[Battle of Maychew]]. Emperor [[wikipedia:Haile Selassie|Haile Selassie]] fled into exile on May 2, and Italy took the capital, Addis Ababa, on May 5.  Italy annexed the country on May 7, merging [[wikipedia:Eritrea|Eritrea]], [[wikipedia:Abyssinia|Abyssinia]] and [[wikipedia:Somaliland|Somaliland]] into a single state known as [[wikipedia:Italian East Africa|Italian East Africa]].  

On 30 June 1936, Emperor Haile Selassie gave a stirring speech before the League of Nations denouncing Italy's actions and criticizing the world community for standing by. He warned that "It is us today. It will be you tomorrow". As a result of the League's condemnation of Italy, Mussolini declared the country's withdrawal from the organization.

===Spanish Civil War===
[[Image:Terualsiege.jpg|thumb|220px|Scene during the Siege of Teruel, Spain, April 1, 1938 (A.B.C. Press Service)]]
{{main|Spanish Civil War}}
Germany and Italy lent support to the [[wikipedia:Spanish State|Nationalist insurrection]] led by general [[wikipedia:Francisco Franco|Francisco Franco]] in Spain.  The Soviet Union supported the existing government, the [[wikipedia:Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]] which showed leftist tendencies. Both sides used this war as an opportunity to test improved weapons and tactics. The [[Bombing of Guernica]] was a horrific attack on civilians which foreshadowed events that would occur throughout Europe.

===Sino-Japanese War===
{{main|Second Sino-Japanese War}}
The [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] began in 1937 when [[wikipedia:Imperial Japan|Japan]] attacked deep into [[wikipedia:China|China]] from its foothold in [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]].  The Japanese captured the Chinese capital city Nanking (now [[wikipedia:Nanjing|Nanjing]]), and committed brutal [[Japanese war crimes|atrocities]] in the [[Nanking Massacre|Rape of Nanking]].

===Anschluss===
{{main|Anschluss}}

The [[Anschluss]] was the 1938 annexation of [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]] into Germany. Such an action was expressly forbidden by the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. Historically, the idea of creating a [[Greater Germany]] through such a union had been popular in Austria as well as Germany, peaking just after World War I; in the years prior to the actual Anschluss, many Austrians had lost interest. As such, the Austrian National Socialist Party and Austria's German nationalist movement became dependent on their northern neighbor. Hitlerian Germany pressed for the Austrian Nazi Party's legality, played a critical role in the assassination of Austrian chancellor, [[wikipedia:Engelbert Dollfuss|Engelbert Dollfuss]], and pressured for several Austrian Nazi Party members to be incorporated into offices within the administration. 

Following a Hitler speech at the Reichstag, Dollfuss' successor, [[wikipedia:Kurt Schuschnigg|Kurt Schuschnigg]], made it clear that he could be pushed "no further". Amidst mounting pressures from Germany, he elected to hold a [[wikipedia:plebiscite|plebiscite]], hoping to retain autonomy.  However, just days prior to the balloting, a successful Austrian Nazi Party [[wikipedia:Coup d'État|coup]] transferred power within the country. The takeover allowed German troops to enter Austria as "enforcers of the Anschluss", since the Party quickly transferred power to Hitler. Consequently, no fighting occurred and Britain, France and Fascist Italy, who all vehemently opposed such a union, did nothing. Just as importantly, the quarrelling amongst these powers doomed any continuation of a [[wikipedia:Stresa Front|Stresa Front]] and, with no choice but to accept the unfavorable Anschluss, Italy had little reason for continued opposition to Germany, and was actually drawn in closer to the Nazis. Austria ceased to exist as an independent state.

===Munich Agreement===
{{main|Munich Agreement|Appeasement}}

The [[wikipedia:Sudetenland|Sudetenland]] was a predominantly German region within recently formed [[wikipedia:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]]. As a whole, Czechoslovakia had a large, modern army of 38 divisions, backed by a well-noted armament industry as well as a military alliance with France. The Sudetenland region formed about one third of Bohemia (western Czechoslovakia) in terms of territory, population, and economy. It contained most of the huge defensive system (larger than the [[wikipedia:Maginot line|Maginot line]]) that represented Czechoslovakia's only viable military defense, well protected by the mountainous terrain. In order to build these positions, some land had been expropriated (with compensation).&lt;ref&gt;Czechoslovakia Law no. 63/1935 Digest of the Laws and Enactments, about expropriation for the purposes of state defense&lt;/ref&gt;

Hitler pressed for the Sudetenland's incorporation into the Reich, supporting German separatist groups within the Sudeten region. Alleged "Czech brutality" and "persecution under [[wikipedia:Prague|Prague]]" helped to stir up nationalist tendencies with the help of the Nazi press. After the Anschluss all German parties (except German Social-Democratic party) merged with the [[wikipedia:Sudeten German Party|Sudeten German Party]] (SdP). As a result, the SdP gained 91% of the German votes in 1938 [[wikipedia:Local election|Local election]]. Paramilitary activity and extremist violence peaked during this period. The Prague government resorted to increasingly violent means to suppress the separatists, and the antidemocratic measures that it resorted to only exacerbated tensions. Germany requested the immediate annexation of the Sudetenland.

Finally, in the [[Munich Agreement]] of September 30, 1938, British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] and French leaders appeased Hitler.  The conferring powers allowed Germany to move troops into the region and incorporate it into the Reich "for the sake of peace." In exchange for this, Hitler gave his word that Germany would make no further territorial claims in Europe.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~pv/munich/czdoc09.html Chamberlain's radio broadcast], 27 September 1938&lt;/ref&gt;  Czechoslovakia, which at that time had already mobilized over one million troops and was prepared to fight to preserve its sovereignty, was not allowed to participate in the conference. When the French and British negotiators informed the Czechoslovak representatives about the agreement, and that if Czechoslovakia would not accept it, France and Britain would consider Czechoslovakia to be responsible for war, president [[wikipedia:Edvard Beneš|Edvard Beneš]] capitulated. Germany took the Sudetenland. 

In March, 1939, breaking the Munich agreement, German troops invaded [[wikipedia:Prague|Prague]] and the rest of what had been Czechoslovakia.

===Soviet-Japanese Border War===
{{main|Battle of Khalkhin Gol}}
In 1939, the Japanese attacked north from Manchuria into Siberia.  They were decisively beaten by Soviet units under General [[wikipedia:Georgy Zhukov|Georgy Zhukov]].  Following this battle, the Soviet Union and Japan were at peace until 1945.  Japan looked south to expand its empire, leading to conflict with the United States over the [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]] and control of shipping lanes to the [[wikipedia:Dutch East Indies|Dutch East Indies]].  The Soviet Union focused on the west, leaving only minimal troops to guard the frontier with Japan.

===Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact===
{{main|Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact}}

Nominally, the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]] was a [[wikipedia:non-aggression treaty|non-aggression treaty]] between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. It was signed in [[wikipedia:Moscow|Moscow]] on [[wikipedia:August 23|August 23]], [[wikipedia:1939|1939]], by the Soviet foreign minister [[wikipedia:Vyacheslav Molotov|Vyacheslav Molotov]] and the German foreign minister [[wikipedia:Joachim von Ribbentrop|Joachim von Ribbentrop]].

In 1939, neither Germany nor the Soviet Union were ready to go to war with each other.  The Soviet Union had lost territory to Poland in 1920 and would not tolerate German occupation of all of Poland.  Although officially labeled a "non-aggression treaty", the Pact included a secret protocol, in which the independent countries of [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]], [[wikipedia:Estonia|Estonia]], [[wikipedia:Latvia|Latvia]], [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]] and [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]] were divided into [[wikipedia:spheres of interest|spheres of interest]] of the parties. The secret protocol explicitly assumed ''"territorial and political rearrangements"'' in the areas of these countries.

Subsequently all the mentioned countries were invaded, occupied or forced to cede part of their territory by either the Soviet Union, Germany, or both.

===Invasion of Poland===
[[Image:Second World War europe.PNG|left|thumb|[[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]].]]
{{main|Invasion of Poland (1939)|World War II}}

Tensions had existed between Poland and Germany for some time in regards to the [[wikipedia:Free City of Danzig|Free City of Danzig]] and the [[wikipedia:Polish Corridor|Polish Corridor]]. Finally, after issuing a number of proposals, Germany declared that diplomatic measures had been exhausted and invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Britain and France had previously warned that they would honor their alliances to Poland and issued an ultimatum to Germany: withdraw or war would be declared. Germany declined and World War II began. The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east on September 17.

===Invasion of the Soviet Union===
{{main|Operation Barbarossa}}
[[Image:Kukryniksy-razgromim.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Hitler Tearing the Nonaggression Pact'', a 1941 poster by [[wikipedia:Kukryniksy|Kukryniksy]] artists.]]

By attacking the Soviet Union in June, 1941, Hitler enlarged the scale of the war, committing what today is widely regarded as a strategic blunder.  Leaving a determined United Kingdom in his rear, in effect, opened up a debilitating [[wikipedia:Two-front war|two front war]]. Hitler also believed that the Soviet Union could be defeated in a fast-paced and relentless assault that capitalized on the Soviet Union's ill-prepared state.

One theory states that if Germany had not attacked, [[wikipedia:Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] would have done so within the next couple of months, unleashing the [[wikipedia:Red Army|Red Army]] and all the force the Soviet Union could bear. This would have been a disaster for the Germans, as the [[Wehrmacht]] would lose the element of surprise and the ability to maneuver, which contributed to the military's ability to confront the Soviets so successfully early on. Furthermore, the terrain of Germany's east would not have been favorable for defensive warfare, as it is flat and relatively open.  Still, the view promoted by [[wikipedia:Icebreaker (Suvorov)|Viktor Suvorov]] relies on a number of assumptions, including the underlying notion that a war between the two powers was, for various reasons, inevitable.

===Attack on Pearl Harbor===
{{main|Attack on Pearl Harbor}}
The [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese Combined Fleet]] attacked Pearl Harbor hoping to destroy the [[wikipedia:United States Pacific Fleet|United States Pacific Fleet]] at anchor.  Even though the Japanese knew that the U.S. had the potential to build more ships, they hoped that they would feed reinforcements in piecemeal and thus the Japanese Navy would be able to defeat them in detail.  This nearly happened during the [[Battle of Wake Island]] shortly after.

Within days, Germany declared war on the United States, effectively ending isolationist sentiment in the U.S. which had so far prevented it from entering the war.

==Notes==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;
&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==References==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;
*Carley, Michael Jabara ''1939 : the Alliance that never was and the coming of World War II'', Chicago : I.R. Dee, 1999 ISBN 1-56663-252-8. 
* Dallek, Robert. ''Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945'' (1995).
* Dutton, David ''Neville Chamberlain'', London : Arnold ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2001 ISBN 0-340-70627-9. 
* Feis, Herbert. ''The Road to Pearl Harbor: The coming of the war between the United States and Japan.'' classic history by senior American official.
* Goldstein, Erik &amp; Lukes, Igor (editors) ''The Munich crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II'', London ; Portland, OR : Frank Cass, 1999 ISBN 0-7146-8056-7. 
* Hildebrand, Klaus ''The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich'', translated by Anthony Fothergill, London, Batsford 1973.
* Hillgruber, Andreas ''Germany and the Two World Wars'', translated by William C. Kirby, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1981 ISBN 0-674-35321-8.
* {{cite book
 | last = Seki
 | first = Eiji
 | coauthors = 
 | year = 2007
 | title = Sinking of the SS Automedon And the Role of the Japanese Navy: A New Interpretation
 | publisher = University of Hawaii Press
 | location = 
 | id = ISBN 1905246285
}}
* Strang, G. Bruce ''On The Fiery March : Mussolini Prepares For War'', Westport, Conn. : Praeger Publishers, 2003 ISBN 0-275-97937-7. 
* Thorne, Christopher G. ''The Issue of War: States, Societies, and the Coming of the Far Eastern Conflict of 1941-1945'' (1985) sophisticated analysis of each major power.
* Tohmatsu, Haruo and H. P. Willmott. ''A Gathering Darkness: The Coming of War to the Far East and the Pacific'' (2004), short overview.
* Wandycz, Piotr Stefan ''The Twilight of French Eastern Alliances, 1926-1936 : French-Czechoslovak-Polish relations from Locarno to the remilitarization of the Rhineland'', Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1988 ISBN 0-691-05528-9. 
* Watt, Donald Cameron ''How war came : the immediate origins of the Second World War, 1938-1939'', New York : Pantheon, 1989 ISBN 0-394-57916-X. 
* Weinberg, Gerhard ''The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany : Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, 1933-36'', Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1970 ISBN 0-226-88509-7. 
* Weinberg, Gerhard ''The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Starting World War II, 1937-1939'', Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1980 ISBN 0-226-88511-9. 
* Turner, Henry Ashby ''German big business and the rise of Hitler'', New York : Oxford University Press, 1985 ISBN 0-19-503492-9. 
* Wheeler-Bennett, John ''Munich : Prologue to Tragedy'', New York : Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948. 
* Young, Robert ''France and the Origins of the Second World War'', New York : St. Martin's Press, 1996 ISBN 0-312-16185-9.
&lt;/div&gt;

==External links==
*[http://www.historychannel.com/thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=226140 The History Channel]
*[http://www.american.edu/ted/ice/saar.htm France, Germany and the Struggle for the War-making Natural Resources of the Rhineland] Explains the long term conflict between Germany and France over the centuries, which was a contributing factor to the World Wars.
*[http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/goeb21.htm The New Year 1939/40, by Joseph Goebbels]
*[http://www.winstonchurchill.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=393 "We shall fight on the beaches" speech, by Winston Churchill]
*[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWmunich.htm Czechoslovakia primary sources]
*[http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~pv/munich/doclist.html More Czechoslovakia primary sources]

{{World War II}}

{{wikipedia|Causes of World War II}}

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      <text bytes="1083" sha1="qhtuzc8s1hcw23qo4le1t460d38025e" xml:space="preserve">The '''causes of the [[French Revolution]]''', the uprising that brought the regime of King Louis XVI to an end, were manifold. France in 1789, although facing some economic (and especially fiscal) difficulties, was one of the richest and most powerful nations in Europe; only in Great Britain and the Netherlands did the common people have more freedom and less chance of arbitrary punishment. At the time Louis XVI called the Estates-General of 1789, he himself was generally popular, even if the nobility and many of the king's ministers were not.

Nevertheless, the ancien régime was brought down, partly by its own rigidity in the face of a changing world, partly by the ambitions of a rising bourgeoisie, allied with aggrieved peasants and wage-earners and with individuals of all classes who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment. As the revolution proceeded and as power devolved from the monarchy to legislative bodies, the conflicting interests of these initially allied groups would become the source of conflict and bloodshed.

[[Category:French Revolution]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cold War</title>
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      <text bytes="642" sha1="a3gah254a0dqxpr9q3eduok2cgxko33" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Cold War Map 1959.png|thumb|500px|left|The Cold War in 1959.]]
The '''Cold War''' was a period of competition, tension, and conflict between the capitalist superpower [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] and her allies and the communist superpower [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] and her allies from the mid 1940's to the late 1990's. The superpowers' rivalry was played out in several different forms: [[espionage]], [[wikipedia:ideology|ideology]], psychology, military, industrial, and technological developments such as the space race and the [[nuclear arms race]], and a lot of [[proxy war]]s.

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{{Cold War}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Command and General Staff College</title>
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      <text bytes="89" sha1="3ujv2p52sdaw66n0z79fif8zg0eagp6" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]]
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  <page>
    <title>Commander-in-Chief</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1043" sha1="g586r70t7cbqvq0avyegywxdywjwh95" xml:space="preserve">The '''Commander-in-Chief''' is the leader of an army and most of the time the leader of a country. They mainly assign commanders for specific operations and sometimes go onto the battlefield.

== United States Commander-in-Chiefs ==
*[[George Washington]] (put down [[Whiskey Rebellion]])
*[[Abraham Lincoln]] (during [[American Civil War]])
*[[Theodore Roosevelt]] (intervened in [[Russo-Japanese War]] and started [[Panama War]])
*[[Woodrow Wilson]] (during [[World War I]])
*[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (during [[World War II]])
*[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] (during [[Vietnam War]])
*[[John F. Kennedy]] (during [[Cuban Missile Crisis]])
*[[George H.W. Bush]] (during [[Persian Gulf War]])
*[[George W. Bush]] (during and still in [[Iraq War]])

== Non-US Commander-in-Chiefs ==
*[[Adolf Hitler]] (Germany) (during [[World War II]]
*[[Joseph Stalin]] (Soviet Union) (during [[World War II]])
*[[Winston Churchill]] (United Kingdom) (during [[World War II]])
*[[Saddam Hussein]] (Iraq) (during [[Persian Gulf War]] and halfway into [[Iraq War]])</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Continuation War</title>
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      <comment>/* Before World War II */</comment>
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      <text bytes="71113" sha1="ovev0rf5oyxha21eo01yiweq5uive3v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Continuation War
|partof=[[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] of [[World War II]]
|image=[[Image:StuG III Ausf. G.jpg|300px|]] 
|caption=Finnish [[Sturmgeschütz III|StuG III]] Ausf. G [[assault gun]]s.
|date=[[wikipedia:25 June|25 June]] [[1941]]–[[wikipedia:19 September|19 September]] [[1944]]
|place=[[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]], [[wikipedia:Karelia|Karelia]] and [[wikipedia:Murmansk|Murmansk]]
|result=[[Moscow Armistice]]
|combatant1=[[Image:Flag of Finland.svg|22px|Flag of Finland]] [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px|Flag of Nazi Germany]] [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|22px|Flag of Italy]] [[wikipedia:Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]]&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|combatant2=[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px|Flag of the Soviet Union]] [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|22px|Flag of the United Kingdom]]&amp;nbsp;[[Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II|United Kingdom]]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|commander1=[[Image:Flag of Finland.svg|22px|Flag of Finland]] [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|C.G.E. Mannerheim]] 
|commander2=[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px|Flag of the Soviet Union]] [[Kirill Meretskov]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px|Flag of the Soviet Union]] [[Leonid Govorov]]
|strength1= 530,000 Finns&lt;ref&gt;Figure indicates total number of all men in service in the theatre of war.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;220,000 Germans
|strength2= 900,000–1,500,000&lt;ref name="Manninen"&gt;Manninen, Ohto, ''Molotovin cocktail- Hitlerin sateenvarjo'', 1994, Painatuskeskus, ISBN 951-37-1495-0&lt;/ref&gt;
|casualties1=58,715 dead or missing &lt;br&gt;158,000 wounded&lt;br&gt;1,500 civilian deaths&lt;ref&gt;National Defence College (1994), ''Jatkosodan historia 6'', Porvoo. ISBN 951-0-15332-X&lt;/ref&gt;
|casualties2=200,000 dead or missing &lt;br&gt;385,000 wounded&lt;br&gt;190,000 hospitalized due to sickness&lt;br&gt;64,000 captured&lt;ref name="Manninen"/&gt;&lt;br&gt;4,000-7,000 civilian deaths&lt;br /&gt;(note:victims of the [[Siege of Leningrad]] are excluded from these totals)
| notes = &lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;/sup&gt; Italy was officially at war with the Soviet Union from June 1941, but the country's involvement in the Continuation War itself was limited to [[Regia Marina#Lake Ladoga|a flotilla of minor warships]] that operated in [[Lake Ladoga]].&lt;br /&gt; &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Although the United Kingdom declared war on Finland in 1941, there was only one British attack on Finnish soil - an air raid at Petsamo&lt;ref&gt;FAA archive :[http://www.fleetairarmarchive.net/RollofHonour/Battlehonour_crewlists/Petsamo_Kirkenes_1941.html raid on Petsamo]]&lt;/ref&gt; carried out on [[wikipedia:31 July|31 July]] [[1941]]. State of war nonetheless existed between the two countries. The United Kingdom formally declared war on Finland on [[wikipedia:6 December|6 December]] [[1941]].
}}
{{Campaignbox Continuation War}} 
{{Campaignbox Finland 1941-1944}} 
The '''Continuation War''' ([[wikipedia:Finnish language|Finnish]]: '''''Jatkosota''''') was the second of two wars fought between [[Finland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] during [[World War II]]. It lasted from [[wikipedia:25 June|25 June]] [[1941]] until [[wikipedia:19 September|19 September]] [[1944]].

At the time it started, it was named by the Finns to make clear its relationship to the preceding [[Winter War]] of 30 November [[1939]] to 13 March [[1940]].  The Soviet Union, however, perceived the war merely as one of the fronts of the [[Great Patriotic War]] against [[Nazi Germany]] and its allies.&lt;ref name="Great Soviet Encyclopedia"&gt;[[wikipedia:Great Soviet Encyclopedia|Great Soviet Encyclopedia]], ''Finland'', Moscow, 1974, ISBN 0-02-880010-9&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, Germany saw its own operations in the region as a part of its overall war efforts of World War II.

The [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] declared war on Finland on 6 December [[1941]], followed by its [[wikipedia:Dominion|Dominion]]s shortly afterwards. The Continuation War is a rare case of [[wikipedia:Democratic peace theory|democracies declaring war on other democracies]] but the [[wikipedia:British Empire|British Empire]] forces were not major participants in the war.  Nazi Germany took part by providing critical material support and military cooperation to Finland.  The [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] did not fight or declare war against either party, but sent substantial [[wikipedia:matériel|matériel]] to the Soviet Union for use in the war effort against Germany and its allies.

The formal conclusion of the Continuation War was ratified by the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris peace treaty]] of 1947.

==Introduction==
Although the Continuation War was fought on the periphery of [[World War II]] and the troops engaged were relatively few, its history is intriguing as it represents the only case of a genuinely democratic state participating in World War II on the side of the [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis powers]] (though never being a signatory of the [[Tripartite Pact]]). The United Kingdom declared war on Finland on 6 December [[1941]], the Finnish Independence Day, with [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]] and [[wikipedia:New Zealand|New Zealand]] declaring war on Finland on December 7, and [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]] and [[wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]] declaring war on December 8. The [[United States]] did not declare war; however, the US government seized Finnish [[merchant vessel|merchant ships]] in American ports and shut down Finnish diplomatic and commercial offices in the US. The US government later warned Finland about the consequences of continued adherence to the Axis.&lt;ref&gt;World War II :[http://worldwar2database.com/html/finland.htm Finland]&lt;/ref&gt;

The best known British action on Finnish soil was a [[Fairey Swordfish|Swordfish]] attack on German ships in the Finnish harbour of [[wikipedia:Petsamo|Petsamo]] on 31 July [[1941]].&lt;ref&gt;FAA archive :[http://www.fleetairarmarchive.net/RollofHonour/Battlehonour_crewlists/Petsamo_Kirkenes_1941.html raid on Petsamo]]&lt;/ref&gt; This attack achieved little except the loss of 3 British aircraft, but it was intended as a demonstration of British support for its [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]]n ally. Later in 1941, [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricanes]] of [[RAF 151 Wing based at Murmansk]] provided local air cover for Russian troops and fighter escorts for Russian bombers.&lt;ref&gt;The [[Royal Air Force]] in Russia :[http://ww2airfronts.org/Theaters/eto/rinr/pages/rinr-1.html Hurricanes at Murmansk]&lt;/ref&gt; The British contribution to the war was occasional but significant.   

[[Finnish radio intelligence]] is said to have participated effectively in German actions against British convoys to [[wikipedia:Murmansk|Murmansk]].&lt;ref&gt;Ahtokari, Reijo and Pale, Erkki: ''Suomen Radiotiedustelu 1927-1944'' (Finnish radio intelligence 1927-1944), Helsinki, Hakapaino Oy, pp. 191-198, ISBN 952-90-9437-X&lt;/ref&gt; Throughout the war, German aircraft operating from airfields in northern Finland made attacks on British air and naval units based in Murmansk and [[wikipedia:Archangelsk|Archangelsk]].

Finland adopted the concept of "parallel war" whereby it sought to pursue its own objectives in concert with, but separate from, Nazi Germany.   

Major events of World War II, and the tides of war in general, had significant impact on the course of the Continuation War:
* Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union ([[Operation Barbarossa]]) is closely connected to the Continuation War's beginning.
* The [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] invasion of [[France]] ([[Battle of Normandy]]) was coordinated with the [[Fourth strategic offensive|Soviet major offensive]] against Finland ([[wikipedia:9 June|9 June]]&amp;ndash;[[wikipedia:15 July|15 July]] [[1944]]).
* The subsequent US/Soviet [[race to Berlin]] brought about the end of the Continuation War by rendering [[wikipedia:Northern Europe|Northern Europe]] irrelevant.

==Aims of the War==
Unlike the [[Winter War]], which was a Soviet [[war of aggression]] against Finland, the Continuation War was a war of aggression initiated by the Finns,&lt;ref&gt;[http://vanha.soc.utu.fi/polhist/vaihtuvat/Jokisipila_Jatkosodan%20synty%20-%20suuri%20kansallinen%20dilemma.pdf Jatkosodan synty suomalaisen menneisyyden kipupisteenä] &lt;span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;"&gt;(Finnish)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.taru.pp.fi/jutut/tiejatkosotaan.html SUOMEN MARSSI JATKOSOTAAN] &lt;span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;"&gt;(Finnish)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; which attempted to rectify the territorial losses of the [[Winter War]] and [[pre-emptive war|pre-empt]] Soviet aggression. There is a debate in Finland on whether the country had a realistic option of not joining the German [[Operation Barbarossa]], and about how much of the Finnish action was morally justified. However, there exists a consensus that one of the Finnish main objectives was an attempt to get back the areas lost in the [[Winter War]].

Finland's main goal during [[World War II]] was, although it was nowhere literally stated, to survive the war as an independent democratic [[wikipedia:state|country]], capable of maintaining its sovereignty in a politically hostile environment. Specifically for the Continuation War, Finland also aimed at reversing its territorial losses under the March 1940 [[Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)|Moscow Peace Treaty]] and by extending the territory further east, to have more non-Finnish land to defend before the USSR would enter Finnish territories. Also some small right-wing groups supported a [[Greater Finland]] ideology. Finland's exertion during the World War was, as regards survival and with hindsight, successful, although the price was high in war casualties, reparation payments, territorial loss, bruised international reputation, and subsequent adaptation to Soviet international perspectives during the [[Cold War]] (''see: [[Finlandization]]''). The Finnish-German alliance was different from most of the other Axis relationships, an example of which is represented by the participation of Finnish Jews in the fight against the Soviet Union.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.uta.fi/~tuulikki.vuonokari/fin-1.html "Jews in Finland During the Second World War" by Tuulikki Vuonokari&lt;/ref&gt; The Finns did not take any anti-Jewish measures in Finland, despite repeated requests from Nazi Germany.&lt;ref&gt;http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE6DA1038F93BA35756C0A961948260 Letter to the New York Times by Mark Cohen, Executive Director of Holocaust Publications in New York, April 28, 1987&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]'s war goals are harder to assess on account of the secretive nature of the [[wikipedia:Stalinism|Stalinist]] Soviet Union. Soviet sources maintain that Soviet policies up to the Continuation War were best explained as defensive measures by offensive means: the division of occupied [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]] with [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]], the annexation of [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[wikipedia:Latvia|Latvia]] and [[wikipedia:Estonia|Estonia]], and the attempted invasion of Finland in the Winter War are seen by them as elements in the construction of a security zone or buffer region between the perceived threat from the [[wikipedia:capitalism|capitalist]] powers of Western Europe and the [[wikipedia:Communism|Communist]] Soviet Union &amp;ndash; as some see the post-war establishment of Soviet [[wikipedia:satellite state|satellite state]]s in the [[Warsaw Pact]] countries and the [[Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance]] concluded with post-war Finland.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;"&gt;(Russian)&lt;/span&gt;[http://www.aroundspb.ru/finnish/baryshnikov/pvp1932.php The problem of ensuring the security of Leningrad from the north in light of Soviet war planning of 1932-1941] by V.N. Baryshnikov: ''The actual war with Finland began first of all due to unresolved issues in Leningrad's security from the north and Moscow's concerns for the perspective of Finland's politics. At the same time, a desire to claim better strategic positions in case of a war with Germany had surfaced within the Soviet leadership.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;"&gt;(Russian)&lt;/span&gt;[http://www.aroundspb.ru/finnish/kozlov/part_01.php Финская война. Взгляд "с той стороны"]. A.I.Kozlov:''After the rise of National Socialism to power in Germany, the geopolitical importance of the former "buffer states" had drastically changed. Both the Soviet Union and Germany vied for the inclusion of these states into their spheres of influence. Soviet politicians and military considered it likely, that in case of an aggression against the USSR, German armed forces will use the territory of the Baltic states and Finland as staging areas for invasion - by either conquering or coercing these countries. None of the states of the Baltic region, excluding Poland, had sufficient military power to resist a German invasion.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;"&gt;(Russian)&lt;/span&gt;[http://militera.lib.ru/research/meltyukhov/index.html] ''[[wikipedia:Stalin's Missed Chance|Stalin's Missed Chance]]'', by [[wikipedia:Mikhail Meltyukhov|Mikhail Melyukhov]]:''The English-French influence in the Baltics, characteristic for the '20s - early '30s was increasingly limited by the growth of the German influence. Due to the strategic importance of the region, the Soviet leadership also aimed to increase its influence there, using both diplomatic means as well as active social propaganda. By the end of the '30s, the main contenders for the influence in the Baltics were Germany and the Soviet Union. Being a buffer zone between Germany and the USSR, the Baltic states were bound to them by a system of economic and non-aggression treaties of 1926, 1932 and 1939''&lt;/ref&gt;  Notable modern western scholars such as [[wikipedia:Norman Davies|Norman Davies]] and [[wikipedia:John Lukacs|John Lukacs]] reject this view and claim that the pre-war Soviet policy was aimed at staying out of the war and regaining land lost after the fall of the Russian Empire.&lt;ref&gt;Norman Davies 2007 'No simple victory'ISBN978-0-670-01832-1 hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha&lt;/Ref&gt;

==Background==
===Before World War II===
Although [[East Karelia]] has never been part of a modern [[Finland|Finnish state]], a significant part of its inhabitants were Finnic-speaking Orthodox Karelians. After the Finnish declaration of independence, voices arose advocating the annexation of [[wikipedia:East Karelia|East Karelia]] to "rescue it from oppression". This led to a few incursions to the area ([[Viena expedition]] and [[Aunus expedition]]), but these were unsuccessful. Finland unsuccessfully raised the [[question of East Karelia]] several times in the [[League of Nations]].

In non-leftist circles, [[wikipedia:Imperial Germany|Imperial Germany]]'s role in the "[[White Guard (Finland)|White]]" government's victory over rebellious [[wikipedia:Socialist|Socialist]]s during the [[Finnish Civil War]] was celebrated, although most preferred British or Scandinavian support over that of Germany. The security policy of an independent Finland turned first towards a [[cordon sanitaire]], whereby the newly independent nations of [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[wikipedia:Latvia|Latvia]], [[wikipedia:Estonia|Estonia]], and Finland would form a defensive alliance against the USSR, but after negotiations collapsed, Finland turned to the [[League of Nations]] for security. Contacts with the Scandinavian countries also met with little success. In 1932, Finland and the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] signed a [[non-aggression pact]], but even contemporary analysts considered it worthless.

The 1920 peace agreement was actively broken by the Soviet Union in 1937 when it stopped Finnish ships travelling between Lake Laatokka ([[wikipedia:Lake Ladoga|Ladoga]]) and the Gulf of Finland via the River Neva. The free use of this route for merchant vessels had been one of the articles in the agreement.

hahahahahahahahahahaha

===The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the Winter War===
{{main|Winter War}}
[[Image:Finn ski troops.jpg|thumb|Finnish ski troops in Northern Finland on [[wikipedia:12 January|12 January]] [[1940]]]]
The [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]] in 1939 enabled the [[Soviet Union]] to pressure Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland. The three Baltic countries soon [[Occupation of Baltic Republics|gave in]] to Soviet demands, but Finland continued to refuse. As a result, on [[wikipedia:30 November|30 November]] [[1939]], the [[Winter War]] began. Condemnation by the [[League of Nations]] and by countries all over the world had no effect on Soviet policy. International help to Finland was planned, but very little actual help materialized.

The [[Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)|Moscow Peace Treaty]], which was signed on [[wikipedia:12 March|12 March]] [[1940]], ended the [[Winter War]].  The Treaty was severe for Finland. A fifth of the country's industry and 11% of agricultural land were lost, as was [[wikipedia:Viipuri|Viipuri]], the country's second largest city. Some 12% of Finland's population had to be moved to the Finnish side of the border. [[wikipedia:Hanko|Hanko]] was rented to the Soviet Union as a military base. However, Finland had avoided having the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] annex the whole country.

===Interim Peace===
{{main|Interim Peace}}

The [[Moscow Peace Treaty]], in 1940, was a shock to the Finns. It was perceived as the ultimate failure of Finland's foreign policy, which had been based on [[wikipedia:multilateralism|multilateral]] guarantees for support. Binding [[wikipedia:bilateral|bilateral]] treaties were now sought and formerly frosty relations, such as with the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] and the [[Third Reich]], had to be eased. Public opinion in Finland longed for the re-acquisition of [[wikipedia:Finnish Karelia|Finnish Karelia]], and put their hope in the peace conference that was assumed would follow the World War. The term ''Välirauha'' ("Interim Peace") became popular after the harsh peace was announced. 

Although the peace treaty was signed, the [[state of war]] and censorship was not revoked because of the widening world war, the difficult food supply situation, and the poor shape of the Finnish military. This made it possible for president [[Kyösti Kallio]] to ask [[Field Marshal (Finland)|Field Marshal]] [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|Mannerheim]] to remain [[commander-in-chief]] and supervise rearmament and fortification work. During 1940, Finland received material purchased and donated during and immediately after the [[Winter War]]. Military expenditures rose in 1940 to 45% of Finland's state budget. A war trade treaty with Britain had little effect due to German occupation of [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]] and [[wikipedia:Denmark|Denmark]].&lt;ref name="Seppinen"&gt;[[wikipedia:Ilkka Seppinen|Seppinen, Ilkka]], ''Suomen ulkomaankaupan ehdot, 1939-1944'', 1983, ISBN 951-9254-48-X&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Nazi Germany]] attacked [[wikipedia:Scandinavia|Scandinavia]] on [[wikipedia:9 April|9 April]] [[1940]] ([[Operation Weserübung]]). Finland, like Sweden, was spared occupation but was encircled by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. From May 1940, Finland pursued a campaign to re-establish good relations with Germany. The Finnish media not only refrained from criticism of Nazi Germany, but also took an active part in this campaign. Dissent was [[wikipedia:censorship|censored]]. After the [[Battle of France|fall of France]], the campaign was stepped up.

The implementation of the [[Moscow Peace Treaty]] created problems. The forced return of evacuated machinery, locomotives, and rail cars, inflexibility on questions which could have eased hardships created by the new border, such as fishing rights and the usage of [[wikipedia:Saimaa Canal|Saimaa Canal]], heightened distrust about the objectives of the Soviet Union.

Unbeknownst to Finland, [[Adolf Hitler]] had started to plan an invasion of the Soviet Union ([[Operation Barbarossa]]). He had not been interested in Finland before the [[Winter War]], but now he saw the value of Finland as a base of operations, and perhaps also the military value of the [[Finnish army]]. In the first weeks of August, German fears of a likely immediate Soviet attack on Finland caused Hitler to lift the arms embargo. Negotiations were initiated concerning German troop transfer rights in Finland in exchange for arms and other material. For the [[Third Reich]], this was a breach of the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], as well as being for Finland a breach of the [[Moscow Peace Treaty]]. Soviet negotiators had insisted that the troop transfer agreement (to [[wikipedia:Hanko|Hanko]]) should not be published making it easy for the Finns to keep [[Transit of German troops through Scandinavia (WWII)|a troop transfer agreement with the Germans]] secret until the first German troops arrived.

===Road to war===
Despite the Soviet leadership having promised the Finns during the signing of the Moscow Peace treaty that the Soviets would not intervene in Finnish domestic policy, the reality of the interim peace period showed the opposite. After the ceasefire the Soviets demanded the Finnish industrial town of Enso, which clearly was on the Finnish side of the peace treaty border; the Finns accepted and handed over the town. The Soviet involvement in Finnish domestic politics continued with  open Soviet support for the extreme left wing organization SNS Friendship Union Soviet-Finland, who openly campaigned for Finland to join the Soviet Union. The Soviets also successfully demanded that the Finnish minister [[Väinö Tanner]] resign and that, during the Finnish presidential election of 1940, neither Mannerheim, Kivimäki, Tanner nor Svinhuvud were to be candidates. The most significant event during the interim peace was Soviet foreigner minister Molotov's visit in Berlin where Molotov asked Hitler for a free hand to 'solve the Finnish question'.

The negotiations about [[wikipedia:Petsamo|Petsamo]] [[wikipedia:nickel|nickel]] mining rights had dragged on for six months when the Soviet Foreign Ministry announced in January 1941 that the negotiations had to be concluded quickly. On the same day, the Soviet Union interrupted grain deliveries to Finland. Soviet ambassador Zotov was recalled home [[wikipedia:18 January|18 January]] and Soviet radio broadcasts started attacking Finland. Germans in Northern [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]] reported in [[wikipedia:1 February|1 February]] that the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] had collected 500 fishing ships in [[wikipedia:Murmansk|Murmansk]], capable of transporting a division. Hitler ordered troops in Norway to occupy Petsamo ([[Operation Renntier]]) immediately if the Soviet Union started attacking Finland.

Finns offered half of the mine to Soviets and demanded a guarantee that no anti-government agitation would be done in the mines. These were not enough for Soviets and when Mannerheim declared that any additional concessions would endanger the defence of the country and threatened to resign if those were done, the Finnish side decided to let the negotiations lapse when there was no movement from the Soviet positions.

After the failure of the nickel negotiations, diplomatic activities were halted for a few months. The period did, however, see an increased German interest in Finland.

One sign of the interest was the recruitment of one battalion of Finnish volunteers to the German [[Waffen-SS]], with approval of the Finnish government. It has been concluded that the battalion served as a token of Finnish commitment to cooperation with Nazi Germany. The agreement was that the Finnish volunteers would not be sent to fight against British or Greek forces (the only European nations at war with Germany at the moment of signing) and had the duration of two years. This battalion, named the ''[[Finnisches Freiwilligen Bataillon]]'' fought as part of [[SS Division Wiking|SS Division ''Wiking'']] in the [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukraine]] and [[wikipedia:Caucasus|Caucasus]]. When the time of service was up, the battalion was pulled back from the front in May 1943 and was transported to [[wikipedia:Tallinn|Tallinn]] and further to Hanko where it was disbanded on [[wikipedia:11 July|11 July]]. The soldiers were then transferred into different units of the Finnish army.

The German Foreign Ministry sent [[Ludwig Weissauer]] to Finland [[wikipedia:5 May|5 May]], this time to clarify that war between Germany and the Soviet Union would not be launched before spring 1942. Finnish leadership believed that, at least officially, and forwarded the message to the Swedes and the British. When the war broke out only a couple of months later, it was understandable that both Swedish and British governments felt that the Finns had lied to them. 

In the spring of 1941, joint battle plans were discussed with Germany, as well as communications and securing sea lanes. Finland made significant requests for material aid. Finland was willing to join Germany against Soviet Union with some prerequisites: a guarantee of Finnish independence, the pre-Winter War borders (or better), continuing grain deliveries, and that Finnish troops would not cross the border before a Soviet incursion. The arrival of German troops participating in [[Operation Barbarossa]] began on [[wikipedia:7 June|7 June]] in [[wikipedia:Petsamo|Petsamo]].

The [[Finnish parliament]] was informed for the first time on [[wikipedia:9 June|9 June]], when the first mobilization orders were issued for troops needed to safeguard the forthcoming general mobilization phases. On [[wikipedia:June 20|June 20]], Finland's government ordered 45,000 people at the Soviet border to be evacuated. On [[wikipedia:21 June|21 June]], Finland's chief of the General Staff, [[Erik Heinrichs]], was finally informed by his German counterpart that the attack was to begin.

==Outbreak of the war==
[[Image:Continuation-War-1941.png|right|thumb|300px|Relative strengths of Finnish, German and Soviet troops at the start of the Continuation War in June 1941. Finnish borders before the [[Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)|Moscow Peace Treaty]] shown in light colour]]

[[Operation Barbarossa]] had already commenced in the northern Baltic by the late hours of [[June 21]], when German minelayers, which had been hiding in the Finnish archipelago, laid two large minefields across the [[Gulf of Finland]].&lt;ref name="Nordberg"&gt;[[wikipedia:Erkki Nordberg|Nordberg, Erkki]], ''Arvio ja ennuste Venäjän sotilaspolitiikasta Suomen suunnalla'', 2003, ISBN 951-884-362-7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"&gt;[[wikipedia:Encyclopædia Britannica Premium|]], ''Finland'', 2006, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26105&lt;/ref&gt; These minefields ultimately proved sufficient to confine the Soviets' [[Baltic Fleet]] to the easternmost part of the Gulf of Finland. Later the same night, German bombers flew along the Gulf of Finland to [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] and mined the harbour and the river [[wikipedia:Neva|Neva]]. On the return trip, these bombers refuelled in [[wikipedia:Utti|Utti]] airfield. Finland feared that the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] would occupy [[wikipedia:Åland|Åland]] so [[Operation Kilpapurjehdus]] (Sail Race) was launched in the early hours of [[wikipedia:June 22|June 22]] to occupy Åland. Soviet bombers launched attacks against Finnish ships during the operation but no damage was inflicted. Finnish submarines also laid six small minefields at 8:00-10:00 between [[wikipedia:Suursaari|Suursaari]] and Estonian coast according to pre-war defensive plans of Finland and Estonia.

On the morning of [[wikipedia:June 22|June 22]], the German [[Gebirgskorps Norwegen]] started [[Operation Renntier]] and began its move from Northern [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]] to [[wikipedia:Petsamo|Petsamo]]. Finland did not allow direct German attacks from its soil to the Soviet Union, so German forces in Petsamo and [[wikipedia:Salla|Salla]] had to hold their fire. There were occasional individual and group level small arms shooting between Soviet and Finnish border guards, but otherwise the front was quiet.

After three days, early on the morning of [[wikipedia:June 25|June 25]], the Soviet Union unleashed a major air offensive against 18 Finnish cities with 460 planes, mainly striking civilian targets&lt;ref name="Jokipii"&gt;[[wikipedia:Mauno Jokipii|Jokipii, Mauno]], ''Jatkosodan synty'', 1987, ISBN 951-1-08799-1&lt;/ref&gt; and airfields.  The Soviet Union justified the attack as being directed against German targets in Finland, but even the British embassy had to admit that this was not so. German targets were not hit.  A small number of Soviet infantry launched attacks over the Finnish side of the border in Parikkala. A meeting of parliament was scheduled for [[wikipedia:June 25|] when Prime Minister [[Rangell]] had been due to present a notice about Finland's neutrality in the Soviet-German war, but the Soviet bombings led him to instead observe that Finland was once again at war with the Soviet Union. Later, Finland would join the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] on [[wikipedia:25 November|] [[1941]].  The Continuation War had begun.

==Finnish Offensive of 1941==
Mobilized Finnish units started moving towards the border on [[wikipedia:June 21|June 21]], and they were arranged into defensive formations as soon as they arrived at the border.  Finland mobilized 16 infantry divisions, one cavalry brigade, and two "[[Jäger (military)|Jäger]]" brigades, which were practically normal infantry brigades, except for one battalion in the 1st Jäger Brigade (1.JPr), which was armoured using captured Soviet equipment. There were also a handful of separate battalions, mostly formed from Border Guard units and used mainly for reconnaissance. Soviet military plans estimated that the Finns would be able to mobilize only 10 infantry divisions, as they had done in the Winter War, but they failed to take into account the material the Finns had purchased between the wars and the training of all available men. In northern Finland, there were also two German Mountain Divisions at Petsamo and two German Infantry divisions at Salla. Another German infantry division was en route through Sweden to [[wikipedia:Ladoga Karelia|Ladoga Karelia]], although one reinforced regiment was later redirected from it to Salla.

When the war started, the Soviet Union had the [[Soviet 23rd Army|23rd Army]] in the [[Karelian Isthmus]] consisting of the [[Soviet 50th Corps|50th]], the [[Soviet 19th Corps|19th Corps]] and the [[Soviet 10th Mechanized Corps|10th Mechanized Corps]], together with 5 Infantry, 1 Motorized and 2 Armored divisions. At Ladoga Karelia, there was the [[Soviet 7th Army|7th Army]] consisting of 4 Infantry divisions. In Murmansk-Salla region the Soviet Union had the [[Soviet 14th Army|14th Army]] with [[Soviet 42nd Corps|42nd Corps]], consisting of 5 Infantry divisions (1 as reserve in [[wikipedia:Archangelsk|Archangelsk]]) and 1 Armored division. Also the Soviets had around 40 battalions, separate regiments and fortification units which were not part of their divisional structure. In [[wikipedia:Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], there were 3 Infantry divisions and one Mechanized Corps.

The initial German strike against the Soviet Air Force had not touched air units located near Finland, so the Soviets could field nearly 750 Air Force planes and part of the 700 planes of the [[Soviet Navy]] against 300 Finnish planes.

The Soviet war against Germany did not go as well as pre-war Soviet war games had envisioned, and soon the [[Stavka|Soviet High Command]] had to take units from wherever they could, so although Soviets had started the war against Finland, they could not follow the initial air offensive with a supporting land offensive.  They also had to withdraw the 10th Mechanized Corps with two armoured divisions and [[Soviet 237th Infantry division|237th Infantry division]] from Ladoga Karelia thus stripping reserves from defending units.

===Reconquest of Ladoga Karelia===
[[Image:Finnish advance in Karelia during the Continuation War.png|300px|thumb|The furthest advance of Finnish units in the Continuation War. Borders for both before and after the Winter War are shown.]]
{{main|Finnish reconquest of Ladoga Karelia (1941)}}  
{{section-stub}}

===Reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus===  
{{main|Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941)}}
{{section-stub}}	

===Conquest of East Karelia===
{{main|Finnish conquest of East Karelia (1941)}}
{{section-stub}}

===Advance from Northern Finland===
{{main|Operation Silver Fox}}

The operational border between Finnish and German forces was located southeast from Lake Oulujärvi to the border, and then straight to the east. The Finnish 14.D controlled the southern part of the border, while the northern part was in the responsibility of AOK Norwegen (Col. Gen. von Falkenhorst). The Finnish III Corps (Maj. Gen. Siilasvuo) was southernmost, German XXXVI Corps (Gen. Feige) next and German Mountain Corps (Gen. Dietl) northernmost at Petsamo. Together, they had three infantry, two mountain and one SS ("Nord") divisions and two armoured battalions. Additionally, one IR and one artillery &lt;!--one what?--&gt; from the German 163th division were diverted there. Against them were the Soviet 14. Army (Lt. Gen Frolov) at Murmansk and part of the 7. Army, together with 6 infantry and one armored divisions and one division strengthening the fortified area.

As Finns had not allowed German attacks across the border before [[wikipedia:25 June|25 June]], the Soviets had ample warning and used the available days to fortify the border region. Also, the concentration of the German forces to the border took longer than anticipated, so the start of the offensive was delayed until June 29, a week later than the beginning of the Operation Barbarossa, thus giving Soviets even more time to prepare their fortifications.

The Mountain Corps broke through the Soviet forces in the early hours of [[wikipedia:29 June|29 June]], and managed to advance almost 30 km to [[wikipedia:Litsa|Litsa]] river, where the offensive had to be stopped due to supply problems on [[wikipedia:2 July|2 July]]. When the attack was continued a week later, the Soviets had managed to bring in reinforcements and prepare defensive positions so the attack failed to gain ground. 

The XXXVI Corps attacked along the [[wikipedia:Rovaniemi|Rovaniemi]]-[[wikipedia:Kandalaksha|Kandalaksha]] railroad at July 1, but after only a day the SS division "Nord" had lost its fighting capability and it took a week before German 169. and Finnish 6. division managed to capture [[Salla]], and only two days later the whole offensive was stopped by a new Soviet fortified line.

Germans had used all their forces in the offensive and didn't have any available reserves left, so these had to be transported from Germany and Norway. This caused a delay in operations which Soviets used effectively to reinforce their positions and improve their fortifications. [[OKW]] was only able to field two infantry regiments to von Falkenhorst, and their willing to micromanage their usage lead to disagreements between OKW and von Falkenhorst, which further prevented their effective usage. Because of this, the renewed offensive failed to gain any ground at September 8 at River Litsa after which OKW ordered forces to defend.

At Salla, XXXVI Corps fared better from [[wikipedia:19 August|19 August]], as the Finnish 6.D had cut Soviet supply routes, forcing the Soviet 104.D and 122.D to abandon their fortified positions and heavy equipment at August 27. This was followed by advancing the operation along the railroad until after almost 50&amp;nbsp;km the attack was stopped due to exhaustion at the next Soviet defence line at the [[wikipedia:Verma|Verma]] river on [[wikipedia:19 September|19 September]], von Falkenhorst asked for reinforces from Germany twice to continue his offensive immediately when Soviets were still unorganized, but he was refused. 

The Finnish III Corps operated under German AOK Norwegen and was located in [[wikipedia:Kuusamo|Kuusamo]]-[[wikipedia:Suomussalmi|Suomussalmi]] region. It was a very weak formation with only one infantry division (3.D) and two separate battalions. It was commanded by Mj. Gen. [[Hjalmar Siilasvuo]]. Defending against them were Soviet 54. infantry division, which was commanded by Mj. Gen. I.V. Panin, and was reinforced at August with 88. infantry division (Mj. Gen. A.I. Zelentsov) and IR1087 and at November with 186. infantry division and one border guard regiment. 

The Corps was ordered to attack towards [[wikipedia:Uhtua|Uhtua]] and [[wikipedia:Kiestinki|Kiestinki]]. When the offensive started on [[wikipedia:1 July|1 July]], the attack was slowed by a Soviet delaying defence and it took until [[wikipedia:9 July|9 July]] before the Soviet defences at the river Vuonnisenjoki in the south, and [[wikipedia:20 July|20 July]] before the river Sohjananjoki in the north were reached. In the south, the attack continued on [[wikipedia:11 July|11 July]] by a flanking attack across the Lake Ylä-Kuittijärvi, but the Soviet defence was so efficient, that the attack had to be stopped in early September without reaching Uhtua, still 10&amp;nbsp;km away, as the attacking forces had to relocate two battalions to the northern group.

The northern group was reinforced with one infantry regiment from the SS Division "Nord", and the attack continued on July 30. A week later Kiestinki was captured, and the attack continued along the road and railroad eastward. Finnish 53IR advanced much faster along the railroad than other forces, which advanced along the road. The commander of the newly arrived Soviet 88.ID recognized an opportunity, and the Soviet IR758 attacked across the forest behind the Finnish IR, managing to encircle it on [[wikipedia:20 August|20 August]], making IR53 the largest Finnish unit the Soviets managed to encircle during the war. 

Finns managed to open a path through the forest next day, but the supply route via the railroad remained closed, so the IR53 retreated through the forest on September 2 after destroying abandoned material. Finnish forces were reinforced with the second IR from SS-Div "Nord", and the Soviet counterattack was stopped 10-15&amp;nbsp;km east of Kiestinki.

During October the forces were supplied, rested and reinforced with the rest of the SS Division "Nord", but von Falkenhorst and Siilasvuo planned to start a new attack in November. OKW gave order to AOK Norwegen not to attack, but prepare for defence. However, von Falkenhorst and Siilasvuo still started their offensive on November 1. The Finns managed to break through the Soviet defences and one Soviet IR was encircled between Finns and Germans. The situation was threatening to Soviets and they started to transfer the new 186 infantry division from Murmansk to Kiestinki. Mannerheim contacted Siilasvuo and ordered him to stop the attack, as it endangered Finland's relations with the United States. Also OKW repeated its order to von Falkenhorst to stop the offensive, release the SS Division "Nord" and transfer it to Germany. When the order to move to defensive operations was given on [[wikipedia:17 November|17 November]], the last attempt to reach [[Murmansk railroad]] failed.

===British Empire forces===
The delay in starting the Finnish-German offensive from Northern Finland gave the British an opportunity to intervene. Within days of the war starting, the British and the Soviets entered into a formal military alliance. Finland's Army command was disturbed by the possibilities of intelligence activities by the numerically large British military and Consular representation in Finland.  Finland suggested restrictions on the British Helsinki Legation in late July.&lt;ref&gt;Wuorinen 1948 pp.130-133&lt;/ref&gt; The British were anxious to offer immediate support to their new ally and British submarines, mine layers and aircraft carriers quickly put in an appearance off the north coast of Finland. On [[wikipedia:31 July|31 July]] [[1941]], carrier born aircraft from [[HMS Furious (47)|HMS Furious]] attacked the harbour at the Finnish town of [[wikipedia:Petsamo|Petsamo]]. The British lost 3 aircraft and inflicted only minor damage on a small freighter and harbour facilities. In a further attempt to hinder naval traffic in the area, the [[Royal Navy]] mined the approaches to Petsamo.

The British undertook to provide air support in the Murmansk area and [[RAF]] 151 Wing was formed for this purpose comprised of reinforced 81 and 134 squadrons. The Wing was commanded by Wing Commander H.N.G. Ramsbottom-Isherwood of the Royal New Zealand Air Force. The first elements of 151 Wing, consisting of 24 [[Hawker Hurricane|Hawker Hurricane IIB]]  aircraft, arrived at Murmansk-Vianga airfield on [[wikipedia:28 August|28 August]] [[1941]] after flying from the carrier [[HMS Argus (I49)|HMS Argus]]. These were quickly reinforced by aircraft, equipment and personnel transported by merchant ship.

[[Image:Murmansk.JPG|thumb|right|280px|Royal Air Force Hawker Hurricane fighter at Murmansk-Vianga with Soviet soldiers digging its dispersal bay, October 1941.]] 

The remit of 151 Wing was to provide both training and operational support to the Soviets. The Hawker Hurricane was not the most modern aircraft by late 1941, having been designed in the 1930s with priority given to ease of maintenance and operation in arduous field conditions. But it proved well suited to conditions around Murmansk. Furthermore, the British, Australian and New Zealand ground crew and aircrew were mostly veterans of the [[Battle of France]] and [[Battle of Britain]]. They were highly experienced. They brought with them a modern radio and radar air control system. 

During the following months, the Royal Air Force provided air cover to Soviet troops trying to hold off enemy forces from Murmansk and the Murmansk railway. In particular they provided fighter escorts to Soviet bomber aircraft operating along the front. The RAF pilots carried out their final operational flights in November 1941 by which time the immediate crisis on the front had passed.  At that point, they handed their aircraft and equipment over to the [[Soviet Air Force]] and returned to [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|Britain]]. 

The 1941 expedition to Murmansk achieved two objectives from the point of view of the British government: 
#it provided vital aid to the Soviets at a critical moment; 
#it introduced the Soviets to the use of modern technology, control systems and fighter tactics. &lt;ref&gt;RAF campaigns :[http://ww2airfronts.org/Theaters/eto/rinr/rinr-0.html Murmansk, 1941]]&lt;/ref&gt;

The onset of long arctic nights in November 1941 restricted possibilities for aviation and 151 Wing’s mission was then complete. However the operation was judged to have been a success. Plans were immediately made for the British to return in much greater strength in 1942. 

In July 1942, 153 Wing was raised in England with the intention of resuming RAF operations on the front. This was a force comprised of four squadrons of [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfires]] and two squadrons of ground-attack Hurricanes. This would have involved around 2,000 British and Dominions personnel. However, by the summer of 1942 the Finland front was completely quiet and so 153 Wing was stood down.&lt;ref&gt;Lend-Lease airforce writings :[http://lend-lease.airforce.ru/english/articles/sheppard/hurricanes/index.htm Mark Sheppard]&lt;/ref&gt; 

British Empire forces remained active in the Murmansk area from 1942 until 1944, but this activity was mainly maritime patrol and escort duty in support of the Arctic convoys. At various stages, RAF, RAAF and RCAF units operated [[PBY Catalina|Catalina]], [[Handley Page Hampden|Hampden]], [[Lockheed Hudson|Hudson]] and PhotoSpitfire aircraft out of Vianga and Lakhta. 

An airbridge was established between the nearest points of British and Soviet territory - being Sumburgh airfield in the Shetland Islands and Afrikande airfield (about 120km south of Murmansk). This airbridge went through Finnish airspace and significant losses were incurred in using it. Most famously, on 2 September 1942 [[No. 455 Squadron RAAF|455]] RAAF squadron and 144 RAF squadron flew about 40 Hampden bombers over the route and 6 of these were lost without trace.&lt;ref&gt;RAAF in Russia In spring 1942 the Hampdens were refurbished into torpedo-carriers and soon the Australians were informed about the oncoming trip to Russia for particpation in the "Orator" operation targeted to cover the convoy PQ-18. The Admiralty did not want to repeat the tragedy of the convoy PQ-17, destroyed by the U-boats and Luftwaffe. But, first of all, the British wanted to protect the convoy from the German surface fleet and, especially, from the battleship "Tirpitz" – the "King of the Ocean" which was terrifying the Allies during the whole war. :[http://www.argo.net.au/andre/raaf1942ENFIN.htm Vladimir Kropunik]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;RAF aircraft crashed in Swedish Lapland :[http://kalevikonsult.com/tsatsa_eng.htm wreck and remains of crew recovered, 1976]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Political development===
On [[wikipedia:10 July|10 July]], the Finnish army began a major offensive on the [[Karelian Isthmus]] and north of [[wikipedia:Lake Ladoga|Lake Ladoga]]. Mannerheim's order of the day, the [[Sword scabbard declaration]], clearly states that the Finnish involvement was an offensive one.[http://www.mannerheim.fi/10_ylip/e_mtuppi.htm] By the end of August 1941, Finnish troops had reached the pre-war boundaries. The crossing of the pre-war borders led to tensions in the army, the cabinet, the parties of the parliament, and domestic opinion. Military expansionism might have gained popularity, but it was far from unanimously championed.

[[Image:Hitler Mannerheim Ryti.jpg|thumb|300px|Hitler, Marshall Mannerheim (Finnish Army chief) and Finnish President [[Risto Ryti|Ryti]] meet, Immola - June 1942]]

Also, international relations were strained &amp;mdash; notably with Britain and Sweden, whose governments in May and June had learned in confidence from Foreign Minister [[Witting]] that Finland had absolutely no plans for a military campaign coordinated with the Germans. Finland's preparations were said to be purely defensive.

Sweden's leading cabinet members had hoped to improve the relations with Nazi Germany through indirect support of Operation Barbarossa, mainly channelled through Finland. [[Per Albin Hansson|Prime Minister Hansson]] and [[Christian Günther|Foreign Minister Günther]] found however, that the political support in the [[National Unity Government]] and within the Social Democratic organizations turned out to be insufficient, particularly after Mannerheim's Sword Scabbard Declaration, and even more so after Finland within less than two months undeniably had begun a [[war of conquest]]. A tangible effect was that Finland became still more dependent on food and munitions from Germany.

The [[wikipedia:Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] put Finland under blockade and the British ambassador was withdrawn. On [[31 July]] [[1941]], British [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] made an air raid on the northern Finnish port of [[wikipedia:Petsamo|Petsamo]] [http://www.fleetairarmarchive.net/RollofHonour/Battlehonour_crewlists/Petsamo_Kirkenes_1941.html]. Damages were limited since the harbour was almost empty of ships. 

On [[wikipedia:11 September|11 September]], the US ambassador Arthur Schoenfeld was informed that the offensive on the Karelian Isthmus was halted on the pre-Winter War border (with a few straightened curves at the municipalities of Valkeasaari and Kirjasalo), and that "under no conditions" would Finland participate in an offensive against [[wikipedia:Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], but would instead maintain static defence and wait for a political resolution. Witting stressed to Schoenfeld that Germany, however, should not hear of this.

On [[wikipedia:22 September|22 September]], a British note was presented (by Norway's ambassador Michelet) demanding the expulsion of German troops from Finland's territory and Finland's withdrawal from [[wikipedia:East Karelia|East Karelia]] to positions behind the pre-Winter War borders. Finland was threatened by a British declaration of war unless the demands were met. The declaration of war was exacted on Finland's Independence Day, [[wikipedia:6 December|6 December]].  The declaration delayed the state of war until 1200GMT [[wikipedia:7 December|7 December]].  The timing with respect to Japanese naval movements toward southeast Asian colonies indicates British declaration of war in the Soviet-Finnish conflict was expected to encourage Soviet declaration against Japan.&lt;ref&gt;Wuorinen 1948 p.135&lt;/ref&gt;    

In December 1941, the Finnish advance had reached [[wikipedia:River Svir|River Svir]] (which connects the southern ends of [[wikipedia:Lake Ladoga|Lake Ladoga]] and [[wikipedia:Lake Onega|Lake Onega]] and marks the southern border of [[wikipedia:East Karelia|East Karelia]]). By the end of 1941, the front stabilized, and the Finns did not conduct major offensive operations for the following two and a half years. The fighting morale of the troops declined when it was realized that the war would not soon end.

It has been suggested that the execution of the prominent [[wikipedia:pacifism|pacifist]] [[wikipedia:Arndt Pekurinen|Arndt Pekurinen]] in November 1941 was due to fear of army demoralization being exacerbated by such activism.

==[[Trench warfare]] 1942-1943==
===Diplomatic manoeuvres===
Operation Barbarossa was planned as a ''[[blitzkrieg]]'' lasting a few weeks. British and US observers believed that the invasion would be concluded before August. In the autumn of 1941, this turned out to be wrong, and leading Finnish military officers started to doubt Germany's capability. German troops in Northern Finland faced circumstances they were not properly prepared for, and failed badly to reach their targets, most importantly [[wikipedia:Murmansk|Murmansk]]. Finland's strategy now changed. A separate peace with the Soviet Union was offered, but Germany's strength was too great. The idea that Finland had to continue the war while putting its own forces at the least possible danger gained increasing support, perhaps in the hopes that the ''Wehrmacht'' and the Red Army would wear each other down enough for negotiations to begin, or to at least get them out of the way of Finland's independent decisions. Some may also have still hoped for an eventual victory by Germany.

Finland's participation in the war brought major benefits to Nazi Germany. The Soviet fleet was blockaded in the [[Gulf of Finland]], so that the Baltic was freed for the training of German submarine crews as well as for German shipping, especially for the transport of the vital [[Swedish iron ore during World War II|iron ore from northern Sweden]], and [[Nickel deposits of Finland|nickel and rare metals]] needed in steel processing from the Petsamo area. The Finnish front secured the northern flank of the German [[Army Group North]] in the Baltic states. The sixteen Finnish divisions tied down numerous Soviet troops, put pressure on [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] &amp;mdash; although Mannerheim refused to attack &amp;mdash; and threatened the Murmansk railway. Additionally, Sweden was further isolated and was increasingly pressured to comply with German and Finnish wishes, though with limited success.

Despite Finland's contributions to the German cause, the Western Allies had ambivalent feelings, torn between residual goodwill for Finland and the need to accommodate their vital ally, the Soviet Union. As a result, Britain declared war against Finland, but the United States did not. With few exceptions, there was no combat between these countries and Finland, but Finnish sailors were interned overseas. In the United States, Finland was denounced for naval attacks made on American [[Lend-Lease]] shipments, but received approval for continuing to make payments on its World War I debt throughout the [[interbellum|inter-war period]].

Because Finland belonged to the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] and signed other agreements with Germany, Italy and Japan, the Allies characterized Finland as one of the Axis Powers, although the term used in Finland is "[[co-belligerence]] with Germany".

===International volunteers and support===
Like in the [[Winter War]], Swedish volunteers were recruited. Until December, for guarding the Soviet naval base at [[wikipedia:Hanko|Hanko]], that was then evacuated by sea, and the Swedish unit was officially disbanded. During the Continuation War, the volunteers signed for three to six months of service. In all, over 1,600 fought for Finland, though only about 60 remained by the summer of 1944. About a third of the volunteers had been engaged already in the Winter War. Another significant group, about a quarter of the men, were Swedish officers on leave. 

There was also an ''[[Schutzstaffel|SS]]'' battalion of volunteers on the northern Finnish front from 1942 to 1944, that was recruited from [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]], then under German occupation, and similarly some Danes.

About 3,400 Estonian volunteers took part in the Continuation War.

On other occasions, the Finns received around 2,100 Soviet prisoners of war in return for those POWs they turned over to the Germans. These POWs were mainly [[wikipedia:Estonians|Estonians]] and [[wikipedia:Karelians|Karelians]] who were willing to join the Finnish army. These, as well as some volunteers from occupied Eastern Karelia, formed the Kin Battalion (Finnish: ''"Heimopataljoona"''). At the end of the war, the USSR required members of the Kin Battalion to be handed over. Some managed to escape before or during transport, but most of them were either sent to the [[wikipedia:Gulag|Gulag]] or executed.

===Jews in Finland===
{{main|Jews in Finland}}
Finland refused to allow extension of Nazi [[wikipedia:Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] practices. Finnish Jews served in the Finnish army, and Jews were not only tolerated in Finland but most Jewish refugees were granted asylum (only 8 of more than 500 refugees were handed over to the Nazis).&lt;ref name="yadvashem"&gt;http://yad-vashem.org.il/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205852.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; The field [[wikipedia:synagogue|synagogue]] in [[wikipedia:Eastern Karelia|Eastern Karelia]] was one of the very few on the Axis side during the war. In the few cases in which Jewish officers from Finland's defence forces were awarded the German [[wikipedia:Iron Cross|Iron Cross]], they declined.&lt;ref name="Rautkallio"&gt;Rautkallio, Hannu, ''Suomen juutalaisten aseveljeys'' (Finnish Jews as German Brothers in Arms), 1989, Tammi&lt;/ref&gt;

===Finnish occupation policy===
[[Image:Konclagers.jpg|thumb|left|Russian children in a formerly Finnish-run transfer camp in Petrozavodsk. Photo taken by Galina Sanko [[wikipedia:29 June|29 June]] [[1944]], after the Finns had left the area. The sign reads, both in [[wikipedia:Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[wikipedia:Russian language|Russian]]: "Transfer camp. Entry to camp and conversations through the fence are forbidden on pain of shooting." Staged picture taken a day after Russian liberation &lt;ref&gt;http://gov.karelia.ru/Karelia/1174/sk.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.]]
About 2,600&amp;ndash;2,800 Soviet prisoners of war were handed over to the Germans. Most of them (around 2,000) joined the [[Russian Liberation Army]]. Many of the rest were army officers and [[wikipedia:Political commissar|political officer]]s, and based on their names, 74 of them were Jews, most of them dying in Nazi [[concentration camps]], while some were given to the [[Gestapo]] for interrogation. Sometimes these hand overs were demanded in return for arms or food.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www2.hs.fi/english/archive/news.asp?id=20031118IE7 ''Helsingin Sanomat'' [[wikipedia:8 November|8 November]] [[2003]]: Wartime refugees made pawns in cruel diplomatic game.]&lt;/ref&gt;

The latter was especially scarce in 1942 in Finland due to a bad harvest, and for primarily this reason the number of deaths in Finnish camps rose dramatically. Punishments for escape attempts or serious breaking of rules included [[solitary confinement]] and [[execution]]. Out of 64,188 Soviet POWs, 18,318 died in Finnish prisoner of war camps.&lt;ref name="Ylikangas"&gt;[[wikipedia:Heikki Ylikangas|Ylikangas, Heikki]], ''[http://www2.vnk.fi/julkaisukansio/2004/j05-heikki-ylikankaan/pdf/fi.pdf Heikki Ylikankaan selvitys Valtioneuvoston kanslialle]'', Government of Finland&lt;/ref&gt;

After the war, based on the testimonies of the former prisoners of war, criminal charges were preferred against 1381 Finnish camp staff, resulting in 723 convictions and 658 persons released. They were accused of 42 executions, 242 murders. There were the seven cases led death under the request of former prisoners, 10 cases of death as a result of the tortures, eight infringements of the property rights, 280 official infringements and 86 other crimes.

A significant number of Soviet immigrants who had come to [[East Karelia]] after 1917 were placed in concentration camps. These were Russian women, young children, and the elderly as almost all of the working age male and female population was either drafted or evacuated: only ⅓ of original population of 470 000 remained in East Karelia when the Finnish occupiers arrived, and only half of them were Karelians. About 30% (24,000) of remaining Russian population were confined in camps, 6,000 of them refugees on the move captured when awaiting Soviet transportation over [[Lake Onega]], and 3,000 from the southern side of the [[wikipedia:River Svir|River Svir]], allegedly to secure the area behind the front line against partisan attacks. The first of the camps were set up on [[wikipedia:24 October|24 October]] [[1941]] in Petrozavodsk. During the spring and summer of 1942 3,500 detainees died of malnutrition. During the last half of 1942 the number of detainees dropped quickly to 15,000, and as the nutrition situation improved, only 500 more people died during the last two years of war.&lt;ref name="Laine"&gt;Laine, Antti, ''Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot'', 1982, ISBN 951-1-06947-0, Otava&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Jatkosota"&gt;[[wikipedia:Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu|Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun historian laitos]], ''Jatkosodan historia 1-6'', 1994&lt;/ref&gt;

===Soviet partisan activity===
[[Image:DeadFinnishcivilians1942.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Finnish civilians killed by Soviet partisans at Seitajärvi in Finnish Lapland 1942]]
{{main|Soviet partisans#Finland and Karelia}}
Soviet partisans operated in [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]] and in [[wikipedia:Karelia|Karelia]] from 1941 to 1944. 24,000 ethnic Russians were interred by occupying Finnish forces. 4,000-7,000 of them died, mostly from hunger during the spring and summer of 1942 due to failed harvest of 1941.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;"&gt;(Russian)&lt;/span&gt;{{cite web|url= http://web.archive.org/web/20051102050211/www.ravnenie-na-pobedu.ru/regions/10/history1.html|title= "Равнение на Победу" (Eyes toward Victory), the Republic of Karelia |accessdate=2006-08-10|author=|date= |year= |month= |work= |publisher= the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Delphi Council of Russia|language=Russian }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Laine"&gt;Laine, Antti, ''Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot'', 1982, ISBN 951-1-06947-0, Otava&lt;/ref&gt; Segregation in education and medical care between Karelians and Russians created resentment, making many ethnic Russians support the partisan attacks. 

Soviet partisans conducted a number of operations. The major one failed when the 1st Partisan Brigade was destroyed in the beginning of August 1942 at lake Seesjärvi. Partisans distributed propaganda newspapers "[[wikipedia:Pravda|Pravda]]" in [[wikipedia:Finnish language|Finnish language]] and "Lenin's Banner" in [[wikipedia:Russian language|Russian language]]. One of the leaders of the partisan movement in Finland and Karelia was [[wikipedia:Yuri Andropov|Yuri Andropov]].&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;"&gt;(Russian)&lt;/span&gt;''[http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/andropov.html Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich]''. Biography.&lt;/ref&gt;
In East Karelia most partisans attacked Finnish military supply and communication targets, but on the Finnish side of the border, almost two thirds of the attacks targeted civilians,&lt;ref name="Viheriävaara"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;"&gt;(Finnish)&lt;/span&gt;Eino Viheriävaara, (1982). ''Partisaanien jäljet 1941-1944'', Oulun Kirjateollisuus Oy. ISBN 951-99396-6-0&lt;/ref&gt; killing 200 and injuring 50, including children and elderly.&lt;ref&gt;Veikko Erkkilä, (1999). ''Vaiettu sota'', Arator Oy. ISBN 952-9619-18-9.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lauri Hannikainen, (1992). ''Implementing Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts: The Case of Finland'', Martinuss Nijoff Publishers, Dordrecht. ISBN 0-7923-1611-8.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;"&gt;(Finnish)&lt;/span&gt;Tyyne Martikainen, (2002). ''Partisaanisodan siviiliuhrit'',  PS-Paino Värisuora Oy. ISBN 952-91-4327-3.&lt;/ref&gt;{{clear}}

==Soviet Offensive 1944==
===Overtures for peace===
[[Image:Finnish areas ceded in 1944.png|thumb|300px|right|Areas ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union]]
Finland began to actively seek a way out of the war after the disastrous German defeat at the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in January&amp;ndash;February 1943. [[Edwin Linkomies]] formed a new cabinet with peace as the top priority. Negotiations were conducted intermittently in 1943&amp;ndash;44 between Finland and its representative [[Juho Kusti Paasikivi]] on the one side, and the Western Allies and the Soviet Union on the other, but no agreement was reached. Stalin decided to force Finland to surrender, first with a terror bombing campaign. The air campaign in February 1944 included three major air attacks on Helsinki, involving a total of over 6000 bombing sorties. However, Finnish anti-aircraft defences managed to repel the raids; it is estimated that only about 5% of the bombs hit the planned targets. Major air attacks also hit Oulu and Kotka. However, because of radio intelligence and effective AA defences the number of casualties was small.

===Recapture of Karelian Isthmus===
{{main|Fourth strategic offensive}}
On [[wikipedia:9 June|9 June]] [[1944]], the Soviet Union opened [[Fourth strategic offensive|a major offensive]] against Finnish positions on the Karelian Isthmus and in the Lake Ladoga area (it was timed to accompany [[D-Day]]). On the second day of the offensive, the Soviet forces broke through the Finnish lines and, in the succeeding days, made advances that appeared to threaten the survival of Finland. On the 21.7 km wide breakthrough point the Soviet Union had concentrated 2,851 45-mm guns and 130 50-mm guns. On the heaviest places in Karelian isthmus, the Soviet Union had concentrated over 200 guns for each frontier kilometer (one for each 5m). On 9 June, Soviet artillery fired over 80,000 rounds at the Karelian isthmus.  Soviet troops liberated [[wikipedia:Petrozavodsk|Petrozavodsk]] on [[wikipedia:28 June|28 June]] [[1944]]. Before they retreated, the Finns delivered two weeks worth of food to the locals. 

Finland especially lacked modern anti-tank weaponry, which could stop heavy Soviet tanks, and German Foreign Minister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] offered them in exchange for a guarantee that Finland would not again seek a separate peace. On [[wikipedia:26 June|26 June]], President [[Risto Ryti]] gave [[Ryti-Ribbentrop Agreement|this guarantee as a personal undertaking]], which he intended to last for the remainder of his presidency. In addition to material deliveries, Hitler sent some assault gun brigades and a [[Luftwaffe]] fighter-bomber unit to temporarily support the most threatened defence sectors. 

With new supplies from Germany, the Finns were now able to handle the crisis, and halted the Soviets in early July 1944. At this point, the Finnish forces had retreated about one hundred kilometres bringing them to approximately the same line of defence they had held at the end of the Winter War. This line was known as the [[VKT-line]] (for ''"Viipuri–Kuparsaari–Taipale"'', running from Vyborg to [[wikipedia:River Vuoksi|River Vuoksi]], and along the river to Lake Ladoga at [[wikipedia:Taipale|Taipale]]) where the Soviet offensive was stopped in the [[Battle of Tali-Ihantala]] in spite of their numerical and material superiority. Finland had already become a sideshow for the Soviet leadership, who now turned their attention to Poland and southeastern Europe. The Allies had already succeeded in their landing in France and were pushing towards Germany, and the Soviet leadership did not want to give them a free hand in Central Europe. Although the Finnish front was once again stabilized, the Finns were exhausted and wanted to get out of the war.

===To the Armistice===
Mannerheim had repeatedly reminded the Germans that in case their troops in Estonia retreated, Finland would be forced to make peace even on extremely unfavourable terms. Soviet-occupied Estonia would have provided the Soviets a favourable base for amphibious invasions and air attacks against Helsinki and other cities, and would have strangled Finnish access to the sea. When the Germans indeed withdrew, the Finnish desire to end the war increased. Perhaps realizing the validity of this point, initial German reaction to Finland's announcement of ambitions for a separate peace was limited to only verbal opposition. However, the Germans arrested hundreds of sailors on Finnish merchant ships in Germany, Denmark and Norway.

President Ryti resigned, making a separate peace possible, and Finland's military leader and national hero, [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]], was extraordinarily appointed president by the parliament, accepting responsibility for ending the war.

On [[wikipedia:4 September|4 September]], the cease-fire ended military actions on the Finnish side. The Soviet Union ended hostilities exactly 24 hours after the Finns. The [[Moscow armistice]] was signed in Moscow on [[wikipedia:19 September|19 September]] between the Soviet Union and Finland. Finland had to make many concessions: the Soviet Union regained the borders of 1940, with the addition of the [[wikipedia:Petsamo|Petsamo]] area; the [[wikipedia:Porkkala|Porkkala]] Peninsula (adjacent to Finland's capital [[wikipedia:Helsinki|Helsinki]]) was leased to the USSR as a naval base for fifty years and transit rights were granted; Finland's army was to demobilize in haste, and Finland was required to expel all German troops from its territory. As the Germans refused to leave Finland voluntarily, the Finns had no choice but to fight their former allies in the [[Lapland War]].
The Finns were also to clear the mine fields in Karelia (including East Karelia) and in the Gulf of Finland. The mine clearance was a long operation, especially in the sea areas, lasting until 1952 and inflicting casualties of 100 killed and over 200 wounded, most of them in Lapland.

[[Image:DefenceOfTheSovietTransarcticMedal.jpg|thumb|110px|left|353,240 Soviet personnel were awarded the medal for the defence of the Soviet Transarctic from 5th December 1944.]]
[[Image:Lapp1.JPG|thumb|420px|centre|Memorial at Lappeenranta to the dead of the Winter and Continuation Wars. The wall in the background carries the names of Finnish dead buried inside Karelia. The figures are cleaners carrying out a daily clean and tidying of the memorial. May 2000]]

==Battles and operations==
* [[Finnish reconquest of Ladoga Karelia (1941)]]
* [[Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941)]]
* [[Finnish occupation of East Karelia (1941)]]
* [[Operation Silberfuchs]] (1941)
* [[Fourth strategic offensive]] (1944)
* [[Battle of Tali-Ihantala]] (1944)
* [[Battle of the Bay of Viipuri]] (1944)
* [[Battle of Vuosalmi]] (1944)
* [[Battle of Nietjärvi]] (1944)
* [[Battle of Ilomantsi]] (1944)

==See also==
* [[Co-belligerence]]
* [[Finlandization]]
* [[Finnish Waffen SS volunteers]]
* [[Military history of Finland]]
* [[History of Finland]]
* [[History of the Soviet Union]]
* [[List of Finnish corps in the Continuation War]]
* [[List of Finnish divisions in the Continuation War]]
* [[List of Finnish wars]]
* [[Lotta Svärd]]
* [[Paasikivi-Kekkonen Line]]
* [[Salpalinja]]
* [[Luftwaffe Northern (Arctic) detachment(Luftflotte 5)(Finland-Norway)]]
* [[RAF 151 Wing based at Murmansk]]

==References==
&lt;div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-width:2; column-width:2;" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"&gt;
&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| author = Vehviläinen, Olli 
| year = 2002
| title = Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia
| publisher = New York: Palgrave
| id = ISBN 0-333-80149-0
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Jokipii, Mauno
| year = 1987
| title = Jatkosodan synty
| publisher = Otava
| id = ISBN 951-1-08799-1
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Sana, Elina
| year = 1994
| title = Luovutetut/ The Extradited: Finland's Extraditions to the Gestapo
| publisher = WSOY
| id = ISBN 951-0-27975-7
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Seppinen, Ilkka
| year = 1983
| title = Suomen Ulkomaankaupan ehdot 1939-1944
| publisher = 
| id = ISBN 951-9254-48-X
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Schwartz, Andrew J. 
| year = 1960
| title = America and the Russo-Finnish War
| publisher = Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Platonov, S.P. (editor)
| year = 1964
| title = Битва за Ленинград
| publisher = Voenizdat Ministerstva oborony SSSR
| id = 
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulun Historian laitos (editor)
| year = 1994
| title = Jatkosodan historia 1-6
| publisher = WSOY
| id =
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Leskinen, Jari &amp; Juutilainen, Antti  (editors)
| year = 2005
| title = Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen
| publisher = WSOY
| id = ISBN 951-0-28690-7
}}
* Хельге Сеппяля ''Финляндия как оккупант в 1941-1944 годах'' Журнал "Север" ISSN 0131-6222, 1995. [http://www.around.spb.ru/finnish/sepp/sepp2.php See]
* Finnish National Archive ''Luovutukset: Research on prisoner-of-war deaths, extraditions and deportations from Finland between 1939-55'', Research project, [http://www.narc.fi/Arkistolaitos/luovutukset/english.htm See]
{{WWIITheatre}}
* {{cite book
| author = Wuorinen, John H. (editor)
| year = 1948
| title = Finland and World War II 1939-1944
| publisher = The Ronald Press Company
}}

{{World War II}}
{{wikipedia|Continuation War}}
[[Category:Continuation War| ]]
[[Category:Karelian Isthmus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Corps</title>
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      <text bytes="173" sha1="aut0h86v1ft5lgm69zqagwqm37bv0k1" xml:space="preserve">A '''Corps''' is a military unit of ground combat forces usually consisting of two or more divisions and other support troops.

{{stub}}

[[Category:Military organizations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>D-Day</title>
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      <text bytes="1456" sha1="p1e0e8hanrn64t7qgjw5x17xhh4lssv" xml:space="preserve">The Normandy Landings were the first operations of the Allied invasion of Normandy, also known as Operation Neptune and Operation Overlord, during World War II. The landings commenced on June 6, 1944 (D-Day), beginning at 6:30 British Double Summer Time (H-Hour). In planning, D-Day was the term used for the day of actual landing, which was dependent on final approval. The assault was conducted in two phases: an air assault landing of American, British and Canadian airborne troops shortly after midnight, and an amphibious landing of Allied infantry and armoured divisions on the coast of France commencing at 6:30. The invasion required the transport of soldiers and materiel from the United Kingdom by troop carrying aircraft and ships, the assault landings, air support, naval interdiction of the English Channel and naval fire-support. There were also subsidiary 'attacks' mounted under the codenames Operation Glimmer and Operation Taxable to distract the Kriegsmarine and the German army from the real landing areas.[3] The operation was the largest single-day amphibious invasion of all time, with 160,000[4] troops landing on June 6, 1944. 195,700[5] Allied naval and merchant navy personnel in over 5,000[4] ships were involved. The landings took place along a 50-mile (80 km) stretch of the Normandy coast divided into five sectors: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword.Operation Neptune began on D-Day ( June 6, 1944) and ended on 30 June 1944.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Destroyer</title>
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      <text bytes="1644" sha1="jew52yy0prhksvsyrug98ppyejxgflj" xml:space="preserve">A destroyer is a warship. It is similar to, but is smaller and costs less than a [[cruiser]], but [[Image:USS Lassen.jpg|thumb|right|The USS Lassen, an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer.]]
larger than a [[frigate]]. It is usually used as an escort in battle groups. 
== Roles ==
Destroyers are used to defend larger [[warships]], amphibious, and merchant ships. Destroyers also go independent and bombard enemy shores, participate in search and rescue missions at sea, and support amphibious landings. And as said above, it is usually used as an escort in battle groups.

== History ==
== Armament ==
Destroyers are usually armed with guns, missles, rockets, and torpedos. In rare cases, they have helicopters.

== Destroyers in Navies==
[[Image:Destroyer Class Ships.jpg|200px|thumb|right|A look at destroyers of different nation's navies.]]
{|class="wikitable":
|-
|Nation || Number of Destroyers
|-
|U.S.A. ||54 
|-       
|Japan || 42
|-
|China || 21
|-
|Russia || 17
|-
|India || 11 
|-
|Taiwan || 11
|-
|U.K. || 11
|-
|South Korea || 6 
|-
|Italy || 4
|-
|France || 3
|-
|Germany || 2
|-
|Egypt || 1
|-
|Poland || 1
|-
|Romania || 1
|-
|}   
With only 4 nations operating cruisers, and no navies operating [[battleships]] (even though the U.S. maintains two Iowa-class battleships, just in case they need to be re-activated) destroyers are the largest general-use warship (aircraft carriers have one use, carrying aircraft) in commmon use.

== References ==
*[http://www.worldbook.com/wb/Article?id=ar156040&amp;st=destroyer World Book Encyclopedia]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer Wikipedia]
*[http://www.worldalmanac.com World Almanac]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dog fight</title>
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      <comment>What a dogfight is and famous people and aircraft in these fights.</comment>
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      <text bytes="3615" sha1="cm6epnqbjdy7z0bw4z3sdxodnc1e1d4" xml:space="preserve">'''DogFight'''

----
A dogfight was a pitched battle in the air between pilots to seek air supremacy for their respective side.

----
'''Means to Fight'''
The beginning of the dogfight started when the two opposing sides of the First World War did not want the observation planes to get through anymore so the the way to remove pilots in the air began when pilots would actually drop a bag of metal or bricks on top of an opposing aircraft. Then came the advent of using pistols,rifles, and shotguns in the air to strike down the enemy planes. Then came the Flying Ace.

----

The Dogfighters
The first flying ace in history was a frenchman known as Roland Garros, he fixed up his propellors to have metal plates on his propellors to prevent the bullets from his forward facing machine gun from ripping off his propellors.After his plane was shot down over enemy lines a dutch aircraft designer called Anthony Fokker who made a hydraulic syncronizer or a interupter gear that prevented the machine gun from firing when the propellor was in the way of the barrel. But bad things had to come with this technology as Garros was killed when his gear malfunctioned causing him to shoot off his own prop killing him when he crashed.
'''Billy Bishop'''
 Great Britain's greatest ace during the great war(please add anything else).
'''Eddie Rickenbacker'''
America's best ace with an amazing 22 victories and an all american man(add anything please).
'''Manfred von Richthofen a.k.a.Red Baron'''
The greatest ace of Germany and of the entire war. Most known for the red Fokker triplane he flew in later years. Shooting down an incredible eighty planes within a period of two to three years, he was the feared leader of the Flying Circus fighter group and instilled respect in all he encountered. He designed probaly the greatest fighter in World War 1 the Fokker D7. He was shot down not by a plane but by a ground machine gun group. If this is true he had the only perfect dogfighting record in history.
'''Notable Aircraft'''
Sopwith Camel
You may all this name from the Peanuts comic as being the plane of choice for Snoopy. This clearly outmatched the Fokker triplane in speed and other qualities. It was a premiere aircraft that may have turned the tide of  war.
Fokker Triplane
A versatile aircraft which the prime aircraft of the Flying Circus. It was unwieldy but in the hands of an expert like the Red Baron it was the best out there in the air.
Nieport
The famed fighter plane that was used to turn the tide against the Flying Circus.(Add something).
Sopwith Snipe
The best allied fighter in the war and had pilot oxygen and electric heater it was one of few fighters that could match the D7.
Fokker D7
The greatest fighter plane in the Great War and the one personally designed by the Red Baron himself the greatest dogfighter of the time.

----

World War 2
The dogfight entered the next generation as the planes got better and had the cheating advantage.
'''Dogfighters'''
Erich Hartmann
The greatest Dogfighter of all time and was known as the Blond Knight of Germany. He shot down an incredible 352 aircraft but was shot down about 16 times. Oh well.
(Please add anymore you know of from the '''Second world War''')
'''Notable Aircraft'''
P-51 Mustang
The best fighter of the era(Add info).
Me-262
The jet fighter that Hitler had envisioned but was made in small amounts and would have never worked.
'''From there to here'''
From World War 2 onwards i do believe the era of the dogfight was dead as now planes can shoot down other planes without seeing one another. Back then it was raw skill and true power.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dwight D. Eisenhower</title>
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      <text bytes="43359" sha1="f0d0ry3vf3w4oum9t2z6zmxlsz09pxf" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Eisenhower official.jpg|250px|right|Photograph of Dwight D. Eisenhower.]]
'''Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower''' (born '''David Dwight Eisenhower''' on October 14, 1890 &amp;ndash; March 28, 1969) was an American soldier and politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953-1961). During [[World War II]], he served as [[Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force|Supreme Commander]] of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] in [[Europe]], with responsibility for planning and supervising the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944-45. In 1949 he became the first supreme commander of [[NATO]].  As a Republican, he was elected the 34th President of the United States (1953&amp;ndash;1961), serving for two terms. As President he ended the [[Korean War]], kept up the pressure on the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[Cold War]], re-orientated the defense budget toward nuclear weapons, launched the space race, enlarged the Social Security program, and began building the Interstate Highway System.

==Early life and family==
&lt;!--[[Image:Eisenhower_with_Mamie.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Eisenhower with his wife Mamie on the steps of St. Mary's University of San Antonio, Texas, in 1916.]]--&gt;Eisenhower was born to a German American family in Denison, Texas, the third of seven sons born to David Jacob Eisenhower and Ida Elizabeth Stover, and their only child born in Texas. He was named David Dwight and was called Dwight. Later, the order of his given names was switched (according to the staff at the Eisenhower Library and Museum, the name switch occurred upon Eisenhower's matriculation at West Point). The Eisenhower family is of Pennsylvania Dutch descent. His ancestors were Mennonites who fled from Germany to Switzerland in the 17th century. Hans Nicol Eisenhauer and his family came to Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1741. The family joined the River Brethren, and were pacifists during the nation's wars. They joined some 300 River Brethren in creating a colony in Kansas. After a brief sojourn in Texas, the family re-settled in Abilene, Kansas in 1892. Eisenhower's father was a college educated engineer.&lt;ref&gt;Growing up, Ike and his brothers were all very competitive and loved sports. When he was fourteen, Ike received an infection in his leg that threatened to spread to his stomach. It kept him bedridden for months and the doctor recommended amputation more than once&amp;mdash;Ike, barely conscious at times, steadfastly refused to have his leg amputated and his family respected his wishes. Ambrose (1983), p.13-14&lt;/ref&gt; Eisenhower graduated from Abilene High School in 1909.&lt;ref name="High School"&gt;[http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/page1.htm "Dwight D. Eisenhower"]. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library. ''URL retrieved on December 21, 2006''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eisenhower married Mamie Geneva Doud (1896&amp;ndash;1979), of Denver, Colorado, on July 1, 1916. They had two children: Doud Dwight Eisenhower (1917&amp;ndash;1921), whose tragic death in childhood from scarlet fever haunted the couple, and John Sheldon David Doud Eisenhower (born in 1922). John Eisenhower served in the United States Army, then became an author and served as U.S. Ambassador to Belgium. John's son, David Eisenhower, after whom Camp David is named, married Richard Nixon's daughter Julie in 1968. 

===Righteusness===
When Eisenhower was five, his parents became members of the International Bible Students Association, later known as Jehovah's Witnesses. The Eisenhower home served as the local Bible Student's meeting place from 1896 to 1915, when Eisenhower's father stopped regularly associating, allegedly due to his recognition of the possible substance in the growing controversies regarding Jehovah's Witnesses'
prophecies, among other things, that Armageddon would occur between October 1914 and 1915. However, on his death, Eisenhower's father was given his funeral rites as though he remained a Jehovah's Witness and Eisenhower's mother continued as an active Jehovah's Witness until her death. Despite their differences in religious beliefs, he enjoyed a close relationship with his mother throughout her lifetime. Eisenhower and his brothers also stopped associating regularly after 1915. In later years, Eisenhower became a communicant in the Presbyterian church in 1953; in his retirement years, he was a member of the Gettysburg Presbyterian Church.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gettysburg.com/communit/gpc.htm www.gettysburg.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Education===
Dwight D. Eisenhower (and his six brothers) attended Abilene High School in Abilene, Kansas; Dwight graduated with the class of 1909.&lt;ref name="High School"/&gt; He then took a job as a night foreman at the Belle Springs Creamery.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,839998-3,00.html "Eisenhower: Soldier of Peace"], Time. April 4, 1969. Page 3 of 10. ''URL retrieved on January 5, 2007''.&lt;/ref&gt;

After working for two years to support his brother Edgar's college education, a friend urged Dwight to apply to the U.S. Naval Academy.  Though Eisenhower passed the entrance exam, he was past the age for admission to the Naval Academy.&lt;ref name="Education"&gt;[http://www.dwightdeisenhower.com/biodde.html "Biography: DDE"], Dwight D. Eisenhower Foundation. ''URL retrieved on December 21, 2006''.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kansas Senator Joseph L. Bristow recommended Dwight for an appointment to the United States Military Academy in 1911, which he received.&lt;ref name="Education"/&gt; Eisenhower graduated in the upper half&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/ddebio.htm "Timeline Biography"]. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library. ''URL retrieved on December 21, 2006''.&lt;/ref&gt; of the class of 1915.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/ddeisenhower.html "Dwight David Eisenhower"]. Presidents of the United States. Internet Public Library. ''URL retrieved on December 21, 2006''.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Early military career== 
Eisenhower enrolled at the United States Military Academy in June 1911. His parents were pacifists, but did not object to his entering West Point as they were strong proponents of education. Eisenhower was a strong athlete. In 1912 a spectacular Eisenhower touchdown won praise from the sports reporter of the New York Herald, and he even managed, with the help of a linebacker partner, to tackle the legendary Jim Thorpe. In the very next week, however, his promising sports career came to a quick and painful end — he injured his knee quite severely when he was tackled around the ankles. &lt;ref&gt;© Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, Washington, DC, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;
  
Eisenhower graduated in 1915. He served with the infantry until 1918 at various camps in Texas and Georgia. During [[World War I]], Eisenhower became the #3 leader of the new [[tank]] [[corps]] and rose to [[brevet]] [[Lieutenant Colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]] in the National Army. He spent the war training tank crews in Pennsylvania and never saw combat. (In fact, it appears problematic whether, in his entire military career, he ever experienced direct battle on any field of warfare.) After the war, Eisenhower reverted to his regular rank of [[captain]] (and was promoted to [[major]] a few days later) before assuming duties at Camp Meade, Maryland, where he remained until 1922. His interest in tank warfare was strengthened by many conversations with Patton and other senior tank leaders; however their ideas on tank warfare were strongly discouraged by superiors. &lt;ref&gt;Sixsmith, ibid, p.6&lt;/ref&gt; 
 
Eisenhower became executive officer to General Fox Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where he served until 1924. Under Conner's tutelage, he studied military history and theory (including Karl von Clausewitz's ''On War''), and later cited Conner's enormous influence on his military thinking. In 1925-26, he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and then served as a [[battalion]] commander at Fort Benning, Georgia, until 1927. 
&lt;!--[[Image:EisenhowersatMalecon.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The Eisenhowers by the Malecón in Manila, Philippines.]]--&gt;
During the late 1920s and early 1930s Eisenhower's career in the peacetime Army stagnated; many of his friends resigned for high paying business jobs. He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission, directed by General John J. Pershing, then to the Army War College, and then served as executive officer to General George V. Mosely, Assistant Secretary of War, from 1929 to 1933. He then served as chief military aide to General Douglas MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff, until 1935, when he accompanied MacArthur to The Philippines where he served as assistant military adviser to the Philippine government. This assignment would prove valuable preparation for handling the egos of [[Winston Churchill]], George S. Patton and Bernard Law Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1936 after sixteen years as a major. He also learned to fly, although was never rated as a military pilot. 
  
Eisenhower returned to the U.S. in 1939 and held a series of staff positions in Washington, D.C., California and Texas. In June 1941, he was appointed Chief of Staff to General Walter Krueger, Commander of the 3rd Army, at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. He was promoted to [[brigadier general]] in September 1941. Although his administrative abilities had been noticed, on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II he had never held an active command and was far from being considered as a potential commander of major operations.

==World War II==
&lt;!--[[Image:American World War II senior military officials, 1945.JPEG|thumb|300px|right|Eisenhower (seated, middle) with other American military officials, 1945.]] --&gt;
After the [[Japan]]ese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942 with responsibility for creating the major war plans to defeat Japan and Germany. He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division, General Leonard T. Gerow, and then succeeded Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division. Then he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of Operations Division under Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall. It was his close association with Marshall which finally brought Eisenhower to senior command positions. Marshall recognized his great organizational and administrative abilities.

In 1942, Eisenhower was appointed Commanding General, European Theater of Operations (ETOUSA) and was based in London. In November, he was also appointed [[Supreme Commander Allied (Expeditionary) Force]] of the North African Theater of Operations (NATOUSA) through the new operational Headquarters A(E)FHQ. The word "expeditionary" was dropped soon after his appointment for security reasons. In February 1943, his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean basin to include the British 8th Army, commanded by General Bernard Law Montgomery. The 8th Army had advanced across the Western Desert from the east and was ready for the start of the Tunisia Campaign. Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gave up command of ETOUSA to be commander of NATOUSA. After the capitulation of [[Axis Powers|Axis]] forces in North Africa, Eisenhower remained in command of the renamed Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO), keeping the operational title and continued in command of NATOUSA redesignated MTOUSA. In this position he oversaw the [[Operation Husky|invasion of Sicily]] and the [[Allied invasion of Italy|invasion of the Italian mainland]].

&lt;!--[[Image:Eisenhower d-day.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Eisenhower speaks with U.S. paratroops of the 502d Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division on the evening of June 5, 1944.]]--&gt;

In December 1943, it was announced that Eisenhower would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. In January 1944, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force|Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force]] ([[SHAEF]]), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. In these positions he was charged with planning and carrying out the Allied [[Battle of Normandy|assault on the coast of Normandy]] in June 1944 under the code name [[Operation Overlord]], the liberation of western Europe and the invasion of Germany. A month after the Normandy [[D-Day]] on June 6 1944, the [[Operation Dragoon|invasion of southern France]] took place, and control of the forces which took part in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. From then until the [[The end of World War II in Europe|end of the War in Europe]] on May 8 1945, Eisenhower through SHAEF had supreme command of all operational Allied forces&lt;sup&gt;[[#Notes|2]]&lt;/sup&gt;, and through his command of ETOUSA, administrative command of all U.S. forces, on the [[Western Front (WWII)#1944 – 1945|Western Front]] north of the Alps.

As recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders. He dealt skillfully with difficult subordinates such as Omar Bradley and Patton, and [[allies]] such as [[Winston Churchill]], Field Marshal [[Bernard Montgomery]] and General [[Charles de Gaulle]]. He had fundamental disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. He negotiated with [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] Marshal Zhukov, and such was the confidence that President Franklin D. Roosevelt had in him, he sometimes worked directly with [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]. This was a grave error, as during negotiation with the Soviets, he agreed that the Allied forces would halt before they reached Berlin, allowing the Russians to capture the capital first. While Berlin has little or no military value, Eisenhower's lack of political foresight may have meant that the Berliners needlessly suffered under Soviet occupation. Several Allied armies, including those of General Montgomery and General Bradley, were within striking distance of Berlin at the war's end. This major political agreement was reached without the permission or input of any of the other allied leaders, including Churchill and Roosevelt.

Eisenhower was offered the Medal of Honor for his leadership in the European Theater, but refused it, saying that it should be reserved for bravery and valor.

It was never a certainty that ''Overlord'' would succeed. The tenuousness surrounding the entire decision including the timing and the location of the Normandy invasion might be summarized by a short speech that Eisenhower wrote in advance, in case he might need it. In it, he took full responsibility for catastrophic failure, should that be the final result. Long after the successful landings on D-Day and the BBC broadcast of Eisenhower's brief speech concerning them, the never-used second speech was found in a shirt pocket by an aide. It read:

"Our landings have failed and I have withdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the best information available. The troops, the air and the Navy did all that bravery could do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt it is mine alone."

== Aftermath of World War II ==

Following the [[Nazi Germany|German]] unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|U.S. Occupation Zone]], based in Frankfurt am Main. Germany was divided into four Occupation Zones, one each for the U.S., Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. Upon full discovery of the [[death camp]]s that were part of the [[Final Solution]] ([[Holocaust]]), he ordered camera crews to comprehensively document evidence of the atrocity so as to prevent any doubt of its occurrence. He made the decision to reclassify German prisoners of war (POWs) in U.S. custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEFs). As DEFs, they could be compelled to serve as unfree labor (see ''[[Eisenhower and German POWs]]''). Eisenhower was an early supporter of the Morgenthau Plan to permanently remove Germany's industrial capacity to wage future wars. In November 1945 he approved the distribution of 1000 free copies of Morgenthau's book ''Germany is Our Problem'', which promoted and described the plan in detail, to American military officials in occupied Germany. Historian Stephen Ambrose draws the conclusion that, despite Eisenhower's later claims that the act was not an endorsement of the Morgenthau plan, Eisenhower both approved of the plan and had previously given Morgenthau at least some of his ideas on how Germany should be treated.&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Ambrose, ''Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect'', 1983, p. 422.&lt;/ref&gt; He also incorporated officials from Morgenthau's Treasury into the army of occupation. These were commonly called "Morgenthau boys" for their zeal in interpreting the occupation directive JCS 1067, which had been heavily influenced by Morgenthau and his plan, as strictly as possible.&lt;ref&gt;Vladimir Petrov, ''Money and conquest; allied occupation currencies in World War II.'' Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press (1967) pp. 228-229&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!--[[Image:EisenhowerChiefofStaffPortrait.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Official Chief of Staff portrait]]--&gt;

Eisenhower served as Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army from 1945-48. In December 1950, he was named Supreme Commander of the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO), and given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service on May 31, 1952, upon entering politics. He wrote ''Crusade in Europe'', widely regarded as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs. During this period Eisenhower served as President of Columbia University from 1948 until 1953, though he was on leave from the university while he served as [[NATO]] commander.

After his many wartime successes, General Eisenhower returned to the U.S. a great hero. Not long after his return, a "Draft Eisenhower" movement in the Republican party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of isolationist Senator Robert Taft. Eisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination but came to an agreement that Taft would stay out of foreign affairs while Eisenhower followed a conservative domestic policy. Eisenhower's campaign was a crusade against the Truman administration's policies regarding "Korea, Communism and Corruption."  Eisenhower promised to go to Korea himself and end the war and maintain both a strong NATO abroad against Communism and a corruption-free frugal administration at home. He and his running mate Richard Nixon, whose daughter later married Eisenhower's grandson David, easily defeated Adlai Stevenson in a landslide, marking the first Republican return to the White House in 20 years. Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century.

==Presidency 1953-1961==
{{main|Eisenhower's Presidency}}

===Interstate Highway System===
One of Eisenhower's most famous achievements as President was building the Interstate Highway System. He justified the highways through the National Defense Highway Transportation Act as essential to American security during the [[Cold War]]. As it was believed that large cities would be targets in a possible future war, the highways were designed to evacuate them.

===Dynamic Conservatism===
Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower preached a doctrine of Dynamic Conservatism. Although he maintained a conservative economic policy, he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional 10 million more workers.  His cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, "Eight millionaires and a plumber."  Eisenhower was extremely popular, winning his second term with 457 of the 531 votes in the Electoral College, and 57.6% of the popular vote.

===Eisenhower Doctrine===
After the Suez Crisis, the United States became the protector of most Western interests in the Middle East. As a result, Eisenhower proclaimed the "Eisenhower Doctrine" in January 1957. In relation to the Middle East, the U.S. would be "prepared to use armed force...[to counter] aggression from any country controlled by international communism."  On July 15 1958, he sent just under 15,000 soldiers to Lebanon (a combined force of Army and Marine Corps) in a non-combat peace keeping mission to stabilize the pro-Western government.  They left in October, 1958.
&lt;!--needs proper reference format
Boyer, et al. ''The Enduring Vision''. Houghton Mifflin: 2000.--&gt;

===Civil Rights===
Eisenhower supported the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka U.S. Supreme Court decision, in which segregated (separate but equal) schools were ruled to be unconstitutional. The very next day he told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating Negro and white public school children.&lt;ref&gt;Eisenhower (1963) p. 230; Parmet 438; Eisenhower is purported to have regretted his 1953 appointment of California Governor Earl Warren as Chief Justice of the United States, but no reliable evidence exists.  Ibid. 439&lt;/ref&gt;  Liberal critics complained Eisenhower was never enthusiastic about civil rights, but he did propose to Congress the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 and signed those acts into law, although both Acts were very weak and added little to the total electorate. Nonetheless, they constituted the first significant civil rights Acts since the 1870s. He also sent soldiers to Little Rock to integrate their schools, and admitted multi-racial Hawaii as a state in 1959.

The Little Rock Central High School crisis of 1957 involved state refusal to honor a federal court order to integrate the schools. Eisenhower placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent Army troops to escort nine black students]into the all-white school; this incident did not occur without violence. Eisenhower and Arkansas governor Orval Faubus engaged in tense arguments during this tumultuous period in history.

===States admitted to the Union===
* Alaska &amp;ndash; January 3, 1959
* Hawaii &amp;ndash; August 21, 1959

==Retirement and death==
&lt;!--[[Image:Eisenhower_62-2-1USN.JPG|thumb|right|Eisenhower with President Kennedy on retreat in 1962.]]--&gt;

&lt;!--[[Image:Dwight Eisenhower Nikita Khrushchev and their wives at state dinner 1959.png|thumb|right|200px|President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev and their wives in 1959.]]--&gt;

&lt;!--[[Image:Franco eisenhower 1959 madrid.jpg|thumb|300px|Francisco Franco and President Dwight D. Eisenhower in Madrid in 1959.]]--&gt;

On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised speech from the Oval Office. In his farewell speech to the nation, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War saying: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method..." and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex... Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together."

After Eisenhower left office his reputation declined, and he was seen as having been a "do-nothing" President. This was partly because of the contrast between Eisenhower and his young activist successor, John F. Kennedy, but also because of his reluctance to support the civil rights movement to the degree that more liberal individuals would have preferred to stop McCarthyism, even though he opposed McCarthy's tactics and claims. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/34_eisenhower/eisenhower_politics.html The Presidents - pbs.org]&lt;/ref&gt; Such omissions were held against him during the liberal climate of the 1960s and 1970s. Since that time, however, Eisenhower's reputation has risen because of his non-partisan nature, his wartime leadership, his action in Arkansas, his being the last President to balance the budget (before the second Bill Clinton term), and an increasing appreciation of how difficult it is today to maintain a prolonged peace. In recent surveys of historians, Eisenhower often is ranked in the top 10 among all U.S. Presidents.

Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Gettysburg farm is a National Historic Site [http://www.nps.gov/eise/]. In retirement, he did not completely retreat from political life; he spoke at the 1964 Republican National Convention and appeared with Barry Goldwater in a Republican campaign commercial from Gettysburg.&lt;ref&gt;[http://livingroomcandidate.movingimage.us/election/index.php?nav_action=election&amp;nav_subaction=overview&amp;campaign_id=168 Web reference] &lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!--[[Image:Eisenhower_67-475-19.jpg|thumb|left|Eisenhower leaving the White House after a visit with President Johnson in 1967.]]--&gt;

Because of legal issues related to holding a military rank while in a civilian office, Eisenhower resigned his permanent commission as General of the Army before entering the office of President of the United States. Upon completion of his Presidential term, his commission on the retired list was reactivated and Eisenhower again was commissioned a five-star general in the United States Army.

Eisenhower died at 12:25 p.m. on March 28, 1969, at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington D.C., of congestive heart failure at the age of 78. He lies alongside his wife and their first child, who died in childhood, in a small chapel called the Place of Meditation, at the Eisenhower Presidential Library, located in Abilene. His state funeral was unique because it was presided over by Richard Nixon, who was Vice President under Eisenhower and was serving as President of the United States. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/Last_Salute/ch29.htm US Army website]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Legacy===
&lt;!--[[Image:Eisenhowernshc.jpg|thumb|right|The bronze statue of Eisenhower that stands in the [[US Capitol Rotunda|rotunda]].]]--&gt;
Eisenhower's picture was on the dollar coin from 1971 to 1979. Nearly 700 million of the copper-nickel clad coins were minted for general circulation, and far smaller numbers of uncirculated and proof issues (in both copper-nickel and 40% silver varieties) were produced for collectors. He reappeared on a commemorative silver dollar issued in 1990, celebrating the 100th anniversary of his birth, which with a double image of him showed his two roles, as both a soldier and a statesman. 

He is remembered for ending the [[Korean War]]. ''[[USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69)|USS Dwight D. Eisenhower]]'', the second ''Nimitz''-class supercarrier, was named in his honor.

The Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290), a 30-mile long expressway in the Chicago area, was re-named after him.

In 1971, the Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage, California was named after him.

In 1979, the Eisenhower Tunnel was completed, conveys westbound traffic on I-70,
60 miles west of Denver, through the Continental Divide.

In 1983, The Eisenhower Institute was founded in Washington, D.C., as a policy institute to advance Eisenhower's intellectual and leadership legacies.

In 1999, the United States Congress created the Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission, which is in the planning stages of creating an enduring national memorial in Washington, D.C., across the street from the National Air and Space Museum on the National Mall.

A state park in East Meadow, New York is named in his honor.

==Awards and decorations==
===United States===
* American Campaign Medal
* American Defense Service Medal with "Foreign Service" clasp
* Army Distinguished Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters
* Army of Occupation Medal with "Germany" clasp
* European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one silver and four bronze service stars
* Legion of Merit
* Mexican Border Service Medal
* Navy Distinguished Service Medal
* [[World War I Victory Medal]]
* [[World War II Victory Medal]]

===International awards===
* Argentinian Great Cross of the Order of the Liberator
* Belgian Order of Léopold
* Belgian Croix de Guerre
* Brazil Campaign Medal
* Brazil War Medal
* Brazilian Grand Cross Order of Military Merit
* Brazilian Grand Cross Order of Aeronautical Merit
* Brazilian National Order of the Southern Cross
* British Order of the Bath
* British Order of Merit
* British African Star with "1" and "8" numerical devices.
* Chief Commander of the Chilean Order of Merit
* Chinese Grand Cordon of the Order of Yun Hui
* Chinese Grand Cordon of the Order of Yun Fei
* Czechoslovakian Order of the White Lion
* Czechoslovakian Golden Star of Victory
* Danish Order of the Elephant
* Ecuadorian Star of Abdon Calderon
* Egyptian Grand Cordon of the Order of Ismal
* Ethiopian Order of Solomon
* French Croix de Guerre
* French Legion of Honor
* French Liberation Medal
* Grand Cross of the Italian Military Order
* Greek Order of George I with swords
* Guatemalan Cross of Military Merit
* Haitian Great Cross of the Order of Honor and Merit
* Luxembourg Medal of Merit
* Luxembourg War Cross
* Medal of Mexican Civic Merit
* Mexican Aztec Eagle
* Moroccan Order of Ouissan Alaouite
* Netherlands Grand Cross of the Order of the Dutch Lion
* Norwegian Order of St. Olaf
* Order of Mexican Military Merit
* Polish Cross of Grunwald
* Polish Rastituta Chevalier
* Polish Virtuti Militari
* Soviet Order of Suvorov
* Soviet Order of Victory
* Tunisian Grand Cordon of the Nishan Iftikar

In addition, Eisenhower's name was given to a variety of streets, avenues, etc., in cities around the world, including Paris, France.

==Quotations==
&lt;!--
[[Image:wiki_eisenhower.JPG|thumb|left|Stamp issued by the United States Postal Service in 1969 commemorating Dwight D. Eisenhower.]]--&gt;

''Kinship among nations is not determined in such measurements as proximity of size and age. Rather we should turn to those inner things--call them what you will--I mean those intangibles that are the real treasures free men possess.

''To preserve his freedom of worship, his equality before law, his liberty to speak and act as he sees fit, subject only to provisions that he trespass not upon similar rights of others--a Londoner will fight. So will a citizen of Abilene.

''When we consider these things, then the valley of the Thames draws closer to the farms of Kansas and the plains of Texas.''&lt;br&gt;--Dwight D. Eisenhower's London Guild Hall Address, June 12 1945.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/guild.htm www.eisenhowerarchives.gov] &lt;/ref&gt; 

''From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city, every village, and every rural schoolhouse, the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty.''&lt;br&gt;
--Dwight D. Eisenhower when signing into law the phrase "One nation under God" into the Pledge of Allegiance.

''Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signifies in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed. This world in arms is not spending money alone. It is spending the sweat of its laborers, the genius of its scientists, the hopes of its children. [...] This is not a way of life at all in any true sense. Under the clouds of war, it is humanity hanging on a cross of iron.''&lt;BR&gt;
-- Dwight Eisenhower, April 16, 1953

''I like to believe that people in the long run are going to do more to promote peace than our governments.  Indeed, I think that people want peace so much that one of these days governments had better get out of the way and let them have it.''&lt;BR&gt;
-- Dwight D. Eisenhower

''In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.''&lt;BR&gt; 
-- Dwight D. Eisenhower, Farewell Address January 17, 1961&lt;ref&gt;Fortune program&lt;/ref&gt;

''Should any political party attempt to abolish social security, unemployment insurance, and eliminate labor laws and farm programs, you would not hear of that party again in our political history. There is a tiny splinter group, of course, that believes you can do these things. Among them are H. L. Hunt (you possibly know his background), a few other Texas oil millionaires, and an occasional politician or business man from other areas. Their number is negligible and they are stupid.''&lt;br&gt;
-- Dwight D. Eisenhower in a letter to his brother Edgar, November 8, 1954&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.snopes.com/politics/quotes/ike.asp Snopes page]&lt;/ref&gt;

''I voiced to him'' (Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson) ''my grave misgivings, first on the basis of my belief that Japan was already defeated and that dropping the bomb was completely unnecessary, and secondly because I thought that our country should avoid shocking world opinion by the use of a weapon whose employment was, I thought, no longer mandatory as a measure to save American lives.''&lt;BR&gt;
-- Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1945 &lt;ref&gt;''The White House Years: Mandate for Change: 1953–1956: A Personal Account''&lt;/ref&gt;

''Peace and Justice are two sides of the same coin.''&lt;BR&gt;
-- Dwight D. Eisenhower &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.quotedb.com/quotes/421 Quote DB]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Trivia==
* In 1919, Eisenhower was assigned as an observer to an important public relations mission that involved sending a convoy of U.S. Army vehicles coast to coast. This long harrowing experience later influenced his goal for an Interstate Highway System.&lt;ref&gt;Lippman, David H. [http://www.usswashington.com/dl30au39h1.htm ''The Last Week - The Road to War'']. [http://www.usswashington.com/dl_index.htm ''World War II Plus 55'']. Chapter 8, Part 1. ''URL retrieved on January 9, 2007''.&lt;/ref&gt;
* He suffered from Crohn's disease.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ibdcrohns.about.com/od/guesswhohasibd/Guess_Who_Has_IBD.htm "Famous People with Inflammatory Bowel Disease"]. about.com. February 6, 2005. ''URL retrieved on December 21, 2006''.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eisenhower was an avid bridge player. Charles Goren said of his game: "Ike breaks 90 at golf &amp;ndash; at bridge you could say he breaks 80." 
* Eisenhower loved golf, and spent much of his retirement at Augusta National Golf Club, where he was a member. 
* The loblolly pine tree on the left side of the fairway at the 17th hole at Augusta National Golf Club is known as the Eisenhower Tree.  He put his ball in the tree so many times he campaigned to have it removed.  It stands to this day. The membership built a cabin for Eisenhower, one of 12 on the course. The cabin, built to Secret Service specifications, still stands on the course and is adorned with an eagle on the front porch.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.masters.org/en_US/course/landmarks.html "Course Landmarks"]. Official Site of the Masters Tournament.  ''URL retrieved on December 21, 2006''.&lt;/ref&gt;
* At the end of his second term in 1961 he was the oldest President to serve, at 70 years and 98 days &amp;mdash; a record later broken by Ronald Reagan. 
* Eisenhower was the first President affected by the 22nd Amendment, which limited presidential terms.
* Eisenhower was the last U.S. president who was born in the 19th century.
* Eisenhower was the second Republican President to serve two full terms; the first was Ulysses S. Grant.
* In 1945, General Eisenhower was the first American made an honorary member of the British Order of Merit. Eisenhower is one of very few Americans made an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath.
* Eisenhower has been portrayed by several actors, including Tom Selleck in the 2004 television program Ike: Countdown to D-Day which depicts the 90 days leading up to the [[D-Day|D-Day Invasion]]. On June 6 of that year, Eisenhower's grandson, David, along with Roosevelt's grandson, David, and Arabella Churchill, granddaughter of British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, appeared on MSNBC during the network's coverage of the 60th anniversary of D-Day and talked about the roles their grandfathers played during the allied invasion.&lt;ref&gt;[http://msnbc.msn.com/id/5139714 An Eisenhower, A Roosevelt, A Churchill] &lt;/ref&gt;
* Eisenhower enjoyed cooking as a hobby throughout his life, with particular emphasis on outdoor cooking. During his time as President, he even cooked food on the White House roof.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/cook5.htm "Eisenhower the Cook"]. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library. ''URL retrieved on December 21, 2006''.&lt;/ref&gt; A [http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/cook82.htm picture] of this exists in the National Archives.

==See also==
* [[Cold War]]

==Footnotes==
&lt;div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Dead note "1": All of the Eisenhower boys left the Jehovah's Witness religion when they reached adulthood and openly opposed major aspects of Watchtower teaching, although some of the values they learned from their Bible studies probably influenced them throughout their lives.  --&gt;&lt;!-- Dead note "2": As V-E Day came, Allied forces in Western Europe [not including Italy] consisted of 4.5 million men, including 9 armies (5 of them American&amp;mdash;one of which, the Fifteenth, saw action only at the last), 23 corps, 91 divisions (61 of them American), 6 tactical air commands (4 American), and 2 strategic air forces (1 American). The Allies had 28,000 combat aircraft, of which 14,845 were American, and they had brought into Western Europe more than 970,000 vehicles and 18 million tons of supplies. At the same time they were achieving final victory in Italy with 18 divisions (seven of them American). [http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/AMH/AMH-22.htm] --&gt;

==Bibliography==
===Military career===
* Ambrose, Stephen E. ''Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890-1952'' (1983); 
* D'Este, Carlo.  ''Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life'' (2002), military biography to 1945
* Eisenhower, David. ''Eisenhower at War 1943-1945'' (1986), detailed study by his grandson
* Irish, Kerry E. "Apt Pupil: Dwight Eisenhower and the 1930 Industrial Mobilization Plan," ''The Journal of Military History'' 70.1 (2006) 31-61 online in Project Muse.
* Pogue, Forrest C. ''The Supreme Command''  (1996) official Army history of SHAEF
* Sixsmith, E.K.G. ''Eisenhower, His Life and Campaigns'' (1973), military
* Russell Weigley. ''Eisenhower's Lieutenants.'' Indiana University Press, 1981. Ike's dealing with his key generals in WW2
===Civilian career===
* Albertson, Dean, ed. ''Eisenhower as President'' (1963).
* Alexander, Charles C. ''Holding the Line: The Eisenhower Era, 1952-1961'' (1975).
* Ambrose, Stephen E. ''Eisenhower: Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890-1952'' (1983); ''Eisenhower. The President'' (1984); one volume edition titled ''Eisenhower: Soldier and President'' (2003). Standard biography.
* Bowie, Robert R. and Richard H. Immerman; ''Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy'', Oxford University Press, 1998.
* Damms,  Richard V. ''The Eisenhower Presidency, 1953-1961'' (2002).
* David Paul T. (ed.), ''Presidential Nominating Politics in 1952''. 5 vols., Johns Hopkins Press, 1954.  
* Divine, Robert A. ''Eisenhower and the Cold War'' (1981).
* Greenstein, Fred I. ''The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader'' (1991).
* Harris, Douglas B. "Dwight Eisenhower and the New Deal: The Politics of Preemption" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', Vol. 27, 1997.
* Harris, Seymour E. ''The Economics of the Political Parties, with Special Attention to Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy'' (1962).
* Krieg, Joann P. ed. ''Dwight D. Eisenhower, Soldier, President, Statesman'' (1987). 24 essays by scholars.
* McAuliffe, Mary S. "Eisenhower, the President", ''Journal of American History'' 68 (1981), pp. 625-632.
* Medhurst, Martin J. ''Dwight D. Eisenhower: Strategic Communicator'' Greenwood Press, 1993.
* Pach, Chester J.  and Elmo Richardson. ''Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower'' (1991). Standard scholarly survey.
* Parmet, Herbert S. ''Eisenhower and the American Crusades'' (1972). Scholarly biography of post 1945 years.

===Primary sources===					
* Boyle, Peter G., ed. ''The Churchill-Eisenhower Correspondence, 1953-1955'' University of North Carolina Press, 1990  
* Eisenhower, Dwight D. ''Crusade in Europe'' (1948), his war memoirs
* Eisenhower, Dwight D. ''Mandate for Change, 1953-1956'' (1963)
* Eisenhower, Dwight D. ''Waging Peace'' (1965), presidency 1956-60
*[http://millercenter.virginia.edu/scripps/reference/papers/eisenhower.html ''Eisenhower Papers''] 21 volume scholarly edition; complete for 1940-61.
* Summersby, Kay. ''Eisenhower was my boss'' (1948) New York: Prentice Hall; (1949) Dell paperback

==External links==
* [http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/showfindingaid.cfm?findaidid=EisenhowerD Audio clips of Eisenhower's speeches]
* [http://www.badley.info/history/Eisenhower-Dwight-David-USA.biog.html Eisenhower Chronology World History Database]
* [http://kansastravel.org/eisenhower.htm Eisenhower Home and Tomb]
* [http://www.whitehousetapes.org/pages/tapes_dde.htm Eisenhower Tapes @ University of Virginia's Miller Center of Public Affairs] (Oval Office recordings)
* [http://www.jan.vandercrabben.name/unidocs/kcl/Eisenhower_and_Nukes.pdf Essay: Why the Eisenhower administration embraced nuclear weapons (PDF)]
* [[wikisource:Eisenhower's farewell address|Farewell Address]] (Wikisource)
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/eisen1.htm First Inaugural Address]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/eisen2.htm Second Inaugural Address]
* [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAeisenhower.htm Spartacus Educational Biography]
*[http://www.heraldrysociety.us/presidents/index.php?page=Eisenhower The Arms of Dwight David Eisenhower]
* [http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/index.html The Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission]
* [http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/ The Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum]
* [http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/index.htm The Presidential Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower (searchable online)]
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/de34.html White House biography]
* [http://www.topindianjobs.com/indian-education-and-careers.shtml Education career opportunities]


{{Cold War}}

{{wikipedia|Dwight D. Eisenhower}}

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      <text bytes="104344" sha1="e0gfm8lagvthxdgazpkvabr1egv6t51" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Military Conflict 
| date = June 22, 1941 - May 8, 1945
| conflict = Eastern Front
| partof = [[World War II]]
| image = [[File:Reichstag flag.jpg|300px]]
| caption = Soviet soldiers raising the [[wikipedia:flag of the Soviet Union|Soviet flag]] over the [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] during the [[Battle of Berlin]] on April 30, 1945
| place = [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] and [[wikipedia:Eastern Europe|Eastern Europe]]
| result = Soviet victory 
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] '''[[wikipedia:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]]'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Poland.svg|22px]] '''[[Polish contribution to World War II#Polish Armed Forces in the East|Poland]]'''
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]] '''[[Nazi Germany|Germany]]'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg|20px]] [[History of Italy as a monarchy and in the World Wars|Italy]] (to 1943)&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|22px]] [[Romania during World War II|Romania]] &lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Finland.svg|20px]] [[Military history of Finland during World War II|Finland]] (to 1944)&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Hungary 1940.svg|20px]] [[History of Hungary#World War II|Hungary]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:1stslovakia flag large.svg|22px]] [[Slovak Republic (WWII)|Slovakia]] 
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Aleksei Antonov|Aleksei Antonov]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Ivan Konev|Ivan Konev]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Rodion Malinovsky|Rodion Malinovsky]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Kirill Meretskov|Kirill Meretskov]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Ivan Petrov (General)|Ivan Petrov]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Alexander Rodimtsev|Alexander Rodimtsev]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Konstantin Rokossovsky|Konstantin Rokossovsky]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Pavel Rotmistrov|Pavel Rotmistrov]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Semyon Timoshenko|Semyon Timoshenko]]&lt;br /&gt; [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Fyodor Tolbukhin|Fyodor Tolbukhin]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Aleksandr Vasilevsky|Aleksandr Vasilevsky]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin|Nikolai Vatutin]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Kliment Voroshilov|Kliment Voroshilov]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Andrei Yeremenko|Andrei Yeremenko]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]]  [[wikipedia:Matvei Zakharov|Matvei Zakharov]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Georgy Zhukov|Georgy Zhukov]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Fedor von Bock|Fedor von Bock]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Ernst Busch|Ernst Busch]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Heinz Guderian|Heinz Guderian]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist|Ewald von Kleist]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Günther von Kluge|Günther von Kluge]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Georg von Küchler|Georg von Küchler]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb|Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Wilhelm List|Wilhelm List]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Erich von Manstein|Erich von Manstein]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Walter Model|Walter Model]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Friedrich Paulus|Friedrich Paulus]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]]  [[wikipedia:Gerd von Rundstedt|Gerd von Rundstedt]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Ferdinand Schörner|Ferdinand Schörner]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Maximilian von Weichs|Maximilian von Weichs]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Finland.svg|20px|]] [[wikipedia:Karl Lennart Oesch|Karl Lennart Oesch]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Petre Dumitrescu|Petre Dumitrescu]] 
| notes = &lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;/sup&gt;Partial help for the Soviet Union was provided by [[United States home front during World War II|United States]] and [[Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II|United Kingdom]] and for Germany by its puppet states. There were also numerous foreign units recruited by Germany, notably the [[wikipedia:Russian Liberation Army|Russian Liberation Army]] and Spanish [[wikipedia:Blue Division|Blue Division]].&lt;br /&gt; 
}}
{{Campaignbox Axis-Soviet War}}

The '''Eastern Front''' of the [[European Theatre of World War II]] encompassed the conflict in central and eastern Europe from [[wikipedia:June 22|June 22]], [[1941]] to [[wikipedia:May 8|May 8]], [[1945]]. It was notorious for its unprecedented ferocity, destruction, and immense loss of life. It resulted in the destruction and [[partition of Germany|partition of Nazi Germany]], the rise of the Soviet Union as a military and industrial [[wikipedia:superpower|superpower]], and the Soviet occupation of [[wikipedia:Eastern Europe|Eastern Europe]].

In all [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet]] and the majority of [[wikipedia:Russian language|Russian]] sources, the conflict is referred to as the '''Great Patriotic War''' (Великая Отечественная война, ''Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voyna''), and as '''War against Bolshevism''' by the Nazis. Some scholars of the conflict use the term '''Russo-German War''', others use '''Soviet-German War''', '''German-Soviet War''' or '''Axis-Soviet War'''. 

Some sources include the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)]] of [[1939]] in this World War II theatre but this article concentrates on the much larger conflict which was fought from June [[1941]] to May [[1945]] in which the two principal [[wikipedia:belligerent|belligerent]] powers were [[Nazi Germany]] and the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]. The Russo-Finnish [[Continuation War]] may be considered the northern flank of the Eastern Front.

==Overview==
===Forces===
The war between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union began on [[wikipedia:22 June|22 June]] [[1941]], when Germany crossed borders, fixed in the [[German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact]], invading the Soviet Union. The war  ended on [[wikipedia:8 May|8 May]] [[1945]], when Germany's armed forces [[wikipedia:Unconditional surrender|surrendered unconditionally]] following the [[Battle of Berlin]] and the subsequent defeat of the German army by Soviet forces. Germany was able to call on the manpower of a number of other [[Axis Powers]] -  foremost [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]], [[wikipedia:Hungary|Hungary]], [[wikipedia:Slovakia|Slovakia]], [[wikipedia:Croatia|Croatia]], and [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]] - to support them at the front and the subsequently occupied territories. The anti-Soviet [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]], which had recently been at war with the Soviet Union, also joined the ranks of the Germans. The German forces were also assisted by anti-communist [[wikipedia:Partisan (military)|partisans]] in places like Ukraine and Estonia where citizens had suffered greatly at the hands of the Soviets. There was even a [[wikipedia:Blue Division|Spanish division]], sent by Spanish dictator [[wikipedia:Francisco Franco|Francisco Franco]] to keep his ties to the Axis intact. The Soviet Union had help from partisans in many countries in [[wikipedia:Eastern Europe|Eastern Europe]], notably those in Slovakia, Poland, [[wikipedia:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] and [[wikipedia:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. In addition the [[wikipedia:Polish First Army|First]] and [[wikipedia:Polish Second Army|Second]] Polish armies, armed and trained by the Soviets, fought alongside the [[wikipedia:Red Army|Red Army]] at the front.

===Ideologies===
[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] had argued in his autobiography ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' for the necessity of [[Lebensraum]], acquiring new territory for German settlement in Eastern Europe. He envisaged settling Germans as a master race in western Russia, while deporting most of the Russians to [[wikipedia:Siberia|Siberia]] and using the remainder as [[wikipedia:slave labour|slave labour]]. After [[wikipedia:Great Purge|the great purge]] of the [[wikipedia:1930s|1930s]], Hitler saw the Soviet Union as militarily weak and ripe for conquest. In the aftermath of the [[Battle of Kursk]] and the resulting dire German military situation, Hitler and Nazi propaganda proclaimed the war to be a German defense of European (Western) Civilization against destruction by the vast "[[wikipedia:Bolshevism|Bolshevik]] hordes" that were pouring into Europe.  

[[wikipedia:Stalin|Stalin]]'s also included the occupation of foreign countries: using the occasion of world attention drawn to the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]], he annexed the three [[wikipedia:Baltic countries|Baltic countries]] in [[1940]], thus gaining a ''place d'arme'' in case of a possible war with Hitler-Germany. Stalin's active participation in the [[partitions of Poland|partition of Poland]] (1939) should also not be underestimated. Yet, unlike that of Hitler's, Stalin did not have any far-reaching plans of expanding Soviet territory to include Eastern Europe, let alone Germany, so Soviet policy might rather be interpreted as the attempt to create a buffer zone between the USSR and Germany before Hitler's attack, which the Soviet Union had all the reasons to consider inevitable.

===Results===
[[File:4SSNL-PGDA1.jpg|thumb|left|''"Up against [[wikipedia:Bolshevism|Bolshevism]]!"''. Propaganda poster urging [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Dutchmen]] to volunteer in the [[Waffen-SS]] at the Eastern Front.]]
[[File:Motherussia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A [[1941]] poster ''The [[wikipedia:Motherland|Motherland]] Is Calling!'']]
The Eastern Front was by far the largest and bloodiest [[wikipedia:Theatre (warfare)|theatre]] of World War II. It is generally accepted as being the most costly conflict in human history with over 30 million dead as a result. It involved more land combat than all other World War II theatres combined. The Eastern Front resulted in staggering losses and disregard for human life almost entirely as a consequence of the [[wikipedia:ideological|ideological]] premise for the war. To hardline Nazis in Berlin, the war against the Soviet Union was one of a struggle of [[Fascism]] against [[Communism]], and the [[wikipedia:Aryan race|Aryan race]] against the "[[wikipedia:Untermensch|inferior]]" [[wikipedia:Slavs|Slavic race]]. From the beginning of the conflict, Hitler referred it as a "war of annihilation". Aside from the ideological conflict, the mindframe of the leaders of Germany and the Soviet Union, [[Hitler]] and [[wikipedia:Stalin|Stalin]] respectively, contributed to the escalation of terror and murder on an unprecedented scale. Hitler sought to enslave the Slavic race and wipe out the large Jewish population of Eastern Europe ([[Holocaust]]). Stalin and Hitler both disregarded human life in order to achieve their goal of victory. This included terrorization of their own people, as well as [[wikipedia:mass deportation|mass deportation]] (planned, in the case of Germany) of entire populations. All these factors resulted in tremendous brutality both to combatants and civilians that found no parallel on the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]].

The war inflicted huge losses and suffering upon the civilian populations of the affected countries. Behind the front lines, [[wikipedia:Atrocity|atrocities]] against civilians in German-occupied areas were routine, including the [[Holocaust]]. German and German-allied forces treated civilian populations with exceptional brutality, massacring villages and routinely killing civilian hostages. Both sides practiced widespread [[wikipedia:scorched earth|scorched earth]] tactics, but the loss of civilian lives in case of Germany was incomparably smaller than that of the Soviet Union, in which over 20 million civilians were killed by the Nazis and some by the Soviets themselves (mainly by the [[wikipedia:NKVD|NKVD]]). When the Red Army invaded Germany from 1944, many German civilians suffered from vengeance taken by Red Army soldiers (see [[Red Army atrocities]]). After the war, following the [[Yalta conference]] agreements between the Allies, the [[wikipedia:German people|German populations]] of [[wikipedia:East Prussia|East Prussia]] and [[wikipedia:Silesia|Silesia]] were [[wikipedia:German exodus from Eastern Europe|displaced to the west]] of the [[wikipedia:Oder-Neisse Line|Oder-Neisse Line]], in what became one of the largest [[wikipedia:forced migration|forced migration]]s of people in world history. The German minority scattered over large swaths of Eastern Europe was thus expelled and those who did not manage to leave were exterminated.

Much of the combat took place in or close by populated areas, and the actions of both sides contributed to massive loss of civilian life.

==Background==
===The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact===
The [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact|Molotov-Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Pact]] of August 1939 had established a [[wikipedia:Non aggression pact|non-aggression agreement]] between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, and a secret [[wikipedia:Protocol (treaty)|protocol]] outlined how [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]], [[wikipedia:Estonia|Estonia]], [[wikipedia:Latvia|Latvia]], [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]] and [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]] would be divided between them. In the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]] of 1939 the two powers invaded and partitioned Poland, and in June 1940 the Soviet Union, threatening to use force if its demands were not fulfilled, won the diplomatic wars against [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]] and three [[wikipedia:Baltic states|Baltic states]] which allowed it to peacefully [[wikipedia:occupation of the Baltic countries|occupy Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania]] ''[[wikipedia:de facto|de facto]]'', (while no Western state regarded the annexation of these states ''de jure'') and to return the [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukrainian]], [[wikipedia:Belarus|Belarusian]], and [[wikipedia:Moldavia|Moldavia]]n territories in the North and North-Eastern regions of Romania (Northern [[wikipedia:Bucovina|Bucovina]] and [[wikipedia:Basarabia|Basarabia]]).

===The decision for war===
For nearly two years the border was quiet while Germany conquered [[Operation Weserübung|Denmark, Norway]], [[Battle of France|France]], and the [[Balkans Campaign|Balkans]]. Hitler had however always intended to renege on the pact with the Soviet Union and invade, and appears to have made his decision of when to do so in spring 1940. Hitler believed that the Soviets would quickly capitulate after an overwhelming German offensive and that the war could largely end before the onset of the fierce Russian winter.  

[[wikipedia:Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin]] was fearful of war with Germany or just did not expect Germany to start a [[wikipedia:two-front war|two-front war]], and was reluctant to do anything to provoke Hitler. Even though Germany had been assembling very large numbers of troops in eastern Poland and making clandestine [[wikipedia:reconnaissance|reconnaissance]] flights over the border, Stalin ignored the warnings of his own as well as foreign intelligence. Moreover, on the very night of the invasion, Soviet troops received a directive undersigned by [[Marshal]] [[wikipedia:Semyon Timoshenko|Semyon Timoshenko]] and [[General of the Army]] [[wikipedia:Georgy Zhukov|Georgy Zhukov]] that commanded (as it was demanded by Stalin): "do not answer to any provocations" and "do not undertake any actions without specific orders". The German invasion therefore caught the Soviet military and leadership largely by surprise, even though Stalin did receive a message from his spy detailing information on the attack.

As Soviet archives were closed throughout the Cold War and many Russian archives still remain so, the pre-war decisions and strategy of the Soviet leadership remain unclear. Alternatives to mainstream theory of Soviet unpreparedness and defensive strategy have been offered by [[wikipedia:Viktor Suvorov|Viktor Suvorov]], author of many controversial works. While rejected by most researchers, his theory has gathered some support among Russian academic historians as well ([[wikipedia:Mikhail Meltyukhov|Mikhail Meltyukhov]], [[wikipedia:Vladimir Nevezhin|Vladimir Nevezhin]], V. D. Danilov).

For Soviet preparations, see [[Operation Barbarossa#Soviet preparations|Soviet preparations]].

==Operations==
===Operation Barbarossa: Summer 1941===
[[File:Eastern Front 1941-06 to 1941-12.png|thumb|300px|[[Operation Barbarossa]]: the German invasion of the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]], [[wikipedia:21 June|21 June]] [[1941]] to [[wikipedia:5 December|5 December]] [[1941]]
{{legend|#fff8d5|to 9 July 1941}}
{{legend|#ffd2b9|to 1 September 1941}}
{{legend|#ebd7ff|to 9 September 1941}}
{{legend|#ccffcd|to 5 December 1941}}
]]
[[File:Agitplakat.jpg|thumb|225px|Soviet propaganda poster of 1941. The inscription reads: "Join the ranks of the front female helpmates, a companion is an aid and friend for fighter!"]]
''Main article: [[Operation Barbarossa]] [[Battle of Bialystok-Minsk]]''

At 03:15 on [[wikipedia:22 June|22 June]] [[1941]], three million German soldiers, to be joined by their Italian, Romanian and other allies over the next weeks, burst over the borders and stormed into the Soviet Union. For a month the three-pronged offensive was completely unstoppable as the ''[[Panzer]]'' forces [[wikipedia:Encirclement|encircled]] hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops in huge pockets that were then reduced by slower-moving [[wikipedia:infantry|infantry]] divisions while the panzers charged on, following the ''[[Blitzkrieg]]'' [[wikipedia:Military doctrine|doctrine]]. As part of this lightning campaign the German airforce began immediate attacks on Soviet airfields destroying most of the initially antiquated and inept Soviet Air Force before it left the ground. 

Army Group North's objective was [[wikipedia:Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] via the Baltic States. Comprising the 16th and 18th Armies and 4th Panzer Group, this formation drove through [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[wikipedia:Latvia|Latvia]], [[wikipedia:Estonia|Estonia]] and the Russian cities of [[wikipedia:Pskov|Pskov]] and [[wikipedia:Novgorod|Novgorod]].

Army Group Centre comprised two Panzer groups (2nd and 3rd), which rolled east from either side of [[Brest-Litovsk]] and converged ahead of [[wikipedia:Minsk|Minsk]], followed by 2nd, 4th and 9th Armies. The combined Panzer force reached the [[wikipedia:Berezina river|Beresina River]] in just six days, 650&amp;nbsp;km (400&amp;nbsp;miles) from their start lines. The next objective was to cross the [[wikipedia:Dnieper river|Dnieper river]], which was accomplished by [[wikipedia:11 July|11 July]]. Following that, their next target was [[wikipedia:Smolensk|Smolensk]], which fell on [[wikipedia:16 July|16 July]], but the [[battle of Smolensk (1941)|engagement in the Smolensk area]] blocked the German advance until mid-September, effectively disrupting the ''blitzkrieg''.

Army Group South, with 1st Panzer Group, 6th, 11th and 17th Armies, was tasked with advancing through [[wikipedia:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] and into [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukraine]]. Their progress, however, was rather slow, with only the corridor towards [[wikipedia:Kiev|Kiev]] secure by mid-July. 11th Army, aided by two Romanian armies, fought its way through [[wikipedia:Bessarabia|Bessarabia]] towards [[wikipedia:Odessa|Odessa]]. The 1st Panzer Group turned away from Kiev for the moment, advancing into the Dnieper bend. When it joined up with the southern elements of Army Group South at [[wikipedia:Uman, Ukraine|Uman]], the group [[Battle of Uman|captured 100,000 Soviet prisoners]] in a huge pocket.

As the [[wikipedia:Red Army|Red Army]] withdrew behind the Dnieper and [[wikipedia:Daugava|Dvina]] rivers, the Soviet hierarchy turned its attention to moving as much of the region's heavy industry as it could, dismantled and packed onto flatcars, away from the [[wikipedia:front line|front line]], re-establishing it in more remote areas behind the [[wikipedia:Ural Mountains|Urals]] and in [[wikipedia:Central Asia]]. Most civilians could not be evacuated along with the equipment and were left behind to the mercy of the invading forces.

With the capture of Smolensk and the advance to the [[wikipedia:Luga river|Luga river]], Army Groups Centre and North had completed their first major objective: to get across and hold the "land bridge" between the Dvina and Dnieper. The route to [[wikipedia:Moscow|Moscow]], now only 400&amp;nbsp;km (250&amp;nbsp;miles) away, was wide open.
[[File:German troops in Russia, 1941.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Wehrmacht troops in training]]
The German generals argued for an immediate drive towards Moscow, but Hitler overruled them, citing the importance of Ukrainian grain and heavy industry if under German possession, not to mention the massing of Soviet reserves in the [[wikipedia:Gomel|Gomel]] area between Army Group Centre's southern flanks and the bogged-down Army Group South to the south. The order was issued to 2nd Panzer Group to turn south and advance towards Kiev. This took the whole of August and into September, but when 2nd Panzer Group joined up with 1st Panzer Group at [[wikipedia:Lokhvytsia|Lokhvitsa]] on [[wikipedia:14 September|14 September]] 665,000 Soviet prisoners were taken and [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|Kiev fell]] on [[wikipedia:19 September|19 September]].

===Moscow and Rostov: Autumn 1941===
''Main articles: [[Operation Typhoon]] and [[Battle of Rostov (1941)|Battle of Rostov]]'' [[File:Chapay.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A [[1941]] poster reminding Russians about the traditions of [[wikipedia:Alexander Nevsky|Alexander Nevsky]], [[wikipedia:Alexander Suvorov|Alexander Suvorov]], and [[wikipedia:Vasily Chapayev|Vasily Chapayev]].]]

Hitler then decided to resume the advance to Moscow, renaming the Panzer Groups to Panzer Armies for the occasion. [[Operation Typhoon]], which was set in motion on [[wikipedia:30 September|30 September]], saw 2nd Panzer Army rush along the paved road from [[wikipedia:Orel|Orel]] (captured [[wikipedia:5 October|5 October]]) to the [[wikipedia:Oka river|Oka river]] at [[wikipedia:Plavskoye|Plavskoye]], while the 4th Panzer Army (transferred from Army Group North to Centre) and 3rd Panzer Armies surrounded the Soviet forces in two huge pockets at [[wikipedia:Vyazma|Vyazma]] and [[wikipedia:Bryansk|Bryansk]]. Army Group North positioned itself in front of [[wikipedia:Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] and attempted to cut the rail link at [[wikipedia:Tikhvin|Tikhvin]] to the east. Thus began the 900-day [[Siege of Leningrad]]. North of the [[wikipedia:Arctic Circle|Arctic Circle]], a German-Finnish force set out for [[wikipedia:Murmansk|Murmansk]] but could get no further than the Litsa river, where they settled down.

[[File:Lamenting the dead.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Lamenting the dead. [[wikipedia:Kerch|Kerch]], the [[wikipedia:Crimea|Crimea]].]] 
Army Group South pushed down from the Dnieper to the [[wikipedia:Sea of Azov|Sea of Azov]] coast, also advancing through [[wikipedia:Kharkov|Kharkov]], [[wikipedia:Kursk|Kursk]] and [[wikipedia:Stalino|Stalino]]. The 11th Army moved into the [[wikipedia:Crimea|Crimea]] and had taken control of all of the [[wikipedia:peninsula|peninsula]] by autumn (except [[wikipedia:Sevastopol|Sevastopol]], which held out until [[wikipedia:3 July|3 July]] [[1942]]). On [[wikipedia:21 November|21 November]] the Germans [[Battle of Rostov (1941)|took Rostov]], the gateway to the [[wikipedia:Caucasus|Caucasus]]. However, the German lines were over-extended and the Soviet defenders counterattacked the 1st Panzer Army's spearhead from the north, forcing them to pull out of the city and behind the [[wikipedia:Mius River|Mius River]]; the first significant German [[wikipedia:Withdrawal (military)|withdrawal]] of the war.

Just as Operation Typhoon got going, the Russian weather struck. For the second half of October it rained solidly, turning what few roads there were into endless mud that trapped German vehicles, horses and men alike. With 160&amp;nbsp;km (100&amp;nbsp;miles) still to go to Moscow, there was worse to come when the temperature plunged and snow started falling. The vehicles could move again, but the men could not, freezing with no winter clothing. The German leadership, expecting the campaign to be over in a few months, had not equipped their armies for winter fighting, and the Germans were in their summer uniforms. In addition to that, the gauge difference in railroad tracks between German and Soviet railroads delayed uniform and overall supply.

One last lunge on [[wikipedia:15 November|15 November]] saw the Germans attempting to throw a ring around Moscow. On [[wikipedia:27 November|27 November]] the 4th Panzer Army got within 30&amp;nbsp;km (19&amp;nbsp;miles) of the [[wikipedia:Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] when it reached the last tramstop of the Moscow line at [[wikipedia:Khimki|Khimki]], while the 2nd Panzer Army, try as it might, could not take [[wikipedia:Tula, Russia|Tula]], the last Soviet city that stood in its way of the capital. After a meeting held in [[wikipedia:Orsha]] between the head of the [[Oberkommando des Heeres|Army General Staff]], [[General]] [[wikipedia:Franz Halder|Halder]], and the heads of three [[wikipedia:Army Group|Army Group]]s and armies, it was decided to push forward to [[wikipedia:Moscow|Moscow]] since it was better, as argued by head of [[wikipedia:Army Group Center|Army Group Center]], [[Field Marshal]] [[wikipedia:Fedor von Bock|Fedor von Bock]], for them to try their luck on the battlefield rather than just sit and wait while their opponent gathered more strength.

However, by [[wikipedia:6 December|6 December]] it became clear that the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' was too weak to capture Moscow and the attack was put on hold. [[General]] [[wikipedia:Zhukov|Zhukov]] thus began his [[wikipedia:counter-attack|counter-attack]], employing fresh, well-trained Siberian [[wikipedia:Military reserves|reserves]] transferred from the east following the guarantee of neutrality from Japan.

===Soviet counter-offensive: Winter 1941===
[[File:Eastern Front 1941-12 to 1942-05.png|thumb|300px|The Soviet winter counter-offensive, [[wikipedia:5 December|5 December]] [[1941]] to [[wikipedia:7 May|7 May]] [[1942]]
{{legend|#ffd2b9|Soviet gains}}
{{legend|#ccffcd|German gains}}
]]
''Main article: [[Battle of Moscow]], [[Second Battle of Kharkov]]''

During the autumn, Zhukov had been transferring fresh and well-equipped Soviet forces from Siberia and the far east to Moscow (these troops had been stationed there in expectation of a Japanese attack, but [[wikipedia:Stalin|Stalin's]] master [[wikipedia:spy|spy]] [[wikipedia:Richard Sorge|Richard Sorge]] indicated that the Japanese had decided to attack [[South-East Asian Theatre of World War II|Southeast Asia]] and [[Pacific War|the Pacific]] instead). On [[wikipedia:5 December|5 December]] [[1941]], these reinforcements attacked the German lines around Moscow, supported by new [[wikipedia:T-34 tank|T-34 tank]]s and [[wikipedia:Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha rocket launcher]]s. The new Soviet troops were prepared for winter warfare, and they included several [[wikipedia:Ski warfare|ski battalions]]. The exhausted and freezing Germans were routed and driven back between 100 and 250&amp;nbsp;km (60 to 150&amp;nbsp;miles) by [[wikipedia:7 January|7 January]] [[1942]].

[[File:WW2 MoscowBattle russian soldiers.jpg|thumb|300px|Soviet troops in winter camouflage advancing during the [[Battle of Moscow]], December 1941]]

A further Soviet attack was mounted in late January, focusing on the junction between Army Groups North and Centre between [[wikipedia:Lake Seliger|Lake Seliger]] and [[wikipedia:Rzhev|Rzhev]], and drove a gap between the two German army groups. In concert with the advance from [[wikipedia:Kaluga|Kaluga]] to the south-west of Moscow, it was intended that the two offensives converge on Smolensk, but the Germans rallied and managed to hold them apart, retaining a [[wikipedia:salient|salient]] at Rzhev. A Soviet [[wikipedia:paratrooper|parachute drop]] on German-held [[wikipedia:Dorogobuzh|Dorogobuzh]] was spectacularly unsuccessful, and those paratroopers who survived had to escape to the partisan-held areas beginning to swell behind German lines. To the north, the Soviets surrounded a German [[wikipedia:garrison|garrison]] in [[wikipedia:Demyansk|Demyansk]], which held out with air supply for four months, and established themselves in front of [[wikipedia:Kholm|Kholm]], [[wikipedia:Velizh|Velizh]] and [[wikipedia:Velikie Luki|Velikie Luki]].

In the south the Red Army crashed over the [[wikipedia:Donets River|Donets River]] at [[wikipedia:Izyum|Izyum]] and drove a 100-km (60-mile) deep salient. The intent was to pin Army Group South against the [[wikipedia:Sea of Azov|Sea of Azov]], but as the winter eased the Germans were able to counter-attack and cut off the over-extended Soviet troops in the [[Second Battle of Kharkov]].

===Don, Volga, and Caucasus: Summer 1942===
[[File:Eastern Front 1942-05 to 1942-11.png|thumb|300px|[[Operation Blue]]: German advances from [[wikipedia:7 May|7 May]] [[1942]] to [[wikipedia:18 November|18 November]] [[1942]]
{{legend|#fff8d5|to 7 July 1942}}
{{legend|#ffd2b9|to 22 July 1942}}
{{legend|#ebd7ff|to 1 August 1942}}
{{legend|#ccffcd|to 18 November 1942}}
]]
''Main articles: [[Battle of Voronezh (1942)|Battle of Voronezh]], [[Battle of the Caucasus]], [[Battle of Stalingrad]]''

Although plans were made to attack Moscow again, on [[wikipedia:28 June|28 June]] [[1942]], the offensive re-opened in a different direction. Army Group South took the initiative, anchoring the front with the [[Battle of Voronezh (1942)|Battle of Voronezh]] and then following the [[wikipedia:Don River, Russia|Don river]] southeastwards. The grand plan was to secure the Don and [[wikipedia:Volga|Volga]] first and then drive into the Caucasus towards the [[wikipedia:oilfield|oilfield]]s, but operational considerations and Hitler's vanity made him order both objectives to be attempted simultaneously. Rostov was recaptured on [[wikipedia:24 July|24 July]] when 1st Panzer Army joined in, and then that group drove south towards [[wikipedia:Maykop|Maikop]]. As part of this, Operation Shamil was executed, a plan whereby a group of [[wikipedia:Brandenburger commando|Brandenburger commando]]s dressed up as Soviet [[wikipedia:NKVD|NKVD]] troops to destabilise Maikop's defenses and allow the 1st Panzer Army to enter the oil town with little opposition.

Meanwhile, 6th Army was driving towards [[wikipedia:Stalingrad|Stalingrad]], for a long period unsupported by 4th Panzer Army who had been diverted to help 1st Panzer Army cross the Don. By the time 4th Panzer Army had rejoined the Stalingrad offensive, Soviet resistance (comprising the 62nd Army under [[wikipedia:Vasily Chuikov|Vasily Chuikov]]) had stiffened. A leap across the Don brought German troops to the Volga on [[wikipedia:23 August|23 August]] but for the next three months the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' would be fighting the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] street-by-street.

Towards the south 1st Panzer Army had reached the Caucasian foothills and the [[wikipedia:Malka River|Malka River]]. At the end of August Romanian mountain troops joined the Caucasian spearhead, while the Romanian 3rd and 4th Armies were redeployed from their successful task of clearing the Azov [[wikipedia:littoral|littoral]]. They took up position on either side of Stalingrad to free German troops for the proper fighting. Mindful of the continuing antagonism between Axis allies Romania and [[wikipedia:Hungary|Hungary]] over [[wikipedia:Transylvania|Transylvania]], the Romanian army in the Don bend was separated from the Hungarian 2nd army by the Italian 8th Army. Thus all of Hitler's allies were in it &amp;mdash; including a [[wikipedia:Slovakia|Slovakia]]n contingent with 1st Panzer Army and a [[wikipedia:Croatia|Croatia]]n [[wikipedia:regiment|regiment]] attached to 6th Army.

The advance into the Caucasus bogged down, with the Germans unable to fight their way past [[wikipedia:Malgobek|Malgobek]] and to the main prize of [[wikipedia:Grozny|Grozny]]. Instead they switched the direction of their advance to come at it from the south, crossing the Malka at the end of October and entering North [[wikipedia:Ossetia|Ossetia]]. In the first week of November, on the outskirts of [[wikipedia:Ordzhonikidze|Ordzhonikidze]], the 13th Panzer Division's spearhead was snipped off and the Panzer troops had to fall back. The offensive into Russia was over.

===Stalingrad: Winter 1942===
[[File:Eastern Front 1942-11 to 1943-03.png|thumb|300px|Operations [[Operation Uranus|Uranus]], [[Operation Saturn|Saturn]] and [[Operation Mars|Mars]]: Soviet advances on the Eastern Front, [[wikipedia:18 November|18 November]] [[1942]] to March [[1943]]
{{legend|#fff8d5|to 12 December 1942}}
{{legend|#ffd2b9|to 18 February 1943}}
{{legend|#ccffcd|to March 1943 (Soviet gains only)}}
]]

''Main articles: [[Battle of Stalingrad]], [[Operation Saturn]], [[Second Rzhev-Sychevka offensive]], [[Third Battle of Kharkov]], [[Battle of Velikiye Luki]]''

While the German 6th Army and 4th Panzer Army had been fighting their way into Stalingrad, Soviet armies had congregated on either side of the city, specifically into the Don [[wikipedia:bridgehead|bridgehead]]s that the Romanians had been unable to reduce, and it was from these that they struck on [[wikipedia:19 November|19 November]] [[1942]]. In [[Operation Uranus]], two Soviet fronts punched through the Romanians and converged at [[wikipedia:Kalach|Kalach]] on [[wikipedia:23 November|23 November]], trapping 300,000 Axis troops behind them. A simultaneous offensive on the Rzhev sector known as [[Operation Mars]] was supposed to advance to Smolensk, but was a failure, with German tactical flair winning the day.

The Germans rushed to transfer troops to Russia for a desperate attempt to relieve Stalingrad, but the offensive could not get going until [[wikipedia:12 December|12 December]], by which time the 6th Army in Stalingrad was starving and too weak to break out towards it. [[Operation Winter Storm]], with three transferred Panzer divisions, got going briskly from [[wikipedia:Kotelnikovo|Kotelnikovo]] towards the [[wikipedia:Aksai river|Aksai river]] but became bogged down 65&amp;nbsp;km (40&amp;nbsp;miles) short of its goal. To divert the rescue attempt the Soviets decided to smash the Italians and come down behind the relief attempt if they could, that operation starting on [[wikipedia:16 December|16 December]]. What it did accomplish was to destroy many of the aircraft that had been transporting relief supplies to Stalingrad. The fairly limited scope of the Soviet offensive, although still eventually targeted on Rostov, also allowed Hitler time to see sense and pull Army Group A out of the Caucasus and back over the Don.

On [[wikipedia:31 January|31 January]] [[1943]], the 90,000 survivors of the 300,000-man 6th Army surrendered. By that time the Hungarian 2nd Army had also been wiped out. The Soviets advanced from the Don 500&amp;nbsp;km (300&amp;nbsp;miles) to the west of Stalingrad, marching through [[wikipedia:Kursk|Kursk]] (retaken on [[wikipedia:8 February|8 February]] [[1943]]) and [[wikipedia:Kharkov|Kharkov]] (retaken [[wikipedia:16 February|16 February]] [[1943]]). In order to save the position in the south, the decision was taken in February to abandon the Rzhev salient, freeing enough German troops to make a successful [[wikipedia:riposte|riposte]] in eastern Ukraine. [[wikipedia:Manstein|Manstein]]'s counteroffensive, strengthened by a specially trained SS Panzer Corps equipped with [[wikipedia:Tiger tank|Tiger tank]]s, opened on [[wikipedia:20 February|20 February]] [[1943]], and fought its way from [[wikipedia:Poltava|Poltava]] [[Third Battle of Kharkov|back into Kharkov]] in the third week of March, upon which the spring thaw intervened. This had left a glaring bulge in the front centered on Kursk.

===Kursk: Summer 1943===
[[File:Eastern Front 1943-02 to 1943-08.png|thumb|300px|German advances at [[Third Battle of Kharkov|Kharkov]] and [[Battle of Kursk|Kursk]], [[wikipedia:19 February|19 February]] [[1943]] to [[wikipedia:1 August|1 August]] [[1943]]
{{legend|#ffd2b9|to 18 March 1943}}
{{legend|#ccffcd|to 1 August 1943}}
]]
''Main article: [[Battle of Kursk]]''

After the failure of the attempt to capture Stalingrad, Hitler had deferred planning authority for the upcoming campaign season to the [[German Army High Command]] and reinstated [[wikipedia:Guderian|Guderian]] to a prominent role, this time as Inspector of Panzer Troops. Debate among the General Staff was polarised, with even Hitler nervous about any attempt to pinch off the Kursk salient. He knew that in the intervening six months the Russian position at Kursk had been reinforced heavily with [[wikipedia:anti-tank|anti-tank]] guns, [[wikipedia:tank trap|tank trap]]s, [[wikipedia:land mine|landmines]], [[wikipedia:barbed wire|barbed wire]], [[wikipedia:trench warfare|trenches]], [[wikipedia:pillbox|pillbox]]es, [[wikipedia:artillery|artillery]] and [[wikipedia:Mortar (weapon)|mortars]]. But if one last great ''[[blitzkrieg]]'' offensive could be mounted, just maybe the Soviets would ease off and attention could then be turned to the Allied threat to the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]]. The advance would be executed from the Orel salient to the north of Kursk and from [[wikipedia:Belgorod|Belgorod]] to the south. Both wings would converge on [[wikipedia:Tim (Russia)|Tim]], and by that means restore the lines of Army Group South to the exact points that it held over the winter of 1941&amp;ndash;1942.

Although the Germans knew that the Red Army's massive reserves of manpower had been bled dry in the summer of 1941 and 1942, the Soviets were still re-equipping, simply by drafting the men from the regions recaptured.

Under pressure from his generals, Hitler bit the bullet and agreed to the attack on Kursk, little realising that the ''[[Abwehr]]'''s intelligence on the Soviet position there had been undermined by a concerted ''[[wikipedia:Stavka|Stavka]]'' misinformation and [[wikipedia:counter-intelligence|counter-intelligence]] campaign mounted by the [[wikipedia:Lucy spy ring|Lucy spy ring]] in [[wikipedia:Switzerland|Switzerland]]. When the Germans began the operation, it was after months of delays waiting for new tanks and equipment, by which time the Soviets had reinforced the Kursk salient with more anti-tank firepower than had ever been assembled in one place before or since.

In the north, the entire 9th Army had been redeployed from the Rzhev salient into the Orel salient and was to advance from Maloarkhangelsk to Kursk. But its forces could not even get past the first objective at [[wikipedia:Olkhovatka|Olkhovatka]], just 8&amp;nbsp;km (5&amp;nbsp;miles) into the advance. The 9th Army blunted its spearhead against the Soviet [[wikipedia:land mine|minefields]], frustratingly so considering that the high ground there was the only natural barrier between them and flat tank country all the way to Kursk. The direction of advance was then switched to [[wikipedia:Ponyri|Ponyri]], to the west of Olkhovatka, but the 9th Army could not break through here either and went over to the defensive. The Soviets simply soaked up the German punishment and then struck back. On [[wikipedia:12 July|12 July]] the Red Army ploughed through the demarcation line between the 211th and 293rd Divisions on the [[wikipedia:Zhizdra river|Zhizdra river]] and steamed towards [[wikipedia:Karachev|Karachev]], right behind them and behind Orel.

[[File:Totenkopf-Kursk-01.jpg|thumb|300px|Waffen-SS ''[[wikipedia:Panzergrenadier|Panzergrenadier]]s'' of the 3rd SS-Panzer-Division ''[[SS Division Totenkopf|Totenkopf]]'' at the start of the [[Battle of Kursk]]]]
The southern offensive, spearheaded by [[wikipedia:German 4th Panzer Army|4.Panzer-Armee]], led by [[wikipedia:Hermann Hoth|Gen. Col. Hoth]], with three Tank Corps made more headway. Advancing on either side of the upper Donets on a narrow corridor, the [[II SS Panzer Corps|SS Panzer Corps]] and the [[Grossdeutschland Division|Großdeutschland Panzergrenadier Divisions]] battled their way through minefields and over comparatively high ground towards [[wikipedia:Oboyan|Oboyan]]. Stiff resistance caused a change of direction from east to west of the front, but the tanks got 25&amp;nbsp;km (15&amp;nbsp;miles) before encountering the reserves of the [[wikipedia:Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army|Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army]] outside [[wikipedia:Prokhorovka|Prokhorovka]]. Battle was joined on [[wikipedia:12 July|12 July]], with about one thousand tanks doing battle. After the war, the battle near Prochorovka was idealized by the Soviet [[wikipedia:historian|historian]]s as the biggest tank battle of all time. The meeting engagement at Prochorovka was a Soviet defensive success, albeit at heavy cost. The Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army, with about 800 light and medium tanks, attacked elements of the II SS Panzer Corps. Tank losses on both sides have been the source of controversy ever since. Although the 5th Guards Tank Army did not attain their terrain objectives, the German advance was halted. At the end of the day both sides had fought each other to a standstill, but regardless of the standstill in the north [[wikipedia:Manstein|Manstein]] intended to continue the attack with the 4th Panzer Army. But all in all the Soviets could absorb the fearful losses of men and equipment that they did, and German strategic advance in [[Operation Citadel]] had been halted. Under the impression of the successful [[wikipedia:counter-attack|counter-attack]] operations in the south the Red Army started the strong offensive operation in the northern Oriel salient and achieved a breakthrough on the flank of the German 9th Army. Also worried by the Allies' [[Operation Husky|landing in Sicily]] on [[wikipedia:10 July|10 July]], Hitler made the decision to halve the offensive even as the German 9th Army was rapidly giving ground in the north. The Germans' final strategic offensive in the Soviet Union ended with their defense against a major Soviet counteroffensive that lasted into August. A detailed analysis of this campaign is available in the [[Battle of Kursk]] article. 

The Kursk offensive was the last on the scale of 1940 and 1941 the ''Wehrmacht'' was able to launch, and subsequent offensives would represent only a shadow of previous German offensive might. Following the defeat, Hitler would not trust his generals to the same extent again, and as his own mental condition deteriorated the quality of German strategic decision fell correspondingly. The Battle of Kursk cost Hitler over 500,000 troops and 1,000 tanks, forever hampering future war efforts on the Eastern Front.

===Autumn and Winter 1943===
''Main articles: [[wikipedia:Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket|Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket]], [[Battle of Smolensk (1943)]], [[Battle of the Lower Dnieper]] and  [[Battle of Narva (1944)]]''
[[File:Kukryniksy-razgromim.jpg|thumb|200px|Soviet propaganda poster from World War II, depicting a Red Army soldier aiming a bayonet at Hitler's temple. The torn paper document is titled "The Agreement on non-Aggression between Germany and USSR". The poster title is "Mercilessly, we will humiliate and destroy the enemy!"]]
The Soviet juggernaut got rolling in earnest with the advance into the Germans' Orel salient. The diversion of Hitler's favourite ''[[Grossdeutschland Division]]'' from Belgorod to Karachev could not halt the tide, and a strategic decision was made to abandon Orel (retaken by the Red Army on [[wikipedia:5 August|5 August]] [[1943]]) and fall back to the Hagen line in front of [[wikipedia:Bryansk|Bryansk]]. To the south, the Soviets blasted through Army Group South's Belgorod positions and headed for Kharkov once again. Though intense battles of movement throughout late July and into August 1943 saw the [[wikipedia:Tiger I|Tiger]]s blunting Soviet tanks on one axis, they were soon outflanked on another line to the west as the Soviets advanced down the [[wikipedia:Psel|Psel]], and Kharkov had to be evacuated for the final time on [[wikipedia:22 August|22 August]].

The German forces on the [[wikipedia:Mius|Mius]], now constituting the 1st Panzer Army and a reconstituted 6th Army, were by August too weak to sustain a Soviet onslaught on their own front, and when the Soviets hit them they had to fall back all the way through the [[wikipedia:Donbass|Donbass]] industrial region to the Dnieper, losing the industrial resources and half the farmland that Germany had invaded the Soviet Union to exploit. At this time Hitler agreed to a general withdrawal to the Dnieper line, along which was meant to be the ''Ostwall'', a line of defence similar to the [[wikipedia:Westwall#Reactivation of the Siegfried Line, 1944|Westwall]] of fortifications along the German frontier in the west. Trouble was, it hadn't been built yet, and by the time Army Group South had evacuated eastern Ukraine and begun withdrawing across the Dnieper during September, the Soviets were hard behind them. Tenaciously, small units paddled their way across the 3-km (2-mile) wide river and established [[wikipedia:bridgehead|bridgehead]]s. A second attempt by the Soviets to gain land using parachutists, mounted at [[wikipedia:Kanev|Kanev]] on [[wikipedia:24 September|24 September]], proved as luckless as at Dorogobuzh eighteen months previously, and the paratroopers were soon repelled &amp;mdash; but not before still more Red Army troops had used the cover they provided to get themselves over the Dnieper and securely dug in. As September proceeded into October, the Germans found the Dnieper line impossible to hold as the Soviet bridgeheads grew and grew, and important Dnieper towns started to fall, with [[wikipedia:Zaporozhye|Zaporozhye]] the first to go, followed by [[wikipedia:Dnepropetrovsk|Dnepropetrovsk]]. Finally, early in November the Soviets broke out of their bridgeheads on either side of Kiev and captured the Ukrainian capital, at that time the third largest city in the Soviet Union.

Eighty miles west of Kiev, the 4th Panzer Army, still convinced that the Red Army was a spent force, was able to mount a successful riposte at [[wikipedia:Zhitomir|Zhitomir]] during the middle of November, blunting the Soviet bridgehead via a daring outflanking strike mounted by the SS Panzer Corps along the river Teterev. This battle enabled Army Group South also to recapture Korosten and just gain some time to rest - but on [[wikipedia:Christmas Eve|Christmas Eve]] the retreat began anew when First Ukrainian Front (renamed from Voronezh Front) struck them in the same place. The Soviet advance continued along the railway line until the 1939 Polish-Soviet border was reached on 3 January 1944. To the south, Second Ukrainian Front (ex [[wikipedia:Steppe Front|Steppe Front]]) had crossed the Dnieper at [[wikipedia:Kremenchug|Kremenchug]] and continued westwards. In the second week of January 1944 they swung north, meeting Vatutin's tank forces who had swung south from their penetration into Poland and surrounding ten German divisions at Korsun-Shevenkovsky, west of [[wikipedia:Korsun Pocket|Cherkassy]]. Hitler's insistence on holding the Dnieper line, even when facing the prospect of catastrophic defeat, was compounded by his conviction that the Cherkassy pocket could break out and even advance to Kiev, but Manstein was more concerned about being able to advance to the edge of the pocket and then implore the surrounded forces to break out. By 16 February the first stage was complete, with panzers separated from the contracting Cherkassy pocket only by the swollen Gniloy Tikich river. Under furious shellfire and pursued by Soviet tanks and cavalry, the surrounded German troops, among whom were the [[SS Division (motorised) Wiking|SS Division Wiking]], fought their way across the river to safety, losing half their number and all their equipment. Surely the Russians would not attack again, with the spring approaching - but in March 3rd Ukrainian Front went over to the offensive. Having already isolated the Crimea by severing the neck of the [[wikipedia:Isthmus of Perekop|Perekop isthmus]], Malinovsky's forces advanced across the mud to the [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]]n border, not stopping on the river [[wikipedia:Prut|Prut]]. 

[[File:Eastern Front 1943-08 to 1944-12.png|thumb|300px|Soviet advances from [[wikipedia:1 August|1 August]] [[1943]] to [[wikipedia:31 December|31 December]] [[1944]]
{{legend|#fff8d5|to 1 December 1943}}
{{legend|#ffd2b9|to 30 April 1944}}
{{legend|#ebd7ff|to 19 August 1944}}
{{legend|#ccffcd|to 31 December 1944}}
]]

One final move in the south completed the 1943-44 campaigning season, which had wrapped up an advance of over 500 miles. In March, 20 German divisions of ''[[Generaloberst]]'' [[wikipedia:Hans-Valentin Hube|Hans-Valentin Hube]]'s [[German First Panzer Army|1st Panzer Army]] were encircled in what was to be known as [[wikipedia:Hube's Pocket|Hube's Pocket]] near Kamenets-Podolskiy. After two weeks hard fighting, the 1st Panzer managed to escape the pocket, suffering only light to moderate casualties. At this point, Hitler sacked several prominent generals, Manstein included. April saw the capture of [[wikipedia:Odessa|Odessa]] in April 1944, followed by 4th Ukrainian Front's campaign to recapture the Crimea, which culminated with the recapture of [[wikipedia:Sevastopol|Sevastopol]] on 10 May.

Along Army Group Centre's front, August 1943 saw this force pushed back from the Hagen line slowly, ceding comparatively little territory, but the loss of Bryansk and more importantly, Smolensk, on [[wikipedia:25 September|25 September]] cost the Wehrmacht the keystone of the entire German defensive system. The 4th and 9th Armies and 3rd Panzer Armies still held their own east of the upper Dnieper, stifling Soviet attempts to reach Vitebsk. On Army Group North's front, there was barely any fighting at all until January [[1944]], when out of nowhere Volkhov and Second Baltic Fronts struck. In a lightning campaign, Leningrad was liberated and [[wikipedia:Novgorod|Novgorod]] was recaptured; by February the Red Army had reached the borders of [[wikipedia:Estonia|Estonia]] after a 75-mile advance.

===Summer 1944===
''Main articles: [[Battle of the Crimea (1944)]], [[Belorussian Offensive]], [[Lvov-Sandomir Offensive]], [[Warsaw Uprising]], [[Slovak National Uprising]], [[Battle of Romania (1944)]], [[Battle of Debrecen]]''

''Wehrmacht'' planning was convinced that the Soviets would attack again in the south, where the front was fifty miles from [[wikipedia:Lvov|Lvov]] and offered the most direct route to [[wikipedia:Berlin|Berlin]]. Accordingly they denuded of troops Army Group Centre, whose front still protruded deep into the Soviet Union.  The Belorussian Offensive (codenamed [[Operation Bagration]]) started on [[wikipedia:June 22|June 22]] [[1944]], it was a massive Soviet attack, consisting of four Soviet army groups totaling over 120 divisions that smashed into a thinly-held German line. They focused their massive attacks on Army Group Centre, not Army Group South as the Germans had originally expected. The Germans had transferred units to France to counter the [[Battle of Normandy|invasion of Normandy]] two weeks before. The Red Army achieved a ratio of ten to one in tanks and seven to one in [[wikipedia:aircraft|aircraft]] over the enemy. At the points of attack, the numerical and quality advantages of the Soviets were overwhelming. More than 2.3 million Soviet troops went into action against the German Army Group Centre, which could boast a strength of less than 800,000 men. The Germans crumbled. The capital of [[wikipedia:Belarus|Belarus]], [[wikipedia:Minsk|Minsk]], was taken on [[wikipedia:July 3|July 3]], trapping 50,000 Germans. Ten days later the Red Army reached the prewar [[wikipedia:Poland|Polish]] border. The rapid progress cut off and isolated the German units of [[wikipedia:Army Group North|Army Group North]] fighting in [[wikipedia:Courland|Courland]]. ''Bagration'' was by any measure one of the largest single operations of the war. By the end of August 1944 it had cost the Red Army 765,815 dead, missing, wounded and sick, as well as 2,957 tanks and assault guns. The Germans lost approximately 670,000 dead, missing, wounded and sick, out of whom 160,000 were captured, as well 2,000 tanks and 57,000 other vehicles.
[[File:Soviet border restored 1944.jpg||thumb|200px|[[wikipedia:Red Army|Red Army]] soldier restoring the USSR border sign. By the end of 1944 practically entire pre-war Soviet territory was liberated.]]
The neighbouring [[Lvov-Sandomir Offensive|Lvov-Sandomierz operation]] was launched on [[wikipedia:17 July|17 July]] [[1944]], rapidly routing the German forces in the western Ukraine. The Soviet advance in the south continued into [[Battle of Romania (1944)|Romania]] and, following a coup against Axis-allied government of Romania on [[wikipedia:August 23|August 23]], the Red Army occupied [[wikipedia:Bucharest|Bucharest]] on [[August 31]]. In Moscow on [[wikipedia:September 12|September 12]], Romania and the Soviet Union signed an [[wikipedia:armistice|armistice]] on terms Moscow virtually dictated. The Romanian surrender tore a hole in the southern German Eastern Front causing the loss of the whole of the [[wikipedia:Balkans|Balkans]].

In Poland, as the Red Army approached, the [[wikipedia:Polish Home Army|Polish Home Army]] launched [[Operation Tempest]]. During the [[Warsaw Uprising]], the Soviet Army halted at the [[wikipedia:Vistula River|Vistula River]], unable or unwilling to come to the aid of the Polish resistance. An attempt by the communist controlled  [[wikipedia:1st Polish Army|1st Polish Army]] to relieve the city was unsupported by the Red Army and was thrown back in September with heavy losses. 

In [[wikipedia:Slovakia|Slovakia]], the [[Slovak National Uprising]] started as an armed struggle between German ''Wehrmacht'' forces and rebel Slovak troops in August to October 1944. It was centered at [[wikipedia:Banská Bystrica|Banská Bystrica]].

===Autumn 1944===
:''Main articles [[Baltic Offensive]] (September-November), [[Budapest Offensive]] (October-February)''
On 8 September 1944 the Red Army begun an attack on the [[wikipedia:Dukla Pass|Dukla Pass]] on the Slovak-Polish border. Two months later, the Russians won the battle and entered Slovakia. The toll was high: 85,000 Red Army soldiers lay dead, plus several thousand Germans, Slovaks and [[wikipedia:Czechoslovakia|Czechs]].

===Early 1945===
[[File:Eastern Front 1945-01 to 1945-05.png|thumb|300px|Soviet advances from [[wikipedia:1 January|1 January]] [[1945]] to [[wikipedia:7 May|7 May]] [[1945]]
{{legend|#ffd2b9|to 30 March 1945}}
{{legend|#ccffcd|to 11 May 1945}}
]]
''Main articles: [[Vistula-Oder Offensive]] (January-February) with the follow-up [[Pomeranian and Silesian Offensive]] (March), [[East Prussian Offensive]] (January-April), [[Vienna Offensive]] (March-April)''

The Soviet Union finally entered [[wikipedia:Warsaw|Warsaw]] in January [[1945]], after it was destroyed and abandoned by the Germans. Over three days, on a broad front incorporating four army [[wikipedia:Front (Soviet Army)|front]]s, the Red Army began an offensive across the [[wikipedia:Narew|Narew]] River and from Warsaw. The Soviets outnumbered the Germans on average by nine to one in troops, ten to one in artillery, and ten to one in tanks and [[wikipedia:self-propelled artillery|self-propelled artillery]]. After four days the Red Army broke out and started moving thirty to forty kilometres a day, taking the Baltic states, [[wikipedia:Danzig|Danzig]], [[wikipedia:East Prussia|East Prussia]], [[wikipedia:Poznań|Poznań]], and drawing up on a line sixty kilometres east of [[wikipedia:Berlin|Berlin]] along the [[wikipedia:Oder|Oder]] River. During the full course of the Vistula-Oder operation (23 days), the Red Army forces sustained 194,000 casualties and lost 1,267 tanks and assault guns.
[[File:Kurlandfront.jpg|thumb|right|250px|German [[Wehrmacht]] soldiers advancing during combat in the [[wikipedia:Courland pocket|Courland pocket]].]]

On [[wikipedia:25 January|25 January]] [[1945]], Hitler renamed three army groups. [[wikipedia:Army Group North|Army Group North]] became [[wikipedia:Army Group Courland|Army Group Courland]]; Army Group Centre became Army Group North and [[wikipedia:Army Group A|Army Group A]] became Army Group Centre. Army Group North (old Army Group Centre) was driven into an ever smaller pocket around [[wikipedia:Kaliningrad#Third Reich|Königsberg]] in [[wikipedia:East Prussia|East Prussia]].

A [[wikipedia:counter-attack|counter-attack]] by the newly created [[wikipedia:Army Group Vistula|Army Group Vistula]], under the command of ''[[Reichsführer-SS]]'' [[wikipedia:Heinrich Himmler|Heinrich Himmler]], had failed by [[wikipedia:February 24|February 24]], and the Soviets drove on to [[wikipedia:Pomerania|Pomerania]] and cleared the right bank of the Oder River. In the south, three German attempts to relieve the encircled [[wikipedia:Budapest|Budapest]] failed and the city fell on [[wikipedia:February 13|February 13]] to the Soviets. Again the Germans counter-attacked, [[Hitler]] insisting on the impossible task of regaining the [[wikipedia:Danube|Danube]] River. By [[wikipedia:March 16|March 16]] the attack had failed and the Red Army counterattacked the same day. On [[wikipedia:March 30|March 30]] they entered [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]] and captured [[wikipedia:Vienna|Vienna]] on [[wikipedia:April 13|April 13]].

On [[wikipedia:April 9|April 9]], [[1945]], [[wikipedia:Königsberg|Königsberg]] finally fell to the Red Army, although the shattered remnants of Army Group North continued to resist on the [[wikipedia:Heiligenbeil|Heiligenbeil]] and [[wikipedia:Danzig|Danzig]] beachheads until the end of the war in Europe. The East Prussian operation, though often overshadowed by the Vistula-Oder operation and the later battle for Berlin, was in fact one of the largest and costliest operations fought by the Red army through the war. During the period it lasted (13 January - 25 April), it cost the Red Army 584,788 casualties, and 3,525 tanks and assault guns.

By early April, the [[wikipedia:Stavka|Stavka]] freed up General [[wikipedia:Konstantin Rokossovsky|Konstantin Rokossovsky]]'s [[wikipedia:2nd Belorussian Front|2nd Belorussian Front]] (2BF) to move west to the east bank of the Oder river.  During the first two weeks of April the Soviets performed their fastest front redeployment of the war. General [[wikipedia:Georgy Zhukov|Georgy Zhukov]] concentrated his [[wikipedia:1st Belorussian Front|1st Belorussian Front]] (1BF) which had been deployed along the Oder river from [[wikipedia:Frankfurt an der Oder|Frankfurt]] in the south to the Baltic, into an area in front of the [[wikipedia:Seelow Heights|Seelow Heights]]. The 2BF moved into the positions being vacated by the 1BF north of the Seelow Heights. While this redeployment was in progress gaps were left in the lines and the remnants of the German 2nd Army which had been bottled up in a pocket near [[wikipedia:Danzig|Danzig]] managed to escape across the Oder. To the south General [[wikipedia:Ivan Konev|Ivan Konev]] shifted the main weight of the [[wikipedia:1st Ukrainian Front|1st Ukrainian Front]] (1UF) out of [[wikipedia:Upper Silesia|Upper Silesia]] north-west to the [[wikipedia:Neisse|Neisse]] River. The three Soviet fronts had altogether 2.5 million men (including 78,556 soldiers of the [[wikipedia:1st Polish Army|1st Polish Army]]); 6,250 tanks; 7,500 aircraft; 41,600 [[wikipedia:artillery|artillery]] pieces and [[wikipedia:Mortar (weapon)|mortars]]; 3,255 [[wikipedia:truck|truck]]-mounted [[wikipedia:Katyusha|Katyusha]]s [[wikipedia:rocket|rocket]]s, (nicknamed "Stalin Organs"); and 95,383 motor vehicles, many manufactured in the USA.

===End of War: April&amp;ndash;May 1945===
''Main articles: [[Battle of Berlin]], [[Battle of Halbe]], [[Prague Offensive]]''

All that was left for the Soviets to do was to launch an offensive to capture what was to become [[wikipedia:East Germany|East Germany]]. The Soviet offensive had two objectives. Because of [[wikipedia:Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s suspicions about the intentions of the [[Western Allies]] to hand over territory occupied by them in the post-war Soviet [[wikipedia:Sphere of influence|zone of occupation]], the offensive was to be on a broad front and was to move as rapidly as possible to the west, to meet the Western Allies as far west as possible. But the overriding objective was to capture Berlin. The two were complementary because possession of the zone could not be won quickly unless Berlin was taken. Another consideration was that Berlin itself held strategic assets, including Adolf Hitler and the [[wikipedia:History of nuclear weapons#World War II|German atomic bomb]] program. [[File:Ruslanova.jpg|thumb|300px|[[wikipedia:Lidiya Ruslanova|Lidiya Ruslanova]] performing for Soviet soldiers during the Great Patriotic War.]]

The [[Battle of Berlin|offensive to capture East Germany and Berlin]] started on [[wikipedia:April 16|April 16]] with an assault on the [[Battle of Berlin#The battle of Oder-Neisse|German front lines on the Oder and Neisse rivers]]. After several days of heavy fighting the Soviet 1BF and 1UF had punched holes through the German front line and were fanning out across East Germany. By the [[wikipedia:April 24|April 24]] elements of the 1BF and 1UF had completed the [[wikipedia:encirclement|encirclement]] of Berlin and the [[Battle of Berlin]] entered its final stages. On [[wikipedia:April 25|April 25]] the 2BF broke through the German 3rd Panzer Army's line south of [[wikipedia:Stettin|Stettin]]. They were now free to move west towards the [[wikipedia:British 21st Army Group|British 21st Army Group]] and north towards the Baltic port of [[wikipedia:Stralsund|Stralsund]]. The [[wikipedia:Soviet 58th Guards Division|Soviet 58th Guards Division]] of the [[wikipedia:5th Guards Army|5th Guards Army]] made contact with the [[wikipedia:US 69th Infantry Division]] of the [[wikipedia:U.S. First Army|First Army]] near [[wikipedia:Torgau|Torgau]], Germany at the [[wikipedia:Elbe|Elbe]] river.

On [[wikipedia:April 30|April 30]], as the Soviet forces fought their way into the centre of Berlin, Adolf Hitler married [[Eva Braun]] and then [[Hitler's death|committed suicide]] by taking [[wikipedia:cyanide|cyanide]] and shooting himself. [[wikipedia:Helmuth Weidling|Helmuth Weidling]], defence commandant of Berlin, surrendered the city to the Soviets on [[wikipedia:May 2|May 2]]. Altogether, the Berlin operation (16 April - 8 May) cost the Red Army 361,367 casualties (dead, missing, wounded and sick) and 1,997 tanks and assault guns. German losses in this period of the war remain impossible to determine with any reliability.

At 02:41 on the morning of [[wikipedia:May 7|May 7]], [[1945]], at the [[wikipedia:SHAEF|SHAEF]] headquarters, German Chief-of-Staff General [[wikipedia:Alfred Jodl|Alfred Jodl]] signed the [[wikipedia:unconditional surrender|unconditional surrender]] documents for all German forces to the Allies. It included the phrase ''All forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European time on [[wikipedia:May 8|May 8]] [[1945]]''. The next day shortly before midnight, Jodl repeated the signing in Berlin at Zhukov's headquarters. [[The end of World War II in Europe|The war in Europe was over]].

In the Soviet Union the end of the war is considered to be [[May 9]], when the surrender took effect [[wikipedia:Moscow|Moscow]] time. This date is celebrated as a [[wikipedia:national holiday|national holiday]] - [[wikipedia:Victory Day (Eastern Europe)|Victory Day]] - in [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]] and some other post-Soviet countries. The [[Moscow Victory Parade of 1945|ceremonial Victory parade]] was held in Moscow on [[wikipedia:June 24|June 24]].

German [[wikipedia:Army Group Centre|Army Group Centre]] initially refused to surrender and continued to [[Prague Offensive|fight in Czechoslovakia]] until about [[wikipedia:May 11|May 11]].

A small German garrison on the island of Bornholm (Denmark) refused to surrender until after being bombed and invaded by the Russians. The island was returned to the Danish government four months later.

===Manchuria: August 1945===
''Main article: [[Operation August Storm]]''

The Battle of Manchuria began on August 8, 1945, with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo; the greater invasion would eventually include neighbouring Mengjiang, as well as northern Korea, southern Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands. It marked the initial and only military action of the Soviet Union against the Empire of Japan; at the Yalta Conference, it had agreed to Allied pleas to terminate the neutrality pact with Japan and enter the Second World War's Pacific theatre within three months after the end of the war in Europe.

==Leadership==
The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany were ideologically driven states in which the leader had near-absolute power. The character of the war was thus determined by the leaders and their ideology to a much greater extent than in any other theatre of World War II.

[[Adolf Hitler]] exercised a tight control over the war, spending much of his time in his command bunkers (most notably at [[wikipedia:Rastenburg|Rastenburg]] in [[wikipedia:East Prussia|East Prussia]], at [[wikipedia:Vinnitsa|Vinnitsa]] in [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukraine]], and under the garden of the [[wikipedia:Reich Chancellery|Reich Chancellery]] in [[wikipedia:Berlin|Berlin]]). At crucial periods in the war he held daily situation conferences, at which he used his remarkable talent for public speaking to overwhelm opposition from his generals and the OKW staff with rhetoric.

He believed himself a military genius, with a grasp of the total war effort that eluded his generals. In August 1941 when [[wikipedia:Walther von Brauchitsch|Walther von Brauchitsch]] (commander-in-chief of the [[Wehrmacht]]) and [[wikipedia:Fedor von Bock|Fedor von Bock]] were appealing for an attack on Moscow, Hitler instead ordered the encirclement and capture of Ukraine, in order to acquire the farmland, industry, and natural resources of that country. Some historians believe that this decision was a missed opportunity to win the war.

In the winter of 1941&amp;ndash;42 Hitler believed that his obstinate refusal to allow the German armies to retreat had saved [[wikipedia:Army Group Centre|Army Group Centre]] from collapse. He later told [[wikipedia:Erhard Milch|Erhard Milch]],

:I had to act ruthlessly. I had to send even my closest generals packing, two army generals, for example … I could only tell these gentlemen, "Get yourself back to Germany as rapidly as you can &amp;mdash; but leave the army in my charge. And the army is staying at the front."

The success of this [[wikipedia:hedgehog defence|hedgehog defence]] outside Moscow led Hitler to insist on the holding of territory when it made no military sense, and to sack generals who retreated without orders. Officers with initiative were replaced with yes-men or fanatical Nazis. The disastrous encirclements later in the war &amp;mdash; at [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]], [[wikipedia:Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket|Korsun]] and many other places &amp;mdash; were the direct result of Hitler's orders. Many divisions became cut off in "fortress" cities, or wasted uselessly in secondary theatres, because Hitler would not sanction retreat or abandon voluntarily any of his conquests.

Frustration at Hitler's leadership of the war was one of the factors in the attempted [[wikipedia:coup d'etat|coup d'etat]] of [[1944]], but after the failure of the [[wikipedia:July 20 Plot|July 20 Plot]] Hitler considered the army and its officer corps suspect and came to rely on the [[Schutzstaffel]] and Nazi party members to prosecute the war. His many disastrous appointments included that of [[wikipedia:Heinrich Himmler|Heinrich Himmler]] to command [[wikipedia:Army Group Vistula|Army Group Vistula]] in the defence of Berlin in 1945 &amp;mdash; Himmler suffered a mental breakdown under the stress of the command and was quickly replaced by [[wikipedia:Gotthard Heinrici|Gotthard Heinrici]].

Hitler's direction of the war was disastrous for the German army, though the skill, loyalty, professionalism and endurance of officers and soldiers enabled him to keep Germany fighting to the end. [[wikipedia:F. W. Winterbotham|F. W. Winterbotham]] wrote of Hitler's signal to [[wikipedia:Gerd von Rundstedt|Gerd von Rundstedt]] to continue the attack to the west during the [[Battle of the Bulge]]:

:From experience we had learned that when Hitler started refusing to do what the generals recommended, things started to go wrong, and this was to be no exception.

[[File:Stalin1.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[wikipedia:Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin]] led the Soviet Union during World War II]]
[[wikipedia:Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin]] bore the greatest responsibility for the disasters of beginning of the war, but can be equally praised for the subsequent success of the Soviet Army, which would have been impossible without the unprecedentally rapid industrializaion of the Soviet Union, which was the first prioriy of Stalin's internal policy throughout the [[wikipedia:1930s|1930s]].

The [[wikipedia:Great Purge|Great Purge]] of the [[wikipedia:Red Army|Red Army]] in the 1930s on Stalin's orders consisted of the legal prosecution of many of the senior command, many of whom were convicted to death or imprisonment. Those executed included [[wikipedia:Mikhail Tukhachevsky|Mikhail Tukhachevsky]], the brilliant proponent of armoured [[blitzkrieg]] but also the person who had lost the [[Polish-Soviet war]], a defeat which had prevented Soviets from establishing a base for conquering Western Europe in [[wikipedia:1920s|1920s]]. Historians still disagree about whether or not an anti-Stalin conspiracy in the army, which was the reason for the prosecution, really existed. Stalin promoted some [[wikipedia:obscurantist|obscurantist]]s like [[wikipedia:Grigory Kulik|Grigory Kulik]] (who opposed the mechanization of the army and the production of [[wikipedia:tank|tank]]s), but on the other hand the purge of the older commanders who had had their positions since the [[Russian Civil War]] opened up those places to the promotion of many younger officers, many of whom proved excellent commanders. Soviet tank output remained the largest in the world. Distrust of the military led, since the foundation of the Red Army in 1918, to a system of "dual command", in which every high-ranking officer was paired with a [[wikipedia:political commissar|political commissar]], a member of the [[wikipedia:Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] who ensured that the officer was loyal and implemented Party orders.

Following the Soviet occupation of eastern [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], the Baltic states and [[wikipedia:Bessarabia|Bessarabia]] in 1939&amp;ndash;40, Stalin insisted that every fold of the new territories should be occupied; this move westward left troops far from their depots in salients that left them vulnerable to encirclement. There was an assumption that the coming war would be fought outside the borders of the Soviet Union and few plans were made for defence. As tension heightened in Spring 1941, Stalin was desperate not to give Hitler any provocation that could be used as an excuse for an attack; this caused him to refuse to allow the military to go onto the alert even as German troops gathered on the borders and German reconnaissance planes overflew installations. This refusal to take the necessary action was instrumental in the destruction of the Soviet Air Force, lined up on its airfields, in the first days of the war.

Stalin's insistence on repeated counterattacks without preparation led to the loss of almost the whole of the Red Army's tank corps in 1941 &amp;mdash; many tanks simply ran out of fuel on their way to the battlefield through faulty planning or ignorance of the location of fuel dumps. Some regard this offensive strategy as an argument for Soviet aggressive strategical plans.

[[File:Georgij Žukov-1.jpg|thumb|140px|[[wikipedia:Georgy Zhukov|Georgy Zhukov]], considered by many as one of the most successful field commanders in the Soviet [[wikipedia:Red Army|Red Army]].]]
Unlike Hitler, Stalin was able to learn lessons and improve his conduct of the war. He gradually came to realise the dangers of inadequate preparation and built up a competent command and control organization &amp;mdash; the [[wikipedia:Stavka|Stavka]] &amp;mdash; under [[wikipedia:Semyon Timoshenko|Semyon Timoshenko]], [[wikipedia:Georgy Zhukov|Georgy Zhukov]] and others. Incompetent commanders were gradually weeded out.

At the crisis of the war, in autumn 1942, Stalin made many concessions to the army: unitary command was restored by removing the Commissars from the [[wikipedia:chain of command|chain of command]]. After the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], shoulderboards were introduced for all ranks; this was a significant symbolic step, since they had been seen as a symbol of the old regime after the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]]. Beginning in autumn 1941, units that had proved themselves by superior performance in combat were given the traditional "Guards" title. But these concessions were combined with ruthless discipline: [[wikipedia:Order No. 227|Order No. 227]], issued on [[wikipedia:28 July|28 July]] [[1942]], threatened commanders who retreated without orders with punishment by [[wikipedia:court-martial|court-martial]]. Infractions by military and ''[[wikipedia:politruk|politruk]]s'' were punished with transferal to [[wikipedia:penal battalion|penal battalion]]s and penal [[wikipedia:company (military unit)|companies]], and the [[wikipedia:NKVD|NKVD]]'s [[wikipedia:barrier troops|barrier troops]] would shoot soldiers who fled.

As it became clear that the Soviet Union would win the war, Stalin ensured that propaganda always mentioned his leadership of the war; the victorious generals were sidelined and never allowed to develop into political rivals. After the war the Red Army was once again purged: many successful officers were demoted to unimportant positions (including [[wikipedia:Georgy Zhukov|Zhukov]], [[wikipedia:Rodion Malinovsky|Malinovsky]] and [[wikipedia:Ivan Koniev|Koniev]]).

==Occupation and repression==
[[File:Einsatzgruppen Killing.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A member of ''Einsatzgruppe D'' murders a Jew who is kneeling before a filled mass grave in Vinnitsa, [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukraine]], in 1942. The back of the photo is inscribed "The last Jew in Vinnitsa"]]
The enormous territorial gains of 1941 presented Germany with vast areas to [[wikipedia:pacify|pacify]] and administer. Some Soviet citizens, especially in the recently annexed territories of Western Ukraine and the Baltic States greeted their conquerors as liberators from the Soviet rule. However, nascent national liberation movements among [[wikipedia:Ukrainians|Ukrainians]] and [[wikipedia:Cossack|Cossack]]s, and other were viewed by Hitler with suspicion; some (especially those from the Balitc States) were co-opted into the Axis armies and others brutally suppressed. None of the conquered territories gained any measure of self-rule. Instead, the [[wikipedia:racism|racist]] [[Nazism|Nazi ideologues]] saw the future of the East as one of [[Generalplan Ost|settlement by German colonists]], with the natives killed, expelled, or reduced to slave labour.

Regions closer to the front were managed by military powers of the region, in other areas such as Baltic states annexed by USSR in 1940, Reichscommissariats were established. As a rule, the maximum in loot was extracted. In September 1941, [[wikipedia:Erich Koch|Erich Koch]] was appointed to the Ukrainian Commissariat. His opening speech was clear about German policy: "I am known as a brutal dog … Our job is to suck from Ukraine all the goods we can get hold of ... I am expecting from you the utmost severity towards the native population." 

Atrocities against the Jewish population in the conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of ''[[wikipedia:Einsatzgruppen|Einsatzgruppen]]'' (task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them. Local [[wikipedia:anti-semite|anti-semite]]s were encouraged to carry out their own [[wikipedia:pogrom|pogrom]]s. In July 1941 [[wikipedia:Erich von dem Bach-Zalewski|Erich von dem Bach-Zalewski]]'s SS unit began to carry out more systematic killings, including the massacre of over 30,000 Jews at [[wikipedia:Babi Yar|Babi Yar]]. By the end of 1941 there were more than 50,000 troops devoted to rounding up and killing Jews. The gradual industrialization of killing led to adoption of the [[Final Solution]] and the establishment of the [[Operation Reinhard]] extermination camps: the machinery of the [[Holocaust]]. In three years of occupation, between one and two million Soviet Jews were killed. Other ethnic groups were targeted for extermination, including the [[wikipedia:Roma people|Roma]] and [[wikipedia:Sinti|Sinti]]; see [[wikipedia:Porajmos|Porajmos]].

The massacres of Jews and other [[wikipedia:Ethnic minority|ethnic minorities]] were only a part of the deaths from the Nazi occupation. Many thousands of Soviet civilians were executed, but millions died from [[wikipedia:starvation|starvation]] as the Germans requisitioned food for their armies and fodder for their draft horses. As they retreated from Ukraine and Belarus in 1943&amp;ndash;44, the German occupiers systematically applied a [[wikipedia:scorched earth|scorched earth]] policy, burning towns and cities, destroying infrastructure, and leaving civilians to starve or die of exposure. Estimates of total civilian dead in the Soviet Union in the war range from seven million ([[wikipedia:Encyclopedia Britannica|Encyclopedia Britannica]]) to seventeen million (Richard Overy).

The Nazi ideology and the maltreatment of the local population and Soviet POWs encouraged [[wikipedia:Partisan (military)|partisan]]s fighting behind the front, motivated even anti-communists or non-Russian nationalists to ally with the Soviets, and greatly delayed the formation of German allied divisions consisting of Soviet POWs (see [[wikipedia:Vlasov army|Vlasov army]]). These results and missed opportunities contributed to the defeat of the ''Wehrmacht''.

==Industrial output==
[[File:T34 1.jpg|frame|A [[wikipedia:T-34|T-34]] tank rolls off the line at the ''Krasnoye Sormovo'' Factory No. 112 in Gorki. The Soviet Union manufactured 58,000 T-34s during the war.]]

The Soviet victory owed a great deal to the ability of her war industry to outperform the German economy, despite the enormous loss of population and land. Stalin's [[wikipedia:five-year plan|five-year plan]]s of the 1930s had resulted in the industrialization of the Urals and central Asia. In 1941, the trains that shipped troops to the front were used to evacuate thousands of factories from Belarus and Ukraine to safe areas far from the front lines.

As the Soviet Union's manpower reserves ran low from 1943 onwards, the great Soviet offensives had to depend more on equipment and less on the expenditure of lives. The increases in production of war [[wikipedia:materiel|materiel]] were achieved at the expense of civilian living standards &amp;mdash; the most thorough application of the principle of [[total war]] &amp;mdash; and with the help of [[wikipedia:Lend-Lease|Lend-Lease]] supplies from the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] and the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]. The Germans, on the other hand, could rely on a large slave workforce from the conquered countries and Soviet [[wikipedia:POW|POW]]s.

Germany's raw material production was higher than the Soviets' and her labour force was far greater, but the Soviets were more efficient at using what resources they had and chose to build low-cost, low-maintenance vehicles whilst the Germans built high-cost, high-maintenance vehicles.

Germany chose to build very expensive and very complicated vehicles and even though Germany produced many times more raw materials she could not compete with the Soviets on the quantity of military production (in 1943, the [[Soviet armored fighting vehicle production during World War II|Soviet Union manufactured 24,089 tanks]] to [[German armored fighting vehicle production during World War II|Germany's 19,800]]). The Soviets incrementally upgraded existing designs, and simplified and refined manufacturing processes to increase production. Meanwhile, German industry was forced to engineer more advanced but complex designs such as the [[wikipedia:Panther tank|Panther tank]], the [[wikipedia:King Tiger|King Tiger]] or the [[wikipedia:Elefant|Elefant]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Summary of German and Soviet Raw Material production during the war&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 
|-
!rowspan="2"|Year
!colspan="2"|Coal&lt;br /&gt;(million tonnes)
!colspan="2"|Steel&lt;br /&gt;(million tonnes)
!colspan="2"|Aluminium&lt;br /&gt;(thousand tonnes)
!colspan="6"|Oil&lt;br /&gt;(million tonnes)
|-
!style="background:#ffffff"|German
!style="background:#ffffff"|Soviet
!style="background:#ffffff"|German
!style="background:#ffffff"|Soviet
!style="background:#ffffff"|German
!style="background:#ffffff"|Soviet
!style="background:#ffffff"|German
!style="background:#ffffff"|Soviet
!style="background:#ffffff"|Italian
!style="background:#ffffff"|Hungarian
!style="background:#ffffff"|Romanian
!style="background:#ffffff"|Japanese
|-                                                     
!1941
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|315.5
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|151.4
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|28.2
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|17.9
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|233.6
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|–
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|5.7
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|33.0
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|0.12
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|0.4
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|5.5
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|-                                                     
!1942
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|317.9
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|75.5
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|28.7
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|8.1
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|264.0
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|51.7
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|6.6
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|22.0
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|0.01
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|0.7
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|5.7
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|1.8
|-                                                     
!1943
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|340.4
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|93.1
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|30.6
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|8.5
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|250.0
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|62.3
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|7.6
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|18.0
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|0.01
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|0.8
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|5.3
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|2.3
|-                                                     
!1944
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|347.6
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|121.5
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|25.8
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|10.9
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|245.3
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|82.7
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|5.5
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|18.2
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|1
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|3.5
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|1
|-
!1945&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;2&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|–
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|149.3
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|–
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|12.3
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|–
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|86.3
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|1.3
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|19.4
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|0.1

|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Summary of Axis and Soviet Tank and Self-&lt;br /&gt;propelled Gun production during the war&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 
|-
!rowspan="2"|Year

!colspan="5"|Tanks and self-&lt;br /&gt;propelled guns
|-
!style="background:#ffffff"|Soviet
!style="background:#ffffff"|German
!style="background:#ffffff"|Italian
!style="background:#ffffff"|Hungarian
!style="background:#ffffff"|Japanese
|-                                                     
!1941
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|6,590
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|5,200&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;3&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|595
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|595
|-                                                     
!1942
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|24,446
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|9,300&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;3&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|1,252
!style="background:#ffffff" rowspan="3"|500
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|557
|-                                                     
!1943
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|24,089
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|19,800
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|336
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|558
|-                                                     
!1944
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|28,963
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|27,300
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|353
|-
!1945&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;2&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|15,400
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|–
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|137
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Summary of Axis and Soviet Aircraft production during the war&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 
|-
!rowspan="2"|Year

!colspan="6"|Aircraft
|-
!style="background:#ffffff"|Soviet
!style="background:#ffffff"|German
!style="background:#ffffff"|Italian
!style="background:#ffffff"|Hungarian
!style="background:#ffffff"|Romanian
!style="background:#ffffff"|Japanese
|-                                                     
!1941
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|15,735
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|11,776
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|3,503
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
!style="background:#ffffff" rowspan="5"|1,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|5,088
|-                                                     
!1942
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff|25,436
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|15,556
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|2,818
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|6
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|8,861
|-                                                     
!1943
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|34,845
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|25,527
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|967
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|267
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|16,693
|-                                                     
!1944
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|40,246
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|39,807
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|773
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|28,180
|-
!1945&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;2&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|20,052
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|7,544
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|8,263
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Summary Of German and Soviet Industrial Labour (including those classified as handworkers), and Summary of Foreign, Voluntary, Coerced and POW Labour &lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;4&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
|-
!rowspan="2"|Year

!colspan="2"|Industrial Labour
!colspan="2"|Foreign Labour
!colspan="2"|Total Labour
|-
!style="background:#ffffff"|Soviet
!style="background:#ffffff"|German
!style="background:#ffffff"|Soviet
!style="background:#ffffff"|German
!style="background:#ffffff"|Total Soviet
!style="background:#ffffff"|Total German
|-                                                     
!1941
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|11,000,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|12,900,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|3,500,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|11,000,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|16,400,000
|-                                                     
!1942
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|7,200,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|11,600,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|50,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|4,600,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|7,250,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|16,200,000
|-                                                     
!1943
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|7,500,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|11,100,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|200,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|5,700,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|7,700,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|16,800,000
|-                                                     
!1944
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|8,200,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|10,400,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|800,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|7,600,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|9,000,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|18,000,000
|-
!1945&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;2&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|9,500,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|–
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|2,900,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|12,400,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|-
|}

Notes:
# Figures from Richard Overy, ''Russia's War'', p. 155 and ''Campaigns of World War II Day By Day'', by Chris Bishop and Chris McNab, pp. 244-52.
#  If numbers are not stated then they are unknown. Soviet numbers for 1945 are for the whole of 1945 even after the war was over.
# German figures for 1941 and 1942 include tanks only. (Self-propelled guns cost 2/3 of a tank (mainly because they have no turret) and were more appropriate in a defensive role. The Germans therefore favored their production in the second half of the war.)
# Figures are from ''The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia'' by Richard Overy p. 498.

It should be noted that the Axis allies Italy, Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria added to the German numbers. Two-thirds of Germany's [[wikipedia:Iron ore|Iron ore]], much needed for her military production, came from [[wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]]. Soviet production and upkeep was assisted by the [[wikipedia:Lend-Lease|Lend-Lease]] program from the United States and Britain. After the defeat at Stalingrad, Germany geared completely towards a war economy, as expounded in [[wikipedia:Goebbels|Goebbels]]' [[wikipedia:Sportpalast speech|Sportpalast speech]], increasing production in subsequent years under [[wikipedia:Albert Speer|Albert Speer]]'s astute direction, despite the intensifying [[Strategic bombing during World War II|Allied bombing campaign]].

==Casualties==
:''Further information: [[World War II casualties]]'' 
The Eastern Front was unparalleled for its high intensity, ferocity, and brutality. The fighting involved millions of German and Soviet troops along a broad front. It was by far the deadliest single [[wikipedia:Theatre (warfare)|theatre of war]] in World War II, with over 5 million deaths on the Axis Forces; Soviet military deaths were about 10.6 million (out of which 3.6 million Soviets died in German captivity &lt;ref&gt; Richard Overy, The Dictators &lt;/ref&gt;), and civilian deaths were about 14 to 17 million. Soviet and Russian historiography often uses the so-called irretrievable casualties term. According to the [[wikipedia:Narkomat|Narkomat]] of Defence order (№ 023, [[wikipedia:February 4|February 4]], [[1944]]), the irretrievable casualties include killed, missed, those who died due to war-time or subsequent wounds, maladies and [[wikipedia:chilblain|chilblain]]s and those who were captured.

The genocidal death toll was attributed to several factors, including brutal mistreatment of POWs and captured partisans by both sides, multiple atrocities by the Germans and the Soviets against the civilian population and each other, the wholesale use of weaponry on the battlefield against huge masses of infantry. The multiple battles, and most of all, the use of [[wikipedia:scorched earth|scorched earth]] tactics destroyed [[wikipedia:Agriculture|agricultural land]], infrastructure, and whole towns, leaving much of the population homeless and without food.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Military losses on the Eastern Front during World War II&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;1&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 
|-

!colspan="5"|Forces fighting with the Axis

|-
!
!style="background:#ffffff"|Total Dead
!style="background:#ffffff"|KIA/MIA
!style="background:#ffffff"|POWs taken by the Soviets
!style="background:#ffffff"|POWs that died in Captivity

|-
!Greater Germany                                                     
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|4,300,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|4,000,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|3,300,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|374,000
|-
!Soviet residents who joined German army                                             
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|215,000+
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|215,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|1,000,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|Unknown
|- 

!Romania                                                    
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|281,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|81,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|500,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|200,000
|- 
!Hungary                                                    
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|300,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|100,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|500,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|200,000
|- 
!Italy                                                    
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|82,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|32,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|70,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|50,000
|-
!Total                                                    
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|5,178,000+
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|4,428,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|5,450,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|824,000
|-                                                     

|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Military losses on the Eastern Front during World War II&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;2&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 
|-

!colspan="5"|Forces Fighting with the Soviet Union

|-
!
!style="background:#ffffff"|Total Dead
!style="background:#ffffff"|KIA/MIA
!style="background:#ffffff"|POWs taken by the Axis
!style="background:#ffffff"|POWs that died in captivity

|-
!Soviet                                                     
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|10,600,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|6,600,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|5,200,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|3,600,000
|- 
!Poland                                                  
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|24,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|24,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|Unknown
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|Unknown
|-
!Romania                                                   
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|17,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|17,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|80,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|Unknown
|-|-
!Bulgaria                                                    
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|10,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|10,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|Unknown
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|Unknown
|-
!Total                                                    
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|10,651,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|6,651,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|5,280,000
|align="right" style="background:#ffffff"|3,600,000

|-                                                     

|}

1 Rűdiger Overmans, ''Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1, Richard Overy The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (2004), ISBN 0-7139-9309-X

2 Vadim Erlikman, ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1;
Mark Axworthy, ''Third Axis Fourth Ally''. Arms and Armour 1995, p. 216. ISBN 1-85409-267-7 


Total Soviet losses includes Deaths Partisans-250,000 and Deaths Militia-150,000
KIA/MIA above = Killed in action / Missing in action

Polish forces, initially consisting of Poles exiled from Eastern Poland to other parts of the Soviet Union in 1939-1941, began fighting alongside the Red Army in 1943, and grew steadily as more Polish territory was liberated from the Nazis in 1944-1945.

When the eastern European countries were liberated by the Soviets they were forced to change sides and declare war on the Germans

Some of the Soviet citizens would side with the Germans and join [[wikipedia:Andrey Vlasov|Andrey Vlasov]] [[wikipedia:Russian Liberation Army|Russian Liberation Army]]. Most of those who joined were Russian POWs. Most who joined hated communism and actually saw the Nazis as liberators from communism. These men were mostly used in the Eastern Front but some were even placed on the beaches of [[wikipedia:Normandy|Normandy]] (to the surprise of the Americans who found men running out of fox holes shouting "Russki!"). The other main group of men joining the German army were citizens of the Baltic countries annexed by the Soviet Union in [[1940]] or from [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukraine]]. They fought in their own Waffen-SS units.

A comparison of the losses demonstrates the cruel treatment of the Soviet POWs by the Nazis. Most of the Axis POWs were released from captivity after the war, but the fate of the Soviet POWs differed markedly. Nazi troops who captured Red Army soldiers frequently shot them in the field or shipped them to [[concentration camp]]s and executed them. Hitler's notorious [[commissar order|Commissar Order]] implicated all the German armed forces in the policy of war crimes.

3. [http://www.duel.ru/200517/?17_7_1 Duel.ru Владимир Литвиненко. ''Были ли потери Красной Армии в Великой Отечественной войне чрезмерными?'']

==See also== 
[[File:Victory Park (Moscow).jpg|thumb|250px|Victory Alley on [[Poklonnaya Hill]] in [[Moscow]].]]
*[[Timeline of the WWII Eastern Front]].
*[[Military history of Germany during World War II]].
*[[Operation Silberfuchs]], Axis attack on the Soviet Arctic.
*[[Operation August Storm]], the Soviet campaign against [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] in [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]].
*[[Historiography of World War II]].
*[[Captured German equipment in Soviet use in Eastern front]]
*[[1812 and 1941 invasions of Russia]]
*[[Italian war in Soviet Union, 1941-1943]]
*[[wikipedia:Alpini#World War II|The Italian Alpini infantry corps in Russia]]
*[[Women in the Russian and Soviet military]]
*[http://www.wzaponline.com/ Essays: The Soviet Formula for Success in World War II]

==References==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;
*Dunkan Anderson and others, ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN076030923X&amp;id=iHh4Z0Cps08C&amp;pg=PP1&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=076030923X&amp;sig=bxdcoaGKpklOS1hywSwpOvq7l4I The Eastern Front: From Barbarossa to Berlin the Campaigns of World War II]'', Zenith, 2001, ISBN 0-7603-0923-X
*Antony Beevor, &amp; Artemis Cooper, ''Stalingrad'', Viking, 1998.
*Antony Beevor, ''Berlin: The Downfall 1945'', Penguin, 2002.
*John Erickson, ''The Road to Stalingrad'', Harper &amp; Row, 1975.
*John Erickson, ''The Road to Berlin'', Harper &amp; Row, 1982.
*John Erickson and David Dilks, ''Barbarossa, the Axis and the Allies'', Edinburgh University Press, 1994.
*David Glantz and Jonathan House, ''When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army stopped Hitler'', University Press of Kansas, 1995.
*Heinz Guderian, ''Panzer Leader'', Da Capo Press, New York, 2001.
*Basil Liddell Hart, ''History of the Second World War'', Cassel &amp; Co; Pan Books, 1973.
*David Irving, ''Hitler's War'', Hodder &amp; Stoughton, 1977.
*Lubbeck, William and David B. Hurt. ''At Leningrad's Gates: The Story of a Soldier with Army Group North'', Philadelphia, PA: Casemate, 2006 (ISBN 1-932033-55-6).
*[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=22785646 Rolf-Dieter Müller and Gerd R. Ueberschär. ''Hitler's War in the East, 1941-1945: A Critical Assessment'' (1997)]
*Rudiger Overmans, ''Deutsche militarische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''
*Richard Overy, ''Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort: 1941&amp;ndash;1945'', Penguin, 1997.
*Albert Seaton, ''The Russo-German War 1941&amp;ndash;45'', Praeger, 1971.
*F. W. Winterbotham, ''The Ultra Secret'', Orion, 1974.
&lt;/div&gt;

==External links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/soviet_german_war_01.shtml Prof Richard Overy writes a summary about the eastern front for the BBC]
*[http://www.borodulincollection.com/war/english/index.html Rarities of the USSR photochronicles. Great Patriotic War 1941-1945]Borodulin Collection. Excellent set of war photos
*[http://www.iremember.ru/index_e.htm Russian veterans of World War II memories(In English and Russian)]
*[http://www.onwar.com/maps/wwii/eastfront1/index.htm OnWar maps of the Eastern Front]
*[http://www.wilhelm-radkovsky.de Memories of Leutnant d.R. Wilhelm Radkovsky 1940-1945] Experiences as a German soldier on the Eastern and Western Front
*[http://english.pobediteli.ru/ Pobediteli: Eastern Front flash animation] (photos, video, interviews, memorials.  Written from a Russian perspective)
*[http://www.feldgrau.com/index.html Feldgrau.com] The German Armed Forces 1919-1945
*[http://www.daswolf.co.uk/index.php?p=Eastern+Front+Chronology Information about the Eastern front up to September 1943]
*[http://rkkaww2.armchairgeneral.com/  RKKA in World War II]

{{WWIITheatre}}

{{World War II}}

{{wikipedia|Eastern Front (World War II)}}

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      <text bytes="27365" sha1="emckl2qpdip95i6xzcosemwrt78exkm" xml:space="preserve">The immediate aftermath of the [[Second World War]] had far-reaching repercussions for the international community. Many millions of lives had been lost as a result of the war. Germany was divided into four quadrants, which were controlled by the Allied Powers — the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]], [[wikipedia:Great Britain|Great Britain]], [[wikipedia:France|France]], and the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]].

The war can be identified to varying degrees as the catalyst for many continental, national and local phenomena, such as the redrawing of European borders, the birth of the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]'s [[wikipedia:welfare state|welfare state]], the [[wikipedia:communist|communist]] takeover of [[wikipedia:China|China]] and [[wikipedia:Eastern Europe|Eastern Europe]], the creation of [[wikipedia:Israel|Israel]], and the divisions of [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]] and [[wikipedia:Korea|Korea]].  In addition, many organizations have roots in the Second World War, for example, the [[wikipedia:United Nations|United Nations]], the [[wikipedia:World Bank|World Bank]], the [[wikipedia:WTO|WTO]], and the [[wikipedia:IMF|IMF]].  Technologies, such as [[wikipedia:nuclear fission|nuclear fission]], the [[wikipedia:computer|computer]] and the [[wikipedia:jet engine|jet engine]], also appeared during this period.

For the first time in modern history, geopolitical power shifted away from western and central Europe. That [[wikipedia:Polarity in international relations|multipolar]] world was replaced by a [[wikipedia:bipolar|bipolar]] one dominated by the two most powerful victors, the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] and [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]], which would go on to be labeled the [[wikipedia:superpowers|superpowers]].

==Europe in ruins==
{{main|Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|Forced labor of Germans and the Russians in the Soviet Union|Morgenthau Plan|Marshall Plan}}

At the end of the war, millions of refugees were homeless, the European economy had collapsed, and 70% of the European industrial infrastructure was destroyed.


===Border revisions and population transfers===
{{main|Iron Curtain|Expulsion of Germans after World War II|Oder-Neisse line|Occupation of Baltic states}}

As a result of the new borders drawn by the victorious nations, large populations suddenly found themselves in hostile territory. 

[[Image:Deutschland Besatzungszonen 1945 1946.png|right|thumb|100px|German occupation zones in 1946 after territorial annexations]]

The main beneficiary of these border revisions was the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]], which expanded its borders at the expense of Germany, Finland, Poland and Romania. The Soviet Union also acquired the three independant states of [[wikipedia:Estonia|Estonia]], [[wikipedia:Latvia|Latvia]] and [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]], which had declared their neutrality before the outbreak of World War II. The Baltic states were occupied and annexed early in the war in agreement with the Nazis via the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], then re-conquered in 1944.

A minor temporary beneficiary was France, which in 1947 annexed the German state of [[wikipedia:Saar (1947-1957)|Saar]] as a nominally independent protectorate under French economic control. Poland was compensated for its losses to the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] by receiving most of Germany east of the [[Oder-Neisse line]], including the industrial regions of [[wikipedia:Silesia|Silesia]]. In total Germany lost roughly a quarter of her territory.

A number of [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II|Germans were expeled]] most from the ceded German territories and from the [[wikipedia:Sudetenland|Sudetenland]]. Among them a number died, and historians debate to this day the exact death rate.

The repatriation, pursuant to the terms of the [[Yalta Conference]], of two million Russian soldiers who had come under the control of advancing American and British forces, resulted for the most part in their deaths.

===Reparations===
The Eastern victors demanded payment of [[war reparations]] from the defeated nations, and in the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Treaty]], the Soviet Union's enemies, Hungary, Finland and Romania, were required to pay $300,000,000 each (in 1938 dollars) to the Soviet Union. Italy was required to pay $360,000,000, shared chiefly between Greece, Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union.

The much larger reparations from occupied Germany to Russia were to be paid not by goods or money but by the transfer of capital goods, i.e. dismantled manufacturing plants. A separate reparation was 3,000,000 German former prisoners of war, as well as a number of civilians, that were forced to labour in Russia. Some did not get to return until well into the 1950’s (see also [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]).

Reparations to the Western victors consisted mainly of free coal deliveries as well as of machinery and dismantled factories of which the majority went to France, with some going to Britain. Germany and Italy also paid in the form of POW-provided [[forced labor]]; 100,000 in Britain and 700,000 in France (see also [[Eisenhower and German POWs]]). The U.S settled for appropriating German patents as well as all German company assets in the U.S. The "intellectual reparations", such as patents and blueprints, taken by the [[wikipedia:U.S.|U.S.]] and the [[wikipedia:UK|UK]] amounted to close to $10 Billion dollars, equivalent to around $100 Billion dollars 2006.&lt;ref&gt;Norman M. Naimark The Russians in Germany pg. 206&lt;/ref&gt; The program of also acquiring German scientist and technicians for the U.S. (see [[Operation Paperclip]]) was however not only founded in profit interests, an equally strong motivator was the desire to deny the expertise of German scientists to the Soviet Union.&lt;ref&gt;Norman M. Naimark The Russians in Germany pg. 206&lt;/ref&gt;

The U.S. eventually stopped the shipment of dismantled factories from the U.S. zone of occupation east due to increasing friction with Russia, part of which was caused by Russian refusal to provide the western occupation zones with surplus food from the eastern occupation zone which had been the breadbasket of Germany. Western Allied dismantling of industry in the [[Saar area]] and [[Ruhr area]] was virtually completed by 1950.

===Plans for Germany===
The initial proposed plans of the United States were harsh. The [[Morgenthau Plan]] of 1944 called for stripping Germany of the industrial resources required for war. The main industrial areas of the [[Ruhr area|Ruhr]] and [[wikipedia:Silesia|Silesia]] were to be removed from Germany, as were Germany's main sources of coal and iron, namely [[Saar (1947-1957)|Saar]] and the German speaking parts of [[wikipedia:Alsace-Lorraine|Alsace-Lorraine]], which were to be once again under French occupation.

While the [[Morgenthau Plan]] was never implemented in its original form, it did end up greatly influencing events. Most notable was this influence seen through its toned-down offshoots. Examples of these are the [[Potsdam Conference]], [[Morgenthau plan#JCS 1067|Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive 1067]], and [[The industrial plans for Germany]].

In occupied Germany the Morgenthau plan lived on in the U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067 and in the Allied "industrial disarmament" plans, designed to reduce German economic might and to destroy Germany's capability to wage war by complete or partial de-industrialization and restrictions imposed on utilization of remaining production capacity. The first industrial plan for Germany, signed in 1946, required the destruction of 1,500 manufacturing plants. The purpose of this was to lower German heavy industry output to roughly 50% of its 1938 level. By 1950, after the virtual completion of the by the then much watered-out "level of industry" plans, equipment had been removed from 706 [[wikipedia:manufacturing plants|manufacturing plants]] in the west and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6,700,000 tons.&lt;ref&gt;Frederick H. Gareau "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany" The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1961), pp. 517-534&lt;/ref&gt; 

The [[Morgenthau plan#JCS 1067|Joint Chiefs of Staff Directive 1067]] (JCS 1067), which governed U.S. policy in Germany from April 1945 until July 1947, stated that no help was to be given to the Germans in rebuilding their nation, save for the minimum required to mitigate starvation. 

These policies were however to some degree counteracted by the military governor of the U.S. zone in Germany, General [[Lucius D. Clay]], who did his best to use whatever loopholes the directives allowed for, particularly for actions that would reduce “unrest” and “famine“. This slowed down the rate factories were being destroyed and increased the food rations to 1500 calories a day (half the normal UK rations).

[[Image:Germany Morgenthau Plan.png|left|thumb|300px|The September 1944 U.S. (Morgenthau) Plan for the partitioning of Germany.]]

The problems brought on by these types of policies became apparent to many after a year of occupation. Germany had long been the industrial giant of Europe, and its poverty held back the general European recovery. The continued scarcity in Germany also led to considerable expenses for the occupying powers, which were obligated to try and make up the most important shortfalls. 

The Western powers worst fear by now was that the poverty and hunger would drive the Germans to [[Communism]]. 
General [[Lucius Clay]] stated "There is no choice between being a communist on 1,500 calories a day and a believer in democracy on a thousand". 

After lobbying by the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], and Generals [[Lucius D. Clay|Clay]] and [[George Marshall|Marshall]], the Truman administration finally realized that economic recovery in Europe could not go forward without the reconstruction of the German industrial base on which it had previously had been dependent.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks49.pdf Ray Salvatore Jennings "The Road Ahead: Lessons in Nation Building from Japan, Germany, and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq] May 2003,  Peaceworks No. 49  pg.15&lt;/ref&gt;
In July 1947, President [[Harry S. Truman]] rescinded on "national security grounds"&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks49.pdf Ray Salvatore Jennings “The Road Ahead: Lessons in Nation Building from Japan, Germany, and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq] May 2003,  Peaceworks No. 49  pg.15&lt;/ref&gt; the punitive JCS 1067, which had directed the U.S. forces of occupation in Germany to "take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany." It was replaced by JCS 1779, which instead stressed that "[a]n orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany."&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,887417,00.html Pas de Pagaille!] [[wikipedia:Time Magazine |Time Magazine]] July 28, 1947.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Marshall Plan===
In view of the continued poverty and famine in Europe, and with the onset of the [[Cold War]] that made it important to bring as much of Germany as possible into the western camp, it became apparent that a change of policy was required. The most notable example of this change was a plan established by U.S. [[Secretary of State]] [[George Marshall]], the "European Recovery Program", better known as the [[Marshall Plan]], which called for the [[wikipedia:Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] to allocate billions of dollars for the reconstruction of Europe. Also as part of the effort to rebuild global [[wikipedia:capitalism|capitalism]] and spur post-war reconstruction, the [[Bretton Woods system]] was put into effect after the war.

For Western Germany the psychological impact of the [[Marshall Plan]] was large. In monetary terms, Germany received only half of what Britain received; in addition, Germany was eventually forced to repay the majority of the money. But, it meant that the occupation policy was officially changed and thus the West German people finally could start rebuilding their new nation. The East German population were not so lucky, and their attempt to revolt against the Russians a few years later was quickly put down.

In the [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]] the [[Bakker-Schut Plan]] to demand a huge [[wikipedia:monetary|monetary]] compensation and even to [[wikipedia:Annexation|annex]] a part of Germany that would have doubled the country's size were dropped. But many Germans living in the Netherlands were declared 'hostile subjects' and put into a concentration camp in an operation called [[Black Tulip]]. A total of 3,691 Germans were ultimately deported.

Closely related was the [[Monnet Plan]] of French bureaucrat [[wikipedia:Jean Monnet|Jean Monnet]] that proposed giving France control over the German coal areas of the [[wikipedia:Ruhr|Ruhr]] and [[Saar (1947-1957)|Saar]] and using these resources to bring France to 150% of prewar industrial production.

==End of European Imperialism==
The destruction of Europe and the destruction of a significant portion of the United Kingdom's cities (via aerial bombing) would also ruin the reputation of the imperial nations in the eyes of their colonies. Coupled with the enormous expense incurred in the war, an empire was perceived to be an unnecessarily expensive possession. Thus this would provoke the rapid [[wikipedia:decolonization|decolonization]] process that would see the empires of the United Kingdom, France and others swept away.

Nationalist tendencies helped India and Pakistan become independent from the [[wikipedia:British Empire|British Empire]] in August 1947. Soon Malaysia and other South East Asian colonies also became independent. The Netherlands lost Indonesia and France lost Indochina. In just a few decades most Asian and African colonies were all independent.

==Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and United States rise in power==
The immense destruction wrought over the course of the war caused a sharp decline in the power of the [[great power]]s of Europe. After the war, the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] and the [[United States]] both became formidable forces. The U.S. suffered very little during the war and because of military and industrial [[exports]] became a formidable manufacturing power. This led to a period of wealth and prosperity for the U.S. in the fields of [[industry]], [[agriculture]] and [[technology]] which continues to this day.

While the homeland of the United States was untouched by the war, quite the opposite was true in the Soviet Union. At the height of the Axis advance in 1941, the [[Wehrmacht]] got within 20 kilometers (12.5&amp;nbsp;miles) of [[wikipedia:Moscow|Moscow]]. Although the Nazis were pushed back from Moscow by Soviet winter counter thrusts in early 1942, the Wehrmacht's [[Operation Blue]] in summer 1942 pushed German forces northeast of the [[wikipedia:Black Sea|Black Sea]] to [[Stalingrad]] and southeast of the Black Sea to the approaches to [[wikipedia:Grozny|Grozny]] at the foot the [[Caucasus Mountains]]. Therefore the Germans controlled all of Soviet territory west of [[Leningrad]], Moscow, Stalingrad from the [[wikipedia:Baltic Sea|Baltic Sea]] to the Caucasus. (For visualization purposes, it would be similar to a foreign army occupying all of the US mainland from the [[wikipedia:Atlantic|Atlantic]] coast to the [[Great Plains]].) During the initial German invasion, [[Operation Barbarossa]], the use of [[scorched earth]] tactics by both sides left the western portion of the Soviet Union almost totally destroyed. Agricultural land was burned, livestock exterminated, infrastructure dismantled or destroyed and entire towns flattened. All of this land would see more battles as the [[Red Army]] swept west in 1943-1944. Although the Soviets were able to salvage some heavy industry and ship it to safer areas around the [[wikipedia:Ural Mountains|Ural Mountains]], much of the USSR's pre-war industry fell into the hands of the Germans.

The Soviet Union also suffered unprecedented casualties. From 1941 to 1945 the Red Army lost over 10 million killed and more than 18 million wounded. Civilian losses were also immense, most estimates range from 14 to 17 million civilians killed. Most civilians in the occupied lands in the western USSR were either shot or simply left to starve or freeze to death by the Germans. Additionally, the majority of [[Holocaust]] victims, as well as the perpetration of the Holocaust itself, were from the Eastern Front. The total deaths resulting from the war amounted to roughly fourteen percent of the USSR's and sixteen percent of [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]]'s total pre-war population. By comparison, the United States lost about one-third of one percent of its total pre-war population.

Because of the immense loss of life and the destruction of land and industrial capacity, the USSR was at an economic and (because of the American use of [[atomic weapons]] on [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]]) strategic disadvantage relative to the United States.  The USSR was, however, in a better economic and strategic position than any other continental European power.  By the end of the war in 1945 the Red Army was very large, battle-tested and occupied all of Eastern and Central Europe as well as what was to become [[East Germany]].  In areas they occupied, the Red Army installed governments they felt would be friendly towards the USSR.  Given the tremendous suffering of the Soviet people during the war, it is understandable that Soviet leadership would want a "buffer zone" of friendly governments between Russia and Western European nations.

== Politics ==
=== A New Europe ===
{{main|European Union}}

The European Union grew out of the [[European Coal and Steel Community]] (ECSC), which was founded in [[1951]], by the six founding members: [[wikipedia:Belgium|Belgium]], the [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]] and [[wikipedia:Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] (the [[wikipedia:Benelux|Benelux]] countries) and [[West Germany]], [[wikipedia:France|France]] and [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]].  Its purpose was to pool the steel and coal resources of the member states, to support the economies of the participating economies.  As a side effect, the ECSC helped diffuse tensions between countries which had recently been enemies in the war.  In time this economic merger grew, adding members and broadening in scope, to become the [[wikipedia:European Economic Community|European Economic Community]], and later the European Union.

[[Image:United Nations HQ - New York City.jpg|right|thumb|left|250px|The headquarters of the [[wikipedia:United Nations|United Nations]], located in [[wikipedia:New York City|New York City]]. The United Nations was founded as a direct result of World War II.]]

=== United Nations ===
{{main|United Nations}}
Because the [[wikipedia:League of Nations|League of Nations]] had failed to actively prevent the war, in 1945 a new international alliance was considered and then created, the [[wikipedia:United Nations|United Nations]] (UN).  The UN also was responsible for the initial creation of the modern state of [[wikipedia:Israel|Israel]] in 1948, in part as a response to the Holocaust.

The UN operates within the parameters of the [[wikipedia:United Nations Charter|United Nations Charter]], and the reason for the UN’s formation is outlined in the [[wikipedia:Preamble to the United Nations Charter|Preamble to the United Nations Charter]].  Unlike its predecessor, the United Nations has taken a more active role in the world, such as fighting diseases and providing humanitarian aid to nations in distress.  The UN also served as the diplomatic front line during the Cold War.  The biggest advantage the United Nations has over the League of Nations is the presence of world superpowers such as the United States and Russia, for the League had little actual international power due to the absence of these nations.

=== The Cold War begins ===
{{main|Cold War}}
[[Image:Berlinwall.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The now-defunct [[Berlin Wall]], a symbol of the [[Cold War]].]]
The end of World War II is seen by many as marking the end of the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]'s position as a global [[superpower]] and the catalyst for the emergence of the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] and the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] as the dominant powers in the world.  Friction had been building up between the two before the end of the war and with the collapse of Nazi Germany relations spiraled downward.

In the areas occupied by Western Allied troops, pre-war governments were re-established or new democratic governments were created; in the areas occupied by Soviet troops, including the territories of former Allies such as Poland, [[wikipedia:communist state|communist state]]s were created.  These became [[wikipedia:satellite state|satellites]] of the Soviet Union.

Germany was partitioned into four zones of occupation, with the American, British and French zones grouped as [[West Germany]] and the Soviet zone as [[East Germany]].  Austria was once again separated from Germany and it, too, was divided into four zones of occupation, which eventually reunited and became the republic of Austria.  [[wikipedia:Korea|Korea]] was [[Division of Korea|divided]] in half along the [[wikipedia:38th parallel north|38th parallel]].

The partitions were initially informal, but as the relationship between the victors deteriorated, the military lines of demarcation became the de facto country boundaries.  The [[Cold War]] had begun, and soon two blocs would emerge: [[NATO]] and the [[Warsaw Pact]].

The partitioning of Europe and Germany and Berlin persisted until the crumbling of the Eastern Bloc in 1989/1990.  The [[Berlin Wall]] fell on [[wikipedia:9 November|9 November]] [[1989]].

== Technology ==
The massive research and development involved in the [[Manhattan Project]] in order to quickly achieve a working [[wikipedia:nuclear weapon design|nuclear weapon design]] greatly impacted the scientific community, among other things creating a network of national laboratories in the United States.  In addition, the pressing for numerous calculations for various things like [[codebreaking]] ([[wikipedia:Colossus computer|Colossus]]) and ballistics tables kick-started the development of electronic [[wikipedia:computer|computer]] technology.

== Social effects ==
{{main|Red Army atrocities|War children|Female roles in the World Wars}}

One of the economic effects which affected almost all participants to a certain degree was the increased participation of women in the workforce (where they did take the place of many men during the war years), though this was somewhat reduced in the decades following the war, as changing societal mores forced many to return to home and family.

According to historian [[wikipedia:Antony Beevor|Antony Beevor]], amongst others, in his book ''Berlin - The Downfall 1945'' the advancing Red Army had left a massive [[Red Army atrocities|trail of raped women and girls of all ages]] behind them.  More than 2,000,000 were victims of rape, often repeatedly.  This continued for several years.  As a result of this trauma East German women's attitude towards sex was affected for a long time and it caused huge social problems between men and women.  Russian authorities dispute the event.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/6-23-2002-20908.asp|title=www.buzzle.com/editorials/6-23-2002-20908.asp&lt;!--INSERT TITLE--&gt;|accessdate=2007-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The German soldiers left many [[war children]] behind in nations such as France and Denmark, which were occupied for an extended period.  After the war, the children and their mothers often suffered recriminations.  The situation was worst in Norway, where the “Tyskerunger“ (German-kids) suffered, and still suffer, abuse.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hnn.us/comments/7983.html|title=hnn.us/comments/7983.html&lt;!--INSERT TITLE--&gt;|accessdate=2007-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/1691452.stm|title=news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/1691452.stm&lt;!--INSERT TITLE--&gt;|accessdate=2007-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Military effects ==
[[Image:Me262 02.jpg|thumb|215px|right|World War II produced many technologies that would revolutionize warfare, such as the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]].]]

In the military sphere, World War II marked the coming of age of airpower. Advanced [[military aircraft|aircraft]] and [[guided missile]]s (developed late in the war) made the [[battleship]], once the queen of the world's oceans, and fixed [[fortification]]s such as [[coastal artillery]] obsolete.  While the pendulum continues to swing in this never-ending competition, air powers are now a full partner in any military action.

The war was the high-water mark for mass armies. While huge conscript armies would be seen again (during the [[Korean War]] and in a number of African conflicts), after this victory the major powers relied upon small highly-trained and well-equipped militaries.

Perhaps most important of all, World War II ushered in the nuclear era, with the dropping of the first [[atomic bombs]] on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.

== Trials for war crimes ==
After the war, many high-ranking Germans were prosecuted for [[war crime]]s, as well as the mass murder of the [[Holocaust]] committed mainly on the area of [[General Government]], in the [[Nuremberg trials]]. Similarly Japanese leaders were prosecuted in the [[Tokyo War Crime Trial]].  Although the deliberate targeting of civilians was already defined as a war crime and it had been used extensively by both sides, most notably in Poland, Britain, Germany and Japan, those responsible were never tried for it.  In other countries, notably in Finland, the Allies demanded the political leadership to be prosecuted in "[[war-responsibility trials]]"

== Defeat of Japan ==
The defeat of Japan, and its occupation by Allied Forces, led to a [[wikipedia:westernization|westernization]] of Japan that was more far-reaching than might otherwise have occurred. It could even be said that the "defeated" nations of Germany and Japan actually derived more long-term, economic benefit from their loss than, say, Britain or France. Japan quickly modernized into a strong, western-style market and industrial economy, a [[wikipedia:economic boom|boom]] that was to continue well into the 1990s.

== See also ==
*[[Aftermath of World War I]]
*[[World War II Aftermath]]
*[[Black Tulip]] &amp;mdash; the eviction of Germans from the Netherlands after the war
*[[Consequences of German Nazism]]
*[[The rehabilitation of Germany after World War II]]
*[[Japanese post-war economic miracle]]
*[[World War II]]

{{World War II}}

==Notes==
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== References ==
•Glantz, David M and House, Jonathan. ''When Titans Clashed; How the Red Army Stopped Hitler.'' University Press of Kansas, 1995. ''ISBN 0-7006-0899-0''
*Norman M. Naimark ''The Russians in Germany; A History of the Soviet Zone of occupation, 1945-1949.'' Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-78406-5

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      <text bytes="49080" sha1="fks844g3phl0b5cdeicy62uhro3a6mi" xml:space="preserve">The '''English Civil War''' was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations which took place between Parliamentarians (known as [[Roundhead|Roundheads]]) and Royalists (known as [[Cavalier|Cavaliers]]) from [[1642]] until [[1651]]. The [[#The First English Civil War|first]] ([[1642]] - [[1645]]) and [[#The Second English Civil War|second]] ([[1648]] - [[1649]]) [[civil war]]s pitted the supporters of [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] against the supporters of the [[Long Parliament]], while the [[#The Third English Civil War|third]] war (1649 - 1651) saw fighting between supporters of [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] and supporters of the [[Rump Parliament]]. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the [[Battle of Worcester]] on [[3 September]] [[1651]].

The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son Charles II, and the replacement of the English monarchy with the [[Commonwealth of England]] (1649 - 1653) and then with a [[The Protectorate|Protectorate]] (1653 - 1659): the personal rule of [[Oliver Cromwell]]. The monopoly of the [[Church of England]] on Christian worship in England came to an end, and the victors consolidated the already-established [[Protestant Ascendancy]] in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established a precedent that British monarchs could not govern without the consent of Parliament although this would not be cemented until the [[Glorious Revolution]] later in the century.

==Terminology==
The term '''English Civil War''' is commonly used in this singular form despite the fact that there were three wars. Although it describes events as impinging on [[England]], from the outset the conflicts involved wars with and civil wars within both [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]]; see [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] for an overview.

Unlike other [[List of English civil wars|civil wars in England]] which focused on who ruled, this war also concerned itself with the manner of governing the British Isles. Accordingly, historians also refer to the English Civil War as the '''English Revolution''' and works such as the [[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]] call it the '''Great Rebellion'''. The term English Revolution was and is especially favoured by [[Marxist historian]]s such as [[Christopher Hill (historian)|Christopher Hill]].

==Background==
===The King's aspirations===
[[Image:Charels I by Daniel Mytens in 1631.jpg|thumb|100px|Charles I in 1631, by Daniel Mytens.]]
Contemporaries must have found it unthinkable that a civil war could result from the events taking place. War broke out less than forty years after the death of the popular [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] in 1603. At the accession of Charles I, England and Scotland had both experienced relative peace, both internally and in their relations with each other, for as long as anyone could remember. Charles hoped to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into a new single kingdom, fulfilling the dream of his father, [[James I of England]] (James VI of Scotland). Many English Parliamentarians had suspicions regarding such a move because they feared that setting up a new kingdom might destroy the old English traditions which had bound the English monarchy. As Charles shared his father's position on the power of the crown (James had described kings as "little Gods on Earth", chosen by God to rule in accordance with the doctrine of the "[[Divine Right of Kings]]"), the suspicions of the Parliamentarians had some justification.

Although pious and with little personal ambition, Charles demanded outright loyalty in return for "just rule". He considered any questioning of his orders as, at best, insulting. This latter trait, and a series of events, seemingly minor on their own, led to a serious break between Charles and his [[English Parliament]], and eventually to war.

===Parliament in the English constitutional framework===
Before the fighting, the [[Parliament of England]] did not have much of a permanent role in the English system of government, instead functioning as a temporary advisory committee — summoned by the monarch whenever the Crown required additional tax revenue, and subject to dissolution by the monarch at any time. Because responsibility for collecting [[taxes]] lay in the hands of the [[gentry]], the English kings needed the help of that stratum of society in order to ensure the smooth collection of that revenue. If the gentry were to refuse to collect the King's taxes, he would lack the authority to compel them. Parliaments allowed representatives of the gentry to meet, confer and send policy-proposals to the monarch in the form of Bills. These representatives did not, however, have any means of forcing their will upon the king — except by withholding the financial means he required to execute his plans.

===Parliamentary Concerns and the Petition of Right===
[[Image:Sir Peter Lely 001.jpg|thumb|100px|Henrietta Maria, painted by [[Peter Lely]], 1660.]]
One of the first events to cause concern about Charles I came with his marriage to a [[France|French]] [[Roman Catholic]] princess, [[Henrietta Maria|Henriette-Marie de Bourbon]]. The marriage occurred in 1625, right after Charles came to the throne. Charles's marriage raised the possibility that his children, including the heir to the throne, could be raised Catholic, a frightening thing to Protestant England. 

Charles also wanted to take part in the conflicts underway in Europe, then immersed in the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618 - 1648). As ever, foreign wars required heavy expenditure, and the Crown could raise the necessary taxes only with Parliamentary consent (as described above). Charles experienced even more financial difficulty when his first Parliament refused to follow the tradition of giving him the right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, deciding instead to grant it for only a year at a time.

Charles, meanwhile, pressed ahead with his European wars, deciding to send an expeditionary force to relieve the [[France|French]] [[Huguenots]] whom Royal French forces held besieged in [[La Rochelle]]. [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham|George Villiers, the Duke of Buckingham]], received command of the English force. Unfortunately for Charles and Buckingham, the relief expedition failed, and Parliament opened [[impeachment]] proceedings against Buckingham. Charles responded by dissolving Parliament. This move, while saving Buckingham, reinforced the impression that Charles wanted to avoid Parliamentary scrutiny of his ministers.

Having dissolved Parliament, and unable to raise money without it, the king assembled a new one in 1628. (The elected members included [[Oliver Cromwell]].) The new Parliament drew up the [[Petition of Right]], and Charles accepted it as a concession in order to get his subsidy. Amongst other things the Petition referred to the [[Magna Carta]].

===The Personal Rule and the rebellion in Scotland===
Charles I managed to avoid calling a Parliament for the next decade. Depending upon their political affiliation, the English referred to this time either as the "Eleven Years' Tyranny" or as "Charles' Personal Rule".

During this period, Charles' lack of finances largely determined his policies. Accordingly, his Government pursued peaceful policies at home and abroad, and initiated only minimal new legislative activity — Charles preferring to claim that the legitimacy of his personal rule relied on the continuity of ancient customs. His lack of finances caused a number of problems, however. Failure to observe conventions became in some cases a finable offence (for example, a failure to attend and be knighted at Charles' coronation), while the use of [[patents]] and [[monopolies]], and local measures such as demanding payment for illegal houses in [[London]], created ample scope for corruption and led to local discontents.

Charles also tried to raise revenue in the form of [[Ship Money]]. Exploiting a naval war scare in 1635, he demanded that the inland counties of England pay a tax to support the [[Royal Navy]]. This policy relied on established law, but law which had been ignored for centuries, and so was regarded by many as an extra-Parliamentary (and therefore illegal) tax. A number of prominent men refused to pay it on these grounds. Reprisals against [[William Prynne]] and [[John Hampden]] (fined after losing their case 7 to 5 for refusing to pay ship money and for making a stand against the legality of the tax) aroused widespread indignation.

However, Charles aroused the most antagonism through his religious measures. Charles believed in a sacramental version of the [[Church of England]], called [[Anglicanism|High Anglicanism]], with a theology based upon [[Arminianism]], a belief shared by his main political advisor, Archbishop [[William Laud]]. Laud was appointed by Charles as the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in 1633 and started a series of reforms in the Church to make it more ceremonial, starting with the replacement of the wooden [[communion]] tables with stone altars.

Puritans accused Laud of trying to reintroduce [[Catholicism]], and when they complained, Laud had them arrested. In 1637 [[John Bastwick]], Henry Burton and William Prynne had their ears cut off for writing pamphlets attacking Laud's views — a rare penalty for [[gentleman|gentlemen]] to suffer, and one that aroused anger. Moreover, the statutes passed in the time of [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] concerning church attendance were revived; Puritans around the country were fined for failure to attend Anglican services.

The end of Charles' independent governance came when he attempted to apply his religious policies in Scotland. The [[Church of Scotland]], although Episcopalian in structure, had long enjoyed its own independent traditions. Charles, however, wanted one uniform church throughout Britain, and introduced a new, High Anglican, version of the English [[Book of Common Prayer|Common Prayer Book]] into Scotland in the summer of 1637. This met with a violent reaction. A riot broke out in [[Edinburgh]], said to have been started by one [[Jenny Geddes]]; and in February 1638 Scots' objections to royal policy were formulated in the [[National Covenant]]. This document took the form of a 'loyal protest', rejecting all innovations that had not first been tested by free parliaments and General Assemblies of the church. Before long, Charles was forced to withdraw his Prayer Book and summon a General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, which met in Glasgow in November, 1638. The Assembly, affected by the radical mood of the times, not only rejected the Prayer Book, but went on to take the even more drastic step of declaring the office of bishop as unlawful. Charles demanded the acts of the Assembly be withdrawn; the Scots refused to comply, and both sides began to raise armies. Charles accompanied his forces to the Border in the spring of 1639 to end the rebellion. After an inconclusive campaign he decided to seek a truce, the [[Pacification of Berwick]]. A second [[Bishops War]] followed in the summer of 1640. The royal forces in the north were defeated by a Scots army, which went on to capture [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]]. Charles was eventually forced to agree not only not to interfere with religion in Scotland, but to pay the Scottish war expenses as well.

===Recall of Parliament=== 

Charles needed to suppress the rebellion in his northern realm. He had insufficient funds, however, and had perforce to seek money from a newly elected [[Short Parliament|Parliament]] in 1640. The majority faction in the new Parliament, led by [[John Pym]], took this appeal for money as an opportunity to discuss grievances against the Crown, and were opposed to an English invasion of Scotland. Charles took exception to this ''[[lese majesty|lèse-majesté]]'' (offence against the ruler) and dissolved Parliament after only a few days, this earning it the name "the [[Short Parliament]]".

Without Parliament's support, Charles attacked Scotland again, breaking the truce at Berwick, and suffered a comprehensive defeat. The Scots then seized the opportunity and invaded England, occupying [[Northumberland]] and [[Durham]].

Meanwhile, another of Charles's chief advisers, [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford|Thomas Wentworth, 1st Viscount Wentworth]], had risen to the role of Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1632 and brought in much needed revenue for Charles by persuading the Irish Catholic gentry to pay new taxes in return for promised religious concessions. In 1639 Charles recalled him to England, and in 1640 made him Earl of Strafford, attempting to have him work his magic again in Scotland. This time he was not so lucky, and the English forces fled the field in their second encounter with the Scots in 1640. Almost the entirety of Northern England was occupied, and Charles was forced to pay £850 per day to keep the Scots from advancing. If he did not, they would "take" the money by pillaging and burning the cities and towns of Northern England.

All this put Charles in a desperate financial position. As King of Scotland, he was required to find money to pay the Scottish army in England; as King of England, to find money to pay and equip an English army to defend England. His means of raising revenue without Parliament were critically short of being able to achieve this. It was against this backdrop, and according to advice from the [[Magnum Concilium]] (the [[House of Lords]], but without the [[British House of Commons|Commons]], so not a Parliament), that Charles finally bowed to pressure and summoned Parliament for November.

===The Long Parliament===
{{main|Long Parliament}}

The new Parliament proved even more hostile to Charles than its predecessor. It immediately began to discuss grievances against Charles and his Government, and with Pym and Hampden (of Ship Money fame) in the lead, took the opportunity presented by the King's troubles to force various reforming measures upon him. A law was passed which stated that a new Parliament should convene at least once every three years, without the King's summons if necessary. Other laws passed by the Parliament made it illegal for the king to impose taxes without Parliamentary consent, and later, gave Parliament control over the king's ministers. Finally, the Parliament passed a law forbidding the King to dissolve it without its consent, even if the three years were up. Ever since, this Parliament has been known as the "Long Parliament". However, Parliament did attempt to avert conflict by requiring all adults to sign [[The Protestation]].

In early 1641, Parliament had [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford]], arrested and sent to the [[Tower of London]] on a charge of [[treason]]. John Pym claimed that Wentworth's statements of readiness to campaign against "the kingdom" were in fact directed at England itself. The case could not be proven, so the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], led by Pym and [[Henry Vane the Elder|Henry Vane]], resorted to a [[Bill of Attainder]]. Unlike a guilty finding in a court case, attainder did not require a legal burden of proof, but it did require [[Royal Assent|the king's approval]]. Charles, still incensed over the Commons's handling of Buckingham, refused. Wentworth himself, hoping to head off the war he saw looming, wrote to the king and asked him to reconsider. Thomas Wentworth was executed in May, 1641.&lt;ref&gt;Jacob Abbott ''[http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=abbott&amp;book=charles1&amp;story=_contents Charles I]'' Chapter ''[http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=abbott&amp;book=charles1&amp;story=downfall Downfall of Strafford and Laud]&lt;/ref&gt;

Instead of saving the country from war, Wentworth's sacrifice in fact doomed it to one. Within months, the Irish Catholics, fearing a resurgence of Protestant power, [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|struck first]], and the entire country soon descended into chaos. Rumours circulated that the King supported the Irish, and Puritan members of the Commons were soon agitating that this was the sort of thing that Charles had in store for all of them.

In early January 1642, Charles, accompanied by 400 soldiers, attempted to arrest five members of the House of Commons on a charge of treason. This attempt failed. When the troops marched into Parliament, Charles asked [[William Lenthall]], the [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]], where the five were. Lenthall replied "May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House [of Commons] is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here." In other words, the Speaker proclaimed himself a servant of Parliament, rather than of the King.

===Local grievances===
In the summer of 1642 these national troubles helped to polarize opinion, ending indecision about which side to support or what action to take. Opposition to Charles also arose owing to many local grievances. For example, the livelihoods of thousands of people were negatively affected by the imposition of drainage schemes in [[The Fens]] after the King awarded a number of drainage contracts. The King was regarded by many as worse than insensitive and this was important in bringing a large part of eastern England into Parliament’s camp. This sentiment brought with it people like the [[Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester|Earl of Manchester]] and Oliver Cromwell, each a notable wartime adversary of the King. Conversely, one of the leading drainage contractors, the [[Robert Bertie, 1st Earl of Lindsey|Earl of Lindsey]], was to die fighting for the King at the [[Battle of Edge Hill]].

==The First English Civil War==
[[Image:English civil war map 1642 to 1645.JPG|thumb|220px|Maps of territory held by Royalists (red) and Parliamentarians (green), 1642 — 1645]]
{{Main|First English Civil War}}

In early January 1642, a few days after his failure to capture five members of the House of Commons and fearing for his own personal safety and that of his family and retinue, Charles left the London area. Further negotiations by frequent correspondence between the King and the Long Parliament through to early summer proved to be fruitless. As the summer progressed cities and towns declared their sympathies for one faction or the other for example, the garrison of Portsmouth under the command of Sir [[George Goring]] declared for the King, but when Charles tried to acquire arms for his cause from the [[Kingston upon Hull]], the depository for the weapons used in the previous Scottish campaigns,  Sir [[John Hotham]], the military governor appointed by Parliament in January, initially refused to let Charles enter Hull and when Charles returned with more men [[Siege of Hull (1642)|drove them off]]. Charles issued a warrant for Hotham to be arrested as a traitor but was powerless to enforce it. Throughout the summer months as tensions rose and there was brawling in a number of places with the first death of the conflict taking place in Manchester.&lt;ref&gt;Trevor Royle [[#References|References]] pp. 158-166&lt;/ref&gt;

At the outset of the conflict, much of the country remained neutral, though the [[Royal Navy]] and most English cities favoured Parliament, while the king found considerable support in rural communities. Historians estimate that between them, both sides had only about 15,000 men{{fact}}. However, the war quickly spread and eventually involved every level of society throughout the [[British Isles]]. Many areas attempted to remain neutral, some formed bands of [[Clubmen]] to protect their localities against the worst excesses of the armies of both sides, but most found it impossible to withstand both the King and Parliament. On one side, the King and his supporters thought that they fought for traditional government in Church and state. On the other, most supporters of the Parliamentary cause, initially took up arms to defend what they thought was the traditional balance of government in Church and state which had been undermined by the bad advice the King had received from his advisers, before and during the "Eleven Years' Tyranny". The views of the Members of Parliament ranged from unquestioning support of the King &amp;ndash; at one point during the First Civil War, there were more members of the Commons and Lords in the King's [[Oxford Parliament (1644)|Oxford Parliament]] than there were at [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]] &amp;ndash; through to radicals, who wanted major reforms in favour of [[Nonconformism|religious independence]] and the redistribution of power at the national level.

After the debacle at Hull Charles moved on to [[Nottingham]] where on [[22 August]] 1642, he raised the [[Royal Standard|royal standard]]. When he raised his standard Charles had with him about 2,000 cavalry and a small number of Yorkshire infantry men, and using the archaic system of a [[Commission of Array]] Charles's supporters started to build a larger army around the standard. Charles moved in a south westerly direction first to [[Stafford]] and then on to [[Shrewsbury]] because the support for his cause seemed particularly strong in the Severn valley area and in [[North Wales]].&lt;ref&gt;Trevor Royle [[#References|References]] pp 170, 183&lt;/ref&gt; While passing through [[Wellington, Shropshire|Wellington]] in what became known as the "[[Wellington Declaration]]" he declared that he would uphold the "Protestant religion, the laws of England, and the liberty of Parliament".

The Parliamentarians, who opposed the King, had not been passive during this pre-war period, as with Kingston upon Hull they had taken measures to secure other strategic towns and cities by appointing men sympathetic to their cause, and on [[June 9]] they had voted to raise an army of 10,000 volunteers appointing [[Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex]] commander three days later. He was ordered "to rescue His Majesty's person, and the persons of the [[Charles II of England|Prince [of Wales]]] and the [[James II of England|Duke of York]] out of the hands of those desperate persons who were about them". The lords lieutenants, who were appointed by parliament used the [[Militia Ordinance]] to order the militia to join Essex's army.&lt;ref&gt;Trevor Royle [[#References|References]] pp 165, 161&lt;/ref&gt;

Two weeks after the King had raised his standard at Nottingham, Essex led his army north towards [[Northampton]], picking up support along the way including a detachment of [[Cambridgeshire]] cavalry raised and commanded  by [[Oliver Cromwell]]. By the middle of September his army had grown to 21,000 infantry and 4200 cavalry and dragoons. On the [[14 September]] he moved his army to [[Coventry]] and then to the north of the [[Cotswolds]]. A strategy which placed his army between the Royalists and London. With the size of both armies now in the tens of thousands and only Worcestershire between them it was inevitable that cavalry reconnaissance units would sooner or later meet. This happened in the first major skirmish of the Civil War when a cavalry troop of about 1,000 Royalists commanded by [[Prince Rupert]], a German nephew of the King and one of the outstanding cavalry commanders of the war, defeated a Parliamentary cavalry detachment under the command of Colonel [[John Brown]] at the [[Battle of Powick Bridge]] a bridge across the [[River Teme]] close to [[Worcester]]. &lt;ref&gt;Trevor Royle [[#References|References]] pp 171-188&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Image:Prince Rupert of the Rhine.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Prince Rupert of the Rhine]]]]
Rupert withdrew to Shrewsbury, where at a council of war two courses of action were discussed either to advance towards Essex's new position near Worcester, or as the road to London was open to advance towards London. It was decided to advance towards London not to avoid a battle, for the Royalist generals wanted to fight Essex before he grew too strong, and the temper of both sides made it impossible to postpone the decision. In the [[Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon|Earl of Clarendon's]] words: "it was considered more counsellable to march towards London, it being morally sure that Essex would put himself in their way". Accordingly, the army left Shrewsbury on [[12 October]], gaining two days' start on the enemy, and moved south-east. This had the desired effect as it forced Essex to move to intercept them.&lt;ref&gt;[[Encyclopaedia Britannica Eleventh Edition]]&lt;/ref&gt;

The first [[pitched battle]] at [[Battle of Edgehill|Edgehill]] fought on [[23 October]] 1642, proved inconclusive, but both the Royalist and Parliamentarian sides claimed it as a victory. The second field action of the war, the stand-off at [[Turnham Green (Battle)|Turnham Green]], saw Charles forced to withdraw to [[Oxford]]. This city would serve as his base for the remainder of the war.

In 1643 the Royalist forces won at [[Battle of Adwalton Moor|Adwalton Moor]] and gained control of most of [[Yorkshire]]. In the Midlands, a Parliamentary force under [[Sir John Gell, 1st Baronet]] besieged and captured the cathedral city of [[Lichfield]] after the death of the original commander, Lord Brooke, and subsequently joined forces with Sir John Brereton to fight the inconclusive [[battle of Hopton Heath]], where the Royalist commander, the [[Earl of Northampton]], was killed. Subsequent battles in the west of England at [[Battle of Lansdowne|Lansdowne]] and at [[Battle of Roundway Down|Roundway Down]] also went to the Royalists. Prince Rupert could then take [[Bristol]]. In the same year, Oliver Cromwell formed his troop of "[[Ironside (cavalry)|Ironside]]s", a disciplined unit that demonstrated his military leadership ability. With their assistance he won a victory at the [[Battle of Gainsborough]] in July.

In general, the early part of the war went well for the Royalists. The turning point came in the late summer and early autumn of 1643, when the Earl of Essex's army forced the king to raise the [[siege of Gloucester]] and then brushed the Royalist army aside at the [[First Battle of Newbury]] (20 September 1643), in order to return triumphantly to London. Other Parliamentarian forces won the [[Battle of Winceby]], giving them control of [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]]. Political manoeuvring on both sides now led Charles to negotiate a ceasefire in [[Ireland]], freeing up English troops to fight on the Royalist side, while Parliament offered concessions to the Scots in return for aid and assistance.

With the help of the Scots, Parliament won at [[Battle of Marston Moor|Marston Moor]] in 1644, gaining [[York]] and the north of England. Cromwell's conduct in this battle proved decisive, and demonstrated his potential as a political or military leader. The defeat at the [[Battle of Lostwithiel]] in [[Cornwall]], however, marked a serious reverse for Parliament in the south-west of England. Subsequent fighting around [[Second Battle of Newbury|Newbury]], though tactically indecisive, strategically gave another check to Parliament.

[[Image:Oliver_CromwellUT.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Oliver Cromwell]]]]
In 1645, Parliament reaffirmed its determination to fight the war to a finish. It passed the [[Self-denying Ordinance]], by which all members of either House of Parliament laid down their commands, and reorganized its main forces into the [[New Model Army]] ("Army"), under the command of Sir [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron|Thomas Fairfax]], with Cromwell as his second-in-command and [[Lieutenant General|Lieutenant-General]] of Horse. In  two decisive engagements — the Battles of [[Battle of Naseby|Naseby]] on [[June 14]] and of [[Battle of Langport|Langport]] on [[July 10]] — Charles's armies were effectively destroyed.

In the remains of his English realm, Charles attempted to recover stability by consolidating the [[Midlands]]. He began to form an axis between Oxford and [[Newark on Trent]] in Nottinghamshire. Those towns had become fortresses and showed more reliable loyalty to him than to others. He took [[Leicester]], which lies between them, but found his resources exhausted. Having little opportunity to replenish them, on May 1646, he sought shelter with a Scottish army at [[Southwell, Nottinghamshire|Southwell]] in Nottinghamshire. This marked the end of the First English Civil War.

==The Second English Civil War==
{{Main|Second English Civil War}}

Charles I took advantage of this deflection of attention away from himself to negotiate a new agreement with the Scots, again promising church reform, on [[December 28]] [[1647]]. Although Charles himself remained a prisoner, this agreement led inexorably to the Second Civil War.

A series of Royalist uprisings throughout England and a Scottish invasion occurred in the summer of 1648. Forces loyal to Parliament put down most of the uprisings in England after little more than skirmishes, but uprisings in Kent, Essex and Cumberland, the rebellion in Wales and the Scottish invasion involved the fighting of pitched battles and prolonged sieges.

In the spring of 1648 unpaid Parliamentarian troops in [[Wales]] changed sides. Colonel [[Thomas Horton]] defeated the Royalist rebels at the [[Battle of St. Fagans]] ([[May 8]]) and the rebel leaders surrendered to Cromwell on [[July 11]] after the protracted two month [[siege of Pembroke]]. A Royalist uprising in Kent was defeated by [[Sir Thomas Fairfax]] at the [[Battle of Maidstone]] on [[June 24]]. Fairfax, after his success at [[Maidstone]] and the pacification of [[Kent]], turned northward to reduce [[Essex]], where, under their ardent, experienced and popular leader Sir [[Charles Lucas]], the Royalists were in arms in great numbers. Fairfax soon drove the enemy into [[Colchester]], but the first attack on the town was repulsed and he had to settle down to [[siege of Colchester|a long siege]].

In the North of England, Major-General [[John Lambert (General)|John Lambert]] fought a very successful campaign against a number of Royalist uprisings — the largest that of Sir [[Marmaduke Langdale]] in [[Cumberland]]. Thanks to Lambert's successes, the Scottish commander, the [[James Hamilton, 3rd Marquess and 1st Duke of Hamilton|Duke of Hamilton]], was forced to take the west route through Carlisle for the Royalist Scottish invasion of England. The Parliamentarians under Cromwell engaged the Scots at the [[Battle of Preston (1648)|Battle of Preston]] ([[August 17]] &amp;ndash; [[August 19]]). The battle was fought largely at [[Walton-le-Dale]] near [[Preston]] in [[Lancashire]], and resulted in a victory by the troops of Cromwell over the Royalists and Scots commanded by Hamilton. This Parliamentarian victory marked the end of the Second English Civil War.

Nearly all the Royalists who had fought in the First Civil War had given their parole not to bear arms against the Parliament, and many honourable Royalists, like [[Jacob Astley, 1st Baron Astley of Reading|Lord Astley]], refused to break their word by taking any part in the second war. So the victors in the Second Civil War showed little mercy to those who had brought war into the land again. On the evening of the surrender of Colchester, Sir Charles Lucas and Sir [[George Lisle]] were shot. The leaders of the Welsh rebels, Major-General [[Rowland Laugharne]], Colonel [[John Poyer]] and Colonel [[Rice Powel]]&lt;!--Some sources use Powell--&gt;, were sentenced to death, but Poyer alone was executed on [[April 25]] [[1649]], being the victim selected by lot. Of five prominent Royalist peers who had fallen into the hands of Parliament, three, the Duke of Hamilton, the [[Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland|Earl of Holland]], and [[Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell|Lord Capel]], one of the Colchester prisoners and a man of high character, were beheaded at Westminster on [[March 9]].

==Trial of Charles I for treason==
The betrayal by Charles caused Parliament to debate whether to return the King to power at all. Those who still supported Charles's place on the throne tried once more to negotiate with him.

Furious that Parliament continued to countenance Charles as a ruler, the army marched on Parliament and conducted "[[Pride's Purge]]" (named after the commanding officer of the operation, [[Thomas Pride]]) in December 1648. Troops arrested 45 Members of Parliament (MPs) and kept 146 out of parliament. Only 75 were allowed in, and then only at the army's bidding. This [[Rump Parliament]] was ordered to set up a high court of justice in order to try Charles I for treason in the name of the people of England.

The [[show trial]] reached its foregone conclusion. [[List of regicides of Charles I|59 Commissioners]] (judges) found Charles I guilty of [[high treason]], as a "tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy". He was [[Decapitation|beheaded]] on a scaffold in front of the [[Banqueting House]] of the [[Palace of Whitehall]] on [[January 30]], [[1649]]. After the [[English Restoration|Restoration]] in 1660, the [[regicide]]s who were still alive and not living in exile were either executed or sentenced to life imprisonment.

==The Third English Civil War==
{{Main|Third English Civil War}}

===Ireland===
{{See also|Cromwellian conquest of Ireland}}

Ireland had known continuous war since the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|rebellion of 1641]], with most of the island controlled by the [[Confederate Ireland|Irish Confederates]]. Increasingly threatened by the armies of the English Parliament after Charles I's arrest in 1648, the Confederates signed a treaty of alliance with the English Royalists. The joint Royalist and Confederate forces under [[James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde|Ormonde]] attempted to eliminate the Parliamentary army holding [[Dublin]], but their opponents routed them at the [[Battle of Rathmines]]. As the former Member of Parliament [[Admiral Robert Blake]] blockaded Prince Rupert's fleet in [[Kinsale]], Oliver Cromwell was able to land at [[Dublin]] on August 15, 1649 with the army to quell Royalist alliance in [[Ireland]].

Cromwell's suppression of the Royalists in [[Ireland]] during 1649 still has a strong resonance for many Irish people. The massacre of nearly 3,500 people in [[Drogheda]] after its [[siege of Drogheda|capture]] — comprising around 2,700 Royalist soldiers and all the men in the town carrying arms, including civilians, prisoners, and Catholic priests — is one of the historical memories that has driven Irish-English and Catholic-Protestant strife during the last three centuries. However, the massacre is significant mainly as a symbol of the Irish perception of Cromwellian cruelty, as far more people died in the subsequent [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] and scorched earth fighting in the country than at infamous massacres such as Drogheda and [[Wexford]]. The [[Parliament of England|Parliamentarian]] conquest of Ireland ground on for another four years until 1653, when the last [[Confederate Ireland|Irish Confederate]] and Royalist troops surrendered. It has been estimated that up to 30% of Ireland's population either died or were exiled by the end of the wars. Almost all Irish Catholic owned land was confiscated in the wake of the conquest and distributed to the Parliament's creditors, to the Parliamentary soldiers who served in Ireland, and to English people who had settled there before the war.

===Scotland===
{{See also|Scottish Civil War#Montrose's defeat and death|Scottish Civil War#Third Civil War}}

The execution of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] altered the dynamics of the [[Scottish Civil War]], which had raged between Royalists and [[Covenanters]] since 1644. By 1649, the Royalists there were in disarray and their erstwhile leader, the [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|Marquess of Montrose]], was in exile. At first, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] encouraged Montrose to raise a Highland army to fight on the Royalist side. However, when the Scottish Covenanters (who did not agree with the execution of Charles I and who feared for the future of [[Presbyterianism]] and Scottish independence under the new [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]]) offered him the crown of Scotland, Charles abandoned Montrose to his enemies. However, Montrose, who had raised a [[mercenary]] force in [[Norway]], had already landed and was unable to abandon the fight. He was unable to raise many Highland clans and his army was defeated at the [[Battle of Carbisdale 1650|Battle of Carbisdale]] in [[Ross-shire]] on [[April 27]] [[1650]]. Montrose was captured shortly afterwards and taken to Edinburgh, where on [[May 20]] he was sentenced to death by the Scottish parliament and was hanged the next day.

[[Image:Cromwell at Dunbar Andrew Carrick Gow.jpg|thumb|275px|right|"Cromwell at Dunbar", Andrew Carrick Gow.]]
Charles landed in Scotland at [[Garmouth]] in [[Morayshire]] on [[June 23]] [[1650]] and signed the [[1638]] [[National Covenant]] and the [[1643]] [[Solemn League and Covenant]] immediately after coming ashore. With his original Scottish Royalist followers and his new Covenanter allies, King Charles II became the greatest threat facing the new English Republic. In response to the threat, Cromwell left some of his lieutenants in Ireland to continue the suppression of the Irish Royalists and returned to England.

He arrived in Scotland on [[July 22]], [[1650]] and proceeded to lay siege to Edinburgh. By the end of August disease and a shortage of supplies had reduced his army, and he was forced to order a retreat towards his base at Dunbar. A Scottish army, assembled under the command of [[David Leslie]], tried to block the retreat, but the Scots were defeated at the [[Battle of Dunbar (1650)|Battle of Dunbar]] on [[September 3]]. Cromwell's army then took Edinburgh, and by the end of the year, his army had occupied much of southern Scotland.

In July 1651, Cromwell's forces crossed the [[Firth of Forth]] into [[Fife]] and defeated the Scots at the [[Battle of Inverkeithing]]. The New Model Army advanced towards [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], which allowed Charles, at the head of the Scottish army, to move south into England. Cromwell followed Charles into England, leaving [[George Monck]] to finish the campaign in Scotland. Monck took [[Stirling]] on [[August 14]] and [[Dundee]] on [[September 1]]. The next year, 1652, the remnants of Royalist resistance were mopped up, and under the terms of the "[[Tender of Union]]", the Scots were given 30 seats in a united Parliament in London, with General Monck appointed as the military governor of Scotland.

===England===
Although Cromwell's New Model Army had defeated a Scottish army at Dunbar, Cromwell could not prevent Charles II from marching from Scotland deep into England at the head of another Royalist army. The Royalists marched to the west of England because it was in that area that English Royalist sympathies were strongest, but although some English Royalists joined the army, they came in far fewer numbers than Charles and his Scottish supporters had hoped. Cromwell finally engaged the new king at [[Battle of Worcester|Worcester]] on [[September 3]] 1651, and defeated him. [[Escape of Charles II|Charles II escaped]], via safe houses and a famous [[Royal Oak (tree)|oak tree]], to France, ending the civil wars.

==Political control==
During the course of the Wars the Parliamentarians established a number of successive committees to oversee the war effort. The first of these, the [[English Committee of Safety|Committee of Safety]], created in July 1642, comprised 15 Members of Parliament.

Following the [[England|Anglo]]-[[Scotland|Scottish]] alliance against the Royalists, the [[Committee of Both Kingdoms]] replaced the Committee of Safety  between 1644 and 1648, when it was dissolved as the alliance ended. The English members of the former Committee for Both Kingdoms continued to meet and became known as the [[Derby House Committee]]. This in turn was replaced by a second Committee of Safety.

==Aftermath==
Estimates suggest that around 10 percent of the three kingdoms' population may have died during the civil wars. As usual in wars of this era, disease caused more deaths than combat did.

The wars left England, Scotland and Ireland amongst the few countries in Europe without a monarch. In the wake of victory, many of the ideals (and many of the idealists) became sidelined. The republican government of the [[Commonwealth of England]] ruled England (and later all of Scotland and Ireland) from 1649 to 1653 and from 1659 to 1660. Between the two periods, and due to in-fighting amongst various factions in Parliament, [[Oliver Cromwell]] ruled over [[the Protectorate]] as [[Lord Protector]] (effectively a military [[dictator]]) until his death in 1658.

Upon his death, Oliver Cromwell's son [[Richard Cromwell|Richard]] became Lord Protector, but the Army had little confidence in him. After seven months the Army removed Richard, and in May 1659 it re-installed the Rump. However, since the Rump Parliament acted as though nothing had changed since 1653 and as if it could treat the Army as it liked, military force shortly afterwards dissolved this too. After the second dissolution of the Rump, in October 1659, the prospect of a total descent into anarchy loomed as the Army's pretence of unity finally dissolved into factions.

Into this atmosphere General [[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle|George Monck]], governor of Scotland under the Cromwells, marched south with his army from Scotland. On [[April 4]], 1660, in the [[Declaration of Breda]], [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England. Monck organised the [[Convention Parliament#Convention Parliament of 1660|Convention Parliament]], which met for the first time on [[April 25]]. On [[May 8]] it declared that King Charles II had reigned as the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649. Charles returned from exile on [[May 23]]. Later in London, on [[May 29]], the populace acclaimed him as king. His coronation took place at [[Westminster Abbey]] on [[April 23]], 1661. These events became known as the ''[[English Restoration]]''.

As they resulted in the restoration of the monarchy with the consent of Parliament, the civil wars effectively set England and Scotland on course to adopt a [[parliamentary monarchy]] form of government. This system would result in the outcome that the future [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], formed in 1707 under the [[Act of Union 1707|Acts of Union]], would avoid participation in the European republican movements that followed the [[Jacobin (politics)|Jacobin]] revolution in [[18th century|18th-century]] France and the later success of [[Napoleon]]. Specifically, future monarchs became wary of pushing Parliament too hard, and Parliament effectively chose the line of succession in 1688 with the [[Glorious Revolution]] and in the [[1701]] [[Act of Settlement 1701|Act of Settlement]]. After the [[English Restoration|Restoration]], Parliament's factions became [[political party|political parties]] (later becoming the [[Tory|Tories]] and [[Whig (UK)|Whigs]]) with competing views and varying abilities to influence the decisions of their monarchs.

==Theories relating to the English Civil War==
Throughout the greater part of the [[20th century]], two schools of thought dominated theoretical explanations of the Civil War: the [[Marxism|Marxist]]s and the 'Whigs'. Both of them explained the English seventeenth century in terms of long-term trends.

Whigs explained the Civil War as the result of a centuries-long struggle between Parliament (especially the House of Commons) and the monarchy. Parliament fought to defend the traditional rights of Englishmen, while the monarchy attempted on every occasion to expand its right to dictate law arbitrarily. The most important Whig historian, [[Samuel Rawson Gardiner|S.R. Gardiner]], popularized the idea of describing the civil war as a 'Puritan Revolution' which challenged the repressive nature of the Stuart church and paved the way for the [[religious toleration]] of the Restoration. Puritanism, in this view, became the natural ally of a people seeking to preserve their traditional rights against the arbitrary power of the monarchy.

The Marxist school of thought, which became popular in the 1940s, interpreted the Civil War as a [[bourgeois]] [[revolution]]. In the words of [[Christopher Hill (historian)|Christopher Hill]], "the Civil War was a class war". On the side of reaction stood the [[landed aristocracy]] and its ally, the [[established church]]. On the other side stood (again, according to Hill) "the trading and industrial classes in town and countryside. . . the yeomen and progressive gentry, and. . . wider masses of the population whenever they were able by free discussion to understand what the struggle was really about". The Civil War occurred at the point in English history at which the wealthy [[middle class]]es, already a powerful force in society, liquidated the outmoded medieval system of English government. Like the Whigs, the Marxists found a place for the role of religion in their account. Puritanism as a moral system ideally suited the bourgeois class, and so the Marxists identified Puritans as inherently bourgeois.

Beginning in the 1970s, a new generation of historians began mounting challenges to the Marxist and Whig theories. This began with the publication in 1973 of the anthology ''[[The Origins of the English Civil War]]'' (edited by [[Conrad Russell]]). These historians disliked the way that Marxists and Whigs explained the Civil War in terms of long-term trends in English society. The new historians called for, and began producing, studies which focussed on the minute particulars of the years immediately preceding the war, thus returning in some ways to the sort of contingency-based historiography of [[Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon|Clarendon]]'s famous contemporary history of the Civil War. As a result, they have demonstrated that the pattern of allegiances in the war did not fit the theories of Whig or Marxist historians. Puritans, for example, did not necessarily ally themselves with Parliamentarians, and many of them did not identify as bourgeois; many bourgeois fought on the side of the King; many landed aristocrats supported Parliament.

The new generation of historians (commonly called 'Revisionists') have discredited large sections of the Whig and Marxist interpretations of the war. Many of these historians (such as [[Jane Ohlmeyer]]) have discarded the title 'English Civil War' and replaced it with the 'Wars of the Three Kingdoms' or even the geographically arguable but politically incorrect 'British Civil Wars'. This forms part of a wider trend in British history towards the study of the whole of the [[British Isles]] ([[Islands of the North Atlantic|IONA]]). This trend reacts against what its proponents perceive as 'Anglocentric' history, which concentrates on England and ignores or marginalizes other parts of the British Isles. These revisionist historians argue that one cannot fully understand the English Civil War in isolation; it needs to stand as just one conflict in a series of interlocking conflicts throughout the British Isles. They see the causes of the war as a consequence arising from one king, Charles I, ruling over multiple kingdoms. For example, the wars unfolded when Charles I tried to impose an Anglican prayer book on Scotland; when the Scots resisted he declared war on them, but had to raise heavy taxes in England to pay for campaigning, which triggered the Civil War in England.

==Re-enactments==
Two large historical societies exist, [[The Sealed Knot (reenactment)|The Sealed Knot]] and [[The English Civil War Society]], which regularly [[English Civil War reenactment|re-enact]] events and battles of the Civil War in full period costume.

==See also==
* [[English Civil War timeline]]
* [[Levellers]], [[Fifth Monarchists]], [[Quaker history|Quakers]], [[Diggers (True Levellers)|Diggers]] and [[Ranters]]
* [[Thirty Years' War|The Thirty Years' War]] for a defining event in European history during the reign of Charles I.

==References==
* Royal, Trevor; "Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms 1638-1660"; Pub Abacus 2006; (first published 2004); ISBN 9780349115641

==Further reading==
*[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2894 The Revolution Over the Revolution]
*[http://gainesjunction.tamu.edu/issues/vol2num1/bduke.pdf Jack Goldstone’s Model and the English Civil War] by Brandon W Duke
*[http://www.rjplincs.plus.com/ariwxe1CivilWar(home.htm This page has links to some transcriptions of contemporary documents concerning eastern England]
*[http://www.theteacher99.btinternet.co.uk/ecivil/index.htm A national Civil War chronology]
*[http://www.rjplincs.plus.com/oriwxs5CivilWarLincs(chron.htm Civil War chronology for Lincolnshire and its environs]
==Footnotes==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:English Civil War|English Civil War]]
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      <text bytes="37995" sha1="2f6e19c5s23nrm0k8huh9nxu6a3p7z7" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Second world war europe animation small.gif|250px|thumb|right|Animation of the WWII European Theatre.]]
The '''European Theatre''' was an area of heavy fighting across [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]], during [[World War II]], from [[wikipedia:1 September|1 September]] [[1939]] to [[wikipedia:8 May|8 May]] [[1945]].  [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces fought the [[Axis powers  of World War II|Axis powers]] in three [[wikipedia:Theater (warfare)|theatres]]: the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]] and the [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II|Mediterranean Theatre]].

== Preceding events ==
{{main|Events preceding World War II in Europe|Causes of World War II}}
After [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]] was defeated in [[World War I]], the [[Treaty of Versailles]] placed punitive conditions on the country, including significant financial reparations, the loss of territory (some only temperarily), and war guilt clauses. While Germany ended up actually paying only a small amount of the reparations, many Germans blamed their country's post-war economic collapse and [[wikipedia:hyperinflation|hyperinflation]] on the treaty's conditions. These resentments contributed to the political instability which made it possible for [[Adolf Hitler]] and his [[National Socialist German Workers Party|National Socialist Party]] to come to power, with Hitler's appointment as [[wikipedia:Chancellor of Germany|Chancellor of Germany]]. 

[[Image:Hitlermusso.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Hitler|Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini]].]]
Meanwhile, in [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]] [[fascist]] leader [[Benito Mussolini]] came to power in [[1923]], after his [[March on Rome]] had turned the country into a fascist state. Both leaders and parties had a strong sense of [[wikipedia:nationalism|nationalism]] with them, and turned their respective countries into [[wikipedia:totalitarian|totalitarian]] and [[wikipedia:Political repression|repressive]] states.

After [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] took Germany out of the [[League of Nations]], Mussolini and Hitler formed the Rome-Berlin axis, under a treaty known as the [[Pact of Steel]]. Later, [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] would also join. Japan and Germany had already signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]] in 1939. Other smaller powers also later joined the axis.

== Outbreak of war in Europe ==
[[Image:German Troops In Warsaw.jpg|thumb|left|300px|German troops parade through [[wikipedia:Warsaw|Warsaw]], [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]] in October [[1939]].]]
[[Nazi Germany]] and the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] were sworn enemies, but following the [[Munich Agreement]], which effectively handed [[wikipedia:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]], the only remaining democracy in Central Europe and a French and Soviet ally, over to Germany, political realities allowed the Soviet Union to sign a [[wikipedia:non-aggression pact|non-aggression pact]] (the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]]) including a secret clause partitioning [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], the [[wikipedia:Baltic States|Baltic Republics]] and [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]] between the two. 

[[Image:Edward Rydz-Smigly.jpg|thumb|[[wikipedia:Edward Rydz-Smigly|Edward Rydz-Śmigły]], Polish Commander in Chief.]]
Full-scale war in Europe began on [[wikipedia:September 1|September 1]], [[1939]], when Nazi Germany invaded [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], to which both Britain and France had pledged guarantees. On [[wikipedia:3 September|3 September]] [[1939]], Britain and France declared war on Germany and British troops were sent to France, however neither French nor British troops [[Western betrayal#The Phony War|gave any significant assistance to the Poles]] during the entire [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]], and the German-French border, excepting the [[wikipedia:Saar Offensive|Saar Offensive]], remained calm.

On [[wikipedia:September 17|September 17]], the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] invaded Poland from the east and hours after that, the [[Polish government-in-exile|Polish government]] [[Romanian Bridgehead|evacuated the country for Romania]]. Poland fell within 5 weeks, with her last large operational units surrendering on [[wikipedia:October 5|October 5]] after the [[Battle of Kock (1939)|Battle of Kock]]. As the Polish September Campaign ended, Hitler offered to the United Kingdom and France peace on the basis of recognition in the new situation in east Europe. On [[wikipedia:October 12|October 12]], he got a negative answer from the United Kingdom.

Poland however had not capitulated and [[Polish government in exile, 1939-1990|Polish government in exile]] continued to command [[Polish contribution to World War II|a large army and the world's largest resistance network, contributing]] to the defeat of Nazi Germany.

Despite the quick campaign in the east, along the Franco-German frontier the war settled into a quiet period. This relatively non-confrontational period between the major powers lasted until [[wikipedia:May 10|May 10]], [[1940]], and was known as the [[Phony War]].

== Germany assumes dominance in northern Europe ==
Several other countries, however, were drawn into the conflict at this time. By [[wikipedia:September 28|September 28]], 1939, the three [[wikipedia:Baltic States|Baltic Republics]] felt they had no choice but to permit Soviet bases and troops on their territory. The [[Occupation of Baltic Republics|Baltic Republics were ocupied]] by the Soviet army in June, 1940, and finally annexed to the Soviet Union in August, 1940.

The Soviet Union offered a similar treaty to [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]] at the same time, but Finland rejected it and was invaded by the Soviets on [[wikipedia:November 30|November 30]]. This began the [[Winter War]]. After over three months of hard fighting, and heavy losses, the Soviet Union gave up the attempted invasion. In the [[Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)|Moscow Peace Treaty]], [[wikipedia:March 12|March 12]], 1940, Finland ceded 10% of her territory. The Finns were embittered over having lost more land in the peace than on the battle fields, and over the perceived lack of world sympathy.

On [[wikipedia:April 9|April 9]] 1940 Germany commenced ''[[Weserübung]]'' to seize and [[Occupation of Denmark|occupy Denmark]] and [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]], ostensibly as a defensive maneuver against a planned (and openly discussed) Franco-British occupation of those countries aimed at controlling export of [[Swedish iron ore (WWII)|Swedish iron ore]] and the Northern [[wikipedia:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]. After the failed [[British campaign in Norway]], Finland and Sweden were physically cut off from the [[wikipedia:Western world|West]]. As a consequence, Germany put pressure on [[wikipedia:neutral country|neutral]] Sweden to permit transition of military goods and soldiers on leave. Germany's presence proximate to northernmost Finland, and [[wikipedia:Nickel deposits of Finland|its Nickel mines]], were perceived as an improvement of the strategic situation by the Finns.

== War comes to the west ==
On [[wikipedia:May 10|May 10]] the [[Phony War]] ended with a sweeping German invasion of [[wikipedia:Belgium|Belgium]], the [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]] and [[wikipedia:Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], that bypassed French fortifications along the [[wikipedia:Maginot Line|Maginot Line]]. After overrunning these countries Germany turned against [[wikipedia:France|France]], entering the country through the [[wikipedia:Ardennes|Ardennes]] on [[wikipedia:May 13|May 13]] -the French had made the fatal mistake of leaving this area almost totally undefended, believing its terrain to be impassable for tanks. Most Allied forces were in [[wikipedia:Flanders|Flanders]], anticipating a re-run of the [[World War I]] [[Schlieffen Plan]], and were cut off from the French heartland. As a result of this, and also the superior German communications, the [[Battle of France]] was shorter than virtually all prewar Allied thought could have conceived. It lasted six weeks, including the [[Luftwaffe]] bombing of Paris [[wikipedia:June 3|June 3]]rd, after which France surrendered. In order to further the humiliation of the French people, Hitler arranged for the surrender document to be signed in the same railway coach where the German surrender had been signed in [[1918]]. The surrender divided France into two parts; the Northern part occupied by Nazi Germany, and a southern part under French control, based at [[wikipedia:Vichy|Vichy]] and referred to as [[Vichy France]]. Many French soldiers, as well as those of other occupied countries, escaped to Britain. The General [[Charles de Gaulle|de Gaulle]] proclaimed himself the legitimate leader of [[Free French]] forces and vowed to continue to fight. On 10 June Italy also declared war.

[[wikipedia:Vyacheslav Molotov|Vyacheslav Molotov]], the Prime Minister of the USSR  which was tied with [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|Soviet-German non-aggression treaty]], congratulated the Germans: ''“We hand over the most cordial congratulations by the Soviet government on the occasion of splendid success of German Wehrmacht. [[wikipedia:Guderian|Guderian]]'s tanks broke through to the sea near Aberville, powered by Soviet fuel, the German bombs, that razed [[wikipedia:Rotterdam|Rotterdam]] to the ground, were filled with Soviet [[wikipedia:pyroxylin|pyroxylin]], and bullet cases, which hit the British soldiers retreating from [[wikipedia:Dunkirk|Dunkirk]], were cast of Soviet cupronickel alloy...”'' [http://www.hro.org/editions/karta/nr1/lozinsk.htm]

Later, on April 24, 1941, the USSR gave full diplomatic recognition to the Vichy government situated in the non-occupied zone in France.&lt;ref&gt;http://home.pacific.net.au/~andy/bs/bs1-2.htm&lt;/ref&gt; 

Thus, the fall of France left Britain and its Empire to stand alone. The British Prime Minister, [[Neville Chamberlain]], resigned during the battle and was replaced by [[Winston Churchill]]. Fortunately for Britain, much of its army [[Operation Dynamo|escaped capture]] from the northern French port of [[wikipedia:Dunkirk, France|Dunkirk]], where thousands of tiny civilian boats were used to ferry troops from the beaches to the waiting warships. There is much debate over whether German Panzer divisions could have defeated these soldiers alone if they had pressed forward, since the tank divisions were overextended and would require extensive refitting; in any case, Hitler elected to follow the advice of air minister [[wikipedia:Herman Goering|Herman Goering]] and allow the [[Luftwaffe]] alone to attack the Allied forces until German Infantry was able to advance, giving the British a window for the evacuation. Later, many of the evacuated troops would form an important part of the army that landed at [[wikipedia:Normandy|Normandy]] on [[D-Day]].

The British rejected several covert German attempts to negotiate a peace. Germany massed their air force in northern France to prepare the way for a possible invasion, codenamed [[Operation Sea Lion|''Operation Seelöwe'']] (Sea Lion), deeming that air superiority was essential for the invasion. The operations of the Luftwaffe against the [[wikipedia:Royal Air Force|Royal Air Force]] became known as the [[Battle of Britain]]. Initially the Luftwaffe concentrated on destroying the RAF on the ground and in the air. They later switched to bombing major British cities in [[wikipedia:the Blitz|the Blitz]], in an attempt to draw RAF fighters out and defeat them. Neither approach was successful in reducing the RAF to the point where air superiority could be obtained, and plans for an invasion were suspended.

[[image:StPaulsCathedral.jpg|right|thumb|250px|St Paul's Cathedral during the bombing of London.]]
During the Blitz, all of Britain's major industrial cites were heavily bombed.  [[wikipedia:London|London]] suffered particularly, being bombed each night for several months. Other targets included [[wikipedia:Birmingham|Birmingham]] and [[wikipedia:Coventry|Coventry]], and strategically important cities, such as the naval base at [[wikipedia:Plymouth|Plymouth]] and the port of [[wikipedia:Kingston upon Hull|Kingston upon Hull]]. With no land forces in direct conflict in Europe, the war in the air attracted worldwide attention even as sea units fought the [[Battle of the Atlantic (1940)|Battle of the Atlantic]] and a number of British [[wikipedia:commando|commando]] raids hit targets in occupied Europe. Churchill famously said of the RAF personnel who fought in the battle: ''"Never in the field of human conflict has so much been owed by so many to so few"''.

== The war in the air ==
The air war in the European Theatre generally dates from 1939, but - for the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] - it dates from [[wikipedia:July 4|July 4]], [[1942]] when the US deployed US Army Air Forces units to England to join the assault on Germany. The Air offensive officially came to an end on [[wikipedia:June 5|June 5]], [[1944]], and was replaced by aerial participation in the ground offensives that started on [[wikipedia:June 6|June 6]], [[1944]]. From that day forward, all aerial offensives for USAAF units were coordinated with the ground offensives.

Prewar doctrine had held that waves of bombers hitting enemy cities would cause mass panic and the rapid collapse of the enemy. As a result, the [[wikipedia:Royal Air Force|Royal Air Force]] had built up a large strategic bomber force. By way of contrast, Nazi German air force doctrine was almost totally dedicated to supporting the army. Therefore, German bombers were smaller than their British equivalents, and Germany never developed a four engined heavy bomber equivalent to the [[Avro Lancaster|Lancaster]], [[B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17]] or [[B-24 Liberator|B-24]].

[[Image:FirestormHamburg.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Fire storm in Hamburg.]]
The main concentration of German raids on British cities was from autumn [[1940]] until spring [[1941]]. After that a large proportion of the strength of the Luftwaffe was diverted to the war against the Soviet Union. German raids continued on a smaller scale for the rest of the war, and later the [[V1 Flying Bomb]] and [[V-2 rocket|V-2]] ballistic missile were both used against Britain. However, the balance of bomb tonnage being dropped shifted greatly in favour of the RAF as [[wikipedia:RAF Bomber Command|Bomber Command]] gained in strength. By [[1942]], Bomber Command could put 1,000 bombers over one German city. From 1942 onwards, the efforts of Bomber Command were supplemented by the [[wikipedia:Eighth Air Force|Eighth Air Force]] of the [[wikipedia:United States Army Air Forces|United States Army Air Forces]]. Bomber Command raided by night and the US forces by day. On [[wikipedia:February 14|February 14]] [[1945]], a [[Bombing of Dresden in World War II|raid on Dresden]] produced one of the most devastating fires in history. A firestorm was created in the city, and between 25,000&amp;ndash;35,000 people were killed. Only the [[Bombing of Hamburg in World War II|raid on Hamburg]] ([[wikipedia:July 24|July 24]], [[1943]]), the [[Bombing of Tokyo in World War II|firebombing of Tokyo]] and the nuclear attacks on [[wikipedia:Hiroshima|Hiroshima]] ([[wikipedia:August 6|August 6]], [[1945]]) and [[wikipedia:Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] ([[wikipedia:August 9|August 9]], [[1945]]) killed more people through a single attack.

==The Mediterranean and Balkans==
{{main|Mediterranean Theatre of World War II|Balkans Campaign}}
Italy had invaded [[wikipedia:Albania|Albania]] on [[wikipedia:April 7|April 7]], [[1939]] and had officially annexed it. Mussolini's regime declared war on Britain and France on [[wikipedia:June 11|June 11]], 1940, and invaded [[wikipedia:Greece|Greece]] on [[wikipedia:October 28|October 28]]. However, Italian forces were unable to match the Nazi successes in northwest Europe. 

The Italian ''[[wikipedia:Regia Aeronautica|Regia Aeronautica]]'' began the long and unsuccessful [[siege of Malta (1940)|siege of Malta]] on [[wikipedia:June 12|June 12]]. Even the surrender of France did not greatly assist the Axis forces. The naval [[Battle of the Mediterranean]] was a disaster for the Italian ''[[wikipedia:Regia Marina|Regia Marina]]'' and the Vichy French navy, which were effectively destroyed as fighting forces by the [[wikipedia:Royal Navy|Royal Navy]] and the [[wikipedia:Royal Australian Navy|Royal Australian Navy]] during 1940, most notably in the [[Destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir|attack on Mers-el-Kebir]] ([[wikipedia:July 3|July 3]]) and the [[Battle of Taranto]] ([[wikipedia:November 11|November 11]]). 

Not only did the Italians fail to conquer Greece, but under the supervision of Greece's dictator, [[wikipedia:List of Prime Ministers of Greece|Prime Minister]] [[wikipedia:Ioannis Metaxas|Ioannis Metaxas]], the Greeks successfully counterattacked into Albania, from [[wikipedia:November 14|November 14]].

The [[wikipedia:Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], lacking true leadership of a king and instead ruled by a regency headed by [[wikipedia:Prince Pavle of Yugoslavia|Prince Pavle]] [[wikipedia:Karadjordjevic|Karađorđević]], signed the [[Tripartite Treaty]] on [[wikipedia:March 25|March 25]], [[1941]]. The regency did this because they were promised by Hitler that if they joined and let the Axis attack Greece through their territory Yugoslavia would be given areas of Northern Greece including [[wikipedia:Salonika|Salonika]]. However, soon afterwards, after public demonstrations, a [[wikipedia:March 27|March 27]] [[wikipedia:coup d'état|coup d'état]] was made by Army General [[wikipedia:Dusan Simovic|Dušan Simović]] which took control away from the regency and distanced Yugoslavia from the fascists.

The imminent Greek victory over Italy prompted German intervention. On [[wikipedia:April 6|April 6]], [[1941]] German forces, supported by the Italians, Hungarians and the Bulgarians, engaged in combat with the Greeks and simultaneously invaded Yugoslavia. British, [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]]n and [[wikipedia:New Zealand|New Zealand]] forces were hastily dispatched from [[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]] to Greece, but the Allies lacked a co-ordinated strategy, were comprehensively beaten and evacuated to [[wikipedia:Crete|Crete]]. Advancing rapidly, Axis forces captured [[wikipedia:Athens|Athens]], Greece's capital on [[wikipedia:April 27|April 27]], [[1941]] effectively placing most of the country under occupation.

After the mainland was conquered, Germany invaded Crete in what is known as the [[Battle of Crete]] ([[wikipedia:May 20|May 20]]-[[wikipedia:June 1|June 1]], [[1941]]). Instead of an [[amphibious vehicle|amphibious]] assault as expected, the Germans mounted a large airborne invasion. The paratroopers (''[[Fallschirmjäger]]'') were so badly mauled in the process that an airborne operation was never again attempted by Germany during the war. However, the Germans eventually prevailed on Crete. Most of the Allied forces were evacuated to Egypt &amp;mdash; joining King [[wikipedia:George II of Greece|George II of Greece]] and the exiled Greek government of [[wikipedia:Emmanouil Tsouderos|Emmanouil Tsouderos]] &amp;mdash; on [[wikipedia:June 1|June 1]], [[1941]].

Once the Balkans were secure, the largest land operation in history was launched, when Germany attacked the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the postponement of this invasion due to the Balkans would later prove fatal for Nazi Germany.

== The Eastern Front ==
{{main|Eastern Front (WWII)}}
On [[wikipedia:June 22|June 22]], [[1941]], Germany launched an invasion against the Soviet Union, code-named [[Operation Barbarossa]]. The leader of the USSR, [[wikipedia:Josef Stalin|Josef Stalin]], had been warned repeatedly by outside sources and his own intelligence network of the impending invasion, but he ignored the warnings. Moreover, on the very night of the invasion Soviet troops received a directive undersigned by [[wikipedia:Marshal|Marshal]] [[wikipedia:Timoshenko|Timoshenko]] and [[wikipedia:General of the Army|General of the Army]] [[wikipedia:Georgi Zhukov|Georgi Zhukov]] that commanded: "do not answer to any provocations" and "do not undertake any actions without specific orders". The early weeks of the invasion were devastating for the Soviet Army. Enormous numbers of Soviet troops were encircled in pockets and fell into Nazi German hands. In addition to German troops, a few Italian, Hungarian and Romanian troops were also involved in the campaign. [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]] also sent troops, but oddly, the Finns initially declared neutrality, however with both German and Soviet troops on her soil, Finland was well prepared for to join forces with Nazi Germany when the Soviet Union attacked on [[wikipedia:June 25|June 25]]. The following conflict from [[1941]]-[[1944]] is sometimes referred to as the [[Continuation War]], as in the continuation of the [[Winter War]].

Operation Barbarossa suffered from several fundamental flaws. The most serious of these was the logistical situation of the attack. The sheer vastness of the distances in the Soviet Union meant that Nazi Germany could only advance so far before outrunning their supply chains. By the time the German attack froze to a halt before Moscow on [[wikipedia:December 5|December 5]], [[1941]], it literally could not go any further. There simply were not enough supplies reaching the front to conduct proper defensive operations, let alone a proper offence. The timetable that Barbarossa was planned to assumed that the Soviets would collapse before the Russian winter hit. The failure of that to happen also fatally affected Nazi German plans. Had Hitler not invaded Greece earlier in the year, the invasion would have proceeded at that time, and the Soviet Union might have collapsed.

During their long retreat, the Soviets employed a [[wikipedia:scorched earth|scorched earth]] policy. They burnt crops and destroyed utilities as they withdrew before Germany. That helped to contribute to the logistical problems that Germany experienced. More importantly for them, the Soviets also succeeded in a massive and unprecedented removal of their industry from the threatened war zone to protected areas in the East.

The extension of the campaign beyond the length that Germany expected meant that the German Army suffered hundreds of thousands of casualties in the bitter cold of the Russian winter, and from the counterattacks of Soviet units.

Even with their advance having ground to a halt due to a lack of supplies and the onset of winter, Germany had conquered a vast amount of territory, including two-fifths of the Soviet economy. Dislodging them proved difficult and eventually cost the Soviet Union dearly.

A few months after the invasion began, German troops laid siege to Leningrad (known as the [[Siege of Leningrad]]) from the North by Finnish forces, and from the South by the German Wehrmacht. Finland's C-in-C [[wikipedia:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|Mannerheim]] had halted at the [[wikipedia:River Svir|River Svir]] and refrained from attacking the city. Hitler had ordered that the city of Leningrad must "vanish from the surface of the earth", with its entire population exterminated. Rather than storming the city, the Wehrmacht was ordered to blockade Leningrad so as to starve the city to death, while attacking it with bombers and artillery.  About one million civilians died in the Leningrad siege - 800,000 by starvation. It lasted 506 days. During the winter, the only way into the city was across [[wikipedia:Lake Ladoga|Lake Ladoga]], between the German and Finnish lines.

[[Image:Yalta Conference.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The "Big Three" Allied leaders.  From left to right: [[Winston Churchill]] (UK), [[wikipedia:Franklin Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] (USA), and [[wikipedia:Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin]] (USSR).]]
After enduring the winter of 1941-1942, the German army prepared for further offensive operations. One of the major problems faced by the Nazi war machine in World War II was a shortage of oil. For this reason, Germany decided to give up on Moscow for the time being, and the [[Operation Blue|summer offensive]] of [[1942]] decided to focus on the war in the south, with the target being the oil fields of the [[wikipedia:Caucasus|Caucasus]]. In a major blunder, Hitler split Army Group South into two subgroups, Army Group A which would attack the Caucasus and army group B which would advance towards the city of [[wikipedia:Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] (now [[wikipedia:Volgograd|Volgograd]]).

Indecision by Hitler, dissent among the higher ranked Nazi German officers, and extended supply lines combined in a prolonged battle in the streets of Stalingrad. Germany eventually occupied over 90% of the city, but in an attempt to defeat the remaining Soviet defenders almost all Germans in the area were funneled into the ruins of the city. Months of bitter hand-to-hand combat in the ruins of the city depleted the German forces, leaving only weak [[wikipedia:Romania]]n and [[wikipedia:Hungary|Hungarian]] forces to guard the flanks of the Stalingrad army group. In [[Operation Uranus]], the Soviets easily defeated these minor axis forces as they performed an encirclement operation. The German troops remaining in the city were trapped - cut off from their supply lines and starving, they were ordered by Hitler to fight to the last man, and they displayed incredible fortitude and bravery under unbearable conditions.

Starved of food, fuel and ammunition, the pocket was gradually reduced, with the last portion surrendering on February 2nd 1943. In a cynical attempt to prevent the surrender, Hitler promoted [[wikipedia:Friedrich Paulus|Friedrich Paulus]], Commander of 6th Army to [[wikipedia:Field Marshal|Field Marshal]], because no German of that rank had ever surrendered. Heavy losses affected both sides in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], one of the bloodiest battles in history. An estimated 1.5 million people perished in this battle, including 100,000 civilians.

After Stalingrad, the initiative had passed from Germany but had not yet been seized by the Soviets. A desperate counterattack in the spring of 1943 by the forces of von Manstein temporarily halted the Soviet advance, and lead to the largest tank battle in history, at Kursk. [[Battle of Kursk|Kursk]] was the last major offensive by the German Army on the eastern front. The Soviets had intelligence of what was to come and prepared massive defences in huge depth in the Kursk salient. They stopped the German armoured thrusts after a maximum penetration of 17 miles. After Kursk the Red Army never ceased being on the offensive until Berlin was captured in May [[1945]].

The Soviets bore the brunt of World War II; the second front in Europe did not begin until D-Day, apart from the invasion of Italy. More Soviet citizens died during World War II than those of all other countries combined. Approximately 27 million Soviets, among them more than 20 million civilians, were killed in the Nazi German invasion of the Soviet Union. Civilians were rounded up and burned or shot in many cities conquered by the Nazis. Since the Nazis considered Slavs to be "subhuman", this was ethnically targeted mass murder.

About seven million Red Army troops died facing the Germans and their allies in the Eastern Front. The Axis forces themselves suffered about four million deaths, whether by combat or by wounds, disease, starvation or exposure; another several hundred thousand were seized as POWs and died in Soviet gulags.

It would be wrong however to say the Soviets fought alone. Supply convoys sailed to Soviet ports at great risk. Allied activities may have tied up only a few divisions in actual fighting, but many more were forced to guard lonely coasts against raids that never came or to man antiaircraft guns throughout Europe. It should also be mentioned that the Soviets took virtually no part in the great naval campaigns of the war, had a very limited effect on the strategic bombing offensive, and contributed very little to the defeat of Japan. Virtually their entire armed forces fought against German forces in the western regions.

It is possible, that if Hitler had not held such high goals for Germany, he might have defeated the Soviets. For instance, if Hitler had concentrated on taking Moscow, he would have succeeded in driving a fatal wedge into the heart of the Soviet Union. However, when the opportunity presented itself, Hitler transferred troops to help capture [[Kiev]], which held no military value.  Later, he tried to capture the oil in the Caucasus, and he might have, if he had not continually switched troops to where they were not needed. Incredibly, Hitler had wanted to capture all of the Soviet territory to the Ural mountains, a million square miles (2,600,000&amp;nbsp;km²) of land area. In truth, the German army could afford only to capture and hold one major area: [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukraine]] and the [[wikipedia:Caucasus|Caucasus]], [[wikipedia:Moscow|Moscow]] and central [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]], or [[wikipedia:Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] and northern Russia. [[Operation Barbarossa|Barbarossa]] proved to be Hitler's grave. 
See also [[Prague Offensive]].

== Allied invasion of Italy ==
{{main|Italian Campaign (World War II)}}
Successes in the North African desert left the Allies in complete control of the Mediterranean's southern shore and using this as a springboard Allied Forces Headquarters [[AFHQ]] started to plan an attack into what [[Winston Churchill]] referred to as the "soft underbelly" of Europe.

The Allies first action was the capture of the island of [[wikipedia:Sicily|Sicily]], called [[Operation Husky]], on [[wikipedia:10 July|10 July]], [[1943]]. This brought to the fire a growing dissatisfaction with Mussolini. He was deposed on [[wikipedia:July 25|July 25]], [[1943]], by the Fascist Grand Council, and placed under house arrest in an isolated mountain resort. His replacement, General [[wikipedia:Pietro Badoglio|Pietro Badoglio]], negotiated an armistice with the Allies on [[wikipedia:September 8|September 8]], [[1943]]. 
Nazi Germany moved quickly into the confused situation, disarmed Italian formations and prepared to defend Italy on their own.

Allied troops landed in mainland Italy on [[wikipedia:September 3|September 3]] [[1943]], crossing from Sicily. Further landings were made at [[Operation Avalanche (World War II)|Salerno]] and [[Operation Slapstick|Taranto]] on [[wikipedia:September 9|September 9]]. For more information see: [[Allied invasion of Italy]]. This led to Italy, already angry at Mussolini, to join the Western Allies.

A German commando raid led by [[wikipedia:Otto Skorzeny|Otto Skorzeny]] rescued Mussolini and installed him as the head of the [[wikipedia:Italian Social Republic|Italian Social Republic]], a Nazi [[wikipedia:puppet state|puppet state]] in northern Italy. He continued in this role until he was captured and [[wikipedia:lynching|lynched]] by mobs on [[wikipedia:April 28|April 28]], [[1945]], as the Allied forces closed in on [[wikipedia:Milan|Milan]].

Germany had built a number of defensive lines through the mountains; the main one was called the [[wikipedia:Winter Line|Winter Line]]. The Allies came up against this in the winter of 1943 and were unable to break through. [[Operation Shingle|Amphibious landings]] at [[wikipedia:Anzio|Anzio]] were made in an attempt to bypass the line: however the landing forces were contained by the Germans, and the Gustav Line (the core part of the Winter Line defenses) remained intact. Finally the line was broken in May 1944 in the fourth major attempt in four months to open the road to Rome dominated by strategically positioned historic Benedictine Abbey at [[Battle of Monte Cassino|Monte Cassino]]. 

The Allies finally entered [[wikipedia:Rome|Rome]] on [[wikipedia:June 4|June 4]], [[1944]], two days before the landings in Normandy. Germany regrouped at the [[wikipedia:Gothic Line|Gothic Line]] further north. After a landing in southern France in August, [[1944]] to threaten the German flank, on [[wikipedia:September 10|September 10]], [[1944]] British Commonwealth forces started the attack on the line. The offensive by Allied and some Italian forces continued until Germany surrendered in Italy on [[wikipedia:April 29|April 29]], [[1945]] two days after Mussolini's capture.

== Allied liberation of France ==
{{main|Western Front (WWII)#1944 &amp;ndash; 1945}}
Simultaneously with the fall of Rome came the long-awaited invasion of France. [[Battle of Normandy|Operation Overlord]] put troops ashore in [[wikipedia:Normandy|Normandy]] on [[wikipedia:June 6|June 6]], [[1944]]. A long grinding campaign two months long followed as American, British and Canadian forces were slowly built up in the bridgehead, and German forces slowly worn down. When the breakout finally did come it was spectacular, with American forces under Patton racing across France to Nazi Germany's border. The German forces that had been fighting in Normandy were trapped in the [[wikipedia:Chambois pocket|Falaise pocket]].

[[Image:Cdgaulle.jpg|thumb|right|General Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French in opposition to Pétain's Vichy regime.]]
Incessant bombing of Germany's infrastructure and cities caused tremendous casualties and disruption. Internally, Hitler survived a number of assassination attempts. The most serious was the [[July 20 Plot]], occurring on [[wikipedia:July 20|July 20]], [[1944]]. Orchestrated by [[wikipedia:Claus von Stauffenberg|Claus von Stauffenberg]] and involving among others [[wikipedia:Erwin Rommel|Erwin Rommel]] and [[wikipedia:Alfred Delp|Alfred Delp]], the plot had intended to place a time bomb in a position to kill Hitler but a number of unscheduled factors led to its failure. [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] was only slightly injured.

[[Battle of Normandy|Operation Overlord]] was complemented by an invasion of southern France on [[wikipedia:August 15|August 15]], [[1944]] codenamed [[Operation Dragoon]]. By September, [[1944]] three Allied Army Groups were in line against German formations in the west. There was optimism that the war in Europe might be over by the end of [[1944]].

An attempt was made to force the situation with [[Operation Market Garden]] ([[wikipedia:September 17|September 17]] - [[wikipedia:September 24|September 24]], [[1944]]). The Allies attempted to capture bridges with an airborne assault, to open the way into Nazi Germany and liberate the northern Netherlands. Since heavier German forces than intelligence had predicted were present, the [[wikipedia:British 1st Airborne Division|British 1st Airborne Division]] was almost completely destroyed.

The cold winter of [[1944]] combined with a poor situation for the Allies led to a stagnant situation on the western front. The Americans continued to grind away at the defenders in the [[Battle of Hurtgen Forest]] ([[wikipedia:September 13|September 13]], [[1944]] - [[wikipedia:February 10|February 10]], [[1945]]). As long as Germany stayed on the defence, the Allies were hard-pressed to advance rapidly.

That changed when Germany mounted a major counteroffensive on [[wikipedia:December 16|December 16]], [[1944]]. The Ardennes offensive, also called the [[Battle of the Bulge]], drove back and surrounded some American units. The Allied forces were eventually successful in driving back Germany, in what turned out to be their last major advance of the war. The battle officially ended on [[wikipedia:January 27|January 27]], [[1945]].

The final obstacle to the Allies was the [[wikipedia:River Rhine|River Rhine]]. It was crossed in April, [[1945]], and the way lay open to the heart of Germany. The last German forces in the west were encircled in the [[wikipedia:Ruhr|Ruhr]].

== End of the war in Europe ==
{{main|end of World War II in Europe}}
Mussolini, having been rescued by German paratroopers from his prison, tried to flee Italy to Switzerland with a German anti-air battalion. However, partisans recognized him and he was executed, along with his mistress, and their bodies were strung up in Milan and kicked around in the streets.

Hitler, learning of Mussolini's death, realized that the end had finally come.  He remained in Berlin, even as it was encircled and slowly taken by the Soviets. On [[wikipedia:April 30|April 30]], [[1945]], Adolf Hitler, with his wife of one day, Eva Braun, committed suicide to avoid capture. In his will Hitler appointed [[wikipedia:Karl Dönitz|Karl Dönitz]] the new German Chancellor, but Germany lasted only 7 days longer, surrendering unconditionally on [[wikipedia:May 8|May 8]], [[1945]].

==References==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;
*  Churchill, Winston (1948–1953), ''The Second World War'', 6 vols.
*  Keegan, John (1989). ''The Second World War'', Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-174011-8.
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=27558710 Lee, Loyd E. ed. ''World War II in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with General Sources: A Handbook of Literature and Research'' (1997)]
*  Murray, Williamson and Millett, Allan R. (2000). ''A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War'', Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00163-X.
*  Overy, Richard (1995). ''Why the Allies Won'' Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-7453-5.
*  Smith, J. Douglas and Richard Jensen. (2002) ''World War II on the Web: A Guide to the Very Best Sites'' 
*  Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). ''A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II,'' Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44317-2.
&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

== See also ==
* American [[European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]]
* American [[European Theatre of Operations]]
* American [[Mediterranean Theatre of Operations]]

&lt;br/&gt;
{{WWIITheatre}}
{{World War II}}

{{wikipedia|European Theatre of World War II}}

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    <title>Events preceding World War II in Asia</title>
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      <text bytes="12786" sha1="p8ico42yekm9wykhv3dddby8prublon" xml:space="preserve">This article is concerned with the '''events that preceded World War II in Asia'''.

== Communism and the Kuomintang in China ==

Prior to [[World War I]], China's last dynasty, the [[wikipedia:Qing Dynasty|Qing Dynasty]], collapsed giving way to a nominal [[wikipedia:republic|republic]].  This government, however, also failed, and China fell into a fragmented region of [[wikipedia:warlord|warlord]]s.  Out of this vacuum arose two primary forces aiming to unite China under their [[wikipedia:ideology|ideology]].  In 1912, the [[wikipedia:Kuomintang|Kuomintang]] (KMT) was formed and in 1922, the [[wikipedia:Communist Party of China|Communist Party of China]] (CPC) was formed. The two were not immediate enemies, but in 1927, with much of southern and central China under their control, the KMT openly turned on the CPC.

== Japanese militarism ==
{{main|Militarism}}
In the east, [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] had, as early as the late nineteenth century, begun to spread out across Asia, brought about by conflict between traditional Japanese practices and changing social conditions associated with rapid [[wikipedia:industrialization|industrialisation]] and [[wikipedia:modernization|modernisation]]. In [[wikipedia:1905|1905]] Japan won an astounding victory over [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]], and in [[wikipedia:1910|1910]] it occupied [[wikipedia:Korea|Korea]] and made it a colony.
=]
During the [[wikipedia:1920s|1920s]] democracy seemed to be taking root in Japan, but by the [[wikipedia:1930s|1930s]], the [[wikipedia:Great Depression|Great Depression]] brought to the fore many talented military leaders who took control of Japan, often ruling in the name of Emperor [[wikipedia:Hirohito|Hirohito]], and playing on the traditional respect the Japanese people held for their emperors. In [[wikipedia:1931|1931]], Japan invaded and occupied [[wikipedia:Inner Manchuria|Inner Manchuria]], setting up the [[wikipedia:puppet state|puppet state]] of [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]], and by [[wikipedia:1937|1937]] launched a second invasion that occupied the rest of the region. For this reason, some scholars consider 1936/37 the actual start of World War II.

== Noteworthy events ==

The following events played a significant role in setting the stage for the involvement of Asia and the Pacific in World War II:

* [[wikipedia:1853|1853]]:  American Commodore Matthew Perry arrives in Tokyo harbor and forces Japanese to begin trade with American merchants with threat of military action.
* [[wikipedia:1858|1858]]:  Western nations force Japan to sign the Unequal Treaties. These articles established export and import tariffs and the concept of "extraterritoriality" (i.e. Japan held no jurisdiction over foreign criminals in its land. Their trials were to be conducted by foreign judges under their own nation's laws). Japan had no power to change these terms.
* [[wikipedia:1868|1868]]:  Japan, in an effort to modernize and prevent future Western dominance, ousts the Tokugawa Shogunate and adopts a new Meiji Emperor. The next few decades see arguably the most rapid and successful industrialization of any economy in world history.
* [[wikipedia:1899|1899]]:  With newly gained power from recent industrialization, Japan successfully renegotiates aspects of the Unequal Treaties. 
* [[wikipedia:1919|1919]]:  Japan, as a member of the victorious Allies during [[World War I]], gains a [[wikipedia:League of Nations Mandate|mandate]] over various Pacific islands previously part of the German colonial empire.  The primary island chains are the [[wikipedia:Marshall Islands|Marshall Islands]], [[wikipedia:Marianas|Marianas]], and the [[wikipedia:Carolines|Carolines]].  Japan joins the [[League of Nations]].
* [[wikipedia:1921|1921]]:  Foundation of the [[wikipedia:Communist Party of China|Communist Party of China]].
* [[wikipedia:1922|1922]]:  The [[wikipedia:Washington Naval Treaty|Washington Naval Treaty]] is signed, limiting the fleets and vessels of the navies of the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]], [[wikipedia:France|France]], and [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]].  Japan is limited to about two-thirds of the fleet allowed for the United States and Britain.  This is seen in Japan as a denial of Japanese equality amongst European powers.
* [[wikipedia:1924|1924]]:  First congress of the [[wikipedia:Kuomintang|Kuomintang]] under [[wikipedia:Sun Yat-Sen|Sun Yat-Sen]].
* [[wikipedia:1927|1927]]:  Open conflict between the CPC and KMT commences in China.  This continues until the 1937 invasion by Japan, but even then there remains a clandestine battle between the two.
* [[wikipedia:1930|1930]]:  The [[wikipedia:London Naval Treaty|London Naval Treaty]] is signed, putting a halt to [[battleship]] production until 1937.  Limitations on [[submarine]]s and other [[wikipedia:surface combatant|surface combatant]]s are also made.  
* [[wikipedia:September 18|September 18]], [[wikipedia:1931|1931]]:  Japanese agents blew up part of the Japanese owned [[wikipedia:South Manchurian Railroad|South Manchurian Railroad]] at [[wikipedia:Mukden|Mukden]] in northeastern China, and blamed it as an act of sabotage by the Chinese forces. Using the incident as a pretext, Japanese forces [[wikipedia:Invasion of Manchuria|invade Manchuria]]. Resistance fails and within six months the occupation of [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]] is complete. The incident is known as the "9.18 Incident" thereafter in China (see [[wikipedia:Mukden Incident|Mukden Incident]] for details). It was marked by the Chinese as the start of Japanese invasion of China.
* [[wikipedia:January 28|January 28]], [[wikipedia:1932|1932]]:  Beginning with anti-Japanese riots, fighting erupts between rioters and Japanese troops protecting the nation's enclave in the port of Shanghai. The Japanese dispatched a naval invasion force in an attempt to capture Shanghai. However, the invasion was not successful and ended in a stalemate. United Kingdom and United States, which both had vast business and political interests in the city, brokered a cease-fire deal between China and Japan three months after the hostilities began. The Japanese naval forces withdrew. The incident is now known as the "1.28 Incident" in China.
* February, [[wikipedia:1932|1932]]:  [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]] is announced as an independent nation, and is in reality a Japanese puppet government for the region of [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]].  It encompassed the three northeastern Chinese provinces occupied by Japan since the "9.18 Incident."  Japanese control remains direct however, and Japanese owned interests gain considerable power.  Additionally, the opium trade is encouraged.  [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]] was not recognized by the [[League of Nations]] and Japan subsequently withdrew from the organization.  
* May, [[wikipedia:1932|1932]]: Japanese Prime Minister [[wikipedia:Inukai Tsuyoshi|Inukai Tsuyoshi]] is assassinated by a group of young officers for his support of the London Naval Treaty, which is seen in Japan as preventing parity of forces.  The act, known as the [[wikipedia:May 15 incident|May 15 incident]], is symptomatic of a certain level of anarchy amongst Japanese aristocracy.
* October, [[wikipedia:1934|1934]]-November, [[wikipedia:1935|1935]]:  The Chinese Communists conduct the [[wikipedia:Long March|Long March]], transferring their base of power from [[wikipedia:Kiangsi|Kiangsi]] to [[wikipedia:Shensi|Shensi]].  The casualties are significant, but the Communists are in a much better position to confront both the KMT and the Japanese.
* [[wikipedia:December 29|December 29]], 1934:  Japan abrogates the [[wikipedia:Washington Naval Treaty|Washington Naval Treaty]].
* December, 1935:  Large-scale anti-Japanese riots take place in [[wikipedia:Peking|Peking]].
* February, [[wikipedia:1936|1936]]:  In Japan, a [[wikipedia:coup|coup]] attempt by junior officers comes close to succeeding.
* November, 1936:  Japan joins Germany in signing the [[wikipedia:Anti-Comintern Pact|Anti-Comintern Pact]], concluded to provide a two-front threat to the Soviet Union.  Japan is however not interested in being drawn into a European war, and thus the pact is not a true alliance.
* December, 1936:  Machinations including the arrest of [[wikipedia:Chiang Kai-Shek|Chiang Kai-Shek]] by one of his generals result in the KMT adjusting to a more anti-Japanese stance.  Confidence had grown that the Japanese were beatable.
* [[wikipedia:July 7|July 7]], [[wikipedia:1937|1937]]:  Japanese forces conducting military exercises outside Yuan Peng County near Peking claimed that several Japanese soldiers participating in the exercise were not accounted for after the exercise.  After the Japanese request to enter the Yuan Peng County town to conduct a search was declined by the Chinese, the Japanese launched an all-out assault towards Yuan Peng County, which is across the Luokouchiao (or Luo Kou Bridge) from the Japanese positions. The Chinese government in Nanking declared its intent to resist Japan, marking the start of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. The incident is later known as the "7.7 Incident" or the "Luokouchiao Incident" by China. (NOTE: For political reasons war was not declared by either side at this point. The Chinese declaration of war came in [[wikipedia:1941-12-08|1941-12-08]].)
* August-November, 1937:  Full scale fighting erupts throughout northern China, and Japan overcomes initial failures with landings and reinforcements in Shanghai. Before the [[wikipedia:battle of Shanghai|battle of Shanghai]] The Tokyo government announced that Japan was going to complete the conquest of Shanghai in three days, and all of China within three months. By the end of November, Japanese troops began their march inland on the capital at Nanking.
[[Image:Chinese soldiers poorly armed.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Chinese soldiers poorly armed.]]
* November, 1937:  Nanking was captured and is subjected to many days of rampage.  The [[Rape of Nanking]] demonstrates the difficulty the Japanese have in controlling their army in the field.  However, some historians (and also most Chinese people) believe that the atrocities against Chinese civilians by the occupying Japanese forces in Nanking were systematic actions ordered by high level officials in Tokyo or at the minimum by top level military officials in the field to demonstrate their rage against their inability to defeat China in three months (as they have announced) and also in hope to crush the Chinese will of continuing the resistance.
* April, [[wikipedia:1938|1938]]:  Chinese Nationalists gain a major victory over Japanese forces in [[wikipedia:Shantung|Shantung]] province.
* June, 1938:  The Japanese advance along the [[wikipedia:Yellow River|Yellow River]] is halted by the breaching of dams by the Chinese.  The flood kills many Japanese but also as many as 1,000,000 civilians.
* July, 1938:  Japanese forces provoke a battle with the Soviets at [[wikipedia:Lake Hassan|Lake Hassan]] in Manchukuo.  The Soviets handily defeat the Japanese.
* October, 1938:  The [[wikipedia:Japanese Central China Army|Japanese Central China Army]] captures Hankow, ending their advance up the [[wikipedia:Yangtze River|Yangtze River]].  Additionally, landing near [[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] capture [[wikipedia:Canton, China|Canton]], completing the cutting off of the Chinese Nationalists from ocean ports.  The Japanese see this as the completion of major operations against the Nationalists.
* November, 1938:  The [[wikipedia:New Order for East Asia|New Order for East Asia]] is declared by Japan.  This declaration of Japanese plans for dominance of East Asia further deteriorates their relations with western nations.
* February, [[wikipedia:1939|1939]]:  Japan captures [[wikipedia:Hainan Island|Hainan Island]], which is seen to have strategic implications by the British.
* May-September, 1939:  Japan and the Soviet Union engage in [[Soviet-Japanese Border War (1939)|border clashes]] around the Khalka River.  Again, the Soviet Union is victorious.
* July, 1939:  The United States announces its withdrawal from its commercial treaty with Japan.
* August, 1941: The United States, which at the time supplied 80% of Japanese oil imports, initiates a complete oil [[wikipedia:embargo|embargo]]. This threatens to cripple both the Japanese economy and military strength once the strategic reserves run dry, unless alternative oil-sources can be found.

== See also == 

* [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
* [[World War II]]
* [[Causes of World War II]]
* [[Events preceding World War II in Europe]]

{{World War II}}

{{wikipedia|Events preceding World War II in Asia}}

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      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/68.223.156.101|68.223.156.101]] ([[User talk:68.223.156.101|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="12219" sha1="80ax77gcq9vysju2m2tk6onlp78msp3" xml:space="preserve">In [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]], the origins of the war are closely tied to the rise of [[fascism]], especially in [[Nazi Germany]]. A discussion of how the Nazis came to power is a requisite in this context.

The origins of World War II are generally viewed as having its roots in the aftermath of the [[World War I|First World War]] ([[1914]]-[[1918]]). In that war [[wikipedia:Imperial Germany|Imperial Germany]] under the nationalistic [[wikipedia:Kaiser|Kaiser]] [[wikipedia:Wilhelm II of Germany|Wilhelm II]] had been defeated along with its allies, chiefly by a combination of the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] and [[wikipedia:France|France]]. The war was directly blamed by the victors on the militant nationalism of the Kaiser's Germany; it was Germany that effectively started the war with an attack on France through [[wikipedia:Belgium|Belgium]]. [[wikipedia:France|France]] had in [[wikipedia:1871|1871]] suffered a defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]], which directly was followed by the constitution of a German [[wikipedia:Empire|Empire]] under [[wikipedia:Prussia|Prussia]]n leadership. France now demanded revenge for its financial devastation during the First World War (and its humiliation in the earlier war), which ensured that the various peace treaties, specifically the [[Treaty of Versailles]] imposed tough financial [[wikipedia:war reparations|war reparations]] and restrictions on Germany. (See: ''[[Aftermath of World War I]]'' for more details.)

== The Weimar Republic becomes the Third Reich ==
A new [[wikipedia:democracy|democratic]] German [[wikipedia:republic|republic]], known as the [[Weimar Republic]], came into being and was soon hit by [[wikipedia:hyperinflation|hyperinflation]] in 1923 and other serious economic problems.  [[wikipedia:Nationalist|Nationalist]] elements under a variety of movements, including the [[wikipedia:Nazism|Nazi]] Party led by the Austrian [[Adolf Hitler]], blamed Germany's "humiliating" status on the harshness of the post-war settlement, on faults of democracy, on [[wikipedia:Social Democrat|Social Democrat]]s and [[wikipedia:Communist|Communist]]s, and on the [[wikipedia:Jew|Jew]]s, whom it claimed possessed a financial stranglehold on Germany.

In Germany, like in the radically diminished [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]], the citizens, or at least the educated classes, remembered the pre-war years under [[wikipedia:autocracy|autocratic rule]] as prosperous &amp;ndash; the post-war years under democratic rule (due to the failings of Proportional Representation under the Weimar Government), however, as chaotic and economically disastrous. Social tensions after the world wide [[wikipedia:economic depression|economic depression]] following the [[wikipedia:Wall Street Crash 1929|Stock Market Crash of 1929]] aggravated the political situation. Anti-democratic parties in the [[wikipedia:Reichstag (institution)|Reichstag]] (parliament), both left-wing and right-wing, obstructed the parliamentary work, while different [[wikipedia:cabinet|cabinet]]s resorted to governing by the special emergency powers of the Weimar constitution, which enabled the President and the Cabinet, in concert, to effectively bypass the parliament.

Hitler was appointed [[wikipedia:Chancellor of Germany|''Reichskanzler'' (Chancellor)]]  on [[wikipedia:January 30|January 30]], [[wikipedia:1933|1933]]. The arson of the parliament building on [[wikipedia:February 27|February 27]] (which is widely held, the Nazis had instigated) was used as an excuse for the cancellation of civil and political liberties, enacted by the aged president [[wikipedia:Paul von Hindenburg|Paul von Hindenburg]] and the rightist [[wikipedia:coalition cabinet|coalition cabinet]] led by Hitler.

After new elections a Nazi-led majority could easily abolish [[wikipedia:parliamentarism|parliamentarism]], the Weimar constitution, and practically the parliament itself through the [[wikipedia:Enabling Act of 1933|Enabling Act]] on [[wikipedia:March 23|March 23]], whereby the Nazis' planned ''[[Gleichschaltung]]'' (regimentation) of Germany was made formally legal.

After the president, the [[World War I]] hero [[wikipedia:Paul von Hindenburg|Paul von Hindenburg]], had died on [[wikipedia:August 2|August 2]], [[wikipedia:1934|1934]], the authority of the presidency fell into the hands of Adolf Hitler, upon which he declared himself fuehrer; and without much resistance from the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'s'' leadership, the Soldiers' Oath could be modified into a confirmation of unconditional obedience to Adolf Hitler personally.

== Italy ==
The [[wikipedia:Italy|Italian]] economy also fell into a deep slump following [[World War I]]. 1914's Red Week had expanded into the post-war [[wikipedia:Biennio rosso|Biennio rosso]], and many were gravely worried that a [[wikipedia:Bolshevik|Bolshevik]]-style Communist revolution was imminent.

After a number of liberal governments failed to rein in these threats, and the Fascists had increased their public profile by highly visible punishment expeditions to supposedly crush the Socialist threat, King [[wikipedia:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]] invited [[Benito Mussolini]] to form a government on [[wikipedia:October 29|October 29]], [[wikipedia:1922|1922]].  The Fascists maintained an armed paramilitary wing, which they employed to fight [[wikipedia:Anarchist|Anarchist]]s, [[wikipedia:Communists|Communists]], and [[wikipedia:Socialists|Socialists]].  

Within a few years, Mussolini had consolidated [[wikipedia:dictator|dictatorial]] power, and Italy became a [[wikipedia:police state|police state]]. On [[wikipedia:January 7|January 7]], [[wikipedia:1935|1935]], he and French Foreign Minister [[wikipedia:Pierre Laval|Pierre Laval]] signed the [[wikipedia:Italo-French agreements|Italo-French agreements]]. During the [[Spanish Civil War]], seen by many as a testing ground for the Second World War, he provided troops and aid to [[wikipedia:Francisco Franco|Francisco Franco]]'s Nationalists.

== Spanish Civil War ==
While many nations refused to become involved in the Spanish Civil War, notably Britain and France, troops were sent by both Hitler and Mussolini to aid the Spanish Nationalists, which included those with Fascist leanings. It would prove to be a precursor to many of the tactics and methods employed in the Second World War, such as the test bombing of [[wikipedia:Guernica|Guernica]], which aimed to see how effective the [[wikipedia:Blitz|Blitz]] would be. Spain would be neutral during World War Two, but the division during the Civil War of Fascism (Germany and Italy) versus democracy (many volunteers joined the forces against the Nationalists from countries with an official stance of neutrality) and Communism (the USSR) was repeated during the Second World War.

== German expansionism ==
Meanwhile in Germany, once political consolidation ''([[Gleichschaltung]])'' was in place, the Nazis turned their attention to foreign policy with several increasingly daring acts.   

[[Image:Graph_top7_def_expd_1930-38.png|right|200px]]

On [[wikipedia:March 16|March 16]], [[wikipedia:1935|1935]], the [[Versailles Treaty]] was violated as Hitler ordered Germany to re-arm. Germany also reintroduced military conscription (the treaty stated that the German Army should not exceed 100,000 men).  

These steps produced nothing more than official protests from the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] and France, for they were more serious about enforcing the economic provisions of the treaty than its military restrictions. Many Britons felt the restrictions placed on Germany in Versailles ''had'' been too harsh, and they believed that Hitler's aim was simply to undo the extremes of the treaty, not to go beyond that.  This sentiment was underscored by the signing of the [[wikipedia:Anglo-German Naval Agreement|Anglo-German Naval Agreement]], which authorized Germany to build a fleet one third the size of the [[wikipedia:Royal Navy|Royal Navy]] and put an end to British naval operations in the [[wikipedia:Baltic Sea|Baltic Sea]], granting Germany supremacy there.  Faced with no opposition, Hitler [[wikipedia:Remilitarization of the Rhineland|moved troops into the Rhineland]] on [[wikipedia:March 7|March 7]], [[wikipedia:1936|1936]]. Under the Versailles treaty, the Rhineland should have been demilitarized, for France wanted it for a buffer between herself and Germany. But, as before, Hitler's defiance was met with inaction, despite [[wikipedia:Poland|Polish]] proposal to put in action the Polish-French alliance.

=== Austria ===
The first German conquest was [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]]. After [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]] had joined Germany in the [[wikipedia:Anti-Comintern Pact|Anti-Comintern Pact]], thereby removing the main obstacle of an ''[[wikipedia:Anschluss|Anschluss]]'' of Austria, Germany announced the annexation on [[wikipedia:March 12|March 12]], [[wikipedia:1938|1938]], making it a German province: ''"[[wikipedia:Gau (German)|Gau]] Ostmark."''

=== Czechoslovakia ===
With Austria secured, Hitler turned his attention to [[wikipedia:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]]. Unlike Austria, Czechoslovakia was not a German-speaking country, had a large and modern army backed with a huge armament industry, and had military alliances with [[wikipedia:France|France]] and [[wikipedia:England|England]]. Despite all this, Hitler, encouraged by reluctance of major European powers to stop his violation of post WWI treaties, was intended to go to the edge of war, convinced that France would shrink back again, not fulfilling her treaty obligations to Czechoslovakia. His first order of business was to seize the mountainous border regions called ''[[wikipedia:Sudetenland|Sudetenland]]'', in which lived a significant German-speaking majority, which called based on the right of self-determination on a unification with Germany. This region formed about one third of Bohemia (western Czechoslovakia) in terms of territory, population and economy and were vital for the country's existence. With Austria in German hands, this western part of Czechoslovakia, equipped with a huge defense system (larger than the [[wikipedia:Maginot line|Maginot line]]), was nearly surrounded by Germany.

Following lengthy negotiations, and blatant war threats from Hitler, [[wikipedia:British Prime Minister|British Prime Minister]] [[Neville Chamberlain]] went out of his way with French leaders to appease Hitler. In the [[wikipedia:Munich Agreement|Munich Agreement]] of [[wikipedia:September 30|September 30]], [[wikipedia:1938|1938]], the four European powers, including the Czechoslovak ally France, allowed, "for the sake of peace", German troops to occupy the ''Sudetenland''. Czechoslovakia, which at that time already mobilized over one million army and was prepared to fight for independence, was not allowed to participate in the conference. When the French and British negotiators informed the Czechoslovak representatives about the agreement, and that if Czechoslovakia would not accept it, France and Britain would consider Czechoslovakia to be responsible for war, president [[wikipedia:Edvard Beneš|Edvard Beneš]] capitulated. German (and soon after also Polish and Hungarian) forces invaded.
A few months after that, on [[wikipedia:March 15|March 15]],  [[wikipedia:1939|1939]], the now virtually defenseless remaining parts of the Czech lands were occupied by Germany as well and Hitler (in the [[wikipedia:Prague Castle|Prague Castle]]) proclaimed Bohemia and Moravia a German protectorate. After one day before (on [[wikipedia:March 14|March 14]]) [[wikipedia:Slovakia|Slovakia]] had declared her independence, recognized by France, Britain and other important powers (see under [[wikipedia:Jozef Tiso|Jozef Tiso]]).

While before Munich - France, Czechoslovakia and Poland were together strong enough to stop German aggression, the destruction of Czechoslovakia dramatically shifted balance of powers in Europe in favour of Nazi Germany which now turned its attention to Poland.

{{World War II}}

{{wikipedia|Events preceding World War II in Europe}}
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  <page>
    <title>Fighter planes</title>
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      <text bytes="29682" sha1="0ds7faoyznq1wuayttbqffv9t6sjbn9" xml:space="preserve">{{cleanup|17:34, 13 January 2008 (UTC)}}
A '''fighter aircraft''' is a [[military aircraft]] designed primarily for attacking other [[aircraft]], as opposed to a [[bomber]], which is designed to attack ground targets, primarily by dropping [[bomb]]s. Fighters are comparatively small, fast, and maneuverable.  Fighter aircraft are the primary means by which armed forces gain [[air superiority]]. At least since World War II, air superiority has been a crucial component of victory in most modern warfare, particularly "conventional" warfare between regular armies, and their acquisition and maintenance represent a very substantial proportion of military budgets in militaries that maintain modern fighter forces.

==Introduction==
The word “fighter” did not become the official British term for a single seat fighter until after the First World War.  In the RFC/RAF such aircraft continued to be called “scouts” into the early nineteen twenties. The French, Italians and Germans used (and still use) terms that literally mean “hunter”, while in Russian the fighter is called "истребитель" which is literally "exterminator". The Americans, perhaps originally due to a mistranslation of the French word “chasseur” called their fighters “pursuit” aircraft until the late nineteen forties. 

By whatever name they are known, fighters were developed in response to the fledgling use of aircraft and [[airship|dirigibles]] in [[World War I]] for reconnaissance and ground attack roles. 

As [[aerial warfare]] became increasingly important, so did control of the airspace. By [[World War II]], fighters were predominantly all-metal monoplanes with wing-mounted batteries of cannons or heavy machine guns. By the end of the war, [[turbojet]]s were already beginning to replace piston engines as the means of propulsion, and missiles to augment or replace guns. 

For historical purposes, [[jet fighter]]s are classified by generation. The generation terminology was initiated by Russian defense parlance in referring to the [[F-35 Lightning II]] as a "fifth-generation" plane. Years are not exact and intended as a guideline. 

Modern jet fighters are predominantly powered by one or two turbofan engines, armed primarily with missiles (from as few as two on some lightweight [[day fighter]]s to as many as eight to ten on air superiority fighters like the [[Su-27 Flanker]] or [[F-15 Eagle]]), with a cannon as backup armament (typically between 20 and 30mm in [[calibre]]), and equipped with a radar as the primary method of target acquisition.

==Prop-powered fighters==
===World War I===
[[Image:Sopwith_Camel_at_the_Imperial_War_Musuem.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Sopwith Camel|Sopwith Camel 2F1]] biplane at the [[Imperial War Museum]] in London]]
The word “fighter” was first used to describe a two seater aircraft, with sufficient lift to carry a machine gun and its operator as well as the pilot. The first such “fighters” belonged to the “gunbus” series of experimental gun carriers of the [[Vickers]] company which culminated in the [[Vickers F.B.5|Vickers F.B.5 Gunbus]] of 1914. The main drawback of this type of aircraft was its lack of speed. It was quickly realised that an aircraft intended to destroy its kind in the air needed at least to be fast enough to catch its quarry. 

Fortunately another type of military aircraft already existed, which was to form the basis for an effective "fighter" in the modern sense of the word. It was based on the small fast aircraft developed before the war for such air races as the Gordon Bennett and Schneider trophies. The military '''scout''' aeroplane was not initially expected to be able to carry serious armament, but to rely on its speed to be able to reach the location it was required to “scout” or reconnoitre  and return quickly to report – all the time making a difficult target for [[Anti-aircraft warfare|AA artillery]] or enemy gun-carrying aircraft.  British “scout” aircraft in this sense included the [[Sopwith Tabloid]] and  [[Bristol Scout]] – French equivalents included the light, fast [[Morane-Saulnier N]].

In practice, after the actual commencement of the war the pilots of small scout aircraft armed themselves with pistols, carbines and an assortment of improvised weapons with which to attack enemy aircraft – proving to be as successful in their efforts as specifically designed “fighter” aircraft.
 
It was inevitable that sooner or later means of effectively arming “scouts” would be devised. One method was to build a [[Pusher configuration|“pusher”]] scout, with the propeller behind the pilot. The main drawback was that the high drag of a pusher type's tail structure meant that it was bound to  be slower than an otherwise similar [[Tractor configuration|tractor]] aircraft. The other was to mount the machine gun armament outside the arc of the propeller. Given the frail structure of early aeroplanes, and the tendency of early machine guns to jam (and hence the need for the pilot to have access to the gun’s breech) this was highly problematic, although a scheme of mounting  a machine gun on the top wing of a biplane to fire over the propeller arc was eventually to prove fairly satisfactory. (See [[Foster mounting]]).

So clear was the need to arm a tractor scout with a forward firing gun whose bullets actually passed through the propeller arc that various devices were tried – including fitting the propeller with special guards to deflect any bullets striking the propeller.  [[Roland Garros (aviator)|Roland Garros]], the well known pre-war aviator, crashed behind enemy lines in a [[Morane-Saulnier L]] parasol monoplane fitted with such a device, and the German authorities, interested in its potential, passed it on to [[Anthony Fokker]], who had been supplying them with a line of steel framed adaptations of Morane designs.

Fortuitously, the deflector plate idea was  totally impractical for the German Army – their machine gun bullets were simply too hard-cased and would have smashed the propeller, deflector plates and all, so Fokker was forced to reconsider the use, tried by others but rejected as too unreliable and dangerous, of [[interrupter gear|synchronising]] the firing of the gun with the revolution of the propeller. The result was the [[Fokker Eindecker]]. The airframe was essentially that of a pre-war Morane racing monoplane – but it carried a  machine gun fixed to fire forward in the direction of flight, and synchronised to miss the propeller blades (at least when it worked).

The success of the Eindecker started a cycle of improvement among the combatants, building ever more efficient single seat fighters. The [[Albatros D.I]] of late 1916 set the classic pattern followed by almost all such aircraft for about twenty years.  Like the D.I, they were [[biplane]]s (only very occasionally [[monoplane]]s, or [[triplane]]s). The strong box structure of the biplane wing allowed for a rigid wing that afforded accurate lateral control, essential for fighter-type manoevers. They had a single crew member, who flew the aircraft and also operated its armament. They were armed with two synchronised Maxim-type machine guns, which were much easier to synchronise than other types – firing through the propeller arc. The gun breeches were typically right in front of the pilot’s face. This had obvious implications in case of accidents, but enabled jams (to which Maxim-type machine guns always remained liable) to be cleared in flight.

[[Image:RoteBaron.JPG|thumb|right|[[Fokker Dr.I]] replica at the [[Berlin Air Show|ILA 2006]], the "[[Red Baron]]" triplane]]
Notable aircraft:
(with year of introduction)
* {{UK}} - [[Vickers F.B.5]] (1915)
* {{GER}} - [[Fokker Eindecker]] (1915)
* {{FRA}} - [[Nieuport 17]] (1916)
* {{GER}} - [[Albatros D.III]] (1916)
* {{GER}} - [[Fokker Dr.I]] (1917)  
* {{FRA}} - [[SPAD S.XIII]] (1917)
* {{UK}} - [[Sopwith Camel]] (1917)
* {{UK}} - [[Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5]] (1917)
* {{GER}} - [[Fokker D.VII]] (1918)

===1919-1938===
[[image:peashooter.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|An early monoplane fighter: the [[Boeing]] [[P-26 Peashooter]] which first flew in 1932]]
Fighter development slowed between the wars, the most significant change coming late in the period, when the classic WWI type machines started to give way to metal [[monocoque]] or semi-monocoque monoplanes, with [[cantilever]] wing structures. Gun synchronisation became less and less important, as increasingly heavy armament tended to be mounted in the wings, ouside the arc of the propeller.

Some [[air force]]s dabbled with "heavy fighters" (called "destroyers" by the Germans). These were larger aircraft, sometimes adaptations of [[light bomber|light]] or [[medium bomber|medium]] bomber types, and usually with two engines. The idea did not take hold except for some specialized applications requiring a heavier payload. In particular, heavy fighters were no match for normal fighters in combat.

The primary driver of fighter innovation, right up to the period of rapid rearmament in the late thirties, were not military budgets, but civilian aircraft races. Aircraft designed for these races pioneered innovations like streamlining and liquid-cooled engines that would find their way into the fighters of World War II.

Notable aircraft:
* '''Biplanes'''
** {{CZE}} - [[Avia B-534]]
** {{UK}} - [[Bristol Bulldog]]
** {{ITA}} - [[Fiat CR.42]]
** {{UK}} - [[Gloster Gladiator]]
** {{UK}} - [[Hawker Fury]] 
** {{SWE}} - [[Svenska Aero Jaktfalken]]
* '''Monoplanes'''
** {{USA}} - [[Boeing]] [[P-26 Peashooter]]
** {{USA}} - [[Brewster Buffalo|F2A Brewster Buffalo]]
** {{NLD}} - [[Fokker D.XXI]]
** {{USSR}} - [[Polikarpov I-16]]
** {{POL}} - [[PZL P.11]]

===World War II===
[[Image:PZL P.11c 10.jpg|thumb|right|[[Polish September Campaign|Polish]] [[PZL P.11]]c from the Eagle Owls squadron. On [[1 September]] [[1939]], [[Flight Lieutenant]] Hieronim Dudwał, flying this plane, shot down a German [[He 111]] over [[Warsaw]].]]
[[Image:Supermarine Spitfire Mk XVI NR.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Supermarine Spitfire]]]]
Aerial combat formed an important part of World War II military doctrine. The ability of aircraft to locate, harass, and interdict ground forces was an instrumental part of the German combined-arms doctrine, and their inability to seize air superiority over Britain rendered an invasion infeasible. [[Erwin Rommel]] noted the effect of airpower: "Anyone who has to fight, even with the most modern weapons, against an enemy in complete command of the air, fights like a savage against modern European troops, under the same handicaps and with the same chances of success."

Fighter aircraft of WWII introduced rockets as well as the first jet engine- powered designs. Piston-engined fighters continued to be refined and developed with increasing performance and capabilities, up until the advent of [[jet aircraft]] such as the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]] and [[Gloster Meteor]]. Many of these fighters could do over 400 mph (600 km/h) in level flight, and were fast enough in a dive that they started encountering the transonic buffeting experienced near the speed of sound, occasionally breaking up in flight due to the heavy load placed on an aircraft near the so-called "sound barrier". [[Dive brake]]s were developed late in World War II to minimise these problems and restore control to pilots.

Radar, invented shortly prior to World War II, was fitted to some fighters, such as the [[Messerschmitt Bf 110]], [[F6F Hellcat]] and Northrop [[P-61 Black Widow]] to enable them to locate targets at night. Another innovation of this period was the strike fighter. Short on bombers, Marines in the [[Pacific Ocean theater of World War II|Pacific Theater]] bolted bomb racks on to their [[F4U Corsair]]s. This proved a versatile concept, as the fighters were able to fight enemy fighters once they had relieved themselves of their bombload. The F6F Hellcat was also used in similar fashion in late 1944 and 1945.

Notable aircraft:
[[Image:FW190-D9.jpg|thumb|right|Focke-Wulf Fw 190]]
* {{AUS}}
** [[CAC Boomerang]]
* {{FRA}}
** [[Bloch MB.150]]
** [[Dewoitine D.520]]
** [[Morane-Saulnier M.S.406]]
* {{FIN}}
** [[VL Myrsky]]
* {{GER}}
** [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]]
** [[Messerschmitt Bf 110]]
** [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190]]
** [[Messerschmitt Me 163]]
** [[Messerschmitt Me 210]]
** [[Messerschmitt Me 262]]
** [[Heinkel He 100]]
** [[Heinkel He 111]]
** [[Heinkel He 112]]
** [[Heinkel He 162]]
* {{ITA}}
** [[Macchi C.200]]
** [[Macchi C.202]]
** [[Macchi C.205]]
** [[Fiat G.55]]
** [[Fiat G.50]]
** [[Reggiane Re 2000]]
** [[Reggiane Re 2001]]
** [[Reggiane Re 2005]]
* {{JPN}}
** [[Kawanishi N1K-J]]
** [[Nakajima Ki-43]]
** [[Nakajima Ki-44]]
** [[Nakajima Ki-84]]
** [[Kawasaki Ki-61]]
** [[Kawasaki Ki-100]]
** [[Mitsubishi Zero]]
** [[Mitsubishi J2M]]
* {{ROU}}
** [[IAR-80]]
* {{SWE}}
** [[FFVS J 22]]
[[Image:Yak 9 1.jpg|thumb|right|Yakovlev Yak-9]]
* {{USSR}}
** [[Yakovlev Yak-1]]
** [[Yakovlev Yak-3]]
** [[Yakovlev Yak-9]]
** [[Lavochkin LaGG-3]]
** [[Lavochkin La-5]]
** [[Lavochkin La-7|Lavochkin La-7 'Fin']]
** [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3]]
* {{UK}}
** [[Supermarine Spitfire]]
** [[Hawker Hurricane]]
** [[Hawker Typhoon]]
** [[Hawker Tempest]]
** [[De Havilland Mosquito]]
** [[Gloster Meteor]]
** [[Boulton Paul Defiant]]
* {{USA}} [[Image:P-51A.jpg|thumb|right|Early model P-51A Mustang]]
** [[Grumman]] [[F4F Wildcat]]
** [[Vought]] [[F4U Corsair]]
** [[Grumman]] [[F6F Hellcat]]
** [[Curtiss-Wright|Curtiss]] [[P-36 Hawk]]
** [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]] [[P-38 Lightning]]
** [[Bell Aircraft|Bell]] [[P-39 Airacobra]]
** [[Curtiss-Wright|Curtiss]] [[P-40 Warhawk]]
** [[Republic Aviation Company|Republic]] [[P-47 Thunderbolt]]
** [[North American Aviation|North American]] [[P-51 Mustang]]
** [[Bell Aircraft|Bell]] [[P-63 Kingcobra]]
* {{YUG}}
** [[Rogozarski IK-3]]

==Jet-powered fighters==
===First-generation jet fighters (1944-1953)===
The first generation represents the first attempts at using turbojets for propulsion, providing greatly increased speed (the efficiency of piston-driven propellers drops off considerably at transsonic speeds). Many of these early jets resembled their piston-driven counterparts in several ways. Many were straight-winged aircraft armed primarily with cannon; radar was not yet in common usage except on specialized [[night fighter]]s.

The first jets were developed during World War II and saw combat in its last year. Messerschmitt developed the first operational jet fighter, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262|Me 262]]. It was considerably faster than piston-driven aircraft, and in the hands of a competent pilot, was practically untouchable. Due to German fuel shortages, however, it saw little use. Nevertheless the plane indicated the obsolescence of piston-driven aircraft. Spurred by reports of the German jets, Britain's [[Gloster Meteor]] entered production soon after and the two entered service around the same time in 1944. By the end of the war almost all work on piston powered fighters had ended. Mixed-propulsion designs such as the [[Ryan FR Fireball]] saw brief use, but by the end of the 1940s virtually all new combat aircraft were jet-powered.

Despite the advantages, the early jet fighters were far from perfect. Their operational lifespans could be measured primarily in hours; the engines themselves were fragile and bulky, and power could be adjusted only slowly.  Innovations such as [[swept wing]]s, [[ejector seat]]s, and all-moving [[tailplane]]s were introduced in this period.

Notable aircraft:
* {{CAN}}
** [[Avro CF-100|Avro CF-100 Canuck]]
* {{GER}}
** [[Heinkel He 280]]
** [[Messerschmitt Me 262]]
** [[Heinkel He 162]]
** [[Arado Ar 234]] 
** [[Horten Ho 229]]
* {{FRA}}
** [[Dassault Ouragan]]
** [[Dassault Mystère IV]]
* {{SWE}}
** [[Saab Tunnan]]
* {{USSR}}[[Image:MiG-15 RB1.jpg|thumb|right|A MiG-15 in [[Poland|Polish]] markings]]
** [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 'Fargo']]
** [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 'Fagot']]
** [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 'Fresco']]
** [[Lavochkin La-15|Lavochkin La-15 'Fantail']]
** [[Yakovlev Yak-15]]/[[Yak-17|17 'Feather']]
** [[Yak-23|Yak-23 'Flora']]
** [[Yakovlev Yak-25|Yakovlev Yak-25 'Flashlight']]
* {{UK}}
** [[de Havilland Vampire]]
** [[Hawker Hunter]]
** [[Gloster Javelin]]
** [[Gloster Meteor]]
* {{USA}}
** [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]] [[P-80 Shooting Star]]
** [[Republic Aviation Company|Republic]] [[F-84 Thunderjet]]
** [[North American Aviation|North American]] [[F-86 Sabre]]
** [[Northrop]] [[F-89J Scorpion]]

===Second generation (1953-1960)===
[[Image:F-100A.jpg|thumb|right|A "second-generation" North American [[F-100 Super Sabre]]. This was the first American service aircraft to break the sound barrier in level flight.]]
[[Image:F-105 Thunderchief underside.jpg|thumb|right|[[F-105 Thunderchief]] fighter]]
The second generation describes the integration of many new technologies to greatly improve the fighting capability of the jet fighter. The introduction of guided missiles such as the [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] and [[AIM-7 Sparrow]] moved combat to beyond visual range (though it often devolved into [[dogfight]]s in visual range), necessitating the standardization of radar to acquire targets. Designers experimented with a variety of [[aeronautics|aeronautical]] innovations, such as the [[swept wing]], [[delta wing]], [[variable-geometry]] wings, and [[area rule]]d fuselages. With the aid of swept wing, these were the first production aircraft to break the sound barrier.

The primary specializations of this era were the [[fighter-bomber]] (such as the [[F-105]] and the [[Sukhoi Su-7]]), and the interceptor ([[English Electric Lightning]] and [[F-104 Starfighter]]). The interceptor was an outgrowth of the vision that guided missiles would completely replace guns and combat would take place at beyond visual range. As a result, interceptors were designed with a large missile payload and a powerful radar, sacrificing agility in favor of speed and [[rate of climb]]. 

Notable aircraft:
* {{CAN}}
** [[Avro Arrow]]
* {{FRA}}
** [[Dassault Étendard IV]]
* {{IND}}
** [[HAL HF-24 Marut]]
* {{SWE}} 
** [[Saab Draken]]
* {{USSR}}
** [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 'Farmer']]
** [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 'Fishbed']]
** [[Sukhoi Su-7|Sukhoi Su-7 'Fitter-A']]
** [[Sukhoi Su-9]]/[[Sukhoi Su-11|11 'Fishpot']]
* {{UK}}
** [[English Electric Lightning]]
** [[De Havilland Sea Vixen]]
** [[Gloster Javelin]]
* {{USA}}
** [[Vought|Chance-Vought]] [[F-8 Crusader]]
** [[Grumman]] [[F-11 Tiger]]
** [[North American Aviation|North American]] [[F-100 Super Sabre]]
** [[Convair]] [[F-102 Delta Dagger]]
** [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]] [[F-104 Starfighter]]
** [[Republic Aviation Company|Republic]] [[F-105 Thunderchief]]
** [[Convair]] [[F-106 Delta Dart]]

===Third generation (1960-1970)===
[[Image:F-4 Phantom II in flying.jpg|thumb|right|A third-generation F-4 Phantom II]]
[[Image:MiG-25_fig2agrau_USAF.jpg|thumb|right|A Soviet third-generation MiG-25]]
[[Image:KampfflugzeugF-8China.jpg|thumb|right|A Chinese third-generation J-8]]
The third generation is marked by maturity in the innovations introduced in the first generation.  As this aeronautical development approached maturity, growth in combat capability grew via the introduction of improved missiles, radar, and other avionics. Most significantly, as a result of combat experience with guided missiles, designers conceded that combat could and would degenerate into close dogfights. Guns again became standard, and maneuverability was once again a priority.

These innovations, while greatly improving the capabilities of fighters (the F-4 could carry a payload greater than the [[B-24 Liberator]], a World War II heavy bomber), also came at a considerable increase at cost. Whereas militaries had previously specialized fighters for specific roles, such as night fighter, heavy fighter and strike fighter, in order to counter the growing cost of fighters, militaries began to consolidate missions. The McDonnell [[F-4 Phantom II]] was designed as a pure interceptor for the [[United States Navy]], but became a highly successful multi-role aircraft for the [[United States Air Force|Air Force]], Navy and [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] as well as many other nations. It is the only combat aircraft to be simultaneously flown by all three American service branches. 

Notable aircraft:
* {{FRA}}
** [[Dassault Mirage F.1]]
** [[Dassault Super Étendard]]
** [[Dassault Mirage III]]
* {{flagcountry|Iran}}
** [[Azarakhsh|IAMI Azarakhsh]]
** [[IAMI Saeqeh]]
* {{PRC}}
** [[Shenyang J-8]]
* {{USSR}}
** [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21MF/bis 'Fishbed']]
** [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 'Flogger']]
** [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25|Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25 'Foxbat']]
** [[Sukhoi Su-15|Sukhoi Su-15 'Flagon']]
** [[Sukhoi Su-17|Sukhoi Su-17 'Fitter']]
** [[Tupolev Tu-28|Tupolev Tu-28 'Fiddler']]
* {{UK}}
** [[Hawker Siddeley Harrier]]
* {{USA}}
** [[McDonnell Douglas]] [[F-4 Phantom II]]
** [[Northrop F-5]]

===Fourth generation (1970-1990)===
:''Main article: [[4th generation jet fighter]].''
[[Image:USAF F15.jpg|thumb|right|A fourth-generation F-15 Eagle]]
[[Image:F-14 Tomcat VF-31 2006.jpg|thumb|right|The fourth-generation F-14 Tomcat]]
[[Image:FBC-1.jpg|thumb|right|The fourth-generation JH-7A]]
In reaction to the continually rising cost of fighters and the demonstrated success of the [[F-4 Phantom II]], multirole fighters became popular during this period, and even aircraft designed for a specific role (as the F-4 had) acquired multi-role capability. Fighters such as the [[MiG-23]] and [[Panavia Tornado]] have versions specially suited for various roles, while true multirole warplanes include the [[F/A-18 Hornet]] and [[Dassault Mirage 2000]]. This was facilitated by avionics which could switch seamlessly between air and ground modes. As development costs increased, economics further pushed the development for multirole aircraft.

Unlike interceptors of the previous era, most modern air-superiority fighters have been designed to be agile dog-fighters. [[Fly-by-wire]] (The [[U.S.]] [[Lockheed Martin]] [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] was the first fighter to use Fly-by wire, utilizing a token-passing digital control mechanism based on the Texas Instruments TI Falcon Chipset [TMS820/830] - a "Token Ring" network technology developed in conjunction with McDonald Douglas Aircraft - Military Division in St. Louis) controls and [[relaxed stability]] is common among modern fighters. Aircraft here make up most of the "fourth generations" of fighter jets.

Notable aircraft:
* {{FRA}}
** [[Dassault Mirage 2000]]
* {{ISR}}
** [[IAI Kfir]]
* {{JPN}}
** [[Mitsubishi F-2]]
* {{PRC}}
** [[JH-7 Flying Leopard]]
** [[Shenyang J-8#J-8II (Finback-B) Series|Shenyang J-8II]]
* {{flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Republic of China|Republic of China (Taiwan)]]
** [[AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo]]
* {{SWE}}
** [[Saab Viggen]]
* {{USSR}}
** [[Mikoyan MiG-29|Mikoyan MiG-29 'Fulcrum']]
** [[Mikoyan MiG-31|Mikoyan MiG-31 'Foxhound']]
** [[Sukhoi Su-27]]/[[Sukhoi Su-33|33 'Flanker']]
** [[Yakovlev Yak-38|Yakovlev Yak-38 'Forger']]
* {{UK}} / {{GER}} / {{ITA}}
** [[Panavia Tornado]]
* {{UK}} / {{USA}}
** [[BAE]] / [[McDonnell Douglas]] [[Harrier II]]
* {{USA}}
** [[Grumman]] [[F-14 Tomcat]]
** [[McDonnell Douglas]] [[F-15 Eagle]]
** [[General Dynamics]] / [[Lockheed Martin]] [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]]
** [[McDonnell Douglas]] [[F/A-18 Hornet]]
** [[Northrop]] [[F-20 Tigershark]]

===Generation 4.5 (1990-Present)===
[[Image:Eurofighter Typhoon 2.jpg|thumb|Eurofighter Typhoon]]
[[Image:Su-30 MKI.jpg|right|thumb|Sukhoi Su-30MKI 'Flanker']]
[[Image:J-10pakfighter.jpg|right|thumb|Chinese J-10]]
This half-generation has been coined to describe the next generation of fighters in service, marked by a stagnation of aerodynamic technologies (compared with the boom of the third-generation) matched with a tremendous advance in avionics and other flight electronics, as a result of applying the advances made in microchip and semiconductor technology in the 1980s and 1990s, as well as limited stealth shaping made possible with supercomputers. A prime example of this generation is the [[F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]], based on the 1970s Hornet design. While the basic aerodynamic features remain the same, the Super Hornet features improved avionics in the form of an all-[[glass cockpit]], a solid-state AESA fixed-array radar, new engines, the structural use of composite materials to reduce weight, and a slightly modified shape to minimize its radar signature. Of these, only the Super Hornet and the Rafale have seen combat action.

Notable aircraft:
* {{FRA}}
** [[Dassault Rafale]]
* {{IND}}
** [[HAL Tejas]] &lt;small&gt;(limited series production begun)&lt;/small&gt;
* {{PRC}}
** [[Chengdu J-10]]
** [[Shenyang J-11#J-11B|Shenyang J-11B]]
* {{PRC}} / {{PAK}}
**[[JF-17 Thunder]] or [[FC-1 Fierce Dragon]]
* {{RUS}}
** [[Mikoyan MiG-35|Mikoyan MiG-35 'Fulcrum']]
** [[Sukhoi Su-30]]/[[Sukhoi Su-35|35]]/[[Sukhoi Su-37|37 'Flanker']] 
** [[Sukhoi Su-34|Sukhoi Su-32/34 'Fullback']]
* {{RUS}} / {{IND}}
** [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30MKI 'Flanker']]
* {{SWE}}
** [[Saab JAS 39 Gripen]]
* {{UK}} / {{GER}} / {{ITA}} / {{ESP}}
** [[Eurofighter Typhoon]]
* {{USA}}
** [[Boeing]] [[F-15E Strike Eagle]] and all later derivatives
** [[General Dynamics]] / [[Lockheed Martin]] [[F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16C/D Block 50/52]] and all later derivatives
** [[Boeing]] [[F/A-18E/F Super Hornet]]

===Fifth generation (2000-Present)===
[[Image:FA-22 Raptor.jpg|thumb|right|F-22 Raptor]]
[[Image:Lockheed_F-35_Joint_Strike_Fighter.jpg|thumb|right|The X-35 JSF, a prototype "fifth-generation" jet fighter]]

The current cutting edge of fighter design combines previous emphasis on versatility with new developments such as [[thrust vectoring]], [[composite materials]], [[supercruise]], [[stealth technology]], advanced [[radar]] and sensors, and integrated [[avionics]] designed to reduce the pilot's workload while vastly improving situational awareness.

Of these, only the American [[F-22 Raptor]], put into production in 2004, is operational, and  is often regarded as the first of a new generation of fighters, termed the "fifth-generation". The in-development [[F-35 Lightning II]] (formerly Joint Strike Fighter) and the F-22 have influenced the continued development of the fourth-generation designs, and the shape of design work for the Russian [[PAK FA]] and other countries' long-term fighter development projects (for instance, the rumoured Chinese [[Shenyang J-XX]] project, Indian [[Medium Combat Aircraft]] and South Korean [[KFX (aircraft)|KFX]]).  Later cancelled technology demonstrators of fifth-generation fighter aircraft include the United States [[YF-23 Black Widow II]], [[Boeing X-32]] and [[McDonnell Douglas X-36]] plus [[Soviet Union]] [[Mikoyan Project 1.44|Project 1.42]], later upgraded by Russia to version 1.44.
&lt;!-- Please do not add any "drawing-board" or rumored projects to this list (such as Indian, Korean possible future projects) --&gt;

====In Service====
* {{USA}}
** [[Lockheed Martin]] / [[Boeing]] '''[[F-22 Raptor]]'''

====Scheduled To Enter Active Service====
&lt;small&gt;Test flight by [[2009]] and enter active service by [[2012]]&lt;/small&gt;
* {{RUS}}
**[[Sukhoi]] '''[[Sukhoi PAK FA|T-50]]'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070522/65892313.html Russia's fifth generation combat aircraft to fly by late 2008-Ivanov]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070808/70574505.html Russia to build fifth-generation fighter prototype soon]&lt;/ref&gt;
 &lt;!--Indian participation in [[PAK FA]] is still not officially confirmed. There is an invitation to develop the aircraft together, but it may very well be a different project thank [[PAK FA]]. Please stop editing encyclopedic articles based on vague information. The aircraft is at an advanced stage of development without any Indian participation. --&gt;
* {{USA}} / {{UK}}
** [[Lockheed Martin]] / [[Northrop Grumman]] / [[BAE]] '''[[F-35 Lightning II]]''' / '''[[Joint Combat Aircraft|JCA]]'''

====Technology Demonstrators====
&lt;small&gt;Built, flown and tested (one unit only) - but design not selected for active service&lt;/small&gt;
* {{RUS}}
** [[Sukhoi Su-47|Sukhoi '''Su-47 'Berkut'''']]
** [[Mikoyan Project 1.44|Mikoyan '''Project 1.44 'Flatpack'''']]
* {{USA}}
** [[Northrop YF-23|Northrop '''YF-23 Black Widow II''']]
** [[Boeing X-32|Boeing '''X-32 JSF''']]
====In Development====
&lt;small&gt;In very early development or rumored projects&lt;/small&gt;
* {{PRC}}
** [[J-XX]]
* {{IND}}
** [[Medium Combat Aircraft]] (under development)
* {{JPN}}
** [[Mitsubishi ATD-X]] (under development)
* {{KOR}}
** [[KFX (aircraft)|KFX]] (under development)

==See also==
* [[List of military aircraft]]
* [[Fighter Pilot]]

==External links==
*[http://www.airwarweb.net/linksstart.php World War II Allied/Axis airplane links]
*[http://www.ausairpower.net/air-superiority-3.html Measures of Fighter Capability]
*[http://www.skygod.com/quotes/combat.html Fighter Combat Quotations]
*[http://www.fighter-planes.com/ Fighter-planes.com: data and images]
*[http://www.topfighters.com/ Military fighter aircraft in detail]
*[http://www.airtoaircombat.com/ AirToAirCombat.com: Fighter and Military Aircraft Reference]
*[http://www.fighterplanephotos.com/ FighterPlanePhotos.com: Fighter Plane &amp; Military Aircraft Photos]


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'''France''' is a Western European nation. 
== History ==
During the early centuries CE it was a part of the Roman Empire as Gaul. A few centuries later Charlemagne built a large Frankish Empire. Later there was a French kingdom, then there was [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]'s France. During [[World War I]] France was an ally of the United Kingdom and the United States. During [[World War II]] France was an ally of the United Kingdom and the United States but was invaded and taken over by [[Nazi Germany]]. 

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      <text bytes="3926" sha1="1gx16a1g6aoyrtlfjqxi0ha9ixgxcju" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military person
|name=George W. Thornbrough
|birth_date=
|death_date= June 4, 1942
|birth_place= 
|death_place= Killed in action, Cold Harbor, Alaska
|place of burial= 
|image=
|caption=
|nickname=
|serviceyears=
|servicenumber=0-022400
|rank=[[Captain (United States)|Captain]]&lt;br/&gt;*[[Battle of Dutch Harbor]]
|unit= 73rd Bomber Squadron, 28th Bomber Group, Heavy
|commands=
|battles= [[World War II]]
|awards= [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]], [[Purple Heart]]
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
[[Captain (United States)|Captain]] '''George W. Thornbrough''' (-June 4, 1942) was a U.S. Army Air Forces [[B-26 Marauder]] pilot stationed in Alaska during [[World War II]]. He was [[killed in action]] while returning from a mission to sick a Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] that was launching a strike against Dutch Harbor, Alaska.

==Biography==
Captain Thornbrough fought during the [[Battle of Dutch Harbor]] in June 1942, bravely attacking a Japanese [[aircraft carrier]] that was launching strike aircraft at Dutch Harbor. Although his [[torpedo]] struck the carrier, it failed to explode.  Captain Thornbrough returned to his airfield to refuel and rearm and then took off to rejoin the fight. The aircraft and entire crew were lost during their return from this mission, when they were unable to land at Cold Bay. The wreckage of Captain Thornbrough's aircraft was found 50 miles (80 km) from Cold Bay on the north side of the Alaska Peninsula the following month. His date of death is recorded as June 4, 1942.&lt;ref name=ABC&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.americanbattlegraves.com/index.php?page=directory&amp;rec=72522|title=George W. Thornbrough World War Two Death|publisher=American Battle Graves.com|accessdate=March 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1948 the military base Fort Randall, Alaska was renamed  Thornbrough Air Force Base in his honor.

==Military decorations==
Captain Thornbrough recieved several military awards during his career including the [[Purple Heart]] and [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]].

===Distinguished service cross citation===
Captain (Air Corps) George W. Thornbrough (ASN: 0-22400), United States Army Air Forces, was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross (Posthumously) for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy while serving as Pilot of a B-26 Medium Bomber in the 73d Bombardment Squadron, 28th Bombardment Group (C), ELEVENTH Air Force, while participating in an air mission on 4 June 1942, against enemy targets in the Territory of Alaska. The personal courage and zealous devotion to duty displayed by Captain Thornbrough on this occasion have upheld the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, the 11th Air Force, and the United States Army Air Forces.
General Orders: Headquarters, Alaska Defense Command, General Orders No. 67 (1942)&lt;ref name=Hallofvalor&gt;{{Hall of Valor|33032|accessdate=March 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=6ZsTiBcmzNUC&amp;pg=PA468&amp;lpg=PA468&amp;dq=George+W.+Thornbrough&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=iR5qSv8ooj&amp;sig=rGvoOfBXkjBMydQ0Pug_sddi0-E&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=TaAcU767Lajr0wGb94BA&amp;ved=0CGMQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&amp;q=George%20W.%20Thornbrough&amp;f=false The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume One: Plans and Early Operations]
*[http://www.poa.usace.army.mil/Portals/34/docs/AKdistrict/green_book_iv.pdf The offensive in the Aleutian Islands]
*[http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1675.html Thousand-Mile War]

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[[Category:American military personnel killed in World War II]]
[[Category:United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II]]
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[[Image:Geronimo.jpeg|right|thumb|250px|Photo of Geronomo/Goyathlay from the U.S. Library of Congress.]]
'''Geronimo''' (Chiricahua Goyaałé 'One Who Yawns'; often spelled Goyathlay in English), (June 16, 1829–February 17, 1909) was a prominent [[Native American Warriors|Native American]] leader of the Chiricahua Apache who long warred against the encroachment of the white man on tribal lands.

I'm trying to find sites that have already fantastic useful information on what's popular and what is the optimum makeup products is.. ffbdffdfededegdd

== In Popular Culture ==
Geronimo is a popular figure in cinema and television. Characters based on Geronimo have appeared in many films, including:

:Geronimo's Last Raid (1912) 
:Hawk of the Wilderness (1938) 
:Geronimo (1939) 
:Valley of the Sun (1942) 
:Broken Arrow (1950) 
:I Killed Geronimo (1950) 
:Outpost (1951) 
:Son of Geronimo: Apache Avenger (1952) 
:The Battle at Apache Pass (1952) 
:Indian Uprising (1952) 
:Taza, Son of Cochise (1954) 
:Walk the Proud Land (1956) 
:Geronimo (1962) 
:Geronimo und die Räuber (West German, 1966) 
:Geronimo (Starring Joseph Runningfox) (1993) 
:Geronimo: An American Legend (1993) 
:Hot Shots! Part Deux (1993) 
:War of the Buttons (1994).

The character of Geronimo appeared in the 1979 film Mr. Horn, Tom Horn only is known to have met Geronimo on January 13, 1886 in the company of Lt. Maus two days after Capt. Emmet Crawford was shot. Characterisations of Geronimo also appeared in Gunsmoke: The Last Apache (the 1990 reunion movie of television series Gunsmoke), and the 1993 telefilm Geronimo. The 1976 film I Due superpiedi quasi piatti features a character who believes himself to be Geronimo. The manga and anime television series Kinnikuman and Ultimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy features a highly stereotyped native wrestler, based loosely on the historical figure.

[[Image:Geronimo, as US prisoner.jpg|thumb|Geronimo as a US Prisoner]]

In 1940, the night before their first mass jump, U.S. paratroopers at Fort Benning saw a film about Geronimo, and began shouting his name during jumps, a trend which has caught on elsewhere.

In 1943 a United States Liberty ship named the SS Geronimo was launched. She was scrapped in 1960.

The Apache Software Foundation named a Web Application Server after this Indian leader; see Geronimo Application Server.

The Grand Canyon Council of the Boy Scouts of America runs Camp Geronimo, near Pine, Arizona.

Two towns in the US, one in Oklahoma, another in Texas, are named for him

== External Links ==
* [http://www.harvard-diggins.org/Burbank/ E. A. Burbank Website] - Select 1944 tab, then ''Burbank Among the Indians''
* [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_013300_geronimo.htm Geronimo] - Biography in the ''Encyclopedia of North American Indians''
* ''[http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/B/geronimo/geronixx.htm Geronimo : His own story]''
* [http://www.indians.org/welker/geronimo.htm Geronimo at Indians.org]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0616.html ''New York Times'' obituary]
* [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/051111.html The Straight Dope looks at rumors that Geronimo's remains were stolen by Yale's Skull and Bones]
* [http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/05/09/geronimo.bones.ap/index.html CNN reports Geronimo's remains were stolen by Skull and Bones]

== See Also ==
*[[Native American Warriors]]

[[Category:War]]

== References ==
* Opler, Morris E.; &amp; French, David H.  (1941).  ''Myths and tales of the Chiricahua Apache Indians''.  Memoirs of the American folk-lore society, (Vol. 37).  New York: American Folk-lore Society.  (Reprinted in 1969 by New York: Kraus Reprint Co.; in 1970 by New York; in 1976 by Millwood, NY: Kraus Reprint Co.; &amp; in 1994 under M. E. Opler, Morris by Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.  ISBN 0-80328602-3).
* Pinnow, Jürgen. (1988). ''Die Sprache der Chiricahua-Apachen: Mit Seitenblicken auf das Mescalero [The language of the Chiricahua Apache: With side glances at the Mescalero]''. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.

{{wikipedia|Geronimo}}

[[Category:War]]
[[Category:Native American Warriors]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Glossary of the French Revolution</title>
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      <text bytes="3593" sha1="blz3dj4rudcfvqjfyh090jjac3gky8g" xml:space="preserve">This is a '''glossary of the French Revolution'''. It generally does not explicate names of individual people or their political associations; those can be found in [[wikipedia:List of people associated with the French Revolution|List of people associated with the French Revolution]].

The terminology routinely used in discussing the French Revolution can be confusing, even daunting. The same political faction may be referred to by different historians (or by the same historian in different contexts) by different names. During much of the revolutionary period, the French used a newly invented calendar that fell into complete disuse after the revolutionary era. Different legislative bodies had rather similar names, not always translated uniformly into English. This article is intended as a central place to clarify these issues.

== Three Estates ==
The estates of the realm in ancien régime France were:

*First Estate (Fr. Premier État) - The clergy, both high (generally sideing with the nobility, and it often was recruited amongst its younger sons) and low. 
*Second Estate (Fr. Second État) - The nobility. Technically, but not usually of much relevance, the Second Estate also included the Royal Family. 
*Third Estate (Fr. Tiers État) - Everyone not included in the First or Second Estate. At times this term refers specifically to the bourgeoisie, the middle class, but the Third Estate also included the sans-culottes, the laboring class. Also included in the Third Estate were lawyers, merchants, and government officials. 
*See also: Fourth Estate, a term with two relevant meanings: on the one hand, the generally unrepresented poor, nominally part of the Third Estate; on the other, the press, as a fourth powerful entity in addition to the three estates of the realm.

== Social Classes ==
*Royalty - Usually refers to the royal House of Bourbon, but can also refer -technically less correct- to Napoleon Bonaparte and his imperial family after the Empire was established. 
*Nobility (Fr. noblesse) - Those with explicit noble title. These are traditionally divided into "noblesse d'epee" ("nobility of the sword") and "noblesse de la robe" ("nobility of the gown"), the magisterial class that administered royal justice and civil government. 
*Ci devant nobility - Literally "from before": nobility of the ancien régime (the Bourbon kingdom) after it had lost its titles and privileges. 
*Bourgeoisie - Roughly, the non-noble wealthy, typically merchants, investors, and professionals such as lawyers. 
*Sans-culottes - literally "those without breeches", the masses of Paris. 
Peasants.

== Constitutions ==
*Liberal monarchical constitution - Adopted October 6, 1789, accepted by the King July 14, 1790. 
*The Constitution of 1791 or Constitution of September 3, 1791 - Establishes a limited monarchy and the Legislative Assembly. 
*The Constitution of 1793, Constitution of June 24, 1793 (Fr. Acte constitutionnel du 24 juin 1793, or Montagnard Constitution (Fr. Constitution montagnarde) - Ratified, but never applied, due to the suspension of all ordinary legality October 10, 1793. 
*The Constitution of 1795, Constitution of August 22, 1795, Constitution of the Year III, or Constitution of 5 Fructidor - Establishes the Directory. 
*The Constitution of the Year VIII - Adopted December 24, 1799, establishes the Consulate. 
*The Constitution of the Year X - Establishes a revised Consulate, with Napoleon as First Consul for Life. 
*The Constitution of the Year XII - Establishes Bonaparte's First Empire.

{{wikipedia|Glossary of the French Revolution}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>HMS Ark Royal</title>
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      <text bytes="2695" sha1="6o20r8rh0igjgjz2myxqoaidanwhjmw" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Ark_royal_r07.600px.jpg|thumbnail|300px|[[HMS Ark Royal (R07)|HMS ''Ark Royal'' (R07)]] in Greenwich dock, London]]
'''HMS ''Ark Royal''''' is a name that has been borne by five ships in the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Royal Navy]].

* The first [[HMS Ark Royal (1587)|''Ark Royal'']] was built as ''Ark Raleigh'' at [[Deptford, London|Deptford]] on the [[River Thames]] in [[1587]], to the order of Sir [[Walter Raleigh]]. She was bought by [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth's]] navy for £5,000 ("money well given", according to her new commander, [[William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham|Lord Howard of Effingham]]) and, as ''Ark Royal'', was the flagship of the [[England|English]] fleet during the [[Spanish Armada]] campaign of [[1588]]. In [[1608]], under the new monarch [[James I of England|James I]], she was rebuilt and renamed ''Anne Royal''. She was broken up in [[1636]].
* The second [[HMS Ark Royal (1914)|''Ark Royal'']], after a gap of almost 300 years, was a merchant ship converted on the building stocks to be a seaplane carrier and was the world's first [[aircraft carrier]].  Built in [[Blyth, Northumberland]], she was launched in [[1914]], she served in the [[Dardanelles Campaign]] and throughout [[World War I]].  She was renamed HMS ''Pegasus'' in [[1934]], to free the name ''Ark Royal'' for a new ship, and was broken up in [[1950]].
* The third [[HMS Ark Royal (91)|''Ark Royal'' (91)]] was launched in 1938, saw action in [[World War II]], and was sunk by the [[Germany|German]] [[U-boat]] [[Unterseeboot 81|U-81]] in [[1941]]. She was the first purpose built aircraft carrier, and was built by Cammel Laird and Company, Ltd at Birkenhead, England.
* The fourth [[HMS Ark Royal (R09)|''Ark Royal'' (R09)]] was an [[Audacious class aircraft carrier|''Audacious''-class fleet aircraft carrier]].  After starring in the [[1970s]] [[BBC]] series "[[Sailor (TV series)|Sailor]]", she eventually went to the breaker's yard in [[1980]].
* The fifth [[HMS Ark Royal (R07)|''Ark Royal'' (R07)]] is an [[Invincible class aircraft carrier|''Invincible''-class aircraft carrier]].  She served in the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].

== Battle honours ==

* [[Spanish Armada]] [[1588]]
* [[Battle of Cádiz (1596)|Cádiz]] [[1596]] 
* [[Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign|Dardanelles]] [[1915]]
* [[Allied campaign in Norway|Norway]] [[1940]] 
* [[Battle of Cape Spartivento|Spartivento]] [[1940]]
* [[Battle of the Mediterranean|Mediterranean]] [[1940]]&amp;ndash;[[1941]] 
* [[German battleship Bismarck|''Bismarck'']] [[1941]]
* [[Malta Convoys]] [[1941]]
* [[Iraq]] [[2003]]

{{Wikipedia|HMS Ark Royal}}
[[Category:Royal Navy ship names|Ark Royal]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>HMS Ark Royal (1914)</title>
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      <text bytes="5286" sha1="3qfv0ocmz6faejonqfl9086a804kcaw" xml:space="preserve">{{Ship table
| Ship image = [[Image:Ark Royal (1914).jpg|300px]]
| Ship caption = HMS Ark Royal
| Ship flag = [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|60px]]
| Ship laid down = [[7 November]] [[1913]]
| Ship launched = [[5 September]] [[1914]]
| Ship commissioned = December 1914
| Ship decommissioned = February 1944
| Ship renamed = Renamed ''Pegasus'' [[21 December]] [[1934]]
| Ship fate = Sold [[18 October]] [[1946]] for conversion to merchant ship ''Anita I'', scrapped June 1949
| Ship displacement = 7450&amp;nbsp;tons full load
| Ship length = 366&amp;nbsp;ft (111.6&amp;nbsp;m)
| Ship beam = 50.8&amp;nbsp;ft (15.5&amp;nbsp;m)
| Ship draught = 18&amp;nbsp;ft (5.6&amp;nbsp;m) 
| Ship propulsion = 1 shaft, triple expansion; 2 boilers; 3000&amp;nbsp;shp (2.2&amp;nbsp;MW)
| Ship speed = 11&amp;nbsp;knots (20&amp;nbsp;km/h)
| Ship complement = 180
| Ship armament = 4 × 12&amp;nbsp;pounder (117&amp;nbsp;mm), 2 × 0.303&amp;nbsp;in (7.7&amp;nbsp;mm) Maxim 
| Ship aircraft = 5 floatplanes, 2 land planes
}}
'''HMS ''Ark Royal''''' was a [[Royal Navy]] ship originally laid down as a merchant vessel but completed in the builder's shipyard as an [[aircraft carrier]], entering service a few months after the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. She was renamed '''HMS ''Pegasus''''' in 1934.

The Royal Navy had been using a converted cruiser, [[HMS Hermes (1913)|HMS ''Hermes'']], as a seaplane carrier, to conduct trials in 1913. However, another ship was needed, and in 1913&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.1248 | title = HMS Ark Royal | work  = Royal Navy website | accessdate = 2006-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[tramp steamer]] was purchased whilst under construction at the Blyth Shipbuilding Company in [[Blyth, Northumberland]]. This 7,000-ton vessel was converted on the slipway whilst still under construction, to become the first Royal Navy ship to be originally completed as an aircraft carrying vessel, HMS ''Ark Royal''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/ark_royal_1914.htm | title = Ark Royal 1914  | work = Battleships-Cruisers | accessdate = 2006-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Seaplane tenders which entered service before ''Ark Royal'', such as [[HMS Engadine (1911)|HMS ''Engadine'']] and HMS ''Hermes'' had been used for some other purpose before being converted.

Extensive changes to the design were made in converting the ship to a seaplane tender, with propulsion machinery moved aft and a working deck occupying the forward half of the ship.  The deck was not originally intended as a flying-off deck, but for starting and running up of seaplane engines and for recovering damaged aircraft from the sea&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title = A Century of Naval Construction, The History of the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors | Author = D.K. Brown | id = ISBN 0-85177282X | publisher= Conway Maritime Press | pages = 114}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The ship was equipped with a large aircraft hold, 150 ft long, 45 ft wide and 15 ft high along with workshops. Two 3-ton steam cranes would lift the aircraft through the sliding hatch onto the flight deck or into the water.

She could carry five [[floatplanes]] and 2 normal aircraft. The latter would have to return to land after launch, but the seaplanes could take off over the bow and land in the water alongside the carrier, before being lifted back onboard by the cranes. 

On the outbreak of the [[First World War]] a number of cross [[English Channel|channel]] ferries were requisitioned and converted as well.

==Service==

The ship spent the war in the Eastern [[Mediterranean]] and took part in the [[Dardanelles campaign]] from February to May 1915. In January 1918 two of her [[Sopwith ABC]] planes attempted to bomb [[SMS Goeben]]. 

After the war she operated in the [[Black Sea]], transporting aircraft to [[Batumi]] to support [[White movement|White Russian]] forces fighting the [[Russian Civil War]]. She was also used in support of the land campaign in [[Somalia]] against the [[Mad Mullah]].  During 1920 she assisted the withdrawal of White Russian forces from [[Crimea]]. She then returned to Britain and was put into reserve at [[Rosyth]] for a refit. 

She was recommissioned in September 1922 to take aircraft out to the Mediterranean during the [[Chanak Affair|Chanak crisis]], before undergoing another refit at [[Malta]] in April 1923.

In December 1934 she was renamed HMS ''Pegasus'' to free her name for [[HMS Ark Royal (91)|a new carrier]] that was then beginning construction. 
HMS ''Pegasus'' served in only minor roles during the [[Second World War]], and was sold in December 1946. Work began to convert her into a merchant ship named ''Anita'' I, but this was halted and she was broken up for scrap in 1949.

See [[HMS Ark Royal|HMS ''Ark Royal'']] for other ships of the same name.

==References==
*{{cite web | url=http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/carriers/uk_sea.htm#ark World Aircraft Carriers List | title = World Aircraft Carriers List: RN Seaplane Carriers &amp; Tenders  | work = Haze Gray &amp; Underway Naval History Information Center | accessdate = 2006-10-13}}

==Footnotes==
&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Unique aircraft carriers|Ark Royal (1914)]]
[[Category:Aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom|Ark Royal (1914)]]
[[Category:Royal Navy aircraft carriers|Ark Royal (1914)]]

{{Wikipedia|HMS Ark Royal (1914)}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</title>
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      <text bytes="9359" sha1="6820vp381wyr28emaymwbyakuiuvc42" xml:space="preserve">'''''Hamdan v. Rumsfeld''''', 548 U.S. ___ (2006), is a United States Supreme Court case with numerous significant constitutional implications. The case questions the legality of [[Guantanamo military commission]]s set up by the [[George W. Bush administration|Bush administration]], whether the United States Congress has the authority to pass legislation preventing the Supreme Court from hearing the case of an accused combatant before his military commission takes place, and whether courts can enforce the articles of the 1949 [[Geneva Conventions|Geneva Convention]].&lt;ref name="Duke"&gt;[http://www.law.duke.edu/publiclaw/supremecourtonline/certGrants/2005/hamvrum.html Hamdan v. Rumsfeld], ''Duke Law's Supreme Court Online'', 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Supreme Court announced its decision on June 29, 2006. In a 5-3 decision, the Court held that the Bush administration did not have authority to set up the war crimes tribunals and found the special military commissions illegal under both the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the Geneva Convention.&lt;ref name=AP&gt;"[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/29/washington/29cnd-scotus.html In Loss for Bush, Supreme Court Blocks War-Crimes Trials at Guantanamo]", [[Associated Press]], as reported by the ''New York Times'', June 29, [[2006]]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Background==
Salim Ahmed Hamdan, a citizen of Yemen, was captured during the [[United States war in Afghanistan|invasion of Afghanistan]] and detained by the [[United States]] at the naval base at [[Guantanamo Bay]], Cuba. In July [[2004]], he was charged with conspiracy to commit terrorism, and the Bush administration made arrangements to try him before a [[Guantanamo military commission|military commission]]. Hamdan filed a petition of habeas corpus, arguing that he was being held without due process. Following the Supreme Court ruling on another case, ''[[Hamdi v. Rumsfeld]]'', Hamdan was granted a review before the Combatant Status Review Tribunal, which determined that he was eligible for detention by the United States as an enemy combatant or person of interest.&lt;ref name="Duke"/&gt;

==District and Appeals Court rulings==
After reviewing Hamdan's petition of habeas corpus, Judge James Robertson of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia ruled in Hamdan's favor, stating that the United States could not hold a military commission unless it was first shown that the detainee was not a [[prisoner of war]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.smh.com.au/news/Global-Terrorism/Osamas-driver-outmanoeuvres-terror-trials/2004/11/09/1099781361307.html Bin Laden's driver outmanoeuvres Guantanamo trials], ''Sydney Morning Herald'', November 9 [[2004]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wlf.org/upload/110904RS.pdf Court bars efforts to try terrorist before military commissions], ''Washington Legal Foundation'', November 9 [[2004]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/politics/wire/sns-ap-scotus-terror-suspects,1,722524.story?coll=sns-ap-politics-headlines High Court Sidesteps Guantanamo Bay Case], ''Los Angeles Times'', January 19 [[2005]]&lt;/ref&gt;  This distinction is required for a military commission to proceed according to the Geneva Convention, of which the United States is a signatory.

A three-judge panel from the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Arthur Raymond Randolph, John G. Roberts, Jr. (now the Chief Justice of the United States), and Stephen F. Williams, unanimously reversed this decision on July 15, [[2005]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/200507/04-5393a.pdf ''Hamdan v. Rumsfeld''], United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, July 18, [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt;  Judge Randolph wrote the decision, and cited the following reasons for the legality of the military commissions:
#Military commissions are legitimate forums to try enemy combatants because they have been approved by Congress.
#The Geneva Convention is a treaty between nations and as such it does not confer individual rights and remedies.
#Even if the Geneva Convention could be enforced in U.S. courts, it would not be of assistance to Hamdan at the time because, for a conflict such as the war against [[al-Qaeda]] that is not between two countries, it guarantees only a certain standard of judicial procedure&amp;mdash;a "competent tribunal"&amp;mdash;without speaking to the jurisdiction in which the prisoner must be tried.
#Under the terms of the Geneva Convention, al Qaeda and its members are not covered.
In addition, they ruled that the U.S. president has the constitutional authority to try Hamdan because Congress authorized such activity by statute. They also stated that the judicial branch of the United States government cannot enforce the Convention, thus invalidating Hamdan's argument that he cannot be tried until after his prisoner of war status is determined.&lt;ref name="Duke"/&gt;

==Supreme Court ruling==
On 7 November [[2005]], the Supreme Court issued a writ of certiorari to hear the case.&lt;ref&gt;[http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2005/11/breaking-news-supreme-court-to-hear.php Supreme Court to hear challenge to Gitmo tribunals] ''Jurist, University of Pittsburg School of Law'', November 7, [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-5399108,00.html Supreme Court to Hear Tribunals Challenge], ''[[The Guardian]]'', November 7, [[2005]]&lt;/ref&gt;  The petition was filed on behalf of Hamdan by Neal Katyal of Georgetown University Law Center and Lt. Commander Charles Swift of the U.S. Navy.

The case was argued before the court on 28 March [[2006]]. Katyal argued on behalf of Hamdan and Paul Clement, the Solicitor General of the United States, argued on behalf of the government.&lt;ref&gt;[http://docket.medill.northwestern.edu/archives/003208.php Hamdan, Salim v. Rumsfeld, Donald (Secy. of Defense)] ''Medill, Northwestern University,'' November 11, [[2005]].&lt;/ref&gt;  John G. Roberts Jr., the new Chief Justice, recused himself from this case, since he ruled on it when he sat on the Court of Appeals.  Critics called for the recusal of Justice Antonin Scalia, since he made comments about the case prior to oral arguments.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2006/LAW/03/26/guantanamo.scalia.reut/index.html Report: Scalia against rights for Gitmo detainees], ''CNN.com'', March 26, [[2006]]&lt;/ref&gt;, but he chose not to recuse himself from the case.

The Supreme Court announced its decision on 29 June 2006.  The Court reversed the ruling of the Court of Appeals, holding that President Bush did not have authority to set up the war crimes tribunals and finding the special military commissions illegal under both military justice law and the Geneva Convention.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/5129904.stm|title=US court rejects Guantanamo trial|publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title= ''Hamdan v. Rumsfeld'' | url=http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/05pdf/05-184.pdf | publisher=Supreme Court of the United States | format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;  But Justice Breyer, concurring in the decision, contended that the commissions are not necessarily categorically prohibited, as long as Congress approves them:  "...Congress has denied the President the legislative authority to create military commissions of the kind at issue here. Nothing prevents the President from returning to Congress to seek the authority he believes necessary."

==References==
&lt;references /&gt;

==External links==
===Court documents===
* [http://supremecourtus.gov/opinions/05pdf/05-184.pdf Full text of the decision] from the Supreme Court's website. (PDF)
* [http://www.phrusa.org/research/torture/amicusbrief-hamdan.html Groups File Amicus Briefs in Case Involving Osama Bin Laden's Driver], Physicians for Human Rights
* [http://www.hamdanvrumsfeld.com www.hamdanvrumsfeld.com] — A website devoted to the case; contains briefs and other pertinent documents
*[http://www.usdoj.gov/osg/briefs/2004/0responses/2004-0702.resp.html Petition for a writ of certiorari: Brief for the respondents in opposition], US Department of Justice, December [[2004]]
* [http://pacer.cadc.uscourts.gov/docs/common/opinions/200507/04-5393a.pdf Text of the July 15th ruling], U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, July 15, [[2005]]. (PDF)

===News reports, commentary===
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A50013-2004Jul14.html U.S. Charges Yemeni Described as Bin Laden Bodyguard], ''Washington Post'', July 14, 2004
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A49809-2004Jul14.html Fourth Guantanamo Detainee Is Charged], ''Washington Post'', July 14, 2004
* [http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-08-24-gitmo-driver_x.htm Bin Laden driver charged in first Guantanamo hearing], ''USA Today'', August 25, 2004
* [http://www.wlf.org/upload/071505LURS.pdf Court permits terrorists to be tried by military commissions], Washington Legal Foundation, July 15, 2005
* [http://www.wlf.org/Litigating/casedetail.asp?detail=303 Protecting America's Freedom: National Security and Defense], Washington Legal Foundation, July 15, 2005
* [http://writ.corporate.findlaw.com/dorf/20050720.html "The Nation's Second-Highest Court" Upholds Military Commissions], ''Findlaw'', July 20, 2005
* [http://www.willamette.edu/~blong/LegalEssaysII/GuantanamoI.html Understanding Hamdan v. Rumsfeld]

{{Wikipedia|Hamdan v. Rumsfeld}}</text>
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    <title>Hanford Nuclear Plant</title>
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      <text bytes="879" sha1="o6zjdjj8ld83i64j2td8bxkywzy87zz" xml:space="preserve">'''Hanford Nuclear Plant''' was a definitive resistance program, left by some propertiers and national figures from boxing and Oil Corporations venture that was not technically given enough time to work out the astonomical elements and proximity of human error before the housing of the metals ignited from fuel expository and human waste composure.

Thea natural gas that elevated above the Industrial lab of the future which
was ahead of it time in recyclable and bidegradable by-product was left with
the decay of physical properties that only a actual [[wikipedia:Russia|Russian]] nuclear physicist could have desited the enzyme wich attack the hull of the metal column and seprated the nuclear furnace from the registered gold tracers which left the aluminum ignited for melt down as it reconstructed the fuel and ouil need to keep the core of the planet adjusted.

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  <page>
    <title>History of Germany during World War II</title>
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      <text bytes="158" sha1="odk304yszxd4gjb2p9neyhbqde5qrqi" xml:space="preserve">Germany was an [[Axis Powers|Axis Power]] during [[World War II]]. It was under the Nazi leader, [[Adolf Hitler]].

{{World War II}}
[[Category:World War II]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hundred Years' War</title>
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      <comment>some cleanup</comment>
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      <text bytes="43517" sha1="6gou43njncvbj4jn7immtk48ocp49bc" xml:space="preserve">{{Cleanup|14:25, 3 January 2008 (UTC)}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict= Hundred Years War
|image= [[Image:Lenepveu, Jeanne d'Arc au siège d'Orléans.jpg|300px]]
|caption= ''Romantic painting of [[Joan of Arc]] at the [[Siege of Orléans]].''
|date= 1337–1453
|place= Primarily [[France]] and the [[Low Countries]]
|result=French victory&lt;!--Please keep this as neutral, simple, uncontentious and unambiguous as possible--&gt;
|combatant1= [[Image:Arms of Edward III of England.svg|15px]] [[England]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:BOcoat.gif|20px]] [[Burgundy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:BRcoat1.gif|15px]] [[Brittany]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:PortugueseFlag1385.png|15px]] [[Portugal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Blason Navarre.png|15px]] [[Navarre]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag Belgium flanders.svg|15px]] [[Flanders]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:WapenHenegouwen.jpg|15px]] [[Hainaut|Hainault]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Image:Gascogne Flag.jpg|15px]] [[Aquitaine]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Coat of arms Grand Duchy of Luxembourg large.png|15px]] [[Luxembourg]]
|combatant2= [[Image:Blason France moderne.svg|15px]] [[France]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Blason Castille Léon.png|15px]] [[Crown of Castile|Castile]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Royal Arms of Scotland.png|15px]] [[Scotland]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:CoA civ ITA genova.png|15px]] [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Armoiries Majorque.png|15px]] [[Kingdom of Majorca|Majorca]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Kingdom of Bohemia.gif|15px]] [[Bohemia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Armas de Aragon.png|15px]] [[Aragon]] 
|commander1=
|commander2=
|strength1=
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}}
{{Campaignbox Hundred Years' War}}
{{Campaignbox Edwardian War}}
{{Campaignbox Caroline War}}
{{Campaignbox Lancastrian War}}
The '''Hundred Years War''' was a conflict between [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of France|France]], lasting 116 years from 1337 to 1453. It was fought primarily over claims by the [[King of England|English kings]] to the [[King of France|French throne]] and was punctuated by several brief periods of peace and two lasting ones before it finally ended in the expulsion of the English from France,apart from Calais. Thus, the war was in fact a series of conflicts and is commonly divided into three or four phases: the [[Hundred Years' War (1337-1360)|Edwardian War (1337-1360)]], the [[Hundred Years' War (1369-1389)|Caroline War (1369-1389)]], the [[Hundred Years' War (1415-1429)|Lancastrian War (1415-1429)]], and the slow decline of English fortunes after the appearance of [[Joan of Arc]]. The term "Hundred Years' War" was given afterward. 

The war owes its historical significance to a number of factors. Though primarily a dynastic conflict, the war gave impetus to ideas of both French and English [[nationality]]. Militarily, it saw the introduction of new weapons and tactics, which eroded the older system of [[feudal]] armies dominated by [[heavy cavalry]]. The first [[standing army|standing armies]] in [[Western Europe]] since the time of the [[Western Roman Empire]] were introduced for the war, thus changing the role of the peasantry. For all this, as well as for its long duration, it is often viewed as one of the most significant conflicts in the history of [[medieval warfare]]. 

==Background==
The background to the conflict can be found 400 years earlier, in [[911]], when [[Carolingian]] [[Charles the Simple]] allowed the [[Vikings|Viking]] [[Rollo of Normandy|Rollo]] to settle in a part of his kingdom (a region known afterwards as "[[Normandy]]"). In 1066 the "[[Normans]]" were led by [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] (the Duke of Normandy) and [[Norman Conquest|conquered England]], defeating the [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] leadership at the [[Battle of Hastings]] and installed a new [[Anglo-Norman]] power structure. 

The Norman dynasty was replaced by the Angevin Kings (also called the Plantagenets) after [[The Anarchy]]. At the height of their power the Angevins controlled Normandy and England, along with [[Maine (province of France)|Maine]], [[Anjou]], [[Touraine]], [[Gascony]], [[Saintonge]] and [[Aquitaine]]. Such assemblage of lands is sometimes known as the [[Angevin Empire]] although it had little in common with a real empire. At this moment the King of England therefore directly ruled more French territory than the king of France.  This situation, where the Plantagenet kings owed [[vassalage]] to a ruler who was ''de facto'' much weaker - was the cause of constant conflict. The Capetian Kings succesfully ended such situation by three consecutive wars: the [[Battle of Bouvines]], the [[Saintonge War]] and finally the [[War of Saint-Sardos]]. The once mighting Angevin fiefdom was reduced to England and the coastal area of Gascony so the Hundred Years' War was the logical continuation of this conflict.  Every king of England from [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] to [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] had engaged in warfare against Capetian kings on the continent.  By [[1214]], the kings of England had lost a substantial portion of their lands in France, including Normandy and their homeland of "Greater Anjou".

==Dynastic turmoil: 1314–1328==
The specific events leading up to the war took place in France, where an unbroken line of [[Capetian dynasty]] firstborn sons had succeeded each other for centuries. It was the longest continuous dynasty in medieval Europe. In [[1314]], the Capetian king [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]] died, leaving three male heirs: [[Louis X of France|Louis X]], [[Philip V of France|Philip V]], and [[Charles IV of France|Charles IV]]. The eldest son and heir, Louis X, died in [[1316]], leaving only his posthumous son [[John I of France|John I]], who was born and died that same year, and a daughter [[Joan II of Navarre|Joan]], who was married to [[Philip III of Navarre|Philip, Count of Evreux]], and inherited [[Navarre]] unopposed.

In order to secure his claim to the throne through the [[Salic Law]], which gave the inheritance to only the male line, Philip IV's second-eldest son, Philip V, was obliged to buy Joan off (using the rumour that Joan was a product of her mother's adultery). When Philip died in [[1322]], his daughters too were put aside in favour of the third son and heir of Philip IV, Charles IV. 

In [[1324]], Charles IV of France and [[Edward II of England]] fought the short [[War of Saint-Sardos]] in [[Gascony]]. The major event of the war was the brief siege of the English fortress of [[La Réole]], on the [[Garonne]]. The English forces, led by [[Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent|Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent]], were forced to surrender after a month of bombardment from the French cannons, and after being promised reinforcements which never arrived. The war was a complete failure for England, and only [[Bordeaux]] and a narrow coastal strip remained in English possession of the once great duchy of Aquitaine. 

The recovery of these lost lands became a major focus of English diplomacy. The war also galvanised opposition to Edward II among the English nobility and led to his eventual assassination ([[1327]]), which in turn caused the succession of the young [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]. Charles IV died in [[1328]], leaving only daughters, and an infant yet to be born. The senior line of the Capetian dynasty ended thus, creating a crisis over the French succession. 

Meanwhile living in England, Charles IV's sister [[Isabella of France|Isabella]], widow of Edward II, was at the time effectively in control of the crown in the name of the young king. Edward III, being the nephew of Charles, was his closest living male relative, and was at that time the only surviving male descendant of the senior line of the Capetian dynasty descending through Philip IV. By the English interpretation of feudal law, this made Edward III the legitimate [[heir to the throne]] of France. 
[[Image:Hundred Years War family tree.png|thumb|300px|Family tree relating the French and English royal houses at the beginning of the war.]]
The French nobility, however, balked at the prospect of a foreign king, particularly one who was also king of England. They asserted, based on their interpretation of the ancient [[Salic Law]], that the royal inheritance could not pass to a woman (as previously alleged) or through her to her offspring. Therefore, the nearest male relative in the greater Capetian family, [[Philip VI of France|Philip of Valois]], who had taken regency after Charles IV's death, was the legitimate heir in the eyes of the French. Charles' unborn child, had it been male, would have become king. When it was instead a daughter, Philip was crowned as Philip VI, the first of the [[House of Valois]], a cadet branch of the Capetian house. 

[[Joan II of Navarre]], the daughter of Louis X, also had a good legal case to the French throne, but lacked the power to back it up. The [[kingdom of Navarre]] was accustomed to female rulers, having no Salic impediment. In time this line would produce an additional claimant to the French throne, the son of Joan: [[Charles II of Navarre]]. Born in [[1332]], Charles replaced Edward III as Philip IV's male heir in [[primogeniture]]; although Edward remained the male heir in proximity.

==On the eve of war: 1328-1337==
After Philip's accession, the English still controlled [[Gascony]]. Gascony produced vital shipments of [[salt]] and [[wine]], and was very profitable. It was a separate [[fief]], held of the French crown, rather than a territory of England. The [[homage]] done for its possession was a bone of contention between the two kings. Philip VI demanded Edward's recognition as sovereign; Edward wanted the return of further lands lost by his father. A compromise "homage" in [[1329]] pleased neither side; but in [[1331]], facing serious problems at home, Edward accepted Philip as King of France and gave up his claims to the French throne. In effect, England kept Gascony, in return for Edward giving up his claims to be the rightful king of France. 

In [[1333]], Edward III went to war with [[David II of Scotland]], a French ally under the [[Auld Alliance]], and began the [[Second War of Scottish Independence]]. Philip saw the opportunity to reclaim Gascony while England's attention was concentrated northwards. However, the war was a quick success for England, and David was forced to flee to France after being defeated by King Edward and [[Edward Balliol]] at the [[Battle of Halidon Hill]] in July. In [[1336]], Philip made plans for an expedition to restore David to the Scottish throne, and to also seize Gascony.

==Beginning of the war: 1337–1360==
{{Main|Hundred Years' War (1337-1360)}}
{{Seealso|War of the Breton Succession}}
Open hostilities broke out as French ships began ravaging coastal settlements on the [[English Channel]] and in [[1337]] Philip reclaimed the Gascon fief, citing feudal law and saying that Edward had broken his oath (a [[felony]]) by not attending to the needs and demands of his lord. Edward III responded by saying he was in fact the rightful heir to the French throne, and on [[All Saints' Day]], [[Henry Burghersh]], [[Bishop of Lincoln]], arrived in [[Paris]] with the defiance of the king of England. War had been declared. 

When the war began, France had a population of fourteen million, whereas England had a population of only two million. Moreover, France was generally considered to have the best-trained knights in the greatest number in Europe. 

[[Image:BattleofSluys.jpeg|thumb|left|350px|Battle of Sluys from a fourteenth-century miniature of [[Jean Froissart]]'s ''Chroniques''.]]

In the early years of the war, Edward III allied with the nobles of the [[Low Countries]] and the burghers of [[Flanders]], but after two campaigns where nothing was achieved, the alliance fell apart in [[1340]]. The payments of subsidies to the German princes and the costs of maintaining an army abroad dragged the English government into bankruptcy, with huge damages to Edward III’s prestige. At sea, France enjoyed supremacy for some time, through the use of Genoese ships and crews. Several towns on the English coast were sacked, some repeatedly. This was a cause of fear and disruption along the English coastline. There was a constant fear through this part of the war that the French would invade. France's sea power led to economic disruptions in England as it cut down on the wool trade to Flanders and the wine trade from Gascony. However, in [[1340]], while attempting to hinder the English army from landing, the French fleet was almost completely destroyed in the [[Battle of Sluys]]. After this, England was able to dominate the [[English Channel]] for the rest of the war, preventing French invasions. 

In [[1341]], conflict over the succession to the Duchy of [[Brittany]] began the [[Breton War of Succession]], in which Edward backed [[John IV, Duke of Brittany|John of Montfort]] and Philip backed [[Charles, Duke of Brittany|Charles of Blois]]. Action for the next few years focused around a back and forth struggle in Brittany, with the city of [[Vannes]] changing hands several times, as well as further campaigns in Gascony with mixed success for both sides.

In July [[1346]], Edward mounted a major invasion across the Channel, landing in the [[Cotentin]]. Philip gathered a large army to oppose him, and Edward chose to march northward toward the Low Countries, pillaging as he went, rather than attempt to take and hold territory. Finding himself unable to outmanoeuvre Philip, Edward positioned his forces for battle, and Philip's army attacked. This, the famous [[Battle of Crécy]], was a complete disaster for the French and victory was largely creditable to the [[English longbow]]men. Edward proceeded north unopposed and besieged the coastal city of [[Calais]] on the [[English Channel]], capturing it in [[1347]]. This became an important strategic location for the English. It allowed the English to keep troops in France safely. In the same year, an English victory against Scotland in the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]] led to the capture of David II and greatly reduced the threat from Scotland. 

In [[1348]], the [[Black Death]] began to ravage Europe. In [[1356]], after it had passed and England was able to recover financially, Edward's son and namesake, the [[Prince of Wales]], known as the [[Black Prince]], invaded France from Gascony, winning a great victory in the [[Battle of Poitiers (1356)|Battle of Poitiers]], where the English archers repeated the same tactics used at Crécy. The new French King, [[John II of France|John II]], was captured. John signed a truce with Edward, and in his absence much of the government began to collapse. Later that year, the [[Second Treaty of London]] was signed, by which England gained possession of [[Aquitaine]] and John was freed. John eventually had to return to England as the hostages placed on his behalf had returned to France. 

The countryside of France at this point began to fall into complete chaos. Brigandage, the actions of the professional soldiery when fighting was at low ebb, was rampant. In [[1358]], the peasants rose in rebellion in what was called the [[Jacquerie]]. Edward invaded France, for the third and last time, hoping to capitalise on the discontent and seize the throne, but although no French army stood against him in the field, he was unable to take [[Paris]] or [[Rheims]] from the [[dauphin]], later [[Charles V of France|King Charles V]]. He negotiated the [[Treaty of Brétigny]] which was signed in [[1360]]. The English came out of this phase of the war with half of Brittany, Aquitaine (about a quarter of France), Calais, Ponthieu, and about half of France's vassal states as their allies, representing the clear advantage of a united England against a generally disunified kingdom of France.

==First peace: 1360–1369==
{{Main|Treaty of Brétigny}}
{{Seealso|Castilian Civil War}}
The treaty made Edward renounce his claim to the French crown, but it greatly expanded his territory in Aquitaine and confirmed his conquest of Calais. In reality, Edward never renounced his claim to the French crown, and Charles made a point to retake Edward's new territory as soon as he ascended to the throne. 

When his own son [[Louis I of Anjou|Louis I, Duc d'Anjou]] (one of the hostages) escaped from England in [[1362]], John II chivalrously gave himself up. He died in honorable captivity in [[1364]] and [[Charles V of France|Charles V]] succeeded him as king of France. In [[1369]], on the pretext that Edward III had failed to observe the terms of the treaty of Brétigny, the king of France declared war once again.

==French victories under Charles V: 1369–1389==
{{Main|Hundred Years' War (1369-1389)}}
[[Image:Du Guesclin Dinan.jpg|thumb|Statue of Du Guesclin in [[Dinan]].]]
The reign of Charles V saw the English steadily pushed back. Although the Breton war ended in their favour at the [[Battle of Auray]], the dukes of Brittany eventually reconciled with the French throne. The Breton soldier [[Bertrand du Guesclin]] became one of the most successful French generals of the Hundred Years' War. 

Simultaneously, the Black Prince was occupied with war in Spain from [[1366]] and due to illness was relieved of command in 1371, whilst Edward III was too elderly to fight; providing France with even more advantages. [[Pedro of Castile]], whose daughters Constance and Isabella were married to the Black Prince's brothers [[John of Gaunt]] and [[Edmund of Langley]], was deposed by [[Henry II of Castile|Henry of Trastámara]] in [[1370]] with the support of Du Guesclin and the French. War erupted between Castile and France on one side and Portugal and England on the other. 

With the death of [[John Chandos]], [[seneschal]] of [[Poitou]], in the field and the capture of the [[Captal de Buch]], the English were deprived of some of their best generals in France. Du Guesclin, in a series of careful [[Fabian Strategy|Fabian]] campaigns, avoiding major English field armies, captured many towns, including [[Poitiers]] in [[1372]] and [[Bergerac, Dordogne|Bergerac]] in [[1377]]. The English response to Du Guesclin was to launch a series of destructive ''[[chevauchée]]s''. But Du Guesclin refused to be drawn in by them. 

With the death of the Black Prince in [[1376]] and Edward III in 1377, the prince's underaged son [[Richard II of England|Richard of Bordeaux]] succeeded to the English throne. Then, with Du Guesclin's death in [[1380]], the war inevitably wound down to a truce in [[1389]]. The peace was extended many times before open war flared up again.

==Second peace: 1389–1415==
Although Henry IV planned campaigns in France, he was unable to put them into effect due to his short reign. In the meantime, though, the French King [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] was descending into madness, and an open conflict for power began between his cousin, [[John, Duke of Burgundy|John of Burgundy]], and his brother, [[Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans|Louis of Orléans]]. After Louis's assassination, the [[Armagnac]] family took political power in opposition to John. By [[1410]], both sides were bidding for the help of English forces in a civil war.

==English victories under Henry V: 1415–1429==
{{Main|Hundred Years' War (1415-1429)}}
The final flurry of warmaking which engulfed France between 1415 and 1435 is the most famous phase of the Hundred Year's War. Plans had been laid for the declaration of war since the rise to the throne of [[Henry Bolingbroke]], [[Duke of Lancaster]], in [[1399]]. However, it was his son, Henry V, who was finally given the opportunity. In [[1414]], Henry turned down an Armagnac offer to restore the Brétigny frontiers in return for his support. Instead, he demanded a return to the territorial status during the reign of [[Henry II of England|Henry II]]. In August 1415, he landed with an army at [[Harfleur]] and took it. Although tempted to march on Paris directly, he elected to make a raiding expedition across France toward English-occupied Calais. In a campaign reminiscent of [[Crécy]], he found himself outmaneuvered and low on supplies, and had to make a stand against a much larger French army at the [[Battle of Agincourt]], north of the [[Somme]]. In spite of his disadvantages, his victory was near-total, and the French defeat was catastrophic, with the loss of many of the Armagnac leaders. 
[[Image:Agincour.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Fifteenth-century miniature depicting the Battle of Agincourt.]]
Henry took much of Normandy, including [[Caen]] in [[1417]] and [[Rouen]] on [[January 19]], [[1419]], making Normandy English for the first time in two centuries. He made formal alliance with the [[Duchy of Burgundy]], who had taken Paris, after the assassination of Duke [[John the Fearless]] in 1419. In [[1420]], Henry met with the mad king [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]], who signed the [[Treaty of Troyes]], by which Henry would marry Charles' daughter [[Catherine of Valois|Catherine]] and Henry's heirs would inherit the throne of France. The Dauphin, [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]], was declared illegitimate. Henry formally entered Paris later that year and the agreement was ratified by the [[French States-General|Estates-General]]. 

Henry continued his progress through France, but died at [[Meaux]] in [[1422]]. Soon, Charles too had died. Henry's infant son, [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]], was immediately crowned king of England and France, but the Armagnacs remained loyal to Charles' son and the war continued in central France. 

The English continued the victory streak until [[1429]]. In that year, a Franco-Scottish army isolated a supply convoy led by [[John Fastolf]]. By circling his supply wagons (largely filled with herring) around his archers, he repelled the much larger army in what was to be one of the last English successes won on the backs of their outstanding longbowmen: the [[Battle of the Herrings]]. Later that year, however, a French saviour appeared in the form of a peasant woman from [[Lorraine]] named Joan of Arc.

==End of the war: 1429–1453==
[[Image:Hundred years war france england 1435.jpg|thumb|350px|France in [[1428]].]]
By [[1424]], the uncles of Henry VI had begun to quarrel over the infant's regency, and one, [[Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester]], married [[Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut|Jacqueline]], [[Count of Hainaut|Countess of Hainaut]], and invaded [[Holland]] to regain her former dominions, bringing him into direct conflict with [[Philip III, Duke of Burgundy|Philip III]], [[Duke of Burgundy]].

By [[1428]], the English were ready to pursue the war again, laying siege to [[Siege of Orléans|Orléans]]. Their force was insufficient to fully invest the city, but larger French forces remained passive. In [[1429]], [[Joan of Arc]] convinced the Dauphin to send her to the siege, saying she had received visions from [[God]] telling her to drive out the English. She raised the morale of the local troops and they attacked the English redoubts, forcing the English to lift the siege. Inspired by Joan, the French took several English strongpoints on the Loire. Shortly afterwards a French army some 8000 strong broke through English archers at Patay with heavy cavalry, defeating a 3000 strong army commanded by [[John Fastolf]] and [[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury]]. The first major French land victory of the wars, this opened the way for the Dauphin to march to [[Reims]] for his coronation as [[Charles VII]].

After Joan was captured by the Burgundians in [[1430]] and later sold to the English and executed, the French advance stalled in negotiations. But, in [[1435]], the Burgundians under Philip III switched sides, signing the [[Treaty of Arras (1435)|Treaty of Arras]] and returning Paris to the King of France. Burgundy's allegiance remained fickle, but their focus on expanding their domains into the Low Countries left them little energy to intervene in France. The long truces that marked the war also gave Charles time to reorganize his army and government, replacing his feudal levies with a more modern professional army that could put its superior numbers to good use, and centralizing the French state.

Generally, though, the tactical superiority of English forces remained a potent factor; [[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury|John Talbot]], for instance, who specialised in fast attacks, routed French forces at Ry and Avranches in Normandy in 1436 and 1439 respectively. Talbot, one of the most daring warriors of the age, was the victor in 40 battles and skirmishes. This was one of the main reasons the war was so prolonged. The biographer of the Constable Richemont put it plainly when he wrote that, "The English and their captains, above all Talbot, had a well established reputation for superiority, Richemont knew them better than anyone".

But a repetition of Du Guesclin's battle avoidance strategy paid dividends and the French were able to recover town after town.

By [[1449]], the French had retaken [[Rouen]], and in [[1450]] the count of [[Clermont]] and Arthur de Richemont, Earl of Richmond, of the Montfort family (the future [[Arthur III, Duke of Brittany]]) caught an English army attempting to relieve Caen at the [[Battle of Formigny]] and defeated it, the English army having been attacked from the flank and rear by Richemont's force just as they were on the verge of beating Clermont's army. The French proceeded to capture [[Cherbourg]] on [[July 6]] and [[Bordeaux]] and [[Bayonne]] in [[1451]]. The attempt by Talbot to retake Gascony, though initially welcomed by the locals, was crushed by [[Jean Bureau]] and his cannon at the [[Battle of Castillon]] in [[1453]] where Talbot had led a small Anglo-Gascon force in a frontal attack on an entrenched camp. This is considered the last battle of the Hundred Years' War.
[[Image:Europe_in_1430.PNG|400px|thumb|right|Europe in [[1430]].]]

==Significance==
The Hundred Years' War was a time of military evolution. Weapons, tactics, army structure, and the societal meaning of war all changed, partly in response to the demands of the war, partly through advancement in technology, and partly through lessons that warfare taught.

England was what might be considered a more modern state than France. It had a centralized authority&amp;mdash;Parliament&amp;mdash;with the authority to tax. As the military writer Colonel [[Alfred Burne]] notes, England had revolutionized its recruitment system, substituting a paid army for one drawn from feudal obligation.  Professional captains were appointed who recruited troops for a specified (theoretically short) period. This "modern army", to some extent a necessity&amp;mdash;many barons refused to go on a foreign campaign, as feudal service was supposed to be for protection of the realm{{citeneeded}}&amp;mdash;also gave England a military advantage early on.{{citeneeded}}

Before the Hundred Years' War, heavy cavalry was considered the most powerful unit in an army, but by the war's end this belief had definitely shifted. The heavy horse was increasingly negated by the use of the longbow and fixed defensive positions of men-at-arms, tactics which helped lead to English victories at Crécy and Agincourt. Learning from the Scots, the English began using lightly armored, mounted troops, who would dismount in order to fight battles.  By the end of the Hundred Years War this meant a fading of the expensively outfitted, highly trained heavy cavalry.

Although they had a tactical advantage, a major problem the English faced as the military writer General Fuller pointed out was: "nevertheless the size of France prohibited lengthy, let alone permanent, occupation."

An insoluble problem for English commanders was that in an age of siege warfare the more territory that was occupied, the greater the requirements for garrisons. This lessened the striking power of English armies as time went on. Salisbury's army at Orleans only consisted of 5000 men, insufficient not only to invest the city but also numerically inferior to French forces within and without the city. The French only needed to recover some part of their shattered confidence, the result of many years of defeat, for the outcome to become inevitable. At Orleans they were assisted by the death of Salisbury through a fluke cannon shot and by the inspiration of Joan of Arc.

Further the ending of the Burgundian alliance spelt the end of English efforts in France, despite the campaigns of the aggressive John, Lord Talbot and his forces to stay the inevitable.

The war also stimulated nationalistic sentiment. It devastated France as a land, but it also awakened French nationalism. The Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralized state. The conflict became not one of just English and French kings but one between English and French people. There were constant rumors in England that the French meant to invade and destroy the English language. National feeling emerged out of rumors like these that unified both France and England further.

The latter stages of the war saw the emergence of the dukes of Burgundy as important players on the political field, and it encouraged the English, in response to the seesawing alliance of the [[southern Netherlands]] (now [[Belgium]], a very important textile hub at the time) throughout the conflict, to develop their own clothing industry and foreign markets.

===Weapons===
[[Image:Longbow arrow.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Reconstruction of an English longbow and arrow.]]
The most famous weapon was the Welsh (or English) [[English longbow|longbow]] of the [[yeoman]] archer; while not a new weapon at the time, it played a significant role in the strategic advantage it gave the English. The French mainly counted on crossbows, many times manned by Genoese men. The [[crossbow]] was used because it took little training or skill to operate. It however was slow to reload, prone to damage (rain could easily damage it), and lacked the accuracy of the longbow. The longbow was a weapon of skill and required a lifetime to be proficient at it. It also required tremendous strength to use requiring tension rates of around one hundred pounds to draw. It was the wide spread use of it in the British Isles that gave the English the ability to use it as a weapon. It was the tactical developments that brought it to prominence. The English in their battles with the Scots had learned through defeat what dismounted bowmen in fixed positions could do to heavy horse. Since the arrows shot from a longbow could kill or incapacitate plate armored knights a charge could be dissipated before it ever reached an army's lines. The longbow enabled an often-outnumbered English army to pick battle locations, fortify, and destroy opposing armies. For some reason as the Hundred Years' War came to a close the number of able longbow men began to drop off and therefore the longbow as a weapon became less viable as there were not the men to wield them.

A number of new [[weapon]]s were introduced during the Hundred Years' War as well. [[Gunpowder]], [[firearm]]s and [[cannon]]s played significant roles as early as [[1375]]. The last battle of the war, the [[Battle of Castillon]], was the first battle in European history where artillery was the deciding factor. The early phase of the war triggered the development and rising popularity of the [[longsword]], and the longbow success triggered transformations in armour (eg [[plate armour]]).

===War and society===
The consequences of these new weapons meant that the nobility was no longer the deciding factor in battle; peasants armed with longbows or firearms could gain access to the power, rewards and prestige once reserved only for knights who bore arms. The composition of armies changed, from feudal lords who may or may not show up when called by their lord, to paid mercenaries. By the end of the war, both France and England were able to raise enough money through taxation to create standing armies, the first time since the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] that there were standing armies in Western or Central Europe. Standing armies represented an entirely new form of power for kings. Not only could they defend their kingdoms from invaders, but standing armies could also protect the king from internal threats and also keep the population in check. It was a major step in early developments towards new monarchies and nations and entirely broke down the Medieval orders.

At the first major battle of the war, the [[Battle of Crécy]], it is said that the age of [[chivalry]] came to an end. Ironically, there had been a revival of chivalry during this time, and it was deemed to be of the highest importance to fight, and to die, in the most chivalrous way possible. The English even apologized for fighting non-chivalrously, saying they had no choice since they were so unfairly outnumbered, leaving the dirty business to the Welsh (non-English or French speakers). It was a lesson the French would take a long time to learn and at great cost, before they also began to fight in less chivalrous ways. The notion of chivalry was strongly influenced by the Romantic epics of the 12th century and knights literally imagined themselves re-enacting the stories on the field of battle. Someone like [[Bertrand Du Guesclin]] was said to have gone in to battle with one eye closed, declaring "I will not open my eye for the honor of my lady until I have killed three Englishmen." Knights often carried the colors of their ladies in to battle.

In France during the captivity of [[John II of France|King John II]], the [[Estates General]] attempted to arrogate power from the king.  The Estates General was a body of representatives from the three groups who traditionally had rights in France:  the [[clergy]], the [[nobles]], and the townspeople.  First called together under [[Philip IV]] “the Fair”, the Estates had the right to confirm or disagree with the “levée”, the principal tax by which the kings of France raised money.  Under the leadership of a merchant named [[Etienne Marcel]], the Estates General attempted to force the monarchy to accept a sort of agreement called the Great Ordinance.  Like the English [[Magna Carta]], the [[Great Ordinance]] held that the Estates should supervise the collection and spending of the levy, meet at regular intervals independent of the king’s call, exercise certain judicial powers, and generally play a greater role in government.  The nobles took this power to excess, however, causing in [[1358]] a peasant rebellion known as the [[Jacquerie]].   Swarms of peasant furious over the nobles’ high taxes and forced labor policies, killed and burned in the north of France.  One of their victims proved to be Etienne Marcel, and without his leadership they divided

The effects of the Hundred Years’ War in England also raised some questions about the extent of royal authority.  Like the French, the English experienced a serious rebellion against the king during a gap in the succession caused by the death of [[Edward III]] when his grandson had not yet reached maturity.  Called the Peasants’ Revolt and also [[Wat Tyler]]’s Rebellion, the [[1381]] uprising threatened saw some 100,000 peasants march on London to protest the payment of high war taxes and efforts by the nobility to reduce English peasants to serfdom.  The mob murdered and burned the houses of government officials and tax collectors.  The young king-to-be, [[Richard II]], met the peasants outside his castle, defusing their violence by promising to meet their demands.  At the same time, agents of the throne murdered Wat Tyler, a key leader of the revolt, and Richard II sent the peasants back to their homes in the countryside.  After they left, however, he reneged on his promises and kept taxes high.

==Major Battles==
* [[1337]] [[Battle of Cadsand]] initiates hostilities. The Flemish defenders of the island were thrown into disorder by the first use of the English longbow on Continental soil
* [[1340]] [[Battle of Sluys]] [[June 24]] Edward III beats Franco-[[Genoa|Genoese]] fleet of [[Philip VI of France]] off the coast of [[Flanders]] and gains control of the [[English Channel]]
* [[1345]] Longbow victory by Henry, Earl of Derby against a French army at Auberoche in Gascony
* [[1346]] [[Battle of Crécy]] [[August 26]] English longbowmen soundly defeat French cavalry at [[Abbeville]]
* [[1346]]-[[1347]] [[Siege of Calais]]
*[[1350]] [[Les Espagnols sur Mer]] English fleet defeats Castilian fleet in a close fight. 
* [[1351]] [[Combat of the Thirty]] Thirty French Knights from [[Josselin|Chateau Josselin]] under [[Beaumanoir]] call out and defeat thirty English Knights under [[Earls of Pembroke|Pembroke]] and [[Brambaugh]]
* French army under De Nesle defeated by English under Bentley at Mauron in Brittany, De Nesle killed
* [[1356]] [[Battle of Poitiers (1356)|Battle of Poitiers]] [[Edward the Black Prince]] captures King [[John II of France]], France plunges into chaos
*[[1364]] [[September 29]] - [[Battle of Auray]], end of [[Breton War of Succession]] French defeat, Du Gueschlin captured
* [[1367]] [[Battle of Nájera (Navarette)]] Black Prince defeats a Castillian/French army at [[Nájera]] in Spain
*[[1372]] [[Battle of La Rochelle]] Castilian-French fleet defeats the English fleet, leading to  loss of dominance at sea and French piracy and coastal raids
* [[1415]] [[Battle of Agincourt]] [[October 25]] English longbowmen under [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] defeat French under [[Charles d'Albert]]
* [[1416]] English defeat numerically greater French army at [[Valmont]] near [[Harfleur]]
* [[1417]] Naval victory in the River [[Seine]] under Bedford
* [[1418]] [[Siege of Rouen]] [[July 31]] ? [[January 19]] [[1419]] Henry V of England gains a foothold in Normandy.
*[[1419]] [[Battle of La Rochelle (1419)]] Castilian fleet defeats Anglo-Hanseatic fleet
* [[1421]] [[22 March]] [[Battle of Bauge]] The French and Scottish forces of Charles VII commanded by the Earl of Buchan defeat an outmanouvered English force commanded by the Duke of Clarence, the first English loss in a land battle of the Wars.
* [[1423]] [[31 July]] [[Battle of Cravant]]. The French army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.
* [[1424]] [[17 August]]  [[Battle of Vernuil]]. The Scots forces are decisively defeated
* [[1426]] March 6  French besieging army under Richemont dispersed by a small force under Sir Thomas Rempstone in "The Rout of St James" in Brittany
* [[1429]] 12 February  [[Battle of the Herrings]]. English force under Sir [[John Fastolf]] defeats French army.
* [[1428]] [[12 October]] - [[8 May]] [[1429]] [[Siege of Orléans]] English forces commanded by the Earl of Salisbury, the Earl of Suffolk, and Talbot (Earl of Shrewsbury) lay siege to Orleans, and are forced to withdraw after a relief army accompanied by Joan of Arc arrives at the city.
* [[1429]] [[17 July]] [[Battle of Patay]] A French army under La Hire, Richemont, [[Joan of Arc]], and other commanders break through English archers under Lord Talbot and then pursue and mop up the other sections of the English army, killing or capturing about half (2,200) of their troops. The Earl of Shrewsbury (Talbot) and Hungerford are captured.
*[[1435]] [[Battle of Gerbevoy]] La Hire defeats an English force under Arundel
*[[1436]] [[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury ]] routs a larger French force under La Hire and Xantrailles at Ry near Rouen
*[[1437]] John Talbot defeats the Burgundians at Crotoy
*1439 John Talbot disperses a French army of 6000 under the Constable Richemont at Avranches in Normandy.
*[[1440]] John Talbot takes Harfleur
* [[1450]] [[Battle of Formigny]] Two French armies under the Count of Clermont and the Earl of Richmond defeat the English under Kyriell
* [[1453]] [[Battle of Castillon]] The Valois use cannon to defeat the Lancastrians and end the Hundred Years War. The 70-year old Talbot is killed while trying to rally his fleeing troops

==Important People==
{| class="wikitable"
|+England
|[[Edward III of England|King Edward III]]
|[[1327]]-[[1377]]
|[[Edward II of England|Edward II]]'s son
|-
|[[Richard II of England|King Richard II]]
|[[1377]]-[[1399]]
|Edward III's grandson
|-
|[[Henry IV of England|King Henry IV]]
|[[1399]]-[[1413]]
|Edward III's grandson
|-
|[[Henry V of England|King Henry V]]
|[[1413]]-[[1422]]
|Henry IV's son
|-
|[[Henry VI of England|King Henry VI]]
|[[1422]]-[[1461]]
|Henry V's son
|-
|
|
|
|-
|[[Edward, the Black Prince]]
|[[1330]]-[[1376]]
|Son of Edward III
|-
|[[Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster]]
|[[1306]]-[[1361]]
|Knight
|-
|[[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury]]
|
|Knight
|-
|[[Sir John Fastolf]]
|
|Knight
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ France
|[[Philip VI of France|King Philip VI]] the Fortunate
|[[1328]]-[[1350]]
|
|-
|[[John II of France|King John II]] the Good
|[[1350]]-[[1364]]
|
|-
|[[Charles V of France|King Charles V]] the Wise
|[[1364]]-[[1380]]
|
|-
|[[Charles VI of France|King Charles VI]] the Well-Beloved or the Mad
|[[1380]]-[[1422]]
|
|-
|[[Louis I of Anjou]]
|[[1380]]-[[1382]]
|Regent for Charles VI
|-
|[[Charles VII of France|King Charles VII]] the Victorious
|[[1422]]-[[1461]]
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
|[[Joan of Arc]]
|1412-1431
|
|-
|[[Jean de Dunois]]
|1403-1468
|Jean d'Orléans
|-
|[[Gilles de Rais]]
|1404-1440
|
|-
|[[Bertrand du Guesclin]]
|1320-1380
|
|-
|[[Jean Bureau]]
|
|
|-
|[[La Hire]]
|1390-1443
|
|}

==Continuing English claim to the French throne==
{{Main|English claims to the French throne}}
After the end of the Hundred Years' War, England continued to make claims on the French throne for years afterwards until the [[Act of Union 1800|Act of Union]] in [[1801]]. Here the title of King of France was omitted from the new royal style.

==See also==
*[[Timeline of the Hundred Years' War]]
*[[French military history]]
*[[British military history]]

==Notes==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliography==
*Allmand, Christopher, ''The Hundred Years War: England and France at War, c.1300-c.1450'', Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-521-31923-4
*[[wikipedia:Fernand Braudel|Braudel, Fernand]], ''The Perspective of the World,'' vol III of ''Civilization and Capitalism'' 1984 (in French 1979).
* Burne, Alfred, ''The Agincourt War'', Wordsworth Military Library ISBN 1-84022-211-5
*Seward, Desmond, ''The Hundred Years War. The English in France 1337-1453'', Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 0-14-028361-7
*Sumption, Jonathan, ''The Hundred Years War I: Trial by Battle'', University of Pennsylvania Press, September 1999, ISBN 0-8122-1655-5
*Sumption, Jonathan, ''The Hundred Years War II: Trial by Fire'', University of Pennsylvania Press, October 2001, ISBN 0-8122-1801-9
*Dunnigan, James F., and Albert A. Nofi. [http://www.hyw.com/Books/History/1_help_c.htm ''Medieval Life &amp; The Hundred Years War''], online book.
*Wagner, John A. ''Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, August 2006. ISBN 0-313-32736-X
==External links==
* [http://www.maisonstclaire.org/timeline/timeline.html Timeline of the Hundred Years War]
* [[wikipedia:Jean Froissart|Jean Froissart]], [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/froissart1.html "On The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)"] from the [[wikipedia:Internet Medieval Sourcebook|Internet Medieval Sourcebook]]

{{Wikipedia|Hundred Years' War}}

[[Category:Hundred Years' War| ]]
[[Category:Medieval warfare]]
[[Category:Late Middle Ages]]</text>
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    <title>Invasion of Poland (1939)</title>
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      <text bytes="5316" sha1="10gfy5fdsq011hx2y11799t7py69hl9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Military Conflict
|
|partof=[[World War II]]
|image=[[Image:WWII Poland Invasion 1939-09-01.jpg|300px|German soldiers destroying Polish border checkpoint on [[wikipedia:1 September|1 September]]. World War II begins.]]
|caption=German troops dismantle a Polish border checkpoint,&lt;br&gt;[[wikipedia:September 1|September 1]], [[1939]], as [[World War II]] begins.
|date=[[wikipedia:1 September|1 September]] &amp;ndash; [[wikipedia:6 October|6 October]] [[1939]]
|place=[[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]]
|result=Decisive Axis and Soviet victory.
|combatant1=[[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|30px]] [[History of Poland (1939-1945)|Poland]] 
|combatant2=[[Image:Flag of Germany_1933.svg|30px]] [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], &lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|30px]] [[Military history of the Soviet Union#World War II|Soviet Union]],&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1stslovakia flag large.svg|30px]] [[Slovak Republic (WWII)|Slovakia]]
|commander1=[[Image:Flag of Poland.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Edward Rydz-Śmigły|Edward Rydz-Śmigły]]
|commander2=[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Fedor von Bock|Fedor von Bock]]&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Army Group North),&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of Germany_1933.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Gerd von Rundstedt|Gerd von Rundstedt]] &lt;small&gt;(Army Group South),&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Mikhail Kovalov|Mikhail Kovalov]] &lt;small&gt;(Belorussian Front),&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Semyon Timoshenko|Semyon Timoshenko]] &lt;small&gt;(Ukrainian Front),&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Image:1stslovakia flag large.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Ferdinand Čatloš|Ferdinand Čatloš]] &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Field Army Bernolak)&lt;/small&gt;
|strength1=39 divisions,&lt;br&gt; 16 brigades,&lt;br&gt;4,300 guns,&lt;br&gt;880 tanks,&lt;br&gt;400 aircraft&lt;br&gt; '''Total: 950,000'''&lt;ref name="Strength"&gt;Various sources contradict each other so the figures quoted above should only be taken as a rough indication of the strength estimate. The most common range differences and their brackets are: German personnel 1,500,000&amp;ndash;1,800,000. This can be explained by inclusion (or lack of it) of Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine forces alongside Heer personnel. Luftwaffe: 1,300&amp;ndash;3,000 planes, this can be explained by inclusion of all Luftwaffe planes (including transport, communications, training and anything not stationed at Polish front) on the larger end. Similarly Polish Air Force is given at 400&amp;ndash;800; as with total Luftwaffe, the 800 number includes virtually 'anything that can fly'. Polish tanks: 100&amp;ndash;880, 100 is the number of modern tanks, 880 number includes older IWWs tanks and [[tankette]]s. For all numbers, primary source is [[wikipedia:Encyklopedia PWN|]], article on 'KAMPANIA WRZEŚNIOWA 1939'&lt;/ref&gt;
|strength2='''Germany''':&lt;br&gt;56 divisions,&lt;br&gt;4 brigades,&lt;br&gt;10,000 guns,&lt;br&gt;2,700 tanks,&lt;br&gt;1,300 aircraft&lt;br&gt;'''Soviet Union''':&lt;br&gt;33+ divisions,&lt;br&gt;11+ brigades&lt;br&gt;'''Slovakia''':&lt;br&gt;3 divisions&lt;br&gt;'''Total''':&lt;br&gt;1,800,000 Germans,&lt;br&gt; 800,000+ Soviets,&lt;br&gt; 50,000 Slovaks&lt;br&gt;'''Grand total: 2,650,000+'''&lt;ref name="Strength"/&gt;
|casualties1=66,000 dead,&lt;ref name="Casualties"&gt;Various sources contradict each other so the figures quoted above should only be taken as a rough indication of losses. The most common range brackets for casualties are: Polish casualties&amp;mdash;63,000 to 66,300 KIA, 134,000 WIA; German KIA&amp;mdash;8,082 to 16,343, with MIA from 320 to 5,029, total KIA and WIA given at 45,000. The discrepancy in German casualties can be attributed to the fact that some German statistics still listed soldiers as missing decades after the war. Today the most common and accepted number for German KIA casualties is 16,343. Soviet official losses are estimated at 737-1,475 killed or missing, and 1,859-2,383 wounded. The often cited figure of 420,000 Polish prisoners of war represents only those captured by the Germans, as Soviets captured about 250,000 Polish POWs themselves, making the total number of Polish POWs about 660,000&amp;ndash;690,000. Equipment losses are given as 236 German tanks and approximately 1,000 other vehicles to 132 Polish tanks and 300 other vehicles, 107&amp;ndash;141 German planes to 327 Polish planes (118 fighters) (Polish PWN Encyclopedia gives number of 700 planes lost), 1 German small minelayer to 1 Polish destroyer ([[wikipedia:ORP Wicher|]]), 1 minelayer ([[wikipedia:ORP Gryf|]]) and several support craft. Soviets lost approximately 42 tanks in combat while hundreds more suffered technical failures.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;133,700 wounded,&lt;br&gt;694,000 captured
|casualties2='''Germany''':&lt;br&gt;16,343 dead,&lt;ref name="Casualties"/&gt;&lt;br&gt;27,280 wounded,&lt;br&gt;320 missing&lt;br&gt;'''Soviet Union''':&lt;br&gt;737 dead or missing,&lt;br&gt;1,125 wounded
}}
{{Campaignbox Polish September Campaign}}

==World War II==
This battle was the first of many invasions by the German army. Hitler, in preparation for the attack, had signed a pact between the Soviet Union which stated that the Soviet Union would have control of East Poland, and Germany would have control of West Poland.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
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    <title>John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford</title>
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      <text bytes="125" sha1="iamlgovs4x9m630ce4pj9h7z1343c0y" xml:space="preserve">'''John Clifford''' was one of two Lancastrian commanders at [[Battle of Ferrybridge]] in the [[War of the Roses]].

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    <title>Lippisch P.20</title>
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      <text bytes="2809" sha1="tmazvrsk3l9palrdxtxm7erzv7pf9zb" xml:space="preserve">{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
 |name           = P.20
 |image          = LiP20 1.JPG
 |caption        = Model of the Li P.20
}}
{{Infobox aircraft type
 |type           = Fighter
 |national origin = Germany
 |manufacturer   = Lippisch
 |designer       = [[Alexander Lippisch]]
 | first flight=
 | introduced=
 | retired=
 | status=Cancelled
 | produced=
 | primary user=
 | number built=None
 | developed from= [[Me 163]]
 | variants with their own articles=
 | developed into=
}}
|}

The '''Lippisch P.20''' was a proposed [[World War II]] [[Nazi Germany|German]] [[fighter aircraft]]. The P.20 design of April 1943 was an attempt to further develop the rocket-powered [[Me 163]] interceptor into a feasible turbojet powered fighter. 

The design was the final one by [[Alexander Lippisch]] whilst working for the [[Messerschmitt]] company. The aircraft never left the drawing board.
==Design and development==
The aircraft was externally similar to the [[Me 163]] upon which it was based, although the P.20 was in fact a new design sharing only few parts with the Me 163. The fuselage was deepened accommodating a single [[Jumo 004]] turbojet fed by a low mounted nose intake. The wings were modified in order to house a retractable landing gear and two heavy MK 103 autocannons in the wing roots. They no longer had to hold the C-Stoff fuel tanks but smaller tanks might have been installed to hold jet fuel. The cockpit was moved further aft and upwards leaving room for two MK 108 autocannons and the nose wheel. This wheel probably had to turn 90 degrees to lie flat in order not to disrupt the air flow of the air intake. The raised cockpit gave it a more curved appearance. Also the tail section seems to have been modified. As such the Lippisch P.20 was a new design, yet holding on to the overall concept of the Me 163 design which had resulted in a manoeuvrable and easy-to-fly (glider) aircraft. Maximum speed was calculated at well above 900 kmh with a flight endurance of 40 minutes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.luft46.com/lippisch/lip20.html Lippisch P.20 - Luft'46]&lt;/ref&gt;  

==See also==
*[[Lippisch P.15]]: A later attempt by Lippisch to similarly develop the Me 163. It was a result of Alexander Lippisch inspecting the new [[Heinkel He 162]] Volksjäger aircraft and suggesting some changes. The result was a mix of a He 162 and the [[Me 163]]C.
*[[Focke-Wulf Volksjäger]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVHSAvEZ37c Lippisch P.20 von Insider Modellbau - YouTube]
*[http://www.luft46models.com/manufacturers/li/lip20.php Luft '46 models of the P.20]
*[http://www.luft46.com/lippisch/lippisch.html Luft '46 Lippisch company page]

{{Wikipedia|Lippisch P.20}}

[[Category:Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany]]
[[Category:Lippisch aircraft|P.20]]</text>
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    <title>List of Medal of Honor recipients</title>
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      <text bytes="60981" sha1="2f84tjgvv09u7r6tknhhw3s7sgo8bfm" xml:space="preserve">{{Medal of Honor recipients}}

The [[Medal of Honor]] was created during the [[American Civil War]] and is the highest military decoration presented by the [[United States]] government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented [[Posthumous recognition|posthumously]].&lt;ref name=AMOHW&gt;{{cite web| accessdate=October 2, 2013
|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/faq/pis/med_of_honor.html
|work= Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
|title=A Brief History—The Medal of Honor
|publisher= Department of Defense
|date=August 8, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The President of the United States, in the name of the United States Congress, has awarded 3,471 Medals of Honor to the nation's soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines, and coast guardsmen since the decoration's creation in 1861.&lt;ref name=AMOHWStat&gt;{{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/mohstats.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = Statistics of Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen who received the Medal of Honor
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;  There were no military awards or medals in use at the beginning of the Civil War (1861–1865)&amp;mdash;as the only award available during this conflict, almost half of all Medals of Honor presented-to-date were awarded for actions in the four years of the Civil War.&lt;ref name=AMOHWStat/&gt;

The citations highlighting these acts resided in archives, some for more than 100 years and were only sporadically printed. In 1973, the U.S. Senate ordered the citations compiled and printed as Committee on Veterans' Affairs, U.S. Senate, Medal of Honor recipients: 1863–1973 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1973). This book was later updated and reprinted in 1979.&lt;ref name=AMOHWMain&gt;{{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/moh.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = Listing of Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen who received the Medal of Honor during World War II
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first Army Medal of Honor was awarded to Private [[Jacob Parrott]] during the American Civil War for his role in the [[Great Locomotive Chase]]. The first African American recipient for this award was [[William Harvey Carney]] who, despite being shot in the face, shoulders, arms, and legs, refused to let the American flag touch the ground. The only female Medal of Honor recipient is [[Mary Edwards Walker]], a Civil War surgeon. Her medal was rescinded in 1917 along with many other non-combat awards, but it was restored by President [[Jimmy Carter]] in 1977.&lt;ref name="walker"&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/walk-mar.htm |title = Mary Edwards Walker |publisher = Women in History |accessdate = October 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While current law, ({{UnitedStatesCode|10|6241}}), beginning in 1918, explicitly state that recipients must be serving in the U.S. Armed Forces at the time of performing a valorous act that warrants the award, exceptions have been made. For example, [[Charles Lindbergh]], while a reserve member of the [[U.S. Army Air Corps]], received his Medal of Honor as a civilian pilot. In addition, the Medal of Honor was presented to the [[The Unknown Warrior|British Unknown Warrior]] by [[John J. Pershing|General Pershing]] on October 17, 1921; later the [[Tomb of the Unknowns|U.S. Unknown Soldier]] was reciprocally awarded the [[Victoria Cross]], Britain's highest award for gallantry, on November 11, 1921. Although being a U.S. citizen is not a prerequisite for eligibility to receive the medal, apart from a few exceptions, Medals of Honor can only be awarded to members of the U.S. armed forces. Sixty-one [[Canada|Canadians]] who were serving in the United States armed forces have received the Medal of Honor; most received it for actions in the American Civil War. Since 1900, only four have been awarded to Canadians.&lt;ref name="cbc"&gt;{{cite news |date = July 1, 2005 |url = http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/07/01/canadians-usmedal050701.html |title = Canada honours winners of top U.S. medal |publisher = CBC News|accessdate = October 2, 2013|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070529190113/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/07/01/canadians-usmedal050701.html|archivedate=May 29, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Vietnam War, [[Peter C. Lemon]] was the only Canadian recipient of the Medal of Honor.&lt;ref name="vwam"&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/07/01/canadians-usmedal050701.html |title = Thousands of Canadians, including a Medal of Honor recipient, served with the U.S. military in Vietnam |publisher = Veterans With a Mission |accessdate = October 2, 2013 | date=July 1, 2005|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070529190113/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/07/01/canadians-usmedal050701.html|archivedate=May 29, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==American Civil War==
:''Main articles: Lists of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: [[List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F|A–F]], [[List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L|G–L]], [[List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: M–P|M–P]], [[List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: Q–S|Q–S]] and [[List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: T–Z|T–Z]]''

The [[American Civil War]] (1861–1865) was an undeclared war between the United States (the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]) and the Southern states of the newly formed [[Confederate States of America]] under [[Jefferson Davis]]. The Medal of Honor was established during this conflict; 1522 were awarded (32 posthumously) for acts of bravery and gallantry in combat.&lt;ref name="AMOHWStat"/&gt; Almost half of all of the awarded Medals of Honor were presented for actions in the Civil War.&lt;ref name="AMOHWStat"/&gt;

==Indian Wars==
{{Main|List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars}}

The term [[Indian Wars]] is the name generally used in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between colonial or federal governments and the American Indian population resident in North America before the arrival of white settlers.&lt;ref name=Indianwars&gt;{{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/amh/AMH-14.htm |title=Winning the west the Army in the Indian Wars, 1865–1890
 |date=April 27, 2001 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this conflict the Medal of Honor was presented to 426 soldiers, 13 posthumously for acts of bravery and gallantry in combat.&lt;ref name="AMOHWStat"/&gt;

Some 20 Medal of Honor recipients were involved in the [[Wounded Knee Massacre]].

==Korean Expedition==
The [[United States expedition to Korea]] in 1871, also known as ''Sinmiyangyo'' (''Western Disturbance of the Year Sinmi year''), was the first American military action in Korea. It took place predominantly on and around the Korean island of Ganghwa. The reason for the presence of the American military expeditionary force in Korea was to support an American diplomatic delegation sent to establish trade and diplomatic relations with Korea and to ascertain the fate of the [[General Sherman incident|''General Sherman'' merchant ship]]. The isolationist nature of the Joseon Dynasty government and the assertiveness of the Americans led to an armed conflict between the two parties. Eventually, the United States failed to secure its objectives.&lt;ref name=Koreanexp&gt;{{cite web |accessdate=October 2, 2013 |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/marine_amphib_korea.htm |title=Marine Amphibious Landing in Korea, 1871 |author= Tyson, Carolyn A. |date=March 5, 2007 |publisher=Naval Historical Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%;"
|-
! class="unsortable"|Image
! Name
! Service
! Rank
! Place of action
! Date of action
! Unit
! class="unsortable"|Notes&lt;ref name=koreanexp&gt;{{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/korean1871.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the 1871 Korean Campaign
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|John|Andrews|John Andrews (Medal of Honor)}}}}
|[[United States Navy|Navy]]
|{{Sort|E-2|[[Ordinary Seaman (rating)|Ordinary Seaman]]}}
|{{Sort|USS Benicia|aboard the {{USS|Benicia|1868|6}}}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|Jun|9}}}}&amp;nbsp;– {{nowrap|{{dts|1871|Jun|10}}}}
|{{USS|Benicia|1868|6}}
|Stood on the gunwale on the Benicia's launch, lashed to the ridgerope and remained unflinchingly in this dangerous position and gave his soundings with coolness and accuracy under a heavy fire.
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Charles|Brown|Charles Brown (Medal of Honor)}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-4|[[Corporal#United States|Corporal]]}}
|{{Sort|USS Colorado|aboard the {{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|June|11}}}}
|{{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}
|Assisted in capturing the Korean flag from the citadel of the fort
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|John|Coleman|John Coleman (Medal of Honor)}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-1|[[Private (rank)|Private]]}}
|{{Sort|USS Colorado|aboard the {{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|June|11}}}}
|{{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}
|For hand-to-hand combat and saving the life of Alexander McKenzie
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|James|Dougherty|James Dougherty (Medal of Honor)}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-1|[[Private (rank)|Private]]}}
|{{Sort|USS Carondelet|aboard the {{USS|Carondelet|1861|6}}}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|June|11}}}}
|{{USS|Carondelet|1861|6}}
|Returned to duty after being wounded several times
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Frederick|Franklin}}}}
|[[United States Navy|Navy]]
|{{Sort|E-4|[[Quartermaster]]}}
|{{Sort|USS Colorado|aboard the {{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|June|11}}}}
|{{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}
|For assuming command of Company D, after [[Hugh McKee|Lt. McKee]] was wounded, and handling the company until relieved
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Patrick H.|Grace}}}}
|[[United States Navy|Navy]]
|{{Sort|E-7|[[Chief Petty Officer#United States|Chief]] [[Quartermaster]]}}
|{{Sort|USS Benicia|aboard the {{USS|Benicia|1868|6}}}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|Jun|10}}}}&amp;nbsp;– {{nowrap|{{dts|1871|Jun|11}}}}
|{{USS|Benicia|1868|6}}
|Carrying out his duties with coolness, Grace set forth gallant and meritorious conduct throughout this action
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Cyrus|Hayden}}}}
|[[United States Navy|Navy]]
|{{Sort|N-1|Carpenter}}
|{{Sort|USS Colorado|aboard the {{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|June|11}}}}
|{{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}
|Serving as color bearer of the battalion, Hayden planted his flag and protected it under heavy fire
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|William F.|Lukes}}}}
|[[United States Navy|Navy]]
|{{Sort|E-1|[[Landman (rank)|Landsman]]}}
|Ganghwa Island
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|Jun|9}}}}&amp;nbsp;– {{nowrap|{{dts|1871|Jun|10}}}}
|{{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}
|Fighting the enemy inside the fort, Lukes received a severe cut over the head
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Alexander|McKenzie}}}}
|[[United States Navy|Navy]]
|{{Sort|E-6|[[Boatswain's Mate (United States Navy)|Boatswain's Mate]]}}
|{{Sort|USS Colorado|aboard the {{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|June|11}}}}
|{{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}
|Fighting at the side of Lt. McKee during this action, McKenzie was struck by a sword and received a severe cut in the head from the blow.
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Michael|McNamara|Michael McNamara (Medal of Honor)}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-1|[[Private (rank)|Private]]}}
|{{Sort|USS Benicia|aboard the {{USS|Benicia|1868|6}}}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|June|11}}}}
|{{USS|Benicia|1868|6}}
|For taking a match-lock from the hands of the enemy while advancing to the parapet
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|James F.|Merton}}}}
|[[United States Navy|Navy]]
|{{Sort|E-1|[[Landman (rank)|Landsman]]}}
|Ganghwa Island
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|Jun|9}}}}&amp;nbsp;– {{nowrap|{{dts|1871|Jun|10}}}}
|{{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}
|Merton was severely wounded in the arm while trying to force his way into the fort
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Michael|Owens|Michael Owens (Medal of Honor)}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-1|[[Private (rank)|Private]]}}
|{{Sort|USS Colorado|aboard the {{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|June|11}}}}
|{{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}
|Fighting courageously in hand-to-hand combat, Owens was badly wounded by the enemy during this action
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Hugh|Purvis}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-1|[[Private (rank)|Private]]}}
|{{Sort|USS Alaska|aboard the {{USS|Alaska|1868|6}}}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|June|11}}}}
|{{USS|Alaska|1868|6}}
|Braving the enemy fire, Purvis was the first to scale the walls of the fort and capture their flag
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Samuel F.|Rogers}}}}
|[[United States Navy|Navy]]
|{{Sort|E-4|[[Quartermaster]]}}
|{{Sort|USS Colorado|aboard the {{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|June|11}}}}
|{{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}
|Fighting courageously at the side of Lt. McKee during this action, Rogers was wounded by the enemy
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|William|Troy}}}}
|[[United States Navy|Navy]]
|{{Sort|E-2|[[Ordinary Seaman (rating)|Ordinary Seaman]]}}
|{{Sort|USS Colorado|aboard the {{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1871|June|11}}}}
|{{USS|Colorado|1856|6}}
|Fighting at the side of Lt. McKee, by whom he was especially commended, Troy was badly wounded by the enemy
|}

==Spanish-American War==
{{Main|List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish–American War}}

The [[Spanish-American War]] (Spanish: ''Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense'', ''desastre del 98'', ''Guerra Hispano-Cubana-Norteamericana'' or ''Guerra de Cuba '') was a military conflict between Spain and the United States that began in April 1898. Hostilities halted in August of that year, and the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] was signed in December. The war began after the American demand for Spain's peacefully resolving the Cuban fight for independence was rejected, though strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may have motivated the government to target Spain's remaining overseas territories: [[Cuba]], [[Puerto Rico]], the [[Philippines]], [[Guam]] and the Caroline Islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/printable/section.asp?id=7
 |title=The Price of Freedom: Americans at War—Spanish American War
 |publisher=National Museum of American History
 |year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish "Voluntarios" gave the United States reason to send in the warship {{USS|Maine|ACR-1|6}}. This action by the U.S. indicated high national interest. Tension among the American people was raised because of the explosion of the USS ''Maine'', and "[[yellow journalism]]" that accused Spain of extensive atrocities, agitating American public opinion. The war ended after decisive naval victories for the United States in the Philippines and Cuba. The [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] ended the conflict 109 days after the outbreak of war giving the United States ownership of the former [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonies]] of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |accessdate=October 2, 2013
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=mHA7k2VInvEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;q= |title=The Spanish-American War |author=Dolan, Edward F. |publisher=The Millbrook Press, Inc. |date=April 27, 2001 |isbn=0-7613-1453-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Samoan Civil War==
The [[Samoan Civil War]] is a Western definition of political activity in the Samoa Islands of the South Pacific in the late 19th century. By this non-Samoan definition, the Samoan Civil Wars were a series of wars between Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, ending in the partitioning of the island chain in 1899. The concluding event was the [[Second Samoan Civil War]]. The first Samoan Civil War lasted for eight years. The warring Samoan parties were supplied arms, training and sometimes even combat troops by Germany, Britain and the United States. These three powers valued Samoa as a refueling station for coal fired shipping. In addition, these countries sought to gain more power in Europe and wanted Samoa due to the scarcity of unclaimed territory from 1870 onwards.&lt;ref name=Samoa&gt;{{Cite book |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/stevenson/robert_louis/s848fh/ |title=A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa
 |author=Stevenson, Robert Louis}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%;"

|-
!class="unsortable"|Image
! Name
! Service
! Rank
! Place of action
! Date of action
! Unit
!class="unsortable"|Notes&lt;ref name=AMOHWSamoa&gt;{{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/philippine.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the Philippine Insurrection
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Frederick T.|Fisher|Frederick Thomas Fisher}}}}
|[[United States Navy|Navy]]
|{{Sort|E-6|[[Gunner's Mate]] [[Petty Officer First Class|First Class]]}}
|{{Sort|USS Philadelphia|aboard the {{USS|Philadelphia|C-4|6}}, Samoa}}
|{{nowrap|April 1, 1899}}
|{{USS|Philadelphia|C-4|6}}
|For distinguishing himself by his conduct in the presence of the enemy
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Bruno A.|Forsterer|Bruno Albert Forsterer}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-5|[[Sergeant#United States|Sergeant]]}}
|Samoa
|{{nowrap|April 1, 1899}}
|Unknown
|For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy.
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Henry L.|Hulbert}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-1|[[Private (rank)|Private]]}}
|Samoa
|{{nowrap|April 1, 1899}}
|Unknown
|For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy. Subsequently awarded the [[Navy Cross]] and the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] for actions during [[World War I]].
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Michael J.|McNally|Michael Joseph McNally}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-5|[[Sergeant#United States|Sergeant]]}}
|Samoa
|{{nowrap|April 1, 1899}}
|Unknown
|For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy
|}

==Philippine-American War==
{{Main|List of Philippine–American War Medal of Honor recipients}}

The [[Philippine-American War]]&lt;ref group=n name=philamwar&gt;This conflict is also known as the Philippine Insurrection. This name was historically the most commonly used in the U.S., but Filipinos and some American historians refer to these hostilities as the ''Philippine-American War'', and, in 1999, the U.S. Library of Congress reclassified its references to use this term.&lt;/ref&gt; was an armed military conflict between the United States and the First Philippine Republic, fought between 1899 to at least 1902, which arose from a Filipino political struggle against U.S. occupation of the [[Philippines]]. While the conflict was officially declared over on July 4, 1902,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Delmendo |first=Sharon |publication-date=2004|title=The Star-Entangled Banner: One Hundred Years of America in the Philippines |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=0-8135-3411-9 |page=47
|url=http://books.google.com/?id=N6nkB_PDdXcC&amp;pg=PA15&amp;dq=Philippine+People+power+revolution |accessdate= October 2, 2013 |year=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="agoncillo"&gt;{{Cite book | author= Agoncillo, Teodoro| title= History of the Filipino People| year= 1960 (Eighth edition 1990)| isbn=971-10-2415-2 | publisher= Garcia | location= Quezon City}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Past"&gt;{{Cite book | author= Constantino, Renato| title= The Philippines: A Past Revisited| year= 1975| isbn=971-8958-00-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; American troops continued hostilities against remnants of the [[Philippine Army]] and other resistance groups until 1913, and some historians consider these unofficial extensions part of the war.&lt;ref name="Past"/&gt;

Eighty-six men were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions in the Philippine–American War: 70 from the [[United States Army|Army]], 10 from the [[United States Navy|Navy]], and 6 from the [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]. Four of the awards were posthumous. Among the recipients were [[Webb Hayes]], the son of former U.S. President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], and two prominent Marine Corps officers, [[Hiram I. Bearss]] and [[David Dixon Porter (Medal of Honor)|David Dixon Porter]]. Bearss became known for leading long-range reconnaissance patrols behind enemy lines and was later wounded as a colonel in [[World War I]]. Porter was from a distinguished military family and rose to become a major general. [[José B. Nísperos]], a member of the [[Philippine Scouts]] who was honored for continuing to fight after being wounded, was the first Asian recipient of the Medal of Honor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Owens |first=Ron |title=Medal of Honor: Historical Facts &amp; Figures |publisher=Turner Publishing Company |year=2004 |location=Paducah, Kentucky |pages= 71–73, 80–81 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=s65pmBAUmD4C |isbn=978-1-56311-995-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Boxer Rebellion==
{{Main|List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion}}

The Boxer Movement or [[Boxer Rebellion]], which occurred in China from November 1899 to September 7, 1901, was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Manchu rule (Qing Dynasty). The members of the Society of Right and Harmonious Fists were simply called ''boxers'' by the Westerners due to the martial arts and calisthenics they practiced. The uprising began as an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist peasant-based movement in northern China. They attacked foreigners who were building railroads and violating Feng shui, as well as Christians, who were held responsible for the foreign domination of China. In June 1900, the Boxers invaded Beijing and killed 230 non-Chinese. Tens of thousands of Chinese Christians, Catholic and Protestant alike, were killed mostly in Shandong and Shanxi Provinces as part of the uprising. The government of Empress Dowager Cixi was not helpful, and diplomats, foreign civilians, soldiers and some Chinese Christians retreated to the legation quarter where they held out for fifty-five days until a multinational coalition rushed 20,000 troops to their rescue. The Chinese government was forced to indemnify the victims and make many additional concessions. Subsequent reforms implemented after the crisis of 1900 laid the foundation for the end of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the modern Chinese Republic.&lt;ref name=Esherick154&gt;{{Cite book |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=jVESdBSMasMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=The+Origins+of+the+Boxer+Uprising&amp;cd=1#v=onepage&amp;q=Medal%20of%20Honor |title= The Origins of the Boxer Uprising |author= Esherick, Joseph W. |year=1987 |page=154 |publisher= University of California Press
 |isbn= 0-520-06459-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the Boxer rebellion, 59 American servicemen received the Medal of Honor for their actions. Four of these were for Army personnel, twenty-two went to navy sailors and the remaining thirty-three went to marines.  Harry Fisher was the first Marine to receive the medal posthumously and the only posthumous recipient for this conflict.&lt;ref name=AMOHWStat/&gt;

==United States occupation of Veracruz, 1914==
{{Main|List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz)}}

The [[United States occupation of Veracruz|United States occupation of the Mexican port of Veracruz]] lasted for six months in response to the [[Tampico Affair]] of April 9, 1914. The incident came in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States, related to the ongoing [[Mexican Revolution]].&lt;ref name=veracruz&gt;{{Cite journal | author=Yockelson, Mitchell | url=http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1997/fall/mexican-punitive-expedition-1.html |title=The United States Armed Forces and the Mexican Punitive Expedition: Part 1 | journal=Prologue Magazine | year=1997 | volume=29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Secretary of the Navy [[Josephus Daniels]] ordered that 56 Medals of Honor be awarded to participants in the occupation of Veracruz, the most for any single action before or since. In total 63 Medals of Honor were received for actions during the occupation; 1 Army, 9 to members of the United States Marine Corps and 53 to Navy personnel.&lt;ref name=AMOHWStat/&gt;

==Invasion and occupation of Haiti==
The first [[United States occupation of Haiti]] began on July 28, 1915 and ended in mid-August 1934.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%;"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Image
! Name
! Service
! Rank
! Place of action
! Date of action
! Unit
!class="unsortable"|Notes&lt;ref name=AMOHWHaiti1&gt;{{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/haiti1915.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the 1915 Haiti Campaign
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AMOHWHait2&gt;{{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/haiti1919-20.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the 1919–1920 Haiti Campaign
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Smedley|Butler}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|O-04|[[Major (United States)|Major]]}}
|Fort Riviere, Haiti
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1915|November|17}}}}
|2nd Marines
|Second award&amp;nbsp;– previously awarded a Medal of Honor for action in the Mexican Campaign.
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|William R.|Button|William Robert Button}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-4|[[Corporal#United States|Corporal]]}}
|{{Sort|Grande Riviere, Haiti|near Grande Riviere, Haiti}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1919|Oct|31}}}}&amp;nbsp;– {{nowrap|{{dts|1919|Nov|1}}}}
|[[7th Marines]]
|For the assassination of rebel leader [[Charlemagne Péralte]] and the routing of his followers
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Daniel|Daly}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-7|[[Gunnery Sergeant]]}}
|{{Sort|Fort Liberte, Haiti|near Fort-Liberté, Haiti}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1915|October|24}}}}
|15th Company, 2nd Marines
|Second award&amp;nbsp;– previously awarded a Medal of Honor for action in the Boxer Rebellion
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Herman H.|Hanneken}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-5|[[Sergeant#United States|Sergeant]]}}
|{{Sort|Grande Riviere, Haiti|near Grande Riviere, Haiti}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1919|Oct|31}}}}&amp;nbsp;– {{nowrap|{{dts|1919|Nov|1}}}}
|[[7th Marines]]
|For the assassination of rebel leader [[Charlemagne Péralte]] and the routing of his followers
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Ross L.|Iams|Ross Lindsey Iams}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-5|[[Sergeant#United States|Sergeant]]}}
|Fort Riviere, Haiti
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1915|November|17}}}}
|5th Company, 2nd Marines
|Approaching a breach in the wall which was the only entrance to the fort, Sergeant Iams unhesitatingly jumped through the breach despite constant fire from the Cacos and engaged the enemy in a desperate hand-to-hand combat until the bastion was captured and Caco resistance neutralized.
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Samuel|Marguiles}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-1|[[Private (rank)|Private]]}}
|Fort Riviere, Haiti
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1915|November|17}}}}
|23rd Company, 2nd Marines
|Served under the name Samuel Gross.
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Edward A.|Ostermann|Edward Albert Ostermann}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|O-02|[[First Lieutenant#United States|First Lieutenant]]}}
|{{Sort|Fort Liberte, Haiti|near Fort-Liberté, Haiti}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1915|October|24}}}}
|15th Company, 2nd Marines
|In command of one of the three squads which advanced in three different directions, led his men forward, surprising and scattering the Cacos, and aiding in the capture of Fort Dipitie.
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|William P.|Upshur}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|O-03|[[Captain (United States)|Captain]]}}
|{{Sort|Fort Liberte, Haiti|near Fort-Liberté, Haiti}}
|{{nowrap|{{dts|1915|October|24}}}}
|15th Company, 2nd Marines
|In command of the three squads which advanced in three different directions, led his men forward, surprising and scattering the Cacos, and aiding the capture of Fort Dipitie.
|}

==Occupation of the Dominican Republic==
The United States [[1916 United States occupation of the Dominican Republic|occupied the Dominican Republic]] from 1916 to 1924. In May 1917, Rear Admiral William Caperton forced Arias to leave Santo Domingo by threatening the city with naval bombardment. U.S. Marines invaded and took control of the country within two months; in November that same year, the U.S. imposed a military government. The Marines restored order throughout most of the republic (with the exception of the eastern region); the country's budget was balanced, its debt was diminished, and economic growth resumed; infrastructure projects produced new roads that linked all the country's regions for the first time in its history; a professional military organization, the Dominican Constabulary Guard, replaced the partisan forces that had waged a seemingly endless struggle for power.&lt;ref name=dominican&gt;{{cite web |accessdate=October 2, 2013 |url=http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/ |title=Dominican Republic: A Country Study |author=Haggerty, Richard A. |year=1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%;"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Image
! Name
! Service
! Rank
! Place of action
! Date of action
! Unit
!class="unsortable"|Notes&lt;ref name=AMOHWDR&gt;{{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/dominic.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the Dominican Campaign
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Joseph A.|Glowin}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-4|[[Corporal#United States|Corporal]]}}
|Guayacanes, Dominican Republic
|{{nowrap|July 3, 1916}}
|13th Company, Artillery Battalion, 1st Brigade
|For action against a considerable force of rebels
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Ernest C.|Williams|Ernest Calvin Williams}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|O-02|[[First Lieutenant#United States|First Lieutenant]]}}
|San Francisco de Macorís, Dominican Republic
|{{nowrap|November 29, 1916}}
|1st Brigade
|For leading the capture of a fort
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Roswell|Winans}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-8|[[First Sergeant#United States|First Sergeant]]}}
|Guayacanes, Dominican Republic
|{{nowrap|July 3, 1916}}
|1st Brigade
|For action against a considerable force of rebels
|}

==World War I==
{{Main|List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I}}

[[World War I]], also known as the First World War and the Great War, was a [[World war|global]] [[war|military conflict]] which took place primarily in Europe from 1914–1918. Over 40 million [[World War I casualties|casualties]] resulted, including approximately 20 million military and civilian deaths.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| accessdate= October 2, 2013| url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/casualties.htm|title=Military Casualties of World War One}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over 60 million European soldiers were mobilized from 1914–1918.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jimmyatkinson.com/papers/versaillestreaty.html |title= The Treaty of Versailles and its Consequences| accessdate=October 2, 2013}} {{Dead link|date=November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The immediate cause of the war was the June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by [[Gavrilo Princip]], a Bosnian Serb citizen of Austria-Hungary and member of the [[Black Hand (Serbia)|Black Hand]]. The retaliation by Austria-Hungary against Serbia activated a series of alliances that set off a chain reaction of war declarations. Within a month, much of Europe was in a state of open warfare.&lt;ref name=Keegan&gt;{{Cite book| last=Keegan| first=John| author-link=John Keegan| title=The First World War| publisher=Hutchinson| year=1998| isbn=0-09-180178-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During this War, 119 men received the Medal for their actions, 33 of them posthumously.&lt;ref name=AMOHWStat/&gt;

==Occupation of Nicaragua==
The United States [[Occupation of Nicaragua|occupied Nicaragua]] from 1909 to 1933 and intervened in the country several times before that. The American interventions in Nicaragua were designed to prevent the construction of a trans-isthmian canal by any nation but the USA. Nicaragua assumed a quasi-[[protectorate]] status under the 1916 Chamorro-Bryan Treaty. The occupation ended as [[Augusto César Sandino]], a Nicaraguan revolutionary, led guerrilla armies against US troops. Furthermore, the onset of the Great Depression made it costly for the USA to maintain occupation.&lt;ref name=nicaragua&gt;{{cite web |accessdate=October 2, 2013 |author=Merrill, Tim |url=http://countrystudies.us/nicaragua/ |title=Nicaragua: A Country Study |year=1993}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%;"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Image
! Name
! Service
! Rank
! Place of action
! Date of action
! Unit
!class="unsortable"|Notes&lt;ref name=AMOHWNic&gt;{{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/nicara.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the Second Nicaraguan Campaign
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Christian F.|Schilt}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|O-02|[[First Lieutenant#United States|First Lieutenant]]}}
|Quilali, Nicaragua
|{{nowrap|January 6, 1928}}&amp;nbsp;– {{nowrap|January 8, 1928}}
|Observation Squadron 7-M
|For evacuating wounded Marines by plane while under fire
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|{{Sortname|Donald L.|Truesdale|Donald Leroy Truesdale}}}}
|[[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]
|{{Sort|E-4|[[Corporal#United States|Corporal]]}}
|{{Sort|Constancia|near Constancia, near Coco River, northern Nicaragua}}
|{{nowrap|April 24, 1932}}
|a Guardia Nacional Patrol
|Served under the name "Truesdale" before officially changing name to "Truesdell" on 25 July 1942.&lt;ref name=USMCHistDiv&gt;{{cite web|title=CWO Donald L Truesdell|url=https://www.mcu.usmc.mil/historydivision/pages/Whos_Who/Truesdell_DL.aspx|publisher=US Marine Corps History Division|accessdate=October 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lost his hand while attempting to save his patrol from an accidentally activated grenade.
|}

==World War II==
{{Main|List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II}}
{{See also|List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima}}

[[World War II]], or the Second World War, was a global military conflict. The conflicts joined from two separate conflicts. The first began in Asia in 1937 as the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]; the other began in Europe in 1939 with the German and [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|Russian]] [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]].&lt;ref group=n name=WWIIdesc&gt;Official military histories in Commonwealth nations refer to the conflict as the Second World War, while the United States' official histories refer to the conflict as World War II. English translations of the official histories of other nations tend to resolve into English as Second World War also, for example ''zweite weltkrieg'' in German. See C.P. Stacey ''Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War'', for example. "Official" usage of these terms is giving way to popular usage and the two terms are becoming interchangeable even in formal military history.&lt;/ref&gt; This global conflict split the [[Participants in World War II|majority of the world's nations]] into two opposing military alliances: the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and the [[Axis powers]]. It involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history, and placed the participants in a state of "[[total war]]", erasing the distinction between civil and military resources. This resulted in the complete activation of a nation's economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities for the purposes of the war effort. Over [[World War II casualties|60 million people]], the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history.&lt;ref&gt;[[Jim Dunnigan|Dunnigan, James]]; [[Albert Nofi]]. Dirty Little Secrets of World War II: Military Information No One Told You About the Greatest, Most Terrible War in History, William Morrow &amp; Company, 1994. ISBN 0-688-12235-3&lt;/ref&gt; The worldwide financial cost of the war is estimated at a trillion 1944 U.S. dollars,&lt;ref&gt;Mayer, E. (2000) [http://emayzine.com/lectures/WWII.html "World War II"] course lecture notes on ''Emayzine.com'' (Victorville, California: Victor Valley College)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Coleman, P. (1999) [http://web.archive.org/20081211182510/members.aol.com/forcountry/ww2/wc1.htm "Cost of the War,"] ''World War II Resource Guide'' (Gardena, California: The American War Library)&lt;/ref&gt; making it the most costly war both in capital expenditures as well as loss of lives.

During this conflict 464 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor, 266 of them posthumously.  A total of 42 Medals of Honor, representing 9% of all awarded during World War II, were presented for action in just two battles&amp;nbsp;– 15 for actions during the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], and 27 for actions during the [[Battle of Iwo Jima]].  A total of 21 (4.5% of all World War II Medals of Honor) were awarded to members of the all-Japanese American [[U.S. 100th Infantry Battalion|100th Infantry Battalion]] of the [[442nd Regimental Combat Team]], for actions in numerous battles across six different campaigns.&lt;ref name="cmohs"&gt;[http://www.cmohs.org/medal/history_links/s_munemori.htm Congressional Medal of Honor Society]&lt;/ref&gt;  Additionally, the only Medal of Honor ever presented to a member of the United States Coast Guard was received for actions during this war.&lt;ref name="AMOHWStat"/&gt;

==Korean War==
{{Main|List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients}}

The [[Korean War]] was ignited by the 1950 invasion of South Korea when the North Korean Army moved south on June 25, 1950 to attempt to reunite the Korean peninsula, which had been formally divided since 1948. The conflict was then expanded by the United States, China's and the [[Soviet Union]]'s involvement. The main hostilities were during the period from June 25, 1950, until the [[Korean Armistice Agreement]] was signed on July 27, 1953.

In South Korea, the war is often called "6•25", or the 6•25 War (Korean: 6•25 전쟁), from the date of the start of the conflict or, more formally, ''Hanguk Jeonjaeng'' literally “Korean War”. In North Korea, while commonly known as the Korean War, it is formally called the Fatherland Liberation War. In the early days of the war, United States President [[Harry Truman]] called the United Nations response a "[[police action]]".&lt;ref&gt;[http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=594 The President's News Conference of June 29, 1950]&lt;/ref&gt; The war is sometimes called "The Forgotten War" because it is a major conflict of the 20th century that gets less attention than [[World War II]], which preceded it, and the controversial [[Vietnam War]], which succeeded it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =Remembering the Forgotten War: Korea, 1950–1953 |publisher = [[Naval History &amp; Heritage Command]]| url =http://www.history.navy.mil/ac/korea/korea1.htm | accessdate =October 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In China, the conflict was known as the War to Resist America and Aid Korea, but is today commonly called the "Korean War".&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =War to Resist US Aggression And Aid Korea Marked in DPRK | publisher =(China's) Peoples Daily (English version) | url =http://english.people.com.cn/english/200010/26/eng20001026_53620.html | accessdate =October 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During this war, 136 Medals of Honor were presented for bravery in action, 98 of them posthumously.&lt;ref name=AMOHWStat/&gt;

==Vietnam War==
{{Main|List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War}}

The [[Vietnam War]], also known as the Second [[Indochina Wars|Indochina War]], and in Vietnam as the American War, occurred from 1959 to April 30, 1975. The term "Vietnam Conflict" is often used to refer to events which took place between 1959 and April 30, 1975. The war was fought between the Communist-supported [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] ([[North Vietnam]]) and the United States supported [[South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam]] ([[South Vietnam]]).
During the Vietnam War, 246 Medals of Honor were received, 154 of them posthumously. Soldiers of the Army received the most with 160, followed by 57 to the Marines, 16 to the Navy and the remaining 13 to the Air Force.&lt;ref name=AMOHWStat/&gt; The first medal of the war was presented to [[Roger H. C. Donlon|Roger Donlon]] for rescuing and administering first aid to several wounded soldiers and leading a group against an enemy force.&lt;ref name=Murphy13-23&gt;Murphy, 1987, pp. 13–23&lt;/ref&gt; The first African American recipient of the war was [[Milton L. Olive, III]] who sacrificed himself to save others by smothering a grenade with his body.&lt;ref name=Murphy36-38&gt;Murphy, 1987, pp. 36–38&lt;/ref&gt; [[Riley L. Pitts]] was killed after attacking an enemy force with rifle fire and grenades and was the first African American commissioned officer of the war to receive the medal.&lt;ref name=Murphy97&gt;Murphy, 1987, p. 97&lt;/ref&gt; [[Thomas W. Bennett (conscientious objector)|Thomas Bennett]] was a [[conscientious objector]] who received the medal for his actions as a medic;&lt;ref name=Murphy156-158&gt;Murphy, 1987, pp. 156–158&lt;/ref&gt; three [[chaplain]]s received the medal, including [[Vincent R. Capodanno]], who served with the Marine Corps and was known as the Grunt [[Military Chaplain|Padre]].&lt;ref name=Murphy150-151&gt;Murphy, 1987, pp. 150–151&lt;/ref&gt;

==USS ''Liberty'' incident==
The [[USS Liberty incident|USS ''Liberty'' incident]] was an attack on a neutral United States Navy technical research ship, [[USS Liberty (AGTR-5)|USS ''Liberty'']], by [[Israeli Air Force|Israeli]] jet fighter planes and motor torpedo boats on June 8, 1967, during the [[Six-Day War]]. The combined air and sea attack killed 34 and wounded more than 170 crew members, and damaged the ship severely, including the Israeli Navy and Air Force machine gunning survivors trying to escape in lifeboats.&lt;ref name=liberty&gt;{{cite web |accessdate=October 2, 2013 |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-l/agtr5.htm |title=USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1964–1970 |publisher=Navy Historical Center |date=January 14, 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%;"
|-
! Image
! Name
! Service
! Rank
! Place of action
! Date of action
! Unit
! Notes&lt;ref name=AMOHWLiberty&gt;{{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/vietnam-m-z.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War (M—Z)
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{center|—}}
|{{nowrap|[[William McGonagle|William L. McGonagle]]}}
|[[United States Navy|Navy]]
|[[Commander (United States)|Commander]]
|Eastern Mediterranean Sea
|{{nowrap|June 8, 1967}}&amp;nbsp;– {{nowrap|June 9, 1967}}
|{{USS|Liberty|AGTR-5}}
|Continued to lead his ship despite being severely wounded
|}

==Post-Vietnam==
{{main|List of post-Vietnam Medal of Honor recipients}}
Since the end of the [[Vietnam War]], [[Terminology of the Vietnam War|also known as]] the Vietnam Conflict and Second Indochina War,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/24174/jean-lacouture/from-the-vietnam-war-to-an-indochina-war |title=From the Vietnam War to an Indochina War |last1=Lacouture |first1=Jean  |date=July 1970 |work=Foreign Affairs |publisher=Council on Foreign Affairs |accessdate=October 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/topics/vietnam.html |title=Military: Vietnam Conflict  |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |work=Archival Research Catalog (ARC) |publisher=National Archive |accessdate=October 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; the United States was involved in a number of smaller conflicts during the end of the [[Cold War]], including in [[Invasion of Grenada|Grenada]], [[United States invasion of Panama|Panama]], and elsewhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V2/AMH%20V2/chapter12.htm |title=Rebuilding the Army Vietnam to Desert Storm |last1=Stewart |first1=Richard W. |date=23 May 2006 |work=Center of Military History |publisher=United States Army |accessdate=October 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Post-Cold War, the United States was involved in conflicts in the Middle East, Africa, the Caribbean, and in the Balkans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_13/bulling_retreat.html |title=The Coming American Retreat from Global Military Interventions |last1=Bullington |first1=James R. |date=September 1999 |work=American Diplomacy |publisher=University of North Carolina |accessdate=October 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the [[September 11 attacks]], the United States entered into a [[War on Terror|global conflict]] against [[Islamic terrorism|militant Islamists]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Dona J. |title=The Middle East Today: Political, Geographical and Cultural Perspectives |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415782432 |page=251 |page=304}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Iraq War|invaded Iraq]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/870845/Iraq-War |title=Iraq War |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |year=2013 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.  |accessdate=October 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Battle of Mogadishu 1993==
{{main|Battle of Mogadishu (1993)}}
On October 3, 1993, members of the [[United States Army Rangers|U.S. Army Rangers]] and [[United States Special Operations Command|SOCOM]]'s Delta Force executed a mission to capture members of Gen. [[Mohamed Farrah Aidid]] force. In the ensuing battle, two [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|UH-60 Blackhawk]] helicopters were shot down. As the second Blackhawk, containing [[Chief Warrant Officer]] Michael Durant, was hit and crashed, Master Sergeant [[Gary I. Gordon]] and [[Sergeant First Class]] [[Randall D. Shughart]] were in a nearby Blackhawk monitoring radio traffic. Gordon and Shughart were part of a sniper team for [[Delta Force]] that was assigned to watch over the operation, engaging targets from their position in the Blackhawk. As they monitored the downing of the second Blackhawk, it became evident that ground forces would not be available to secure the crash site and protect the critically injured crew of four, all of whom survived the crash. Gordon, the sniper team leader, requested that they be inserted at the 2nd crash site. His request was denied twice before finally being approved on the third request. The snipers were armed only with their sniper rifles and pistols.

Upon reaching the downed Blackhawk, which was under intense enemy fire, Gordon and Shughart pulled the crew from the wreckage and proceeded to set up a defensive perimeter. The snipers, assisted by the severely injured Durant, began to engage the attacking Somalis from the opposite side of the wreckage using assault rifles stored on the Blackhawk. Shughart and Gordon were eventually mortally wounded after nearly exhausting all available ammunition; Durant, the only survivor, was taken hostage. According to Durant's account, 25 Somalis were killed and many more were wounded.

On Monday, May 23, 1994, President Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to the widows of Gordon and Shughart.&lt;ref&gt;Clinton awards Medal of Honor to 2 killed in Somalia, ''New York Daily News'', May 25, 1994, p. 16&lt;/ref&gt; They are the only snipers to have received the Medal of Honor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.snipercentral.com/gordon.htm |title=Shughart and Gordon |publisher=Snipercentral.com |date=October 3, 1993 |accessdate=October 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Peacetime==
{{Main|List of Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime}}

Before World War II, the Medal of Honor could be received for actions not involving direct combat with the enemy and 193 men earned the medal in this way.&lt;ref name="AMOHWStat"/&gt; Most of these medals were presented to members of the [[United States Navy]] for rescuing or attempting to rescue someone from drowning.&lt;ref name="AMOHWStat"/&gt; One of those awarded the Medal of Honor for rescuing others was Fireman Second Class [[Telesforo Trinidad|Trinidad]], who as of 2010 has been the only Asian American Sailor to be awarded the Medal of Honor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pinoy WWII vets still top Fil-Am concern |author=Rodney Jaleco |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/10/19/10/pinoy-wwii-vets-still-top-fil-am-concern |newspaper=[[ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs|ABS-CBN]] |date=19 October 2010 |accessdate=October 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to the medals that were presented for lifesaving acts, one Medal of Honor was presented to [[William Halford]] who sailed in a small boat for 31 days to get help for the other members of the USS ''Saginaw'' who had been stranded on an island.&lt;ref name=NHCHalford&gt;{{cite web |accessdate=October 2, 2013 |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/pers-us/uspers-h/w-halfor.htm |title=Lieutenant William Halford, USN, (1841–1919) |publisher=[[Naval Historical Center]] |date=March 20, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Three explorers were also presented with the medal by special acts of Congress. [[Charles Lindbergh]] received the medal for flying the first solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean as well as [[Floyd Bennett]] and [[Richard Evelyn Byrd]] who received it for their participation in what was thought to be the first successful heavier-than-air flight to the North Pole and back. One recipient, [[Adolphus W. Greely]] received his for a lifetime of military service.&lt;ref name=AMOHWInt1920&gt;{{cite web |accessdate=October 2, 2013 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/interim1920-40.html |title = Medal of Honor recipients |work = Interim (1920–1940) |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]] |date = June 8, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Foreign==
While current law, (''e.g.'', {{UnitedStatesCode|10|6241}} (relating to service members in the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps), beginning in 1918, explicitly states that recipients must be serving in the U.S. Armed Forces at the time of performing a valorous act that warrants the award, exceptions have been made. Apart from these rare exceptions, Medals of Honor can only be awarded to members of the U.S. Armed Forces, although being a U.S. citizen is not a prerequisite. Sixty-one [[Canada|Canadians]] who were serving in the United States Armed Forces have been awarded the Medal of Honor, with a majority awarded for actions in the American Civil War. Since 1900, four have been awarded to Canadians.&lt;ref name="cbc"&gt;{{cite news |date = July 1, 2005 |url = http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/07/01/canadians-usmedal050701.html?ref=rss |title = Canada honours winners of top U.S. medal |publisher = CBC News|accessdate = October 2, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Vietnam War, [[Peter C. Lemon]] was the only Canadian recipient of the Medal of Honor.&lt;ref name="Heroes"&gt;{{Cite book |last = Tillman |first = Barrett |year = 2006 |title = Heroes: U.S. Army Medal of Honor recipients |publisher = Berkley Caliber |accessdate = October 2, 2013 |pages=233–234 |isbn=0-425-21017-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

The Medal of Honor has also been presented to several unknown soldiers: the [[The Unknown Warrior|British Unknown Warrior]] in the United Kingdom by [[John J. Pershing|General Pershing]] on October 17, 1921; later the [[Tomb of the Unknowns|U.S. Unknown Soldier]] was reciprocally awarded the [[Victoria Cross]], Britain's highest award for gallantry, on November 11, 1921. The Medal of Honor was also presented to [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Bucharest|the Romanian Unknown Soldier]], the Unknown Soldier of France, entombed under the [[Arc de Triomphe]], the Unknown Soldier of Belgium and the Unknown Soldier of Italy, entombed in the [[Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II]].&lt;ref name=AMOHWSpecial&gt;{{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/asaoc.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients by Special Legislation
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
:{{ACMH}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book |author = Murphy, Edward F. |title = Vietnam Medal of Honor Heroes |publisher = Ballantine Books |location= New York |month=July |year = 1987 |isbn = 0-345-33890-1}}

==External links==
* {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url=http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Whos_Who.htm
 |title=Who's Who list of Marines
 |work=Who's Who in Marine Corps History
 |publisher=History Division, United States Marine Corps}}
* {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/moh.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = Listing of Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, Marines, and Coast Guardsmen who received the Medal of Honor during World War II
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/civwaral.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the American Civil War (A-L)
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/civwarmz.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the American Civil War (M-Z)
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/indianwars.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/interawrds.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for Interim period (1866–1870)
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/int1871-98.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the Interim period (1871–1898)
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/warspain.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish-American War
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/chinare.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/inter1901-11.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the Interim period (1901–1911)
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/aapo1911.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for Outlaws—Philippines 1911
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/mohmex.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the Mexican-American War (Vera Cruz)
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/interim1915-16.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the Interim period (1915–1916)
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/worldwari.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for World War I
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/wwII-a-f.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II (A–F)
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/wwII-g-l.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II (G–L)
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/wwII-m-s.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II (M–S)
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/wwII-t-z.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for World War II (T–Z)
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/koreanwar.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the Korean War
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/vietnam-a-l.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = American Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War (A–L)
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
** {{cite web
 |accessdate=October 2, 2013
 |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/mohb.html
 |title = Medal of Honor recipients
 |work = World War II African American Medal of Honor recipients
 |publisher= [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
 |date = June 8, 2009}}
* {{cite web
 |accessdate=March 17, 2009
 |url=http://www.suicidecharley.com/medal-of-honor-recipients.html
 |title=Medal of Honor recipients of Charley Company First Battalion Seventh Marines
 |work=Honor Recipients of Charley Company
 |publisher=SuicideCharley.com}}

{{Wikipedia|List of Medal of Honor recipients}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Medal Of Honor Recipients}}


[[Category:Lists of Medal of Honor recipients]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update</comment>
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      <text bytes="27864" sha1="3r4r1cakdydkzvyu1bzwi3dztarvqcd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:UStanks baghdad 2003.JPEG|300px|thumb|right|M1A1 Abrams pose for a photo under the "Hands of Victory" in Ceremony Square, Baghdad, Iraq.]]
{{Redirect|Nordlicht|the Kriegsmarine ship|SS Nordlicht}}
{{Redirect|Operation Falcon Freedom|the [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973]] [[2011 military intervention in Libya|enforcement operation in Libya of 2011]] by Belgium|Operation Freedom Falcon}}
{{Redirect|Operation Hermes|the European Union border security operation|Frontex#Operation Hermes}}
{{Campaignbox Iraq War}}

This is a list of known '''[[Coalition of the willing|Coalition]] military operations of the [[Iraq War]]'''. As of July 2007, there were over 500 known named operations attributed to the ongoing conflict in Iraq. This is not a complete list, but it continues to grow as more operations occur or are identified.

==2003==
{{Main|List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War in 2003}}
Though the initial war lasted for only 21 days the coalition soon found themselves fighting insurgent forces more and more often.  Additionally, with the increasing use of guerilla tactics, suicide bombings and improvised explosive devices, just walking down the street became extremely dangerous.  Upon completion of the initial conflict the coalition troops began counterinsurgency, humanitarian, security and various other types of operations in order to stabilize the country and make it safe for the Iraqi people. From the end of the initial war until the present day, these are the types of operations that coalition troops continue to complete in efforts to eliminate the insurgency and anti-coalition forces.

==2004==
{{Main|List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War in 2004}}
[[File:Coaltion forces in Iraq (2004-04-30).jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Areas of responsibility]] in Iraq as of 30 April 2004]]
During the early occupation, a number of widely cited humanitarian, tactical, and political errors by coalition planners, particularly the United States and United Kingdom led to a growing armed resistance, usually called the "Iraqi insurgency" (referred to by the mainstream media and coalition governments). The anti-occupation/anti-coalition forces are believed to be predominantly, but not exclusively, Iraqi Sunni Muslim Arabs, plus some foreign Arab and Muslim fighters, some of the latter tied to al-Qaeda. Several minor coalition members have pulled out of Iraq; this has been widely considered a political success for the anti-occupation forces.

Despite this, there was a reduction in violence throughout Iraq in the start of 2004 due to reorganization within the insurgent forces. During this time the tactics used by coalition forces were studied and the insurgency began to plan a new strategy. The calm did not last long however and once the insurgency had regained its footing attacks resumed and increased. Throughout the remainder of 2004 and continuing into the present day, the insurgency has employed bombings as their primary means of combating the coalition forces. This has led to hundreds of Iraqi civilians and police killed in addition to the coalition forces they were fighting. Many were killed in a series of massive bombings at mosques and shrines throughout Iraq. The bombings indicated that as the relevance of Saddam Hussein and his followers was diminishing, radical Islamists, both foreign and Iraqi was increasing to take their place. An organized Sunni insurgency, with deep roots and both nationalist and Islamist motivations, was becoming clear. The Mahdi Army also began launching attacks on coalition targets and to seize control from the Iraqi security forces. The southern and central portions of Iraq began to erupt in urban guerilla combat as coalition forces attempted to keep control and prepared for a counteroffensive.

In response to insurgent attacks, coalition forces focused on hunting down the remaining leaders of the former regime, culminating in the shooting deaths of Saddam's two sons in July. In all, over 200 top leaders of the former regime were killed or captured, as well as supports and military personnel during the summer of 2004.

==2005==
{{Main|List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War in 2005}}

Coalition and Iraqi government forces continue to battle Iraqi [[Insurgent|militants]] and other fighters. During early and mid-May 2005, the U.S. also launched [[Operation Matador (Iraq)|Operation Matador]], an assault by around 1,000 [[Marines (military)|marines]] in the ungoverned region of western Iraq. Coalition and Iraqi soldiers, Iraqi fighters and civilians have been killed in these conflicts. As of late July 2007, nearly 3,700 U.S. soldiers have been killed, and around ten times this many have been wounded. The number of Iraqi citizens who have fallen victim to the fighting has risen. The Iraqi government, with some holdovers from the [[Coalition Provisional Authority|CPA]], engaged in securing control of the oil infrastructure (a source of Iraq's foreign currency) and control of the major cities of Iraq. The insurgency, the developing the [[New Iraqi Army]], disorganized police and security forces, as well as a lack of revenue have hampered efforts to assert control. In addition, former Baathist elements and militant Shia groups have engaged in sabotage, terrorism, open rebellion, and establishing their own security zones in all or part of a dozen cities. The Allawi government vowed to crush the insurgency.

An election for a government to draft a permanent constitution took place during this time (''ed''. see Politics of Iraq for more information on the political state of Iraq). Although some violence and lack of widespread Sunni participation marred the event, much of the eligible Kurd and Shia populace participated. Sectarian violence has also been prominent part of the militant and [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] activity. Targets here where often Shia gatherings or civilian concentrations mainly of Shias. As a result, over 700 Iraqi civilians died in the month.

==2006==
{{Main|List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War in 2006}}
{{Further|23 November 2006 Sadr City bombings}}
[[File:US Navy 060331-N-5438H-139 An Iraq Army soldier assigned to the 1st Battalion, 1st Brigade, 4th Division, mans a checkpoint during Operation Red Light II, on the outskirts of Monfia village in the Western Desert.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Salah Ad Din Governorate, (31 March 2006) – An Iraq Army soldier assigned to the 1st Battalion, 1st Brigade, 4th Division, mans a checkpoint during [[Operation Red Light II]], on the outskirts of Monfia village in the Western Desert]]

The beginning of 2006 was marked by government creation talks, growing sectarian violence, and continuous anti-coalition attacks. Sectarian violence expanded to a new level of intensity following the [[al-Askari Mosque bombing (2006)|al-Askari Mosque bombing]] in the Iraqi city of Samarra, on 22 February 2006. The explosion at the mosque, one of the holiest sites in Shi'a Islam, is believed to have been caused by a bomb planted by Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Although no injuries occurred in the blast, the mosque was severely damaged and the bombing resulted in violence over the following days.

As of 20 October the U.S military announced that [[Operation Together Forward]] had failed to stem the tide of violence in Baghdad, and Shiite militants under al-Sadr seized several southern Iraq cities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title = Shiite militia briefly seizes Iraqi city |publisher = MSNBC |date = 20 October 2006 |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15343811/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 November, the deadliest attack since the beginning of the Iraq war occurred. Suspected Sunni-Arab militants used five suicide car bombs and two mortar rounds on the capital's Shiite Sadr City slum to kill at least 215 people and wound 257. Shiite mortar teams quickly retaliated, firing 10 shells at Sunni Islam's most important shrine in Baghdad, badly damaging the Abu Hanifa mosque and killing one person. Eight more rounds slammed down near the offices of the Association of Muslim Scholars, the top Sunni Muslim organisation in Iraq, setting nearby houses on fire. Two other mortar barrages on Sunni neighborhoods in west Baghdad killed nine and wounded 21, police said.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title= Bombs, mortars in Shiite slum kill at least 161 |publisher = MSNBC |date = 23 November 2006 |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15866123/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After capture in December 2003, Saddam Hussein was hanged on 30 December 2006 after being found guilty of crimes against humanity by an Iraqi court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title= Saddam Hussein executed in Iraq |publisher=BBC |date = 30 December 2006 |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6218485.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==2007==
{{Main|List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War in 2007}}

[[File:Operation Arrowhead Ripper.jpg|thumb|right|Soldiers have a short meeting at an airfield in Baqubah before an air assault into an outlying village of the city, 18 June 2007]]

2007 saw a rise in humanitarian and peacekeeping operations as well as a large "surge" in US forces designed to help stabilize the region.

On 10 January 2007, President Bush announced changes in the administration's political and military strategy in the Iraq War during a television speech broadcast. The speech and underlying strategy had been crafted under the working title "The New Way Forward." In the address Bush stated “America will change our strategy to help the Iraqis carry out their campaign to put down sectarian violence and bring security to the people of Baghdad. This will require increasing American force levels. So I've committed more than 20,000 additional American troops to Iraq. The vast majority of them—five brigades—will be deployed to Baghdad."

As part of this new strategy, 2007 saw several major military operations aimed at eliminating insurgent activities, increase support services such as medical facilities and utilities and the training of Iraqi citizens as police or military personnel.

The largest of these new operations were Operations Law and Order, Phantom Thunder and Phantom Strike.

{{clear}}
==2008==
{{See also|2008 in Iraq}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Battle/Operation name
! From date
! To date
! Location
! class="unsortable"|Purpose and result
|-
|[[Operation Oklahoma]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|01|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|09}}
|Near Mahmudiyah?
|clearing houses.
|-
|[[Operation Marne Thunderbolt]]
|{{dts|2008|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|15}}
|southeast of Baghdad
|Security:Focused on pursuing the enemy and clearing al-Qaeda safe havens. Transitioned to Operation Marne Grand Slam in February 2008.&lt;ref name=AFPS48612&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=48612|title=Coalition Forces Detain 6 in Northern Iraq|publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=Jan. 9, 2008|accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Rock Reaper]]
|{{dts|2008|01}}
|{{dts|2008}}
|west of Baquba, Iraq
|Effort to clear Al-Queda strongholds
|-
|[[Operation Phantom Phoenix]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|01|08}}
|
|southeast of Baghdad, Northern Iraq
|Focused on pursuing the enemy and clearing al-Qaeda safe havens.&lt;ref name=AFPS48612/&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS48613&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=48613|title=New U.S. Offensive Targets al Qaeda in Northern Iraq
|publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=Jan. 9, 2008 |author=Gerry J. Gilmore|accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|[[Operation Raider Harvest]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|01|08}}
|
|southeast of Baghdad, Northern Iraq
|A sub operation of Operation Iron Harvest.
|-
|[[Operation Iron Harvest]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|01|09}}
|
|Northern Iraq
|To pursue al-Qaeda in Iraq and extremist elements from the region. A sub operation of the corps-level offensive Operation Phantom Phoenix.&lt;ref name=AFPS48612/&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS48613/&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Marne Grand Slam]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|02|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|15}}
|southeast of Baghdad
|Security:Focused on pursuing the enemy and clearing al-Qaeda safe havens. Transitioned to Operation Marne Rugged in March 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=48998|title=New Iraq Operation Targets Dwindling Insurgent Forces |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=Feb. 19, 2008 |accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Marne Rugged]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|15}}
|
|southeast of Baghdad
|Security:Focused on pursuing the enemy and clearing al-Qaeda safe havens.
|-
|[[Operation Sawlat al-Fursan (Charge of the Knights)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|24}}
|
|al Qurnah, Iraq
|Targeting criminal elements by the Iraqi Army and Iraqi Security Forces
|-
|[[Operation Estonia]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|03|30}}
|the cities of Hamza and Hashmiyah, Iraq
|detained numerous criminals and found two caches
|-
|[[Operation Manchu Harvest III (Salah ad Din)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|04|04}}
|{{dts|2008}}
|Salah ad Din Province, Iraq
|discovered a large weapons cache
|-
|[[Operation Marne Piledriver]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|04|15}}
|{{dts|2008}}
|the Mahmudiyah area
|Peacekeeping and Counterinsurgency:will continue efforts to root out insurgency and stimulate economic growth and development throughout the Mahmudiyah Qada
|-
|[[Operation Restore Peace VI]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|18}}
|Forward Operating Base McHenry, Iraq
|To reconcile with combatants.  Reported a 90% drop in violence in certain areas.
|-
|[[Operation Lions Roar]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|19}}
|the Younis al-Sabawi neighborhood of Mosul, Iraq
|Discovered a cache consisted of more than 100 mortar rounds, more than 100 mortar fuses, two mortar tubes, two mortar bipods, one suicide vest, two rockets and eight mines.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=49953 |title=Forces Catch Two Terrorists in Iraq, Capture Weapons |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=May 21, 2008 |accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|[[Operation Balad Musalahah]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|22}}
|{{dts|2008}}
|Balad area
|Allowing reconciliation of insurgents.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=50173 |title=DefenseLink News Article: Hundreds of Former Iraqi Insurgents Reconcile With Government |publisher=Defenselink.mil |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Siegfried Line]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|24}}
|southern Baghdad, Iraq
|detained numerous suspected criminals in the Bayaa community&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=19801&amp;Itemid=128 |title=mnf-iraq.com |publisher=mnf-iraq.com |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Gravel Dump]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|28}}
|Karma,Iraq
|Joint USMC/Iraqi Army search of gravel trucks for smuggled weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=20130&amp;Itemid=110 |title=mnf-iraq.com |publisher=mnf-iraq.com |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Spring Break]]
|{{dts|2008|05}}
|{{dts|2008|05}}
|Lake Tharthar, Iraq
|4 day joint operation between U.S. Marines and Iraqi Army scouts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=19924&amp;Itemid=128 |title=mnf-iraq.com |publisher=mnf-iraq.com |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation al Salam, (Peace)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|05|20}}
|
|Sadr City, Iraq
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/world/middleeast/21baghdad.html?fta=y | work=The New York Times | title=Iraqi Troops Take Charge of Sadr City in Swift Push | first1=Michael R. | last1=Gordon | first2=Stephen | last2=Farrell | date=21 May 2008 | accessdate=2010-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Lion Hunt]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|06|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|06|06}}
|Ninewah province, Iraq
|the first unilateral Iraqi-led aerial operation conducted by the 11th brigade, 3rd Iraqi Army division.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=20225&amp;Itemid=128 |title=mnf-iraq.com |publisher=mnf-iraq.com |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation New Town]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|06|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|06|10}}
|Shakriyah,Iraq
|an air assault census mission conducted by the 22nd brigade, 6th Iraqi Army division&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=20499&amp;Itemid=110 |title=mnf-iraq.com |publisher=mnf-iraq.com |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Iron Roundup II]]
|{{dts|2008}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|07|06}}
|provinces north of Baghdad—Diyala, Salah ad Din, Kirkuk and Ninewa
|Discovered weapons caches and detained three suspected terrorists&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=21115&amp;Itemid=21 |title=mnf-iraq.com |publisher=mnf-iraq.com |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Lions Paw]]
|{{dts|2008}}
|{{dts|2008}}
|throughout Iraq
|During the Ramadan month, between fifty and seventy Iraqis will be released from U.S. detention centers in Iraq each day&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=22095&amp;Itemid=4http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=14196&amp;Itemid=466 |title=mnf-iraq.com |publisher=mnf-iraq.com |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Dodge City II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|04}}
|Southern Muehla
|to find and detain suspected criminals throughout the area&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/HomePagePhotos/LeadPhotoImage.aspx?id=9310|title=Muehla Canal search|publisher=Defense News|accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Cretan]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|08}}
|Salah ad Din province
|to find and detain suspected criminals throughout the area&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/HomePagePhotos/LeadPhotoImage.aspx?id=9497|title=Salah Sunrise|publisher=mnf-iraq.com |accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Eagle North]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|08}}
|Abu Osage Village of the Sa’id Abdullah Corridor
|to find and detain suspected criminals throughout the area&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=23008&amp;Itemid=21 |title=mnf-iraq.com |publisher=mnf-iraq.com |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Myrtle Beach V]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|16}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|16}}
|Kalsu
|Targeted suspected al-Qaida activity in the area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/HomePagePhotos/LeadPhotoImage.aspx?id=9487|title=Snap Shot|publisher=Defense News |accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Bessemer]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|21}}
|near Bayji
|Air assault operation designed to clear the area of Islamist extremists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=23008&amp;Itemid=21 |title=mnf-iraq.com |publisher=mnf-iraq.com |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/HomePagePhotos/LeadPhotoImage.aspx?id=9659 |title=Operation Bessemer |publisher=mnf-iraq.com |accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Monmouth]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|27}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|27}}
|Habbash Village
|search for weapon caches and suspected criminals&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/HomePagePhotos/LeadPhotoImage.aspx?id=9687 |title=Pre-Dawn-Patrol |publisher=mnf-iraq.com |accessdate=20114-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Viper Pursuit]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2008|08|30}}
|the Sulayman Bak area 
|to search for insurgent activity&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=22370&amp;Itemid=21 |title=mnf-iraq.com |publisher=mnf-iraq.com |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==2009==
{{See also|2009 in Iraq}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Battle/Operation name
! From date
! To date
! Location
! class="unsortable"|Purpose and result
|-
|[[Operation Iron Gator]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2009|01|14}}
|{{dts|2009}}
|Salman Pak
|A series of ground breaking projects totaling $2 million to improve the security and infrastructure of Salman Pak, southeast of Baghdad.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.army.mil/-news/2009/01/14/15754-1st-armored-division-commander-announces-operation-expected-to-bring-more-than-2-million-in-improvements-to-iraqs-salman-pak/ 1st Armored Division commander announces operation], Army.mil, Retrieved 12 February 2009&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Goodwill]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2009|01|23}}
|{{dts|2009}}
|Maysan province
|Distributed food, toys and medical supplies to poor Iraqis in the rural villages of Maysan province, to include the villages of Amarah and Abu Romanah.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=25145&amp;Itemid=224 Operation Goodwill Aids Iraqis in Maysan], MNF-I, Retrieved 12 February 2009&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Wolf Pursuit]]
|{{dts|2009|02}}
|?
|Diyala Province
|Was a joint US and Iraqi operation aimed at targeting insurgents in rural areas of Diyala Province, and the rural southern area of Balad Ruz specifically.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.understandingwar.org/operation/operation-dark-wolf-pursuit-one OPERATIONS: Operation Wolf Pursuit], Institute for the study of War, Retrieved 3 August 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation New Hope]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2009|02|21}}
|?
|Mosul
|Joint US and Iraqi operation with the objective of degrading Al-Qaeda in Iraq's capabilities in Mosul. In the first evening hours of the offensive, 84 suspects were arrested on suspicion of involvement in terrorism.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.understandingwar.org/operation/operation-new-hope OPERATIONS: OPERATION NEW HOPE (Mosul)], Institute for the study of War, Retrieved 3 August 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Ninewa Resolve]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2009|04|14}}
|?
|Neighborhoods in Ninewa
|This was a subset of [[Operation New Hope]]. As part of the operation, Coalition and Iraqi forces partner to clear insurgents from neighborhoods in Ninewa's capital city of Mosul. After the neighborhood is cleared, a holding force is put into place to prevent the return of insurgents. Once the neighborhood is secured, the holding force begins quick-impact projects to employ Iraqis and spur economic development and reconstruction.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.understandingwar.org/operation/operation-ninewa-resolve OPERATIONS: OPERATION Ninewa Resolve], Institute for the study of War, Retrieved 3 August 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Glad Tidings of Benevolence II]]
|{{dts|2009}}
|{{dts|2009}}
|
|The operation has consisted of clearing areas in search of weapons caches, checking identification for known criminals and bringing humanitarian assistance to local communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=26531&amp;Itemid=21 |title=Iraqi Forces making strong progress in major Diyala operation, Retrieved May 15, 2009 |publisher=Mnf-iraq.com |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Legion Pursuit II]]
|{{dts|2009}}
|{{dts|2009}}
|Diyala Province
|The top three key tasks of Legion Pursuit II were to project and sustain Iraqi Security and Coalition forces in the villages of Abu Bakr and Abu Awad, Diyala Province, Iraq and to conduct a detailed census of the towns and to provide humanitarian assistance in order to bolster ISF and local national relations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2009/04/mil-090402-mnfi01.htm |title=Iraqi Army, Coalition forces partner for Operation Legion Pursuit II |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date=2 April 2009 |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==2010==
{{See also|2010 in Iraq}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Battle/Operation name
! From date
! To date
! Location
! class="unsortable"|Purpose and result
|-
|[[Iraq War#2010: U.S. drawdown and Operation New Dawn|Operation New Dawn]]
|2010
|2010
|Iraq
|The continuing operation to stabilize Iraq. Name change is meant to signal the change of mission for U.S. forces in Iraq.
|-
|[[Battle of the Palm Grove]]
|9 September 2010
|9-12-2010
|Hudaidy, Diyala, Iraq
|Iraqi police and army supported by American Trainers engaged in a 3-day indecisive engagement with insurgents.
|}
[[File:An-2 plane spraying wheat crops.jpg|thumbnail|Soviet [[Antonov An-2]] airplane sprays pesticide on wheat crops during Operation Barnstormer (May 2006).]]


==See also==
*[[Casualties of the Iraq War]]
*[[Civil war in Iraq]]
*[[Iraqi Insurgency]]
*[[Military Casualties]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icasualties.org/oif/ ]{{dead link|date=November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and non-military deaths.
*[[Iraq under U.S. Military Occupation]]
*[[United States casualties of war]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
*[http://www.mnf-Iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=11589&amp;Itemid=128|Multi National Force Iraq Website]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/Iraq_ongoing_mil_ops.htm Global security]
*[http://www.mnci.centcom.mil|Multi National Corps-Iraq]
*[http://www.defendamerica.mil/ Defense America]
*[http://www.1id.army.mil/1ID/news/Display.asp?search=operation&amp;mode=allwords|US Army 1st Division website]
*[http://www.dvidshub.net/ DVIDS Website]
*[http://www.army.mil/news/newsreleases|United States Army Website]

==External articles==
&lt;div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"&gt;

;Maps of Iraq
*[http://www.gulfwarrior.org/Iraq/Iraq_maps.htm High resolution maps of Iraq.]

;Iraqi sources
*[http://electronicIraq.net/news/Iraqdiaries.shtml Iraq Diaries] – Iraqis writing about their experiences of war.
*[http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 The Ground Truth Project] – A series of exclusive, in-depth interviews with Iraqis, aid workers, military personnel and others who have spent significant time on-the-ground in Iraq.
*[http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=166 What Iraqis Think] – A compilation of the latest polls and blogs coming out of Iraq.
;Casualties
(additional links not found in Casualties links section)
*"[http://www.jhsph.edu/PublicHealthNews/Press_Releases/PR_2004/Burnham_Iraq.html/]; Iraqi Civilian Deaths Increase Dramatically After Invasion" Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 28 October 2004.
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/19/AR2006101900295.html "One-Day Toll in Iraq Combat Is Highest for U.S. in Months"], Washington Post, 19 October 2006.
*[http://www.thememoryhole.org/war/wounded/index2.htm U.S. Military Personnel Wounded in Iraq &amp; Afghanistan: A Running Log].

; Combat operations related
*"''[http://www.psywar.org/apdsearchform.php?Search=Search&amp;war=Iraqi%20Freedom Aerial Propaganda Leaflet Database]''". Psywar.org, 6 November 2005. (''ed''. Iraq War PSYOP leaflets and posters)

;News
*[http://www.electronicIraq.net Electronic Iraq]: Daily news and analysis from Iraq with a special focus on the Iraqi experience of war.
*[http://www.Iraq-war.ru/ News from Iraq]: Aggregated news on the war, including politics and economics.

{{Operations of the Iraq war: 2008}}
{{Iraq War}}

{{Wikipedia|List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Coalition Military Operations Of The Iraq War}}
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War|Military operations of the Iraq War]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States|Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War involving Iraq|Military operations of the Iraq War involving Iraq]]
[[Category:Lists of battles|Iraq War coalition military operations]]
[[Category:Occupation of Iraq|Coalition military operations]]
[[Category:Iraq War-related lists|Operat]]</text>
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    <title>List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War in 2003</title>
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      <text bytes="26816" sha1="n1vv002yi2xydge9x51m28xyps2iu5l" xml:space="preserve">[[File:AAV-Nsry.jpg|300px|thumb|right|A [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] [[Assault Amphibious Vehicle]] destroyed at Nasiriyah, Iraq, in a mantainance area. 11 April 2003.]]
This is a list of known '''[[Coalition of the willing|Coalition]] military operations of the [[Iraq War]]''' that occurred in 2003. 

Though the initial war lasted for only 21 days the coalition soon found themselves fighting insurgent forces more and more often. With the increasing use of guerilla tactics, suicide bombings and improvised explosive devices, just walking down the street became extremely dangerous. Upon completion of the initial conflict the coalition troops began counterinsurgency, humanitarian, security and various other types of operations in order to stabilize the country and make it safe for the Iraqi people. From the end of the initial war until the present day, these are the types of operations that coalition troops continue to complete in efforts to eliminate the insurgency and anti-coalition forces.

; Surrender of Monafiqeen-e-Khalq
{{details|Surrender of Monafiqeen-e-Khalq (2003)}}
{{clear}}
==2003 military operations==

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Battle/Operation name
! From date
! To date
! Location
! class="unsortable"|Purpose and result
|-
|[[Iraq War|Operation Iraqi Liberation]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|03|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2010|08|31}}
|[[Iraq]]
|U.S. invasion/war on terror in Iraq. Planned to end with the withdrawal of U.S. combat troops, and succeeded by Operation New Dawn (see 2010 below).
|-
|[[Operation Option North]]
|{{dts|2003}}
|{{dts|2003}}
|Kirkuk
|Objective was to seize the city, the northern oil fields and several military airfields in the area
|-
|[[Operation Bastille]]
|{{dts|2002|09}}
|{{dts|2003|03}}
|Throughout Iraq
|Was the code name for the operation to deploy force elements and prepare for possible combat operations in Iraq
|-
|[[Objective Buford]]
|{{dts|2003|03}}
|{{dts|2003|03}}
|Bashur, near the city of
|Set up a perimeter and traffic checkpoints around an airfield, which has a runway {{convert|6700|ft|m}}.
|-
|[[Operation Falconer]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|03|18}}
|{{dts|2003|06}}
|throughout Iraq
|Australian operations during the invasion of Iraq
|-
|[[Operation Antica Babilonia]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|07|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|01}}
|Nasiriyah
|Italian peacekeeping mission in Nasiriyah
|-
|[[Battle of Umm Qasr]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|03|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|03|25}}
|Umm Qasr
|Was the first military confrontation in the Second Iraq War.
|-
|[[Battle of Nasiriyah]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|03|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|03|29}}
|Nasiriyah
|During the fighting 18 Marines and 11 soldiers were killed and about 50 were wounded, while the Iraqi resistance was crushed fairly rapidly thereafter.&lt;ref name=Nasiriyah&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The battle of an Nasiriyah|year=2003|journal=Marine Corps Gazette|month=September|volume=87|issue=9|pages=40, 42, 44, 46|url=http://0-proquest.umi.com.library.newcastle.edu.au/pqdweb?did=411172841&amp;sid=2&amp;Fmt=6&amp;clientId=29744&amp;RQT=309&amp;VName=PQD|format=PDF|accessdate=6 January 2009, from Career and Technical Education database|id=411172841}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|[[Operation Northern Delay]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|03|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|03|26}}
|Bashur Airfield
|Forced the Iraqi Army to maintain approximately six divisions in the area to protect its northern flank, providing strategic relief for Coalition Forces advancing on Baghdad&lt;ref name=NorthernDelay&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usaraf.army.mil/history.html|title=History (Southern European Task Force / U.S. Army Africa)|publisher=U.S. Army Africa|accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Battle of Baghdad (2003)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|04|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|04|12}}
|Baghdad
|The invasion of the city commenced three days after Allied forces had secured the Baghdad airport
|-
|[[Battle of Debecka Pass]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|04|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|04|06}}
|Debecka Pass
|To secure a major crossroads near the village of Debecka
|-
|[[Operation Airborne Dragon]]
|2003040
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|04|07}}
|Bashur Airfield, northern Iraq
|Marked the beginning of the first expeditionary insertion of a U.S. armored force into combat by air.
|-
|[[Operation Planet X]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|05|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|05|15}}
|A village near Ad Dawr and Al Dur, 11&amp;nbsp;mi (18&amp;nbsp;km) north of Tikrit
|American raid to capture Ba'athists
|-
|[[Operation Peninsula Strike]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|06|09}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|06|13}}
|Balad
|American raid to capture Ba'athists.
|-
|[[Operation Desert Snowplough]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|06|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|03}}
|Al-Qurna district North of Basra
|Codename for Danish operations under British command.
|-
|[[Operation Desert Scorpion (Iraq 2003)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|06|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|06|29}}
|Fallujah, from Kirkuk in the north to Taji in the south
|American raid to capture Ba'athists. (included a number of lesser operations such as ''Scorpion Sting,'' ''Spartan Scorpion'' and ''Rifles Scorpion'')
|-
|[[Operation Spartan Scorpion]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|06|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|06|16}}
|Throughout Iraq
|Consisted of nationwide raids designed to remove all remaining Ba'ath Party, non-compliant forces and paramilitary forces&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Spartan Scorpion|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/spartan-scorpion.htm|publisher=globalsecurity.org|accessdate=13 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Scorpion Sting]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|06|16}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|06|16}}
|the Thawra neighborhood of Baghdad
|Coalition soldiers found and confiscated three pistols, one rifle, two mortar rounds and detained 31 suspected criminals
|-
|[[Operation Sidewinder]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|06|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|07|07}}
|a city about 20 kilometers east of al Taji
|Raids against suspected Hussein supporters. Was designed in support of [[Operation Desert Scorpion (Iraq 2003)|Operation Desert Scorpion]]. It involved the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]], who were tasked with securing highways.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/sidewinder.htm |title=Attacking Iraq – Operation Sidewinder |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Iron Bullet]]
|{{dts|2003|07}}
|{{dts|2003|07}}
|Baghdad
|Was designed to collect dangerous ordnance and transport it out of the city where it can be safely handled or destroyed
|-
|[[Operation Tyr]]
|{{dts|2003|07}}
|{{dts|2003|07}}
|Tikrit
|Destroyed a series of stationary targets without risk of civilian casualties but with high visibility. Was an assault conducted by the [[4th Infantry Brigade (United States)|4th Infantry Brigade]] in Tikrit, primarily as a show of force to deter terrorist and anti-coalition forces. The 1st Battalion, [[44th Air Defense Artillery Regiment]] destroyed a series of stationary targets without risk of civilian casualties but with high visibility. Troops also destroyed Iraqi tanks using high explosive munitions. No one was reported injured in the operation.
|-
|[[Operation Telic]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|07|11}}
|Ongoing
|throughout Iraq
|The codename under which all British operations of the 2003 Invasion of Iraq and after are being conducted
|-
|[[Operation Ivy Serpent]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|07|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|07|21}}
|a region along Highway 1 between the cities of Bayji, Huwayia, and Samarra
|Was a preemptive strike focused aggressively on non-compliant forces and former regime leaders who are planning attacks against coalition forces in an attempt to hinder coalition and Iraqi efforts in building a new Iraq. Was an American anti-insurgent sweep in Sallahadin and Diala provinces. It was conducted concurrently with [[Operation Soda Mountain]]. The operation was centered on a section of Highway 1 north of Baghdad near the towns of Bayji, Huwayiah, and Samarra. The American action was based on the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|Fourth Infantry Division]] whose insignia is ivy. This is a play on the Roman numeral "IV".
|-
|[[Operation Soda Mountain]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|07|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|07|17}}
|throughout Iraq
|To increase reconnaissance and presence throughout the whole of Iraq to deter, disrupt and rapidly defeat attacks on coalition forces. Was a nationwide sweep by American and [[Coalition Forces]] against insurgents and remnants of the former regime conducted from 12–17 June 2003. As a result of this series of almost 150 raids, 62 Ba'athist leaders were captured and a large number of weapons seized. Simultaneously, humanitarian missions such as repairing and rebuilding public buildings were conducted. Conducted roughly concurrently with Operation Ivy Serpent.
|-
|[[Operation Catalyst]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|07|16}}
|Ongoing
|throughout Iraq
|Australian rehabilitation and reconstruction
|-
|[[Operation White House]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|07|16}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|07|16}}
|Baghdad
|Troops of the 101st Airborne Division stormed the residence of Samir Abd Al-Aziz Al-Najim, the central Baath Party chairman for Baghdad
|-
|[[Operation Tapeworm]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|07|22}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|07|22}}
|Mosul
|Killing of Uday and Qusay Hussein, Saddam Hussein's sons&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.is/20120710101104/findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0IAV/is_6_94/ai_n27865739/ Operation tapeworm: task force Battle Force helps take down Uday, Qusay Hussein], Infantry Magazine, November–December 2005&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Ivy Lightning]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|08|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|08|12}}
|Baghdad, Ain Lalin and Quara Tapa along the Jabal Hamrin Ridge north of the city
|A number of small weapons stores were uncovered. Was a raid conducted by elements of the [[U.S. 4th Infantry Division]]. A number of small weapons stores were uncovered. The names of many operations of the 4th Infantry Division took the name "Ivy", a pun on the Roman numeral "IV."
|-
|[[Operation Silverado]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|08|16}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|08|16}}
|Subak Sur
|To capture suspected insurgents and seize weapons stockpiles. Was a small operation conducted by the [[U.S. 39th Infantry Brigade|39th Infantry Brigade (Light) (Separate/Enhanced)]] of the [[Arkansas]] [[United States National Guard|National Guard]] in Subak Sur.
|-
|[[Operation Ivy Needle]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|08|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|08|26}}
|Khalis, in and near; 70 kilometers north of Baghdad
|Was a raid conducted by elements of the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]] in and near Khalis, seventy kilometers north of Baghdad, on 26 August 2003. The operation disrupted a criminal gang active in the area.
|-
|[[Operation Longstreet]]
|{{dts|2003|09}}
|{{dts|2003|09}}
|between Baghdad and Fallujah
|Numerous weapons stores were destroyed and enemy personnel taken into custody without the loss of a single American life. Was a two-week series of raids and cordon operations conducted by elements of the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|First Armored Division]] and the [[3d Armored Cavalry Regiment (United States)|3d Armored Cavalry Regiment]]. Numerous weapons stores were destroyed and enemy personnel taken into custody without the loss of a single American life. The operation was named after a Confederate General [[James Longstreet]].
|-
|[[Operation Desert Thrust]]
|{{dts|2003|10}}
|{{dts|2003|10}}
|throughout Iraq
|Was the name given by 1st Brigade, 1st Infantry Division to their operations in Iraq beginning on their arrival in October 2003
|-
|[[Operation Chamberlain]]
|{{dts|2003|10}}
|{{dts|2003|10}}
|Sinjar, the border southwest of
|Was an American border-security operation mentioned in press releases on 15 October 2003. It involved ground surveillance [[E-8 Joint STARS|Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System]] (JSTARS) aircraft to feed information to ground elements of the [[101st Airborne Division (United States)|101st Airborne Division]] in near–real time. The [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[5th Mechanized Brigade (Ukraine)|5th Detached Mechanized Brigade]] was also involved in the operation. This operation was named after US general Joshua Chamberlain (US Civil War).
|-
|[[Operation Industrial Sweep]]
|{{dts|2003|10}}
|{{dts|2003|10}}
|Samarra
|Was a search of parts of the city of Samarra by elements of the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]] during [[Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–present|Post-invasion Iraq]].
|-
|[[Operation Tiger Clean Sweep]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|10|07}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|10|07}}
|
|Was a border security operation conducted by the "Tiger" Squadron of the [[3d Armored Cavalry Regiment]] announced on 7 September 2003 near [[Al Qa'im]]. The town was cordoned off and searched, yielding a number of small arms and fourteen persons suspected of being insurgents.
|-
|[[Operation Sweeny]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|10|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|10|15}}
|southern Iraq
|Anti-smuggling operation by the Marines. Elements of the [[13th Marine Expeditionary Unit]] (MEU) Special Operations Capable(SOC)completed humanitarian assistance, anti-smuggling and security and stabilization operations, 25 October in southern Iraq as part of Operation Sweeney. The MEU SOC, a component of Expeditionary Strike Group One(ESG), composed mostly of Marines stationed with the [[1st Marine Division (United States)|1st Marine Division]] of [[Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton]], California, provided medical and dental capability and produced more than {{convert|3000|USgal|L}} of water for citizens in the region.
|-
|[[Operation O.K. Corral]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|10|19}}
|{{dts|2003|10}}
|Ar Ramadi 
|Over ninety people were detained, including four senior officers of the former Iraqi Army. Was a sweep operation conducted by elements of the [[82nd Airborne Division (United States)|82nd Airborne Division]] in Ar Ramadi beginning on 19 October 2003. Over ninety people were detained, including four senior officers of the former [[Iraqi Army]].
|-
|[[Operation Eagle Curtain]]
|{{dts|2003|11}}
|{{dts|2003|11}}
|northern Iraq
|Troops participated in 311 patrols, four cordon and knock operations, and eventually detained eight individuals. Was a series of raids and roadblocks conducted by the [[101st Airborne Division (United States)|101st Airborne Division]]. Eight persons were detained as suspected insurgents associated with the former government. The name is derived from the "Screaming Eagles" nickname for the 101st Airborne Division.
|-
|[[Operation All American Tiger]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|06}}
|{{dts|2003}}
|
|Was an operation with an objective of capturing insurgents associated with the old regime. At least a dozen prisoners were taken, several of whom were on the American "Most Wanted" list.  The first phase was launched by the 1st Squadron, [[3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment]] and the 1st [[Battalion]], [[504th Infantry Regiment (United States)|504th Parachute Infantry Regiment]], [[82nd Airborne Division (United States)|82nd Airborne Division]]. This operation was designed to target those who suspected of attacking Coalition forces. At least 12 men were detained and some were targeted suspects including [[Abd Hamad Salah]], [[Huri Mukhlif]], [[Al Ani]], [[Ahmed Kadar Hamad]], [[Faleeh Mahessn]], [[Thair Muklaf Hamadi]], and [[Mohamed Hinde Saeel]]. The name of the operation is derived from the nickname ("All American") for the 82nd Airborne Division.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oif-all-american-tiger.htm |title=Operation All American Tiger |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date=6 November 2003 |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Rifle Sweep]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|06}}
|the [[Iraq]]-Syria border
|Focused on the search and seizure of weapons and munitions
|-
|[[Operation Ivy Cyclone]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|07}}
|{{dts|2003|11}}
|Tikrit
|Was designed to locate and detain or eliminate persons seeking to harm coalition forces or [[Iraq]]i civilians. The operation was executed by the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]]. On 7 November, an American helicopter was forced down near the city, and the next day heavy air and artillery strikes supported a number of military operations in the area.
|-
|[[Operation Boothill]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|10}}
|Ar Ramadi
|Was designed to clear and secure the roads outside the city and to seize any contraband [[weapon]]s.
|-
|[[Operation Iron Hammer (Iraq 2003)|Operation Iron Hammer(Matraqa Hadidia)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|12}}
|{{dts|2003}}
|Baghdad
|Was a joint operation between the [[United States Army|US Army]], [[United States Air Force|US Air Force]] and [[Iraqi Civil Defense Corps]] with the objective of preventing the staging of weapons by anti-coalition forces, and preemptively destroy enemy operating bases and fighters in Baghdad.&lt;ref name=AFPS48315&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=48315|title=Coalition, Iraqi Forces Make Gains Against al Qaeda|publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=Dec. 4, 2007|author= Sgt. Sara Moore|accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=AFPS4090&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=4090|title=DoD News Briefing with Maj. Gen. Hertling from Iraq|publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 19, 2007|accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS27766&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=27766|title=Raids Net 99 Suspects as Coalition Roots Out Insurgents|publisher=American Forces Press Service|date=Nov. 18, 2003|author=John D. Banusiewicz |accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS27801&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=27801|title=U.S. Forces Wield 'Iron Hammer' to Nail Insurgents|publisher=American Forces Press Service|date=Nov. 13, 2003|author=John D. Banusiewicz |accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Ivy Cyclone II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|17}}
|{{dts|2003}}
|Tikrit, near
|American operation near Tikrit&lt;ref name=AFPS27766/&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Rifles Blitz]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|20}}
|{{dts|2003}}
|Al Qaim
|Was a house-to-house search of the Iraqi Syria-frontier border region close to Syria, Jordan and Saudi Arabia, led by the [[3d Armored Cavalry Regiment (United States)|3d Armored Cavalry Regiment]]. Involved troops from the [[82nd Airborne Division (United States)|82nd Airborne Division]] and the [[101st Airborne Division (United States)|101st Airborne Division]]. ([http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/031208/8Iraqbay.htm US News, 12 August 2003], [http://televisionreporter.typepad.com/Iraq_hack/2003/12/index.html Iraq Hack: A Reporter's Blog, 11 December 2003])
|-
|[[Operation Rifle Sweep]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|11|26}}
|along the Iraq-Syria border
|Focused on the search and seizure of weapons and munitions
|-
|[[Operation Bayonet Lightning]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|02}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|02}}
|Al Hawija and the village of [ashad, 60&amp;nbsp;km (37&amp;nbsp;mi) to the south of Kirkuk
|Designed to capture weapons, materials, and people that posed a threat against [[Coalition Forces]]
|-
|[[Operation Bulldog Mammoth]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|04}}
|Baghdad, northwest of
|American search of an apartment complex.
|-
|[[Operation Clear Area]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|06}}
|Central Iraq, between Ar Rifa`i and Qal`at Sukkar
|Was a search and seizure operation utilizing vehicle check points
|-
|[[Operation Abilene]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|08}}
|Al Anbar province
|Soldiers initiated 12 raids that resulted in the capture of 12 individuals and a number of various weapons. Was conducted by the [[United States Army|US Army]]’s [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]], 1st Brigade. The operation consisted of twelve raids to capture or eliminate individuals responsible for attacking coalition forces. The operation was successful and resulted in the capture of 12 personnel and the confiscation of various weapons.
|-
|[[Operation Panther Squeeze]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|10}}
|Latifiya
|Was a series of 18 night-time raids by elements of the [[82nd Airborne Division (United States)|82nd Airborne Division]]. These raids seem to have been in response to an ambush that killed seven Spanish intelligence officers in November. About forty enemy personnel were captured.
|-
|[[Operation Red Dawn]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|13}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|13}}
|ad-Dawr
|American capture of Saddam Hussein.
|-
|[[Operation Panther Backroads]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|15}}
|Ar Ramadi
|Was an attempt to stop insurgent smuggling. Was launched by the [[82nd Airborne Division (United States)|82nd Airborne Division]] in the Sunni Triangle in an attempt to stop [[Iraqi insurgency|insurgent]] smuggling.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oif-panther-backroads.htm |title=Operation Panther Backroads |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date=15 December 2003 |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Arrowhead Blizzard]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|17}}
|Samarra
|Seven targets classified as high-value were captured by the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]] and the 3rd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division in the Sunni Triangle.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oif-arrowhead-blizzard.htm |title=Operation Arrowhead Blizzard |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date=17 December 2003 |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Ivy Blizzard]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|17}}
|Samarra
|Counterinsurgency sweep by US forces&lt;ref name=Transcript3860/&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Iron Justice]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|18}}
|Baghdad, southern portion
|Captured 28 fuel trucks and nine propane trucks illegally dispensing fuel as part of black market activity. Was a [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] operation aimed at ending [[Iraqi insurgency|insurgent]] run Black Market fueling activities south of the city. It involved the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]] and [[82nd Airborne Division (United States)|82nd Airborne Division]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/iron-justice.htm |title=Operation Iron Justice |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date=18 December 2003 |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Rifles Fury]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|21}}
|{{dts|2003|12}}
|Fallujah
|Seizure of weapons caches including 204 RPGs. Was a [[Multinational force in Iraq|coalition]] strike at insurgent training camps in the Rawah area. Led by the 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment along with soldiers from the [[82nd Airborne Division (United States)|82nd Airborne Division]] and [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]]. The operation was nicknamed by the soldiers involved as '''Operation Santa's Claws'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oif-rifles-fury.htm |title=Operation Rifles Fury |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Transcript3860&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3860|title=Coalition Provisional Authority Briefing|publisher=Defense Press Service|date=December 24, 2003|accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Devil Siphon]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|23}}
|Ar Ramadi
|Was aimed at curtailing the growing black market of fuel and propane and restoring Iraq's fuel infrastructure. Like [[Operation Rifles Fury]], this operation was a [[Multinational force in Iraq|coalition]] strike aimed at ending Black Market fuel and propane operations run by [[Iraqi insurgency|insurgent]] marketeers. The operation involved the [[U.S. 1st Infantry Division]] and Iraqi Police.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oif-devil-siphon.htm |title=Operation Devil Siphon |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Overcoat]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|23}}
|Mosul
|Delivered more than 500 pounds of coats, clothes, shoes, and toys
|-
|[[Operation Salm]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|23}}
|Fallujah
|Operation Salm was designed to give a higher profile to coalition forces in Fallujah and more exposure to residents. The second objective was to paralyze anti-coalition forces by flooding the streets with soldiers and checkpoints. This operation took place on 23 December 2003 and lasted from 5:30&amp;nbsp;am to 3:00&amp;nbsp;pm. Members of the 10th Mountain Division and 82nd Airborne Division participated and reported they detained 12 enemy personnel.
|-
|[[Operation Santa Strike]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|23}}
|Mosul
|Delivered more than 500 pounds of coats, clothes, shoes, and toys
|-
|[[Operation Iron Force]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|24}}
|{{dts|2003}}
|Baghdad
|The objective was to capture or eliminate any rebel forces seeking to capitalize on the holiday season to attack coalition forces
|-
|[[Operation Iron Grip]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|31}}, at least
|Baghdad
|Was designed to intensify the pressure on Saddam loyalists&lt;ref name=Transcript3860/&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Choke Hold]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|30}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|12|30}}
|Baghdad
|To stop the influx of bomb making materials into the city
|}

==See also==
*[[2003 in Iraq]]
*[[List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{2003 Operations}}
{{Iraq War}}

{{Wikipedia|List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Coalition Military Operations Of The Iraq War}}
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War|Military operations of the Iraq War]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States|Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War involving Iraq|Military operations of the Iraq War involving Iraq]]
[[Category:Lists of battles|Iraq War coalition military operations]]
[[Category:Occupation of Iraq|Coalition military operations]]
[[Category:Iraq War-related lists|Operat]]
[[Category:2003]]
[[Category:2003 in Iraq]]</text>
      <sha1>n1vv002yi2xydge9x51m28xyps2iu5l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War in 2004</title>
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      <text bytes="30223" sha1="fday1wphf4a7tqefg102de7g994m80r" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Coaltion forces in Iraq (2004-04-30).jpg|thumb|200px|[[Areas of responsibility]] in Iraq as of 30 April 2004]]
During the early occupation, a number of widely cited humanitarian, tactical, and political errors by coalition planners, particularly the United States and United Kingdom led to a growing armed resistance, usually called the "Iraqi insurgency" (referred to by the mainstream media and coalition governments). The anti-occupation/anti-coalition forces are believed to be predominantly, but not exclusively, Iraqi Sunni Muslim Arabs, plus some foreign Arab and Muslim fighters, some of the latter tied to al-Qaeda. Several minor coalition members have pulled out of Iraq; this has been widely considered a political success for the anti-occupation forces.

Despite this, there was a reduction in violence throughout Iraq in the start of 2004 due to reorganization within the insurgent forces. During this time the tactics used by coalition forces were studied and the insurgency began to plan a new strategy. The calm did not last long however and once the insurgency had regained its footing attacks resumed and increased. Throughout the remainder of 2004 and continuing into the present day, the insurgency has employed bombings as their primary means of combating the coalition forces. This has led to hundreds of Iraqi civilians and police killed in addition to the coalition forces they were fighting. Many were killed in a series of massive bombings at mosques and shrines throughout Iraq. The bombings indicated that as the relevance of Saddam Hussein and his followers was diminishing, radical Islamists, both foreign and Iraqi was increasing to take their place. An organized Sunni insurgency, with deep roots and both nationalist and Islamist motivations, was becoming clear. The Mahdi Army also began launching attacks on coalition targets and to seize control from the Iraqi security forces. The southern and central portions of Iraq began to erupt in urban guerilla combat as coalition forces attempted to keep control and prepared for a counteroffensive.

In response to insurgent attacks, coalition forces focused on hunting down the remaining leaders of the former regime, culminating in the shooting deaths of Saddam's two sons in July. In all, over 200 top leaders of the former regime were killed or captured, as well as supports and military personnel during the summer of 2004.

==2004 military operations==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Battle/Operation name
! From date
! To date
! Location
! class="unsortable"|Purpose and result
|-
|[[Operation Gimlet Victory]]
|{{dts|2004}}
|{{dts|2004}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Hickory View]]
|{{dts|2004}}
|{{dts|2004}}
|
|Helped eliminate many of the established indirect fire patterns, which insurgents had used
|-
|[[Operation I CAN]]
|{{dts|2004}}
|{{dts|2004}}
|throughout Iraq
|Soldiers distributed over 100 boxes of donated school supplies and toys to Iraqi children.
|-
|[[Operation Iron Fury II]]
|{{dts|2004}}
|{{dts|2004}}
|Sadr City
|Continued missions to drive the Mahdi Army out of the city
|-
|[[Operation Lancer Lightning]]
|{{dts|2004}}
|{{dts|2004}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Windy City]]
|{{dts|2004}}
|{{dts|2004}}
|Baghdad
|Gave blankets to distribute to the local population
|-
|[[Operation Warhorse Whirlwind]]
|{{dts|2004|01}}
|{{dts|2004|01}}
|Abu Kharma
|Captured 31 individuals, including eight people who were specifically targeted for suspected involvement in anti-Coalition activity
|-
|[[Operation Iron Resolve]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|12}}
|{{dts|2004}}
|Baghdad
|Was intended to disrupt the terrorist networks with constant searches and raids by coalition forces
|-
|[[Operation Clothes for Kids]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|13}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|14}}
|Taji
|An effort to bring clothing to needy Iraqi children
|-
|[[Operation Market Sweep]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|13}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|13}}
|Fallujah
|The successful raid into the downtown Fallujah arms market
|-
|[[Operation Saloon]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|14}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|14}}
|the Al-Anbar province
|Captured a high-ranking former Iraqi Officer, [[General Mamoud Khudair Younes]]
|-
|[[Operation Centaur Fast Gas]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|19}}
|Ba’qubah
|Provide security for the gas station, help manage the lines in order to facilitate maximum efficiency of the gas station, and prevent unauthorized gas pilferage
|-
|[[Operation Rock Slide]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|15}}
|the Al-Anbar province 
|Captured a high-ranking former Iraqi officer Brig. Gen. Kalil Ibraham Fayal al-Dulaymi
|-
|[[Operation Wolfhound Trap II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|23}}
|Heychel
|
|-
|[[Operation Wolfhound Fury II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|22}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|22}}
|Heychel and its surrounding villages
|Hunted down suspected terrorists and provide humanitarian and reconstruction assistance to the Iraqi people
|-
|[[Operation Wolverine Feast]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|24}}
|the Al-Doura district
|Coalition and Iraqi Army soldiers detained 10 suspects and seized four caches
|-
|[[Operation Final Cut]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|01|28}}
|{{dts|2004|02}}
|Bayji
|Was designed to capture or eliminate people suspected of insurgent activity
|-
|[[Operation Saber Turner II]]
|{{dts|2004|02}}
|{{dts|2004|02}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Tomahawk (Iraq)]]
|{{dts|2004|02}}
|{{dts|2004|02}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Trailblazer]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|02|09}}
|Ongoing
|Baqubah
|An effort to make Iraqi roads safer for fellow soldiers. The beginning of this operation was conducted by the [[14th Engineer Battalion]] (C)(W) and the 244th Engineers out of Colorado. This Operation was taken over by the [[141st Engineer Combat Battalion]] (C)(W), a [[North Dakota National Guard]] unit. Their mission was to patrol a section of Iraq's main highways and alternate routes locating and clearing bombs. The secondary goal of this mission was route sanitation which included knocking down trees in the medians of the roads and clearing brush from the sides of the road where the enemy could easily hide a bomb. In January 2005, the 141st Engineers were replaced by the [[467th Engineer Battalion]] (C)(W), a USAR unit from Tennessee. The 14th Engineer Battalion returned to Iraq and relieved the 467th Engineers of the Trailblazer mission in December 2005. Alpha Company, 164th Engineers from North Dakota took over operations from the 467th Engineers in the LSA Anaconda/Balad area around the same time. In October 2006, the 14th Engineers were replaced by the 1st Engineer Battalion.
|-
|[[Operation Eagle Liberty 3]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|02|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|02|19}}
|[[Bilad]]
|Targeted individuals who were suspected of attacking forward operating bases in the area. 16 targets and 3 enemy personnel were detained
|-
|[[Operation Devil Clinch]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|02|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|02|21}}
|Baghdad
|Was designed as a series of raids to capture suspected insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Rocketman]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|02|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|02|26}}
|the town of Siniyah
|Three Iraqis suspected of attacks on coalition forces were arrested
|-
|[[Operation Aloha]]
|{{dts|2004|03}}
|{{dts|2004|03}}
|Kirkuk
|American anti-insurgent sweep. Elements of the [[25th Infantry Division (United States)|25th Infantry Division]] surrounded an area in late March 2004 and sent patrols to conduct searches for weapons. The troopers knocked on doors to ask permission to search. This was a change from earlier more-aggressive techniques. The name of the operation is a traditional Hawaiian greeting. The 25th Infantry Division has long been based in that state.
|-
|[[Operation Centaur Rodeo]]
|{{dts|2004|03}}
|{{dts|2004|03}}
|Baqubah
|Designed to slow the smuggling of illegal weapons in Baqubah's Diyala Governorate capital. As of 30 March 2004 [[coalition forces]] had seized 3 people and several weapons.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Mar2004/n03312004_200403316.html ]{{dead link|date=November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Devil Thrust]]
|{{dts|2004|03}}
|{{dts|2004|03}}
|
|The operation consists of three phases. The first phase is surveillance and reconnaissance, the 2nd was combat operations and the 3rd was stabiliztion
|-
|[[Operation Soccor Ball]]
|{{dts|2004|03}}
|{{dts|2004|03}}
|Baghdad, Karadah district
|Gave away 150 soccer balls to local children
|-
|[[Operation Warrior]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|03|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|03|03}}
|
|Was a cordon and search operation conducted by coalition forces designed to capture [[Farhan]] and [[Sofi Sinjar]], [[Abu Akmed]], and [[Abu Farka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oif-warrior.htm |title=Operation Warrior |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date=3 March 2004 |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Shillelagh]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|03|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|03|17}}
|[[Abu Ghurayb]]
|Seven wanted individuals were found and detained during a sweep of more than 700 houses. See Also Operation Iron Promise.
|-
|[[Operation Suicide Kings]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|03|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|03|17}}
|Baghdad
|A combined cordon and search operation involving U.S. and Iraqi Civil Defense Corps Soldiers
|-
|[[Operation Iron Promise]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|03|18}}
|{{dts|2004|11}}
|Baghdad
|Part of an ongoing campaign to bring stabilization and security to the country and people of Iraq. Was a long-running series of patrols conducted by elements of the [[U.S. 1st Armored Division|1st Armored]] and [[1st Cavalry Division (United States)|1st Cavalry Divisions]]. The operation continued until at least November 2004 when it was still being mentioned in newspaper reports. The name is derived from the "Old Ironsides" nickname of the 1st Armored Division.
|-
|[[Operation Duke Fortitude]]
|{{dts|2004|04}}
|{{dts|2004|04}}
|Fallujah
|The operation was designed to capture or kill elements of the [[Mahdi army]] and [[Muqtada Al-Sadr]]
|-
|[[Operation Iron Saber]]
|{{dts|2004|04}}
|{{dts|2004|06}}
|[[Najaf]], [[Al Kut]] and Karbala
|Was a coalition strike aimed at defeating the [[Mahdi army]] under the control of [[Muqtada al-Sadr]]
|-
|[[Operation Lancer Fury]]
|{{dts|2004|04}}
|{{dts|2004|04}}
|Baghdad, Sadr City
|Was one of many operations initiated in hopes of disarming and disbanding militia forces
|-
|[[First Battle of Fallujah|Battle of Fallujah(2004)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|04|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|05|01}}
|Fallujah
|(See Operation Vigilant Resolve)
|-
|[[Operation Vigilant Resolve]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|04|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|05|01}}
|Fallujah
|First American attempt to capture Fallujah.
|-
|[[Battle of Ramadi (2004)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|04|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|04|10}}
|Ramadi
|An estimated 250 rebels were killed in fighting that shattered the insurgent offensive
|-
|[[Operation Resolute Sword]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|04|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|04|08}}
|
|Was a military operation taken by the United States' armed forces to capture [[Muqtada al-Sadr]]. ([http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/04/20040410.html April 10 President's Radio Address Mention])
|-
|[[Operation Danger Fortitude]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|04|11}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|04|17}}
|[[Najaf]], about 20&amp;nbsp;km northwest of
|was designed establish and occupy FOB Duke
|-
|[[Operation Ripper Sweep]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|04|12}}
|{{dts|2004|04}}
|Fallujah
|The operation aimed at securing roads into and out of the city. Was a [[United States Marine Corps]] operation that took place as [[Operation Vigilant Resolve]] raged in [[Fallujah]]. The operation aimed at securing roads into and out of [[Fallujah]] and was led by the [[7th Marine Regiment]]. The Marines swept west to east from [[Al Asad]] and seized a large number of bombs.
|-
|[[Battle of Husaybah (2004)|Battle of Husaybah]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|04|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|04|17}}
|Husaybah
|Five Marines were killed along with 150 insurgents in the fierce battle that lasted 14 hours. Another 9 Marines were wounded and 20 insurgents captured.
|-
|[[Operation Yellow Stone]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|04|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|04|23}}
|[[Al-Rashida]], the former presidential island retreat
|To secure the area and remove the enemy from the island
|-
|[[Operation Rapier Thrust]]
|{{dts|2004|05}}
|{{dts|2004|05}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Spring Cleanup]]
|{{dts|2004|05}}
|{{dts|2004|05}}
|[[Baqouba]]
|Designed to take control of a stretch of road known as the Blue Babe Highway and included the U.S. 3rd Brigade Combat Teams. The area was also known as "[[rocket-propelled grenade|RPG]] Alley" for the large number of roadside bombings and [[Iraqi Insurgency|insurgent]] attacks that occurred there.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oif-spring-clean-up.htm |title=Operation Spring Clean-up |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |accessdate=2011-12-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Thunderstruck]]
|{{dts|2004|05}}
|{{dts|2004|05}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Striker Hurricane]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|05|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|05|01}}
|Baghdad
|To round up insurgents and other anti-coalition parties
|-
|[[Operation Wolfpack Crunch]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|05|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|05|04}}
|Diwaniya
|The mission’s target was a series of buildings, located near an old downtown theater, which were reportedly being used by members of the “[[Muqtada’s Militia]]” to plan and stage attacks against Coalition forces
|-
|[[Operation Arrowhead Strike 10]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|05|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|06}}
|Baghdad, the southwestern [[Rashid District]]
|To rid the [[Rashid District]] of terrorists and criminals and to protect the population
|-
|[[Operation Student to Student]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|05|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|05|10}}
|Al-Baruddi
|Gave the soldiers and the local populace an opportunity to establish the relationships that are so critical to the building of a sovereign Iraq
|-
|[[Operation Disarm]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|05|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|05|19}}
|Baghdad
|The program used funds earmarked for tips leading to the capture of insurgents or illegal weapons and offers up to $500 per weapon, depending on type. Included in the final tally were more than 80 [[AK-47]] rifles, mortars, mines and grenades.
|-
|[[Operation Diyala Border Police Audit]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|05|26}}
|{{dts|2004|06}}
|[[Muntheria]]
|To verify the accuracy and legitimacy of the Diyala Border Polices’ financial and payroll records just northeast of [[Kanaqan]]
|-
|[[Operation Giuliani]]
|{{dts|2004|06}}
|{{dts|2004|06}}
|Mosul
|Was designed to seize weapons and munitions to prevent them from being used against coalition forces
|-
|[[Operation Slim Shady]]
|{{dts|2004|06}}
|{{dts|2004|06}}
|Kirkuk
|Was designed to cripple the resources of [[Muqtada al-Sadr]]'s militia. The 2nd Brigade of the 25th Infantry Division of the United States Military launched the operation, which was designed to cripple the resources of the then powerful rebel forces of Muqtada al-Sadr. The operation began in the first week of June 2004. Six individuals were captured, five of which were cell leaders in the Mahdi army. One of the insurgents captured was As'ad Abu Aws. As'ad Abu Aws was the second in command of the militia's Kirkuck operations. The name of the operation was taken from popular rapper Eminem's (real name [[Eminem|Marshall Mathers]]) fictional alter-ego Slim Shady. [http://www.1id.army.mil/1id/Biweekly/Press_Release/PR_06Jun04.htm  Press Release]
|-
|[[Operation Striker Tornado]]
|{{dts|2004|06}}
|{{dts|2004|06}}
|Baghdad
|Was designed to allow the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]] to execute near-simultaneous raids on specified targets wanted for anti-coalition activities
|-
|[[Operation Rocketman III]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|06|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|06|08}}
|
|Designed to search and secure enemy personnel as well as those suspected of harboring insurgents and weapons.
|-
|[[Operation Dragon Victory]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|06|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|06|19}}
|[[Najaf]]
|Support and counterinsurgency: Was designed to provide relief in place of the 2nd Armored Cavalry and to provide logistical support for Task Force Danger and continue to sustain combat operations.
|-
|[[Operation Gimlet Crusader]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|06|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|06|24}}
|Kirkuk
|Was aimed at disrupting insurgents and their attacks on multinational forces
|-
|[[Operation Gimlet Silent Sniper]]
|{{dts|2004|07}}
|{{dts|2004|07}}
|Kirkuk
|Engaged in multiple searches and raids looking to capture or kill cell leaders
|-
|[[Operation Haifa Street]]
|{{dts|2004|07}}
|{{dts|2004|07}}
|Baghdad
|Was specifically designed as a large raid focused on criminals and criminal activity in Baghdad
|-
|[[Operation Oasis]]
|{{dts|2004|07}}
|{{dts|2004|07}}
|Baghdad
|The overall project to improve electricity, sewers, water and other essential services around the city.
|-
|[[Operation Outlaw Destroyer]]
|{{dts|2004|07}}
|{{dts|2004|07}}
|Tikrit
|Was designed to prevent insurgents from gaining weapons and munitions from known ammunition storage points
|-
|[[Operation Mutual Security]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|07|02}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|07|02}}
|Mosul
|Was designed as a sweeping house-to-house search for weapons and terrorists to be conducted by only Iraqi forces
|-
|[[Operation Tombstone Piledriver]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|07|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|07|15}}
|Baghdad
|The operation netted six individuals who were detained for questioning.
|-
|[[Operation Mayfield III]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|07|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|07|19}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Cobra Sweep]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|07|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|07|28}}
|Baghdad, in the [[Hay Muthana]] district
|Was designed to cordon, search, and seize bomb makers, materials and potential storage places
|-
|[[Operation Quarterhorse Rides]]
|{{dts|2004|08}}
|{{dts|2004|08}}
|Ad Duluiyah
|To increase security and deter enemy attacks
|-
|[[Operation Warrior Resolve]]
|{{dts|2004|08}}
|{{dts|2004|08}}
|the [[At Tamin]] and [[As Sulaymaniyah]] provinces
|Was a massive synchronized effort which attempted to deter insurgent forces
|-
|[[Operation Tiger Care]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|03}}
|Balad General Hospital
|To assist the local hospital by procuring and delivering much needed medical supplies
|-
|[[Operation Phantom Linebacker]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|07|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|07|04}}
|along the Syrian border
|Security Operations along the Syrian border.
|-
|[[Operation Vanguard Thunder]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|05}}
|Baghdad
|Targeted 150–200 terrorist suspects. No injuries or damages were reported
|-
|[[Battle of Najaf (2004)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|27}}
|Najaf
|Was a battle that was fought between U.S. and Iraqi forces, and the Islamist Mahdi Army of Muqtada al-Sadr
|-
|[[CIMIC-House]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|28}}
|Al Amarah
|Was a siege fought between UK forces, and the Islamist Mahdi Army of Muqtada al-Sadr. An estimated 200+ insurgents were killed.
|-
|[[Operation Cajun Mousetrap II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|05}}
|{{dts|2004|08}}
|Samarra
|Some small arms were found and at least three rebels were killed while nine people were detained and transferred for further questioning.
|-
|[[Operation Cajun Mousetrap III]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|13}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|15}}
|Samarra
|Troops utilized targeted raids against enemy personnel who were destabilizing the city and an estimated 45 insurgents were killed.
|-
|[[Operation Iron Fury]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|17}}
|{{dts|2004}}
|Baghdad
|An "all-out effort" to stop violence in the Baghdad area by militia headed up by Shiite cleric Moqtada al-Sadr
|-
|[[Operation Showdown]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|18}}
|Ar Ramadi
|To search for weapons caches and terrorists
|-
|[[Operation Wolverine]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|19}}
|Ad Duluiyah
|Was designed to prevent organized insurgent force activities as well as deny AIF sanctuary
|-
|[[Operation Grizzly Forced Entry]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|21}}
|Najaf
|Was designed as a search and seizure operation of high value targets suspected of attacking coalition forces
|-
|[[Operation Clean Sweep]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|24}}
|Baghdad, southern portion
|Raided 350 houses and detained 49 suspects
|-
|[[Operation True Grit]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|08|24}}
|Ramadi
|During the operation, Multi-National Forces and SSF searched several houses and 17 insurgents were detained, four of which were found setting up an ambush on top of one of the houses
|-
|[[Operation Hurricane]]
|{{dts|2004|09}}
|{{dts|2004|09}}
|Ramadi
|Resulted in the detention of four suspected insurgents, the removal of 6 bombs and the confiscation of bomb making materials, including cell phone parts
|-
|[[Operation Black Typhoon]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|09|09}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|09|14}}
|[[Tal Afar]]
|All the enemy insurgents had either been killed or fled the city
|-
|[[Operation Hurricane II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|09|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|09|18}}
|Ramadi
|To disrupt the Daham terrorist network and to discover and remove illegal weapons and ammunition caches in the city.
|-
|[[Operation Iron Fist II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|09|23}}
|{{dts|2004}}
|Ramadi
|A top priority in the operation was to detain or eliminate Moktada al-Sadr's lieutenants
|-
|[[Operation Longhorn]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|09|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|09|24}}
|Ramadi
|A coordinated effort to detain insurgent Forces and remove illegal weapons and ammunition caches
|-
|[[Operation Marne]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|09|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|09|24}}
|Ramadi
|A coordinated effort to detain insurgent Forces and remove illegal weapons and ammunition caches
|-
|[[Operation Predator]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|09|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|09|24}}
|Ramadi
|A coordinated effort to detain Anti-Iraqi Forces and remove illegal weapons and ammunition caches
|-
|[[Operation Backpack]]
|{{dts|2004|10}}
|{{dts|2004|10}}
|Baqubah
|Taking 200 backpacks filled with school supplies to school children
|-
|[[Operation Mustang Flex]]
|{{dts|2004|10}}
|{{dts|2004|10}}
|Tikrit
|Counterinsurgency and humanitarian: Deny insurgents sanctuary, promote the Tikrit Job Corps program, and assess essential services.
|-
|[[Operation Ramadan Roundup]]
|{{dts|2004|10}}
|{{dts|2004|10}}
|Tikrit
|Resulted in the capture of 30 insurgents, more than 60 weapons, and Improvised Explosive Device making materials.
|-
|[[Operation Tangerine Pinch]]
|{{dts|2004|10}}
|{{dts|2004|10}}
|Tikrit
|Deny insurgents sanctuary, promote the Tikrit Job Corps program, and assess essential services.
|-
|[[Operation Wolfhound Fury]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|05}}
|{{dts|2004|10}}
|Hegneh
|A Task Force 1–27 air assault mission
|-
|[[Operation Bulldog]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|06}}
|{{dts|2004}}
|[[Ar-Ramadi]]
|Was designed to re-establish peace and stability by denying sanctuary to insurgents, capturing enemy personnel, and seize any weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation Centaur Strike II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|11}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|11}}
|Baqubah
|Was designed to seize insurgent equipment caches in hopes of disrupting terrorist activity before the Ramadan.
|-
|[[Operation Centaur Strike III]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|13}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|13}}
|Baqubah
|Was designed to seize insurgent equipment caches in hopes of disrupting terrorist activity before the Ramadan.
|-
|[[Operation Mandarin Squeeze]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|14}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|14}}
|Tikrit
|Its purpose was threefold; deny insurgents sanctuary, promote the Tikrit job corps program, and assess essential services.
|-
|[[Operation Mustang Socko]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|14}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|14}}
|along the Tigris River
|Detained several suspects and found several weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation Tiger Cub]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|14}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|14}}
|Baghdad
|To improve the school supply and education system throughout the greater Balad area
|-
|[[Operation Tangerine Squeeze]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|15}}
|Tikrit
|Called for a complete search of more than 300 homes
|-
|[[Operation Crayon]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|21}}
|Kirkuk
|Was a charitable program that provided schools the pencils, crayons, papers and other materials necessary to teach children
|-
|[[Operation Duliyah Sunrise]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|28}}
|Ad Duluiyah
|A raid on an upscale neighborhood to search for insurgent materials
|-
|[[Operation Dallas]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|29}}
|Mosul
|Was designed to increase security by performing cordon and knocks throughout the community
|-
|[[Operation Tiger Fury]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|10|30}}
|{{dts|2004}}
|east of Balad
|Was designed to stop insurgent activities and capture individuals suspected of being insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Army Santa]]
|{{dts|2004|11}}
|{{dts|2004|11}}
|
|Humanitarian:
|-
|[[Operation Duke Fury]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|03}}
|Fallujah
|To search for weapons caches and suspected insurgents
|-
|[[Operation New Dawn (Al Fajr)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|03}}
|Fallujah
|To search for weapons caches and suspected insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Phantom Fury]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|07}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|23}}
|Fallujah
|Joint American/Iraqi assault on Fallujah. See also Operation Dawn (Al-Fajr) and 2nd Battle of Fallujah
|-
|[[Operation Dawn (Al Fajr)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|08}}
|Fallujah
|The elimination of Fallujah as a terrorist safe haven
|-
|[[Battle of Mosul (2004)|Battle of Mosul]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|16}}
|Mosul
|Was a battle fought during the Iraq War in 2004 for the capital of the Ninawa Governorate in northern Iraq that occurred concurrently to fighting in Fallujah.
|-
|[[Operation Wolfhound Power]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|11}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|12}}
|Hawja
|To root insurgents out of the city
|-
|[[Operation Wolfhound Jab]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|15}}
|Tall Suseus and Rubaydhah
|No one was detained and no weapon caches were found although reports were that the area contained insurgent sanctuaries
|-
|[[Operation Rock Bottom]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|21}}
|
|The searches netted numerous small arms, 10 detainees and three rockets
|-
|[[Operation Plymouth Rock]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|23}}
|Baghdad, South of
|Sweep south of Baghdad.
|-
|[[Operation Tobruk]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|11|28}}
|a village along the Euphrates river 8&amp;nbsp;km Northeast of [[Camp Dogwood]]
|A search of the village for insurgents and Saddam loyalists
|-
|[[Operation Wonderland]]
|{{dts|2004|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|24}}
|Ramadi
|Netted 29 detainees and multiple weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation Baton Rouge]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|04}}
|Samarra
|The operation resulted in about 125 rebels killed and 88 were being detained
|-
|[[Operation Falcon Freedom]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|05}}
|Al Rashid District
|A joint U.S.-Iraqi cordon-and-search operation were several weapons caches were discovered
|-
|[[Operation Soprano Sunset]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|06}}
|Baghdad, eastern portion
|Captured several suspected senior level transnational terrorists, including key leaders, operatives, and financiers
|-
|[[Operation Iraqi Children]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|08}}
|Baqubah
|Soldiers delivered school supplies
|-
|[[Operation Backbreaker]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|22}}
|Buhriz
|A project to fortify a new police station as well as the Governor’s mansion just down the road
|-
|[[Operation Lion Cub]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|21}}
|Tikrit
|To deliver a load of toys to the children of the villages of Al Alam, Al Owja and Wynott
|-
|[[Operation Powder River]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|31}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|02}}
|Ad Duluiyah
|Detained 49 individuals, descovered several weapons caches and searched 13 homes and the surrounding areas in a series of raids&lt;ref name=AFPS24472&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=24472 |title=Soldiers Detain 49 Suspects in 'Powder River' Raids|publisher=American Forces Press Service |date=December 31, 2004 |accessdate=2014-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Triple Play]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2004|12|31}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|02}}
|Salman Pak
|To improve security for the upcoming elections in Iraq
|}

==See also==
*[[2004 in Iraq]]
*[[List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{2004 Operations}}
{{Iraq War}}

{{Wikipedia|List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Coalition Military Operations Of The Iraq War}}
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War|Military operations of the Iraq War]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States|Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War involving Iraq|Military operations of the Iraq War involving Iraq]]
[[Category:Lists of battles|Iraq War coalition military operations]]
[[Category:Occupation of Iraq|Coalition military operations]]
[[Category:Iraq War-related lists|Operat]]
[[Category:2004]]
[[Category:2004 in Iraq]]</text>
      <sha1>fday1wphf4a7tqefg102de7g994m80r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War in 2005</title>
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      <text bytes="43683" sha1="t0ka2nc9j1xfytzeucwwbmxnk3rrlj8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Op matador explosion.jpg|right|thumb|350px|A house used as a weapons cache as blown up in New Ubaydi, Iraq during Operation Matador, May 2005.]]
Coalition and Iraqi government forces continue to battle Iraqi [[Insurgent|militants]] and other fighters. During early and mid-May 2005, the U.S. also launched [[Operation Matador (Iraq)|Operation Matador]], an assault by around 1,000 [[Marines (military)|marines]] in the ungoverned region of western Iraq. Coalition and Iraqi soldiers, Iraqi fighters and civilians have been killed in these conflicts. As of late July 2007, nearly 3,700 U.S. soldiers have been killed, and around ten times this many have been wounded. The number of Iraqi citizens who have fallen victim to the fighting has risen. The Iraqi government, with some holdovers from the [[Coalition Provisional Authority|CPA]], engaged in securing control of the oil infrastructure (a source of Iraq's foreign currency) and control of the major cities of Iraq. The insurgency, the developing the [[New Iraqi Army]], disorganized police and security forces, as well as a lack of revenue have hampered efforts to assert control. In addition, former Baathist elements and militant Shia groups have engaged in sabotage, terrorism, open rebellion, and establishing their own security zones in all or part of a dozen cities. The Allawi government vowed to crush the insurgency.

An election for a government to draft a permanent constitution took place during this time (''ed''. see Politics of Iraq for more information on the political state of Iraq). Although some violence and lack of widespread Sunni participation marred the event, much of the eligible Kurd and Shia populace participated. Sectarian violence has also been prominent part of the militant and [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] activity. Targets here where often Shia gatherings or civilian concentrations mainly of Shias. As a result, over 700 Iraqi civilians died in the month.

==2005 Iraq operations==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Battle/Operation name
! From date
! To date
! Location
! class="unsortable"|Purpose and result
|-
|[[Operation Attleboro(Iraq)]]
|{{dts|2005}}
|{{dts|2005}}
|
|Delivered a variety of much-needed supplies and equipment to the Iraqi Police of Ash Sharqat
|-
|[[Operation Dunlap]]
|{{dts|2005}}
|{{dts|2005}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation East Lansing]]
|{{dts|2005}}
|{{dts|2005}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Hudson]]
|May 2005
|May 2005
|
|Focused on disrupting enemy activities&lt;ref name=AFPS31568&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=31568 |title=Operations Disrupt Enemy, Give Iraqi Forces Experience |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|author=Samantha L. Quigley|date=May 26, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Moon]]
|{{dts|2005}}
|{{dts|2005}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Moving Forward]]
|{{dts|2005}}
|{{dts|2005}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Neighborhood Watch]]
|{{dts|2005}}
|{{dts|2005}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Spider Web]]
|{{dts|2005}}
|{{dts|2005}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Vacant City]]
|{{dts|2005}}
|{{dts|2005}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation River Walk]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|02}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|03}}
|Latifiyah
|Found over 9 significant weapons caches, detained 43 suspected insurgents and discovered and destroyed several bombs
|-
|[[Operation Lanthonid]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|09}}
|{{dts|2005|01}}
|Baqubah, near
|Nine targeted AIF members were detained along with two other suspected AIF members and numerous weapons
|-
|[[Operation Therapist]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|09}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|09}}
|near Tikrit
|During the series of raids, 11 were detained. Three of the detainees were on the target list. Also confiscated were 120&amp;nbsp;mm mortars and assorted ammunition
|-
|[[Operation Hedgehog]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|14}}
|Hīt
|Discovered numerous caches of insurgent [[Ammunition#Ordnance ammunition|ordnance]] and [[weapon]]ry
|-
|[[Operation Copperas Cove]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|12}}
|Al-Karkh, the neighborhoods of Karkh and Sheik Marruf
|Raided a mechanic’s shop suspected of being used by insurgents and found 35 mortars which had to be removed by hand
|-
|[[Operation Keystone Sweep]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|14}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|14}}
|As Siniyah
|To conduct raids, capture or kill insurgents and eliminate bombs and other illegal weapons
|-
|[[Operation Clean Sweep]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|18}}
|Al Buetha, 15KM South of Baghdad along the Tigris River
|Clean out an area that was known to be used as a way for insurgents to come towards Baghdad from the south as well as an area that a lot of VBIEDs and IEDs were coming from," said U.S. Army Lt. Col. Everett Knapp, commander of the 1st Battalion, 184th Infantry Regiment.
In anticipation of the, 15 December nationwide elections, U.S. soldiers assigned to 1st Battalion, 184th Infantry Regiment, as well as Iraqi forces from the 4th Public Order Brigade and 1st Commando Brigade, raided about 350 homes and detained 49 suspected terrorists. Military officials said ten of the suspects were forwarded to detention facilities. 
|-
|[[Operation Checkmate]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|18}}
|{{dts|2005}}
|Jabella, 50&amp;nbsp;mi (80&amp;nbsp;km) south of Baghdad
|Successfully detained 15 insurgents including a suspected former intelligence officer in Saddam Hussein’s regime
|-
|[[Operation Big Dig]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|01|23}}
|{{dts|2005}}
|Latifiyah
|Collected and destroyed weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation Centaur Showdown]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|02|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|02|08}}
|Mufrek
|Searched for unregistered weapons and illegal bomb-making materials
|-
|[[Operation Trailblazer]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|02|09}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|02|09}}
|near Baqubah
|To clear the roads and supply routes around the city of IED's&lt;ref name=AFPS25945&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=25945 |title=Operation Trailblazer Makes Iraqi Roads Safer |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|author=Sgt. Matthew Acosta |date=February 9, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation River Blitz]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|02|20}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|02|20}}
|Al Anbar province
|Targeted insurgents in cities along the Euphrates River including Hit, Ramadi, and Baghdad&lt;ref name=AFPS25806&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=25806 |title=Five U.S. Soldiers Die; Accident Kills Polish Soldier |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=February 25, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS25845&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=25845|title=Iraqi Casualties Mount; Marines Start Operation River Blitz |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|author=Jim Garamone|date=February 20, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation River Bridge]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|03|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|03|25}}
|Hit-Haditha Corridor
|Counterinsurgency, follow on to Operation River Blitz
|-
|[[Operation Lightning (Al Barkh)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|02|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|25}}
|Baghdad
|Shifting the new government from a defensive to an offensive posture in its efforts to disrupt terrorist activities in Baghdad&lt;ref name=AFPS16487&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=16487 |title=Iraq Ops Yield Suspects, Weapons, Missing Artifacts |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service |date=June 4, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Lightning South]]
|June 2005
|June 2005
|South Baghdad
|Detained several suspected terrorists&lt;ref name=AFPS16487&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=16487 |title=Iraq Ops Yield Suspects, Weapons, Missing Artifacts |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service |date=June 4, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Unforgiven]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|03|22}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|03|24}}
|Albu Hatim
|The operation uncovered five weapons caches including more than 7,000 rounds of ammunition, an improvised explosive device factory and 39 members of anti-Iraqi forces
|-
|[[Operation Swashbuckle]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|03|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|03|26}}
|Ar Ramadi
|The four-man comedy show, presented by Hack and Slash, provided an explosive round of entertainment for more than 100 Marines
|-
|[[Operation Fontana]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|02}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|06}}
|the Babil and Wasit provinces
|Was to eliminate places where terrorists trained to carry out their activities
|-
|[[Operation Block Party]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|07}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|07}}
|Fallujah
|More than 100 [[Marines (military)|Marines]], side-by-side with three companies of Iraqi soldiers, cordoned and searched a targeted area of the city.
|-
|[[Operation Grey Wolf II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|10}}
|Shakarta
|A surprise operation to catch suspected terrorists and criminals
|-
|[[Operation Vandguard Tempest]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|11}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|11}}
|the Baghdad neighborhood of al-Dora
|Designed to locate nearly 90 known terrorist ringleaders that were thought to be living in that area&lt;ref name=AFPS31434&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=31434|title=Iraqi, U.S. Soldiers Detain More Than 65 Terrorists |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|author=Spc. Emily J. Wilsoncroft|date=April 13, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Badlands]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|12}}
|Saqlawiyah
|Security and stability operations designed to root out insurgent activity and illegal weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation Scrimmage]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|14}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|16}}
|Kubaysa, Al Anbar Province
|Unofficial name for a sub-part of operation Outerbanks
|-
|[[Operation Outer Banks]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|03}}
|Hit-Haditha Corridor
|Counterinsurgency
|-
|[[Operation Quicksweep]]
|{{dts|2005|05}}
|{{dts|2005|05}}
|Baghdad
|Resulted in the capture of several individuals identified as insurgents and the discovery of a weapons stash totaling 3,000 pounds of large caliber explosive munitions in a rural area northwest of Baghdad.
|-
|[[Operation Philadelphia]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|22}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|04|24}}
|the Babil and Wasit provinces
|Was designed to prevent terrorists from mounting and resulted in several people being detained and questioned.&lt;ref name=AFPS31350&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=31350|title=Iraq Dragnet Snags 18 Suspects; Detainee Dies at Hospital |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=April 25, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Clear Decision]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|03}}
|Al Karmah
|It was a success because the operation was conducted safely, insurgents were detained, and the relationship with the local populace improved
|-
|[[Operation Cobweb (MND-CS)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|10}}
|Wasit province
|Twenty-nine individuals were detained while forty kinds of guns were confiscated in addition to explosive materials being found&lt;ref name=AFPS31677&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=31677|title='Operation Cobweb' Targets Enemy in Iraq's Wasit Province
 |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=May 11, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Battle of Al Qaim|Operation Matador (Battle of Al Qaim)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|07}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|14}}
|northwestern Anbar province
|It was focused on eliminating insurgents and foreign fighters in a region known as a smuggling route and a sanctuary for foreign fighters&lt;ref name=AFPS31568&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=31568 |title=Operations Disrupt Enemy, Give Iraqi Forces Experience |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|author=Samantha L. Quigley|date=May 26, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS31537&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=31565|title=U.S. Helo Crash Claims Two Lives; Marine Killed in Operation |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=May 27, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS31674&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=31674|title=Two Marines Killed in Operation Matador |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=May 12, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18300&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18300|title=Steel Curtain Troops Move Into Ubaydi |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 14, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Battle of Al Qaim]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|19}}
|Anbar province
|(See Operation Matador)&lt;ref name=AFPS31568&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=31568 |title=Operations Disrupt Enemy, Give Iraqi Forces Experience |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|author=Samantha L. Quigley|date=May 26, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS31537&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=31565|title=U.S. Helo Crash Claims Two Lives; Marine Killed in Operation |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=May 27, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS31674&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=31674|title=Two Marines Killed in Operation Matador |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=May 12, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18300&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18300|title=Steel Curtain Troops Move Into Ubaydi |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 14, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Block Party II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|09}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|14}}
|Fallujah
|Only a small amount of ordnance was found during the operation, most of it pointed out by the local residents
|-
|[[Operation Mongoose]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|13}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|13}}
|south of Diyarah
|To capture individuals responsible for recent attacks against Coalition forces and local residents
|-
|[[Operation Dragons Breath]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|15}}
|Ramadi
|Was designed to target insurgents in Ramadi neighborhoods
|-
|[[Operation Peninsula (MND-CS)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|19}}
|As Suwaryah
|To round up terrorists and eliminate their base of operations
|-
|[[Operation Squeeze Play]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|22}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|23}}
|Baghdad, the western suburbs
|Almost 300 suspects were detained in the first day of the operation&lt;ref name=AFPS31568&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=31568 |title=Operations Disrupt Enemy, Give Iraqi Forces Experience |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|author=Samantha L. Quigley|date=May 26, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Chepultepec]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|24}}
|Lutafiyah, the southern Ubaydah region
|The [[Iraqi Army]] detained 12 suspects and captured several weapons
|-
|[[Operation New Market (Souk Jadeed)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|25}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|29}}
|The city of Haditha
|A raid on the city of Haditha to disrupt insurgents.&lt;ref name=AFPS31568&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=31568 |title=Operations Disrupt Enemy, Give Iraqi Forces Experience |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|author=Samantha L. Quigley|date=May 26, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS31537&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=31537|title=Iraqi Aircraft Crashes; Operations Continue Throughout Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=May 30, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS31537&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=31565|title=U.S. Helo Crash Claims Two Lives; Marine Killed in Operation |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=May 27, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Moon River Dragon]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|29}}
|the village of Al Julaam
|More than 40 individual males were interrogated about insurgent activities
|-
|[[Operation San Juan]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|05|31}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|04}}
|
|Security and Humanitarian: A five-day operation repairing Alternate Supply Route San Juan, making it safer for convoys and local civilians traveling the road on a daily basis
|-
|[[Operation Pitchfork]]
|{{dts|2005|06}}
|{{dts|2005|06}}
|The area east of the Lake Thar-Thar region
|Marines located over 50 hidden weapons caches and an underground bunker in the vicinity of a rock quarry.&lt;ref name=AFPS16373&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=16373 |title=Marines Continue Operation Spear, Begin Operation Dagger in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service |date=June 18, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Uhaser]]
|{{dts|2005|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|06}}
|throughout Northern Babil province, south of Baghdad
|They conducted continuous patrols, vehicle checkpoints, raids, and searches
|-
|[[Operation Woodstock]]
|{{dts|2005|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|06}}
|throughout Northern Babil province, south of Baghdad
|They conducted continuous patrols, vehicle checkpoints, raids, and searches
|-
|[[Operation Spear (Romhe)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|11}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|22}}
|Karabilah
|Aimed at rooting out terrorists, foreign fighters and disrupting terrorist support systems in and around Karabilah&lt;ref name=AFPS16373&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=16373 |title=Marines Continue Operation Spear, Begin Operation Dagger in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service |date=June 18, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS16373&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=16369 |title=U.S. Marines, Iraqis Continue Operation Spear in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=June 19, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS16332&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=16332|title=U.S., Iraqi Forces Complete Operation Spear Near Syrian Border |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=June 23, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation White Shield]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|13}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|14}}
|northern Babil province
|Discovered a weapons cache and detained seven terror suspects
|-
|[[Operation Dagger (Khanjar)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|18}}
|Anbar province
|The operation is focused on locating hidden weapons caches and denying terrorists sanctuary in the Southern Lake Thar-Thar region, in an area 85 kilometers northwest of Baghdad that is a suspected logistical hub.&lt;ref name=AFPS16373&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=16373 |title=Marines Continue Operation Spear, Begin Operation Dagger in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service |date=June 18, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Strategic Separation (al Azil al Sitrateegi)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|25}}
|{{dts|2005|06}}
|Babil province, northern portion
|Two hundred and nineteen suspected insurgents were detained
|-
|[[Operation Sword(Saif)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|27}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|07|05}}
|The city of Hit
|To occupy the city of Hit and establish a permanent presence there by coalition and Iraqi forces.&lt;ref name=AFPS18645&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18645 |title=Operations Net Suspects and Terror Tools in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service |date=December 3, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS16260&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=16260|title=Terror Suspects Captured in Iraq; Operation Sword Continues |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=June 30, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Shadyville]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|06|29}}
|Saqlawiyah
|Searched 244 houses and netted several suspected insurgent supporters, two bombs, and 50 AK-47 assault rifles
|-
|[[Operation Hunter(Sayaid)]]
|{{dts|2005|07}}
|{{dts|2005|07}}
|along the Euphrates River Valley and the broder of Syria
|Aimed at denying Al Qaeda in Iraq the ability to operate in the Euphrates River Valley and at preventing the terrorists from continuing their campaign of murder and intimidation against the local population&lt;ref name=AFPS18131&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18131 |title=Major Offensive Operations Continue in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=October 7, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18121&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18121 |title=Soldiers Killed During Operation River Gate; Iron Fist Ends|publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=October 8, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18236&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18236|title=Operation Steel Curtain Concludes Along Iraq-Syria Border|publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 22, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18300&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18300|title=Steel Curtain Troops Move Into Ubaydi |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 14, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18383&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18383|title=Operation Steel Curtain Moves Into Husaybah |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 5, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18302&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18302|title='Steel Curtain' Continues, 3 U.S. Troops Die In Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 13, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Seahorse]]
|{{dts|2005|07}}
|{{dts|2005|08}}
|
|British-led Multi-National Division Southeast with a mission to detect and deter illicit activity along the Iraqi border
|-
|[[Operation Sergeant Thea'a]]
|{{dts|2005|07}}
|{{dts|2005|07}}
|Baqubah
|Was to capture, or kill, terrorists in the city
|-
|[[Operation Thunder]]
|{{dts|2005|07}}
|{{dts|2005|07}}
|Baghdad
|Found at least 1 weapons cache and detained several suspects
|-
|[[Operation Demon Digger]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|07|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|07|01}}
|Al Rashid district, near
|seized three weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation Muthana Strike]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|07|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|07|04}}
|Baghdad International Airport, neighborhoods next to 
|Over 100 individuals were detained as a result of the operation, including reportedly foreign fighters from Egypt
|-
|[[Operation Bow Country]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|07|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|07|05}}
|Baghdad, areas in the far-east portion
|Counterinsurgency and reconnaissance: To find [[weapon]]s and [[ammunition]] caches, and to develop intelligence on insurgent activity.
|-
|[[Operation Scimitar]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|07|07}}
|{{dts|2005|07}}
|Zaidan, approximately 20&amp;nbsp;mi (30&amp;nbsp;km) southeast of Fallujah
|At least 22 suspected insurgents were detained
|-
|[[Operation Warriors Rage]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|07|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|07|15}}
|Baghdad, the Ameriyah district
|The search found 10 to 12 122/130-millimeter rounds enhanced with propane to make a larger fireball in the explosion
|-
|[[Operation Teddy Drop]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|07|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|07|15}}
|Baghdad
|A humanitarian mission geared to give teddy bears to Iraqi children&lt;ref name=AFPS16638&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=16638|title=Teddy Troopers 'Jump' Into Arms of Iraqi Children
 |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|author=Spc. Derek Del Rosario|date=July 15, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Battle of Haditha]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|08|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|08|03}}
|Haditha
|Was a battle fought over two days that were under insurgent control in the Euphrates River valley during 2005
|-
|[[Operation Quickstrike]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|08|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|08|10}}
|Haditha, Haqliniyah, and Barwanah
|An offensive operation aimed at disrupting insurgent activities and recovering a missing Marine sniper.&lt;ref name=AFPS16951&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=16951|title=Joint U.S.-Iraqi Security Operations Fighting Terrorists in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=August 6, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Able Warrior]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|08|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|08|04}}
|Baghdad, west of the Baghdad International Airport
|Was conducted in order to disrupt car bombing cells and roadside bomb emplacers, and prevent them from planning, preparing and carrying out terrorist attacks in the area.
|-
|[[Operation Restoring Rights]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|08|26}}
|{{dts|2005}}
|the northern city of Tall Afar, located 30&amp;nbsp;mi (50&amp;nbsp;km) west of MosulIraq
|Was a massive military push to engage and destroy the heavy insurgent contingent located there.
|-
|[[Operation Royalty]]
|{{dts|2005|09|06}}
|{{dts|2005|09}}
|northwest of Baghdad
|Captured bomb makers in the process of planting a car bomb&lt;ref name=AFPS17338&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=17338|title=Iraqi-American Operation Captures Terrorists, Neutralizes Car Bomb |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=September 11, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Battle of Tal Afar]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|09|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|09|18}}
|Tal Afar
|The city was temporarily cleared for elections in 2005, but was not secured in a long-term view.
|-
|[[Operation Cyclone(Zoba)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|09|11}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|09|11}}
|Rutbah
|Against [[al-Qaida]] fighters
|-
|[[Operation Flea Flicker]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|09|14}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|09|14}}
|Zafaraniya
|Was designed to disrupt insurgent activity in the area in preparation for the, 15 October constitutional referendum&lt;ref name=AFPS17294&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=17294|title=Operation Flea Flicker Sweeps through Zafaraniya |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=September 15, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation National Unity]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|09|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|09|14}}, at least until
|Baghdad
|Charged with the objective of detecting and halting insurgent activity.&lt;ref name=AFPS18302&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18302|title='Steel Curtain' Continues, 3 U.S. Troops Die In Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 13, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Rose Bowl]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|09|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|09|29}}
|Mohawla, Diyala
|search in Mohawla 952.
|-
|[[Operation Clydesdale]]
|{{dts|2005|10}}
|{{dts|2005|10}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Mountaineers(Hiba)]]
|{{dts|2005|10}}
|{{dts|2005|10}}
|southern Ramadi
|Which consists of 400 ISF soldiers and 500 U.S. service members, is to disrupt insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Carentan]]
|{{dts|2005|10}}
|{{dts|2005|12}}
|Diyala and Salah ad Din Governorate]
|Was responsible for detaining over 700 suspected insurgents and clearing 120 weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation Constitution Hammer]]
|{{dts|2005|10}}
|{{dts|2005|10}}
|Fallujah
|Was conducted to disrupt insurgent activity along the main supply routes in Fallujah, find and capture weapons caches, and kill or capture insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Iron Fist (Kabda Bil Hadid)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|10|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|10|06}}
|Sadah approximately 12&amp;nbsp;km. from the Syrian border
|In order to root out [[al Qaeda in Iraq]] terrorists operating in the area and to disrupt terrorist support systems in and around the city&lt;ref name=AFPS18131&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18131 |title=Major Offensive Operations Continue in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=October 7, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18121&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18121 |title=Soldiers Killed During Operation River Gate; Iron Fist Ends|publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=October 8, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Bowie]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|10|02}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|10|04}}
|Ar Ramadi, southern portion
|While sweeping through the mostly rural area, the ISF assisted the [[Marines (military)|Marines]] in identifying people who were not from here and helped in searching homes and buildings for weapons caches and insurgent propaganda.
|-
|[[Operation Saratoga]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|10|02}}
|{{dts|2005|10}}
|North Central Iraq
|To provide a safe observance of Ramadan and security for the upcoming referendum&lt;ref name=AFPS18131&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18131 |title=Major Offensive Operations Continue in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=October 7, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation River Gate (Bawwabatu Annaher)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|10|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|10|05}}
|Haditha, Haqlaniyah and Barwana
|The operation's goal is to deny the al Qaeda in Iraq terrorist network the ability to operate in the three Euphrates River Valley cities and to free the local citizens from the insurgents' campaign of murder and intimidation&lt;ref name=AFPS18121&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18121 |title=Soldiers Killed During Operation River Gate; Iron Fist Ends |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=October 8, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18131&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18131 |title=Major Offensive Operations Continue in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=October 7, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18144&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18144 |title=U.S. Soldier Killed in Baghdad; Operation River Gate Continues |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=October 6, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18150&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18150 |title=Operation River Gate Begins in Iraq's Euphrates Valley |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=October 5, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18109&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18109|title=98 Terror Suspects Captured; Operation River Gate Continues |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=October 11, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Fiesta Bowl]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|10|11}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|10|11}}
|Mohawla
|search in Mohawla 964
|-
|[[Operation Doctor]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|10|25}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|10|25}}
|Ar Ramadi, the Women's and Children's Hospital
|The operation, led by [[Civil Affairs Group 6]], supplied the hospital and the local Ministry of Health with more than $500,000 in medical supplies and equipment that was sorely needed by the citizens of the Al Anbar provincial capital.
|-
|[[Operation Cornhusker]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|01}}
|Mohawla
|cordon and search in Mohawla 953 and clearing operations in Mohawla 955
|-
|[[Operation Open Window]]
|{{dts|2005|11}}
|{{dts|2005}}
|the south central region of Iraq
|To prepare the area for transfer to the responsibility of the Iraqi 8th Division.
|-
|[[Operation Tigers (Numur)]]
|{{dts|2005|11}}
|{{dts|2005|12}}
|Ramadi
|Resulted in the capture of several weapons caches and several terrorist suspects&lt;ref name=AFPS16951&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18216|title=Marine Killed, Operation Tigers Continues in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 27, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Wolf Stalk II]]
|{{dts|2005|11}}
|{{dts|2005|11}}
|Ninevah
|Soldiers were charged with disrupting insurgent activity and responding to the needs of local citizens.
|-
|[[Operation Great Lakes]]
|{{dts|2005|11}}
|{{dts|2005|11}}
|
|[[Army National Guard]], Army and [[United States Marine Corps|USMC]] units from [[FOB Grizzly]] were charged with disrupting insurgent activity south of Udame. SFC Kyle B. Wehrly of the [[2nd Battalion, 123rd Field Artillery]] was killed in the Operation.
|-
|[[Operation Shank(Harba)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|02}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|03}}
|Ramadi, central and southern portions
|Was the fifth in a series by the Iraqi army and coalition forces engaged in combined clearing operations to disrupt terrorism and set conditions for a successful, 15 December election in the provincial capital of Anbar&lt;ref name=AFPS18660&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18660|title=Ramadi Operation Launched to Disrupt Terror Group |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=December 2, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Syrian Round-up]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|05}}
|Zafaraniya
|clear Mohawla 965. A car was confiscated. 
|-
|[[Operation Steel Curtain]] (Al Hajip Elfulathi)
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|22}}
|Karabilah
|A Continued effort to clear the town of insurgent activity and weapons&lt;ref name=AFPS18236&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18236|title=Operation Steel Curtain Concludes Along Iraq-Syria Border |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 22, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18300&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18300|title=Steel Curtain Troops Move Into Ubaydi |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 14, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18383&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18383|title=Operation Steel Curtain Moves Into Husaybah |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 5, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS18302&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18302|title='Steel Curtain' Continues, 3 U.S. Troops Die In Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 13, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Slapshot]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|06}}
|near Sindabad
|targets in M979 and clear Bania Farm. 
|-
|[[Operation Fiesta Bowl II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|09}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|09}}
|Diyala
|clear M964. 
|-
|[[Operation Knockout]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|12}}
|Ba'qubah
|A division-size raid designed to destroy or disrupt all of their cells in a large locality in a single night
|-
|[[Operation Paradise City II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|12}}
|[[Around Rasheed Airfield]]
|Clearing operation in Zone 11W
|-
|[[Operation Kennesaw Dragon]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|14}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|15}}
|Dawr
|Conducted an air assault into landing zones outside the town and moved in to search for insurgents, insurgent activity and weapons caches.
|-
|[[Operation Panthers (Numur)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|16}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|18}}
|Ramadi, the Sophia district
|Discovered weapons caches and detained suspected terrorists&lt;ref name=AFPS16951&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18216|title=Marine Killed, Operation Tigers Continues in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 27, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Home Run]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|17}}
|Zafaraniya
|clear Mohawla 959 in Zafaraniya 
|-
|[[Operation Bruins(Dibbah)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|20}}
|Ramadi
|Part of a series of disruption operations in Ramadi and is designed to set the conditions for successful elections in December&lt;ref name=AFPS16951&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18216|title=Marine Killed, Operation Tigers Continues in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 27, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Cotton Bowl]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|22}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|22}}
|Zafaraniya
|clear Mohawla 961 in Zafaraniya 
|-
|[[Operation Lions(Asad)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|22}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|24}}
|Ar Ramadi, the Tammim area
|This operation involved [[Iraqi Army]] and Coalition Forces clearing sections of the city in order to disrupt the insurgency and set conditions for successful elections on 15 December&lt;ref name=AFPS16951&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18216|title=Marine Killed, Operation Tigers Continues in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=November 27, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Tyche Round-up]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|26}}
|Diyala
|capture/kill AIF targets in Mohawla 964. 
|-
|[[Operation Turkey Bowl]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|28}}
|Zafaraniya
|clear Mohawla 951. 
|-
|[[Operation Iron Hammer (Iraq 2005)|Operation Iron Hammer (Matraqa Hadidia)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|11|30}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|03}}
|Hai al Becker region
|The completion of construction of a long-term base on the eastern side of the Euphrates River across from Hīt and about 170 kilometers west of Baghdad.&lt;ref name=AFPS18645&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18645 |title=Operations Net Suspects and Terror Tools in Iraq |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service |date=December 3, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Green Trident]]
|{{dts|2005|12}}
|{{dts|2005|12}}
|Fallujah, south of
|U.S. [[Marines (military)|Marines]] discovered more than ten metric tons of munitions hidden at 72 cache sites 39&amp;nbsp;km south of Fallujah&lt;ref name=AFPS14724&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=14724 |title=Marines Unearth Weapons Caches; Tipsters Lead Troops to More Cache |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service |date=January 2, 2006 |accessdate=2014-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Rams(Tallie)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|04}}
|Ramadi
|The forces have discovered four weapons&lt;ref name=AFPS18607&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18607 |title=Iraqi, Coalition Forces Wrap Up Operation Rams in Ramadi |publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=December 7, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Stocking Stuffer]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|04}}
|Diyala
|raid on 3 Ansar-al-Sunna targets in M964
|-
|[[Operation Skinner(Gashshaa)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|07}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|10}}
|central Ramadi
|The operation netted four weapons caches and several detainees and also two command initiated rocket systems designed to ambush passing convoys in central Ramadi. The combined forces also discovered a roadside bomb that the insurgents planned to use in the rocket attack.
|-
|[[Operation Able Rising Force]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|09}}
|Khadisia
|Locate and detain suspected terrorists&lt;ref name=AFPS18596&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=18596 |title=One Iraq Operation Ends, Another in Final Stages|publisher=Armed Forces Press Service |date=December 9, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Bull Dawg Chariot]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|08}}
|Baqubah, near
|The operation reportedly netted four suspected terrorists&lt;ref name=AFPS18596/&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Liberty Express]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|13}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2005|12|15}}
|Fallujah
|Transportation of election supplies from the printer to the camp, where Iraqi Police and members of the Independent Electoral Commission of Iraq picked up and escorted the supplies, including ballots, and dispersed them to various polling sites in the city of Fallujah.&lt;ref name=LibertyExpress&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.leatherneck.com/forums/showthread.php?24602-Operation-Liberty-Express-veterans-stand-post-together&amp;s=5b75b8e0f3baddc3c7abe00dc882899d |title=Operation Liberty Express veterans stand post together |author=Cpl. James D. Hamel |publisher=Leatherneck.com |date=December 22, 2005 |accessdate=2014-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==See also==
*[[List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War]]
*[[2005 in Iraq]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
*[http://www.mnf-Iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=11589&amp;Itemid=128|Multi National Force Iraq Website]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/Iraq_ongoing_mil_ops.htm Global security]
*[http://www.mnci.centcom.mil|Multi National Corps-Iraq]
*[http://www.defendamerica.mil/ Defense America]
*[http://www.1id.army.mil/1ID/news/Display.asp?search=operation&amp;mode=allwords|US Army 1st Division website]
*[http://www.dvidshub.net/ DVIDS Website]
*[http://www.army.mil/news/newsreleases|United States Army Website]

==External articles==
&lt;div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"&gt;

;Maps of Iraq
*[http://www.gulfwarrior.org/Iraq/Iraq_maps.htm High resolution maps of Iraq.]

;Iraqi sources
*[http://electronicIraq.net/news/Iraqdiaries.shtml Iraq Diaries] – Iraqis writing about their experiences of war.
*[http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 The Ground Truth Project] – A series of exclusive, in-depth interviews with Iraqis, aid workers, military personnel and others who have spent significant time on-the-ground in Iraq.
*[http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=166 What Iraqis Think] – A compilation of the latest polls and blogs coming out of Iraq.
;Casualties
(additional links not found in Casualties links section)
*"[http://www.jhsph.edu/PublicHealthNews/Press_Releases/PR_2004/Burnham_Iraq.html/]; Iraqi Civilian Deaths Increase Dramatically After Invasion" Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 28 October 2004.
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/19/AR2006101900295.html "One-Day Toll in Iraq Combat Is Highest for U.S. in Months"], Washington Post, 19 October 2006.
*[http://www.thememoryhole.org/war/wounded/index2.htm U.S. Military Personnel Wounded in Iraq &amp; Afghanistan: A Running Log].

; Combat operations related
*"''[http://www.psywar.org/apdsearchform.php?Search=Search&amp;war=Iraqi%20Freedom Aerial Propaganda Leaflet Database]''". Psywar.org, 6 November 2005. (''ed''. Iraq War PSYOP leaflets and posters)

;News
*[http://www.electronicIraq.net Electronic Iraq]: Daily news and analysis from Iraq with a special focus on the Iraqi experience of war.
*[http://www.Iraq-war.ru/ News from Iraq]: Aggregated news on the war, including politics and economics.

{{2005 Operations}}

{{Iraq War}}

{{Wikipedia|List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Coalition Military Operations Of The Iraq War}}
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War|Military operations of the Iraq War]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States|Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War involving Iraq|Military operations of the Iraq War involving Iraq]]
[[Category:Lists of battles|Iraq War coalition military operations]]
[[Category:Occupation of Iraq|Coalition military operations]]
[[Category:Iraq War-related lists|Operat]]
[[Category:2005]]
[[Category:2005 in Iraq]]</text>
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    <title>List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War in 2006</title>
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      <text bytes="24056" sha1="1ylhonj25h9d0k0oaf8bgxlnjj6hwu0" xml:space="preserve">{{Campaignbox Iraq War}}
[[File:UStanks baghdad 2003.JPEG|300px|thumb|right|M1A1 Abrams pose for a photo under the "Hands of Victory" in Ceremony Square, Baghdad, Iraq.]]
[[File:US Navy 060331-N-5438H-139 An Iraq Army soldier assigned to the 1st Battalion, 1st Brigade, 4th Division, mans a checkpoint during Operation Red Light II, on the outskirts of Monfia village in the Western Desert.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Salah Ad Din Governorate, (31 March 2006) – An Iraq Army soldier assigned to the 1st Battalion, 1st Brigade, 4th Division, mans a checkpoint during [[Operation Red Light II]], on the outskirts of Monfia village in the Western Desert]]

This is a list of known '''[[Coalition of the willing|Coalition]] military operations of the [[Iraq War]]''' during 2006.

==2006 military operations==
[[File:An-2 plane spraying wheat crops.jpg|thumbnail|Soviet [[Antonov An-2]] airplane sprays pesticide on wheat crops during Operation Barnstormer (May 2006).]]
{{Main|Iraq War|2006 in Iraq|Civil war in Iraq}}
{{Further|23 November 2006 Sadr City bombings}}

The beginning of 2006 was marked by government creation talks, growing sectarian violence, and continuous anti-coalition attacks. Sectarian violence expanded to a new level of intensity following the [[al-Askari Mosque bombing (2006)|al-Askari Mosque bombing]] in the Iraqi city of Samarra, on 22 February 2006. The explosion at the mosque, one of the holiest sites in Shi'a Islam, is believed to have been caused by a bomb planted by Al-Qaeda in Iraq. Although no injuries occurred in the blast, the mosque was severely damaged and the bombing resulted in violence over the following days.

As of 20 October the U.S military announced that [[Operation Together Forward]] had failed to stem the tide of violence in Baghdad, and Shiite militants under al-Sadr seized several southern Iraq cities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title = Shiite militia briefly seizes Iraqi city |publisher = MSNBC |date = 20 October 2006 |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15343811/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 November, the deadliest attack since the beginning of the Iraq war occurred. Suspected Sunni-Arab militants used five suicide car bombs and two mortar rounds on the capital's Shiite Sadr City slum to kill at least 215 people and wound 257. Shiite mortar teams quickly retaliated, firing 10 shells at Sunni Islam's most important shrine in Baghdad, badly damaging the Abu Hanifa mosque and killing one person. Eight more rounds slammed down near the offices of the Association of Muslim Scholars, the top Sunni Muslim organisation in Iraq, setting nearby houses on fire. Two other mortar barrages on Sunni neighborhoods in west Baghdad killed nine and wounded 21, police said.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title= Bombs, mortars in Shiite slum kill at least 161 |publisher = MSNBC |date = 23 November 2006 |url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15866123/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After capture in December 2003, Saddam Hussein was hanged on 30 December 2006 after being found guilty of crimes against humanity by an Iraqi court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title= Saddam Hussein executed in Iraq |publisher=BBC |date = 30 December 2006 |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6218485.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Battle/Operation name
! From date
! To date
! Location
! class="unsortable"|Purpose and result
|-
|[[Operation Industrial Revolution]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|08|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|08|10}}
|Southeast Fallujah/Industrial Sector
|Cordone and Search Looking for roadside and car bomb Making Facilities
|-
|[[Operation Iron Arrow I]]
|{{dts|2006}}
|{{dts|2006}}
|Obeidi region, northern portion
|Conducted to root out terrorists on the Sunni side of town
|-
|[[Operation Post Hawk]]
|{{dts|2006}}
|{{dts|2006}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Unified Fist]]
|{{dts|2006}}
|{{dts|2006}}
|Baghdad
|
|-
|[[Operation Baghdad is Beautiful]]
|{{dts|2006|01}}
|{{dts|2006|01}}
|Baghdad
|Cleanup up Baghdad
|-
|[[Operation King Tut]]
|{{dts|2006|01}}
|{{dts|2006|01}}
|Baghdad
|Searched for weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation Red Bull]]
|{{dts|2006|01}}
|{{dts|2006|01}}
|the "Triad" area of Haditha, Haqlaniyah and Barwana
|The search revealed 75 weapons caches terrorists planned to use during attacks in the region.
|-
|[[Operation Falcon Sweep]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|01|11}}, on or about
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|01|11}}, on or about
|Shakaria
|One of the operation's objectives was to identify and capture terrorists in the village
|-
|[[Operation Red Bull II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|01|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|01|18}}
|the "Triad" area of Haditha, Haqlaniyah and Barwana
|Continue clearing all insurgent operations out of the “Triad” area.
|-
|[[Operation Final Strike (Al Dharba Al Nihaa’ya)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|01|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|01|29}}
|Jazerra area northwest of Habbaniyah, 75&amp;nbsp;km west of Baghdad
|Aimed at neutralizing the insurgency activity and providing a secure area for the citizens of the Jazerra.
|-
|[[Operation Smokewagon]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|02|02}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|02|05}}
|Hīt, numerous villages south of
|Looking for insurgents and their weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation PitBull]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|02|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|02|17}}
|east of the Euphrates River
|Designed to squash insurgent operations
|-
|[[Operation God help us (Ala Allah)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|02|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|02|13}}
|Subiyhat
|To clear the area of insurgents and interact with the populace
|-
|[[Operation Dirty Harry]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|02|20}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|02|20}}
|Muqdadiyah, a neighborhood and farmlands in the southern portion
|To cordon and knock a local neighborhood which included searching homes and farmland for anti-coalition forces and weapon caches
|-
|[[Operation Minotaur]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|02|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|02|26}}
|a town along the Euphrates River in Al Anbar Province, northwest of Baghdad
|Was aimed at clearing more than nine kilometers of riverbank and several small villages south of Haqlaniyah
|-
|[[Operation Swamp Fox]]
|{{dts|2006|03}}
|{{dts|2006|03}}
|Muqdadiyah
|Coalition and Iraqi forces detained 104 suspected insurgents and confiscated a cache of weapons
|-
|[[Operation Raging Bull]]
|{{dts|2006|03}}
|{{dts|2006|03}}
|the "Triad" region of Haditha, Haqliniyah, and Barwanah off the Euphrates River in western Al Anbar Province
|The first, fully independent Iraqi Army-led mission in the “Triad” region
|-
|[[Operation Raging Bull II]]
|{{dts|2006|03}}
|{{dts|2006|03}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Jaws V]]
|{{dts|2006|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|04}}
|Fallujah
|Disrupting insurgents’ efforts to launch mortar and improvised explosive device attacks against Coalition Forces
|-
|[[Operation El Toro Loco]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|01}}
|Baghdadi
|
|-
|[[Operation Glory Light]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|02}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|09}}
|Sadr to Yusufiyah area
|Was designed to deny insurgents sanctuary and preempt enemy attacks in the Baghdad area
|-
|[[Operation Lion]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|02}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|02}}
|Baghdad
|Discovered more than 62 tons of munitions and weapons were discovered in over 80 weapons caches as well as the capture of 65 suspected insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood.]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|10}}
|Fallujah
|Handed out toys and pamphlets to Iraqi Children
|-
|[[Operation Focus]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|12}}
|Diwaniyah
|Found a weapons cache
|-
|[[Operation Scales of Justice]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|12}}
|{{dts|2006|03}}
|Baghdad
|Approximately 800 suspected insurgents had been detained and 140 weapons caches discovered and cleared as part of the operation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=15158|title=Operation Aims to Curb Violence as Iraq's Government Takes Shape |publisher=Armed Forces News Service|date=March 16, 2006 |accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Swarmer]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|16}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|22}}
|a 10-by-10-mile square area northeast of Samarra
|The operation resulted in 104 suspected insurgents currently being detained and questioned, and 24 caches discovered.
|-
|[[Operation Cowpens]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|04|14}}
|Jabouri Peninsula
|Discovering caches and hampering insurgent efforts
|-
|[[Operation Northern Lights]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|21}}
|{{dts|2006}}
|Abu Ghraib
|To disrupt anti-Iraqi forces and to find and destroy terrorist caches in Abu Ghraib. '''Operation Northern Lights''' was a joint [[Military of the United States|U.S]]-[[Military of Iraq|Iraqi]] operation which consisted of approximately 1,400 personnel. Most of the information is confidential and not public.
|-
|[[Operation Scorpion]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|25}}
|Hawijiah
|A sequential cordon and search of eight villages in and around Hawijah
|-
|[[Operation Red Light II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|31}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|03|31}}
|Saladin Province
|Detained 17 anti-Iraqi forces personnel and discovered four weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation Cobra Strike (2006)]]
|{{dts|2006|04}}
|{{dts|2006|04}}
|Haswah and Iskandariyah
|Was a mission intended to locate the suspected leader and financier of a terrorist cell working in the area. The suspected terrorists were implicated in murders, kidnappings and the emplacement of roadside bombs
|-
|[[Operation Harvest Lights]]
|{{dts|2006|04}}
|{{dts|2006|05}}
|Najaf, Karbala and Babil Provinces
|To control the progressive loss of the date palm crop and regenerate the industry
|-
|[[Operation Money Worth]]
|{{dts|2006|04}}
|{{dts|2006|04}}
|Baghdad
|Placed more than 500 concrete barriers at points throughout Baghdad
|-
|[[Operation Sterling]]
|{{dts|2006|04}}
|{{dts|2006}}
|Basra
|Detained 14 individuals and recovered a significant weapons cache
|-
|[[Operation Hastings]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|04|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|04|07}}
|Fallujah, northeast of
|To take weapons out of the hands of insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Bastogne]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|04|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|04|06}}
|Baghdad
|Blocking off escape routes frequented by insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Bold Action]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|04|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|04|10}}
|[[Tarmiya]], near
|To provide more security near Tarmiya by chasing the terrorists
|-
|[[Operation Swift Sword]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|04|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|04|29}}
|the villages and farms west of Bayji
|The operation resulted in the capture of 17 suspected insurgents and the confiscation of a cache of weapons. The cache included more than 100 artillery rounds, mortar rounds, mines, rocket-propelled grenades, sniper rifles, and 4,500 rounds of ammunition
|-
|[[Battle of Diwaniya]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|04|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|04|28}}
|Diwaniya
|Battle between the Mahdi Army and the Iraqi Army
|-
|[[Operation Babil Perimeter]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|04|28}}
|{{dts|2006|05}}
|Al Hayy
|Detained five known insurgents and found some weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation Lion Hunt]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|04|29}}
|{{dts|2006|05}}
|Mosul
|Designed to remove the insurgents from the region making the area safer and to train the Iraqi police
|-
|[[Operation Dragons Breath]]
|{{dts|2006|05}}
|{{dts|2006|05}}
|Ramadi
|Search for weapons caches and insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Lion Hunt II]]
|{{dts|2006|05}}
|{{dts|2006|06}}
|Ninewah province
|To further develop the Iraq police in cordons and searches while reducing the insurgency in the Ninewah province
|-
|[[Operation Stallion Run]]
|{{dts|2006|05}}
|{{dts|2006|05}}
|Baghdad
|The operation was focused on clearing the roads of bombs and the debris that could hide them
|-
|[[Operation Lion]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|04}}
|Mosul
|A cordon and search operation
|-
|[[Operation Lightning Blitz]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|07}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Tropical Lightning]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|06}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Unified Front]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|06}}
|Ameriya
|An effort to capture anti-Iraqi forces and seize weapons caches in the neighborhood of Ameriya
|-
|[[Operation Lofty Summit]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|07}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|07}}
|Mushada
|Coalition forces will stage out of the same patrol base as the [[11th Special Infrastructure Battalion]], a specialized [[Iraqi army]] unit that protects an oil pipeline running through Mushada.
|-
|[[Operation Iron Triangle]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|09}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|11}}
|Tikrit
|The operation resulted in the detention of 200 suspected terrorists and the confiscation of weapons and propaganda materials at an insurgent training camp southwest of the city.
|-
|[[Operation Barnstormer]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|16}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|18}}
|Karbala, Wassit, Babil, Baghdad, Diyala, Ninewa and Dohuk
|To protect key staple crops from insect damage in several Iraq provinces
|-
|[[Operation Chepultepec]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|24}}
|the Ubaydah region of Southern Lutafiyah
|Iraqi Police and Coalition Forces provided the outer cordon around the 80 square kilometer area while the Iraqi Army advanced to their objective to drive the terrorists from the region.
|-
|[[Operation Tinto]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|25}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|25}}
|Basrah
|Was a search and arrest mission
|-
|[[Operation Coolspring VIII]]
|{{dts|2006}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|05|09}}
|Mosul
|Three men of military age previously on the [[Iraqi Army]]'s most wanted list were detained in searches of a wide area south of the city.
|-
|[[Operation Roaring Tiger]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|06|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|06|03}}
|Baghdad, Adhamiyah district
|The operation captured 19 suspected insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Cool Carpet]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|06|09}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|06|09}}
|Gharmah
|To deliver prayer rugs along with two new air conditioning units
|-
|[[Operation Together Forward]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|06|14}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|24}}
|Baghdad
|One of the largest combined security operations in the city since the fall of [[Saddam Hussein]] in 2003
|-
|[[Battle of Ramadi (2006)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|06|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|11|15}}
|Ramadi
|The objective of the operation was to take full control of a city that had been out of the hands of the American military for the better part of two years.
|-
|[[Operation Sand Storm]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|06|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|06|26}}
|Ayn Mana
|To seek out illicit weapons and insurgent forces
|-
|[[Operation Iron Gate]]
|{{dts|2006|06}}
|{{dts|2006|07}}
|Hawija and Riyadh
|Observe and prevent illegal border crossing's from Iran
|-
|[[Operation Relentless Hunt]]
|{{dts|2006|07}}
|{{dts|2006|08}}
|Hawija and Riyadh
|
|-
|[[Operation Gaugamela]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|07|20}}
|{{dts|2006|07}}
|Hawija and Riyadh
|A search for suspected [[al-Qaeda]] terrorists in towns just west of Kirkuk
|-
|[[Operation River Falcon]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|07|25}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|07|27}}
|Sayifiyeh
|The operation was aimed at denying terrorists the use of the town as a safe haven, disrupting insurgent attacks on Coalition and Iraqi Security Forces, and on collecting and destroying insurgent munitions
|-
|[[Operation Thundercat]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|07|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|07|30}}
|Baghdad
|To disrupt and destroy the insurgency in and around Baghdad
|-
|[[Operation Floodlight]]
|{{dts|2006|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|08|09}}, on or about
|Fallujah
|To locate insurgents and weapons targeting coalition and Iraqi forces south of the city
|-
|[[Operation Guardian Tiger IV]]
|{{dts|2006|08}}
|{{dts|2006|08}}
|Haditha Triad region's
|Captured more than 30 suspected insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Passage]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|08|20}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|08|20}}
|Al Magrab, near Mosul
|an Iraqi Army, Iraqi Police and U.S. Army joint forces mission
|-
|[[Operation Rubicon]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|08|25}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|08|25}}
|Husayba
|A combat mission when they stopped to give the refreshments to the kids
|-
|[[Operation Constant Solidarity]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|09|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|09|01}}
|Diwaniyah
|To weed out more than 2,000 terrorists in and around the city
|-
|[[Operation Yorktown]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|09|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|09|26}}
|Al Anbar Province
|Security and Law enforcement: To develop the Iraqi Security Forces, facilitate the development of official rule of law through democratic government reforms, and continue the development of a market based economy centered on Iraqi reconstruction
|-
|[[Battle of Al Rumaythah]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|09|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|09|26}}
|Al Rumaythah
|Contact between Australian forces from [[Overwatch Battle Group (West)]] and unidentified insurgents.
|-
|[[Operation Iron Arrow II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|09|30}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|09|30}}
|Obeidi region
|An IA-led effort aimed at establishing security in the northern portion of the region on the Shia side
|-
|[[Operation Commando Hunter]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|02}}
|{{dts|2006|10}}
|Yusufiyah
|Was intended to deny terrorists sanctuary in the city 20&amp;nbsp;mi (30&amp;nbsp;km) southwest of Baghdad
|-
|[[Operation SOUK]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|02}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|02}}
|Fallujah
|A cordon and search mission
|-
|[[Operation Half Nelson]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|04}}
|Hurriyah
|Peacekeeping and Counterinsurgency: An attempt to build trust with Iraqi civilians and eliminate terrorists
|-
|[[Operation Medusa]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|04}}
|Mosul
|
|-
|[[Operation Benefit Day]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|11}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|11}}
|Baghdad
|Marines and Iraqi Security Forces passed out backpacks full of school supplies to the children
|-
|[[Operation Dealer]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|12}}
|Ramadi
|Was undertaken to establish a combat outpost in the area.
|-
|[[Battle of Amarah]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|20}}
|Amarah
|Began when 800 masked members of the Mahdi army stormed three police stations in Amarah
|-
|[[Operation Helping Hand]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|21}}
|Tuz
|Delivered basic food staples to about 300 Kurd, Turkmen and Arab families
|-
|[[Second Battle of Fallujah|Battle of Fallujah(2006)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|11|07}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|23}}
|Fallujah
|(See Operation Phantom Fury)
|-
|[[Operation Trifecta]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|11|14}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|11|18}}
|Zaidon
|Performed house-to-house searches and wide spread cache sweeps
|-
|[[Battle of Turki]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|11|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|11|16}}
|Turki
|Was fought over 40 hours between American paratroopers of the 82nd Airborne Division and well trained insurgent forces.
|-
|[[Operation Talon]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|11|12}}0
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|11|20}}
|Fallujah, north of
|Humanitarian and Counterinsurgency: Rescued 2 hostages and detained 13 suspected insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Polar Black Diamond]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|11|25}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|11|25}}
|al Taca
|Detained 10 terrorist suspects and found a cache of improvised explosive device components
|-
|[[Operation Polar Valor]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|07}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|07}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Cougar]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|10}}
|Adhamiyah
|A cordon and search operation
|-
|[[Operation Arctic Sunrise]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|16}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|16}}
|Baghdad, South of
|Removed a sizeable cache of bomb making material, detained 11 individuals believed to be involved in insurgent activities and improved the living conditions for the Iraqi people in the area
|-
|[[Operation Eagle Watch]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|16}}
|Tikrit
|Fifteen suspects were detained in several locations near the city
|-
|[[Operation Moonlight (Alkamra Almaner)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|21}}
|
|Netted a weapons cache and demonstrated the [[Iraqi Army]] soldiers’ ability to gather intelligence, plan, execute and exercise command and control during a large-scale operation
|-
|[[Operation Gladiator]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|23}}
|Baghdad
|To sweep the Al Doura market and clear the area so merchants can return and be safe
|-
|[[Operation Beastmaster]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|12|29}}
|Baghdad, the western suburb of Ghazaliya
|Cleared three large neighborhoods which were the sights of much sectarian violence
|}

==See also==
*[[List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War]]
*[[2006 in Iraq]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
*[http://www.mnf-Iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=11589&amp;Itemid=128|Multi National Force Iraq Website]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/Iraq_ongoing_mil_ops.htm Global security]
*[http://www.mnci.centcom.mil|Multi National Corps-Iraq]
*[http://www.defendamerica.mil/ Defense America]
*[http://www.1id.army.mil/1ID/news/Display.asp?search=operation&amp;mode=allwords|US Army 1st Division website]
*[http://www.dvidshub.net/ DVIDS Website]
*[http://www.army.mil/news/newsreleases|United States Army Website]

==External articles==
&lt;div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"&gt;

;Maps of Iraq
*[http://www.gulfwarrior.org/Iraq/Iraq_maps.htm High resolution maps of Iraq.]

;Iraqi sources
*[http://electronicIraq.net/news/Iraqdiaries.shtml Iraq Diaries] – Iraqis writing about their experiences of war.
*[http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 The Ground Truth Project] – A series of exclusive, in-depth interviews with Iraqis, aid workers, military personnel and others who have spent significant time on-the-ground in Iraq.
*[http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=166 What Iraqis Think] – A compilation of the latest polls and blogs coming out of Iraq.
;Casualties
(additional links not found in Casualties links section)
*"[http://www.jhsph.edu/PublicHealthNews/Press_Releases/PR_2004/Burnham_Iraq.html/]; Iraqi Civilian Deaths Increase Dramatically After Invasion" Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 28 October 2004.
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/19/AR2006101900295.html "One-Day Toll in Iraq Combat Is Highest for U.S. in Months"], Washington Post, 19 October 2006.
*[http://www.thememoryhole.org/war/wounded/index2.htm U.S. Military Personnel Wounded in Iraq &amp; Afghanistan: A Running Log].

; Combat operations related
*"''[http://www.psywar.org/apdsearchform.php?Search=Search&amp;war=Iraqi%20Freedom Aerial Propaganda Leaflet Database]''". Psywar.org, 6 November 2005. (''ed''. Iraq War PSYOP leaflets and posters)

;News
*[http://www.electronicIraq.net Electronic Iraq]: Daily news and analysis from Iraq with a special focus on the Iraqi experience of war.
*[http://www.Iraq-war.ru/ News from Iraq]: Aggregated news on the war, including politics and economics.

{{2006 Iraq Operations}}
{{Iraq War}}

{{Wikipedia|List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Coalition Military Operations Of The Iraq War}}
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War|Military operations of the Iraq War]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States|Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War involving Iraq|Military operations of the Iraq War involving Iraq]]
[[Category:Lists of battles|Iraq War coalition military operations]]
[[Category:Occupation of Iraq|Coalition military operations]]
[[Category:Iraq War-related lists|Operat]]
[[Category:2006]]
[[Category:2006 in Iraq]]</text>
      <sha1>1ylhonj25h9d0k0oaf8bgxlnjj6hwu0</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War in 2007</title>
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      <text bytes="44766" sha1="hn5w0ii1l1wo496htuqwqgo1jhyrrdl" xml:space="preserve">This is a list of known '''[[Coalition of the willing|Coalition]] military operations of the [[Iraq War]]''' that occurred in 2007.

[[File:Operation Arrowhead Ripper.jpg|thumb|right|Soldiers have a short meeting at an airfield in Baqubah before an air assault into an outlying village of the city, 18 June 2007]]

2007 saw a rise in humanitarian and peacekeeping operations as well as a large "surge" in US forces designed to help stabilize the region.

On 10 January 2007, President Bush announced changes in the administration's political and military strategy in the Iraq War during a television speech broadcast. The speech and underlying strategy had been crafted under the working title "The New Way Forward." In the address Bush stated “America will change our strategy to help the Iraqis carry out their campaign to put down sectarian violence and bring security to the people of Baghdad. This will require increasing American force levels. So I've committed more than 20,000 additional American troops to Iraq. The vast majority of them—five brigades—will be deployed to Baghdad."

As part of this new strategy, 2007 saw several major military operations aimed at eliminating insurgent activities, increase support services such as medical facilities and utilities and the training of Iraqi citizens as police or military personnel.

The largest of these new operations were Operations Law and Order, Phantom Thunder and Phantom Strike.

==2007 military operations==
{{Main|Iraq War troop surge of 2007|2007 in Iraq}}

{{clear}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Battle/Operation name
! From date
! To date
! Location
! class="unsortable"|Purpose and result
|-
|[[Operation Arrowhead Strike VI]]
|{{dts|2007}}&amp;nbsp;
|{{dts|2007}}
|Baghdad
|Part of the continuing security plan for Baghdad
|-
|[[Operation Green Angel]]
|{{dts|2007}}
|{{dts|2007}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Three Swords]]
|{{dts|2007}}
|{{dts|2007}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Michigan]]
|{{dts|2007}}
|{{dts|2007}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation White Rockets]]
|{{dts|2007}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|03|06}}
|near Bin Muhammad south of Baghdad
|Found two ammunition caches and detaining two suspects
|-
|[[Operation Locust]]
|{{dts|2007|01}}
|{{dts|2007|01}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Three Kings]]
|{{dts|2007|01}}
|{{dts|2007|01}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Arrowhead Strike III]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|03}}&amp;nbsp;
|
|Baghdad
|Captured 13 suspected insurgents and recovered several weapons in the northwestern area of the city
|-
|[[Operation Turki Bowl]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|13}}
|south of Balad Ruz in the Turki Village, Tuwilla and 30 Tamuz areas of the province
|U.S. and Iraqi forces killed 100 terrorists, detained 50, and dismantled a large terrorist group
|-
|[[Battle of Haifa Street]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|09}}
|Baghdad, Haifa Street
|Was a battle fought over three days for the control of Haifa Street, a two-mile (3&amp;nbsp;km)-long street in downtown Baghdad, between American and Iraqi Army forces and various insurgent forces
|-
|[[Operation Turki Bowl II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|08}}
|Balaruz
|
|-
|[[Operation Machete Harvest]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|11}}
|Yusufiyah
|To deny anti-Iraq forces a safe haven in the area
|-
|[[Operation Koa Canyon (Wadi Aljundi)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|01|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2006|01|27}}
|along the Euphrates River
|An effort to disrupt insurgent activity and to root out their weapons stores along the Euphrates River
|-
|[[Operation Howard]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|16}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|16}}
|Risalah
|Iraqi army forces elements detained 19 men during operations to capture an illegal armed group leader allegedly responsible for coordinating violent attacks against Iraqi civilians and coalition forces
|-
|[[Operation Arbead II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|18}}
|Fallujah
|To detain members of a murder and intimidation cell
|-
|[[Operation Northern Venture]]
|200702
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|21}}
|Al Anbar Province
|Marines from 2nd Battalion, 8th Marine Regiment, Regimental Combat Team 5, uncovered 14 large caches
|-
|[[Operation Warm-Up]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|22}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|22}}
|Kawla and Darar
|Distributed cloths, food, first aid kits and school supplies to children in Iraq
|-
|[[Operation Black Eagle II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|23}}
|Mahmudiyah
|Soldiers detained three suspected terrorists for suspicious activity.  Weapons found during the operation included two [[AK-47]] bandoleers and two [[Katyusha rocket]] casings
|-
|[[Operation Eagle Claw XI]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|23}}
|Mrbat Garhat Village near Kirkuk
|
|-
|[[Operation Tomahawk Strike 11]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|24}}
|Baghdad
|A series of targeted raids to disrupt illegal militia activity and help restore Iraqi security force control in the area
|-
|[[Battle of Najaf (2007)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|29}}
|Zarqa, Najaf Governorate
|Was a battle that was fought between U.S. and Iraqi forces, and the Islamist Mahdi Army of Muqtada al-Sadr
|-
|[[Operation New Day]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|01|29}}
|the Al Warar District of Ar Ramadi
|The joint force searched more than 50 homes in the area while detaining two suspected insurgents.
|-
|[[Operation SINBAD]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|02|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|02|06}}
|Hay A'Tanumah, a number of locations on the eastern bank of the Shatt Al'Arab opposite the main town of Basra
|Six people were detained during the operation and later released. A quantity of munitions were discovered and later disposed of by explosive experts
|-
|[[Operation Law and Order|Law and Order(Fardh Al-Qanoon)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|02|14}}
|
|Baghdad|An operation to secure the population of Baghdad by targeting al Qaeda, Sunni insurgent, and Shi'a extremist elements.|
|-
|[[Operation Wolverine Alesia]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|02|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|02|03}}
|Yusufiyah
|Discovered a weapons cache with a total of 1,129 mortar rounds uncovered
|-
|[[Operation Brown Hawk]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|02|25}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|02|25}}
|Tahrir
|To eliminate Tahrir as an operating base for improvised explosive device building cells and key leaders of the [[Al-Qaeda]] forces in Iraq.
|-
|[[Operation Saber Boss]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|02|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|02|26}}
|Muqdadiya
|Seized four weapons caches, killed approximately 10 insurgents and detained five suspected terrorists
|-
|[[Operation Ranger Dominance]]
|{{dts|2007|03}}
|{{dts|2007|03}}
|Baghdad
|The first step in their portion of the Baghdad Security Plan
|-
|[[Operation Agave L]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|03|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|03|04}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Tomahawk Strike 12]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|03|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|03|04}}
|Baghdad's Sadr City
|A combined clearance of Sadr City to set secure conditions and identify and destroy militant threats and safe houses in the area in preparation of the establishment of a District Joint Security Station.
|-
|[[Operation Phoenix]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|03|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|03|05}}
|Basrah City
|A short-notice, reactive strike operation launched on a building west of the Al Jameat district of the city as a direct result of information gained after an attack made on a Multi National Forces base
|-
|[[Operation Dragon Surge]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|03|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|03|17}}
|Baghdad
|To establish a presence within the city to
deter the sectarian violence against the Iraqi population from insurgents and establish a footprint of Coalition Forces
|-
|[[Operation Arrowhead Strike 9]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|03|20}}
|{{dts|2007|04}}
|Baghdad, west-central Mansour security district
|Succeeded in preventing 3,200 roadside bombs, jailing 42 terrorists, and seizing enough weapons and explosives to outfit an enemy infantry battalion
|-
|[[Operation Enduring Education]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|03|25}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|01}}
|throughout Iraq
|To fill the shelves of schools with necessary tools to build the foundation of a solid education
|-
|[[Operation Regular Justice]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|05}}
|Diyala Province
|
|-
|[[Operation Valiant Guardian|Operation Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|20}}
|outside of the major cities of the Euphrates River valley in western al Anbar province
|Eight weeks of interdicting and disrupting enemy routes and safe havens
|-
|[[Operation Black Eagle]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|06}}
|Diwaniya
|U.S. troops battled gunmen loyal to anti-American cleric [[Muqtada al-Sadr]] in the town of Diwaniya for control of the city
|-
|[[Operation Black Eagle City]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|11}}
|{{dts|2007|04}}
|Diwaniya
|Was a follow-on operation to Operation Black Eagle designed to rebuild the city and provide humanitarian aid to the people most affected by the recent militia violence
|-
|[[Operation Dixon]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|12}}
|Baghdad, eastern portion
|Was aimed at disrupting car bomb networks operating in the area and gaining additional information and intelligence on those networks.
|-
|[[Operation Yukon River]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|12}}
|Adwaniyah
|A joint effort that established security in the southeastern portion of Baghdad
|-
|[[Operation Eagle Lightning]]&lt;ref name="Eagle Lightning"&gt;{{cite web|title=Iraqi, Coalition Forces Kill, Detain Terrorists|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=32860|publisher=American Forces Press Service|accessdate=April 18, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|16}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|16}}
|Baghdad, just south in the Shaka area
|Detained 33 suspected terrorists, discovered 6 weapons caches and 5 bombs
|-
|[[Operation School Supplies]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|18}}
|throughout Iraq
|Is a program where school supplies are donated to local Iraqi students who wouldn't otherwise have what's needed for a good education
|-
|[[Operation Commando Dive]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|21}}
|Baghdad, just south of, in the Shubayshen area
|Led to the detentions of almost 50 individuals and a number of cache finds
|-
|[[Operation Eagle Dive I]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|21}}
|Baghdad, just south in the Shubayshen area
|The effort netted 33 detainees, most suspected of building and planting bombs
|-
|[[Operation Polar Dive]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|21}}
|the Shubayshen area, just south of Baghdad
|Detained three suspected terrorists and found a cache of bomb-making materials including wire, [[black powder]], explosives manuals in English and Arabic, and chemistry textbooks
|-
|[[Operation Trident IV]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|21}}
|the Shubayshen area, just south of Baghdad
|Detained six terror suspects and found a small weapons cache containing small arms and ammunition as well as 300 pounds of homemade explosive material and ball bearings for use in bombs
|-
|[[Operation Chalons]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|23}}
|
|The cordon and search mission was conducted in an effort to secure a suspected Anti-Iraqi Forces weapons cache located in 3rd HBCT’s operating area
|-
|[[Battle of Bismarck]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|24}}
|Contact between Australian forces from [[Overwatch Battle Group (West)]] (OBGW-2) and insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Eagle Dive II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|26}}
|Lutifiyah
|An operation intended to deny planned attacks on Patrol Base Lutifiyah.
|-
|[[Operation Forsythe Park]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|04|28}}
|Ramadi
|Found numerous weapons and weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation Polar Scrum]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|01}}
|Yusufiyah
|Resulted in 85 terror suspects detained and an [[improvised explosive device]] found during the all-day mission
|-
|[[Operation Rat Trap]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|01}}
|Adhamiya
|Among those killed during the operation was [[Muharib Abdul Latif]], the [[Senior Minister of Information]] of [[al-Qaeda-in-Iraq]]
|-
|[[Operation Eagle Thunder III]]&lt;ref name="Eagle Thunder III"&gt;{{cite web|title=Coalition Forces in Iraq Kill Four Terrorists, Capture 67
|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=32631|publisher=American Forces Press Service|accessdate=March 29, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|02}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|03}}
|Mahmudiyah
|Soldiers found a weapons cache in the reed lines that consisted of homemade grenades
|-
|[[Operation Dragon Fire]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|06}}
|Baghdad, the East Rashid security district
|To rid the Rashid District of terrorists and criminals and to protect the population
|-
|[[Operation Beach Yellow]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|14}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|14}}
|Dura-iya
|Patrolled in search of terrorists and [[terrorist activity]]
|-
|[[Operation Southern Scimitar]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|19}}
|{{dts|2007}}
|Rutbah
|To sweep and clear their area of insurgent activity
|-
|[[Operation Valdez]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|19}}
|Uybeaydat, south of Baghdad
|A mission to search for illegal weapons, explosives and high value targets in the southern town
|-
|[[Operation Dragon Fire East]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|26}}
|{{dts|2007|05}}
|Baghdad, the East Rashid security district
|Detained 3 suspected insurgents and found 2 weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation Red Eagle]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|26}}
|Adhamiyah District
|To disrupt insurgent activity in the Suleikh neighborhood
|-
|[[Operation Safe Neighborhood]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|28}}
|
|To make neighborhoods, markets, areas of congestion safer for the Iraqis
|-
|[[Operation Vipers Bite]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|30}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|05|30}}
|the Al Izza district of Al Kut
|Resulted in the detainment of 13 people suspected of insurgent activities
|-
|[[Operation Alljah]]
|{{dts|2007|06}}
|{{dts|2007|06}}
|Fallujah
|Was designed to turn Fallujah over to local Iraqi law enforcement by dividing the city up into manageable sections
|-
|[[Operation Safety and Security (Fahrad Al Amin)]]
|{{dts|2007|06}}
|{{dts|2007|06}}
|
|To make sure al Qaeda and the insurgents have no safe sanctuary where they can rest, refit, stage, and plan for attacks
|-
|[[Operation Northern Forge]]
|{{dts|2007|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|07}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Northern Fury]]
|{{dts|2007|06}}
|{{dts|2007|06}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Cave Dweller]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|01}}
|Ongoing
|western Euphrates River valley
|Security and Reconnaissance: US Marines searched and mapped all caves they found
|-
|[[Operation Eagle Sweep]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|01}}
|Lutifiyah, northeast of, near the Karkh Oil Facility
|The searches resulted in four military-aged males being questioned, one of whom was a wanted insurgent
|-
|[[Operation Falkirk]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|01}}
|
|To locate and detain suspected terrorists in Balad with ties to the kidnapping of two U.S. Soldiers taken captive.  Resulted in a sustained firefight between the insurgents and US and Iraqi Special forces.  Several women and children who had been hostage for more than a month were also freed.
|-
|[[Operation Hermes]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|03}}
|Radwaniyah
|One of the homes had an SA-7 shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile system, and two men were detained and taken for questioning about the weapon.
|-
|[[Operation Polar Charade]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|03}}
|southwest of Rushdi Mullah
|Search for 2 missing Soldiers who were abducted 12 May in Quarghulli Village
|-
|[[Operation Brutus]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|04}}
|Iskandariyhya
|Was an air assault mission focused on capturing or denying enemy sanctuary in the area
|-
|[[Operation Tiger Hammer]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|07}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|07}}
|Baghdad, the Adhamiyah District 
|The four-hour operation netted nine detainees and 38 illegal weapons
|-
|[[Operation Northwestern Shoulder]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|12}}
|Sagrah, Hosfa and Zawiyah
|Counterinsurgency and Humanitarian: Detained 10 Iraqis, searched for weapons and insurgent activity and performed several humanitarian projects
|-
|[[Operation Eagle Talon]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|13}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|13}}
|Rusafa
|Recovered three AK-47 magazines, one shotgun and one chemical protective mask
|-
|[[Operation Phantom Thunder]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|16}}
|
|Throughout Iraq
|An operation designed to defeat extremists in Iraq
|-
|[[Operation Marne Torch]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|16}}
|
|Baghdad
|Focused on the security belts surrounding Baghdad
|-
|[[Operation Nijmegen]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|16}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|16}}
|Baghdad
|Netted a cell leader with ties to persons of interest in the area southwest of the city.
|-
|[[Operation Ardennes]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|17}}
|Muwayllihah
|Yielded two suspected insurgents wanted for their potential involvement in targeting Iraqi and Coalition Forces with bombs and for their involvement in sectarian violence
|-
|[[Operation Chosin]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|17}}
|Dura'iya
|To disrupt key insurgent networks from freedom of maneuver in the battalion's area of operation.
|-
|[[Operation Destroyer Strike]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|17}}
|Tuwaitha, near
|Coalition forces seized multiple weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation Chicken Coup]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|17}}
|Route Bismarck, Iraq
|
|-
|[[Operation Castine]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|18}}
|Adhamiyah
|Resulted in the capture of three suspects caught with materials used in the manufacture of car bombs
|-
|[[Operation Arrowhead Ripper]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|19}}
|Baqouba and its surrounding areas
|A large-scale effort to eliminate al-Qaeda in Iraq terrorists
|-
|[[Operation Commando Eagle]]&lt;ref name='Operation Commando Eagle'&gt;{{cite web|title=Operation Commando Eagle|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=46495|publisher=Defense News Agency|accessdate=21 June 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|21}}
|
|Baghdad, southwest of
|Targeted a series of houses which local citizens indicated were being used by [[al-Qaeda]] cells to intimidate them and launch attacks against Iraqi and Coalition Forces
|-
|[[Operation Chicken Coup II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|12}}
|Route Bismark, Iraq
|
|-
|[[Operation Sledgehammer (2007)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|22}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|22}}
|Jabella
|
|-
|[[Operation Peregrine II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|23}}
|Mahmudiyah, a village outside
| Captured five members of an insurgent cell in north Babil
|-
|[[Operation Crazyhorse Thunder]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|23}}
|Baghdad
|Seven suspects were detained for allegedly planting bombs along Route Tampa, the highway leading into Baghdad
|-
|[[Operation Blore Heath II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|24}}
|Al Dura’iya
|Cleared insurgent caches south of Salman Pak and southeast of Baghdad
|-
|[[Operation Bull Run]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|24}}
|Al Dura’iya
|Part of Operation Marne Torch, the latest Coalition Force initiative to eliminate insurgent sanctuaries southeast of Baghdad
|-
|[[Operation Cobra Strike (2007)]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|25}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|28}}
|Tibaj
|To establish a permanent combat outpost along with check points
|-
|[[Operation Council Grove II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|25}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|25}}
|Baghdad
|Detained six insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Golden Eagle II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|27}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|27}}
|Lutifiyah and Baghdad
|Was an early morning ground assault to prevent insurgents from creating a base of operations north of Lutifiyah
|-
|[[Operation Eagle Venture IV]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|30}}
|between Mahmudiyah and Yusifiyah
|detained nine suspected insurgents while constructing a battle position
|-
|[[Battle of Donkey Island]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|30}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|30}}
|outside Ramadi
|Routine reconnaissance detects impending assault on Ramadi by 40 – 70 insurgents. US forces annihilate the insurgent force
|-
|[[Operation Eagles]]
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Guardian Torch]]
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|Arab Jabour
|Was designed to clear the area of al Qaeda and other insurgent forces
|-
|[[Operation Geronimo Strike II]]
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Justice Reach]]
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Nijemgen II]]
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Patriot Strike]]
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Dragon Hammer]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|01}}
|Baghdad, Rashid District
|Baghdad troops detained more than 100 suspected insurgents and seized more than 200 weapons caches.
|-
|[[Operation Geronimo Strike]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|03}}
|Kalsu's Fish Farms area
|Conducted to prevent insurgency operations and attacks
|-
|[[Operation Four Brothers]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|06}}
|Arab Jabour
|Found money, weapons and detained numerous people for questioning
|-
|[[Operation Stampede 3]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|06}}, on or about 
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|06}}, on or about
|
|Found several weapons caches including more than 80 mortar rounds, 10 rockets, 15 pounds of plastic explosives, several artillery rounds, fuses, blasting caps and other components to be used to make bombs
|-
|[[Operation Grenada]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|07}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|07}}
|Babel, Northern portion
|Captured the ringleader of a cell responsible for conducting rocket and improvised explosive device attacks on the people and security forces of North Babil
|-
|[[Operation Safe Teach]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|07}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|07}}
|Jisr Diyala
|Security Operation: Task Force Marne Soldiers teamed with Iraqi Security Forces to provide security for Iraqi school children
|-
|[[Operation China Shop]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|06|30}}
|North of Karmah
|Conducted in order to clear insurgents and weapons caches north of Karmah and Fallujah in areas that were previously unoccupied by Coalition Forces.
|-
|[[Operation China Shop II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|08}}
|North of Karmah
|
|-
|[[Operation Eastern Fury]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|13}}
|Fallujah
|
|-
|[[Operation Geronimo Strike III]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|13}}
|Iskandariyah, northwest of
|Conducted in order to capture members of an Al Qaeda cell wanted in connection with the kidnapping of three American Soldiers and other attacks against Iraqi and Coalition Forces
|-
|[[Operation Saber Guardian]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|11}}
|Sherween
|Resulted in 20 al-Qaida terrorists killed, 20 detained, and two weapons caches and 12 bombs discovered
|-
|[[Operation Leyte Gulf]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|11}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|11}}
|Mahmudiyah, south of
|A ring leader of a cell and 4 of his lieutenants responsible for conducting improvised explosive device attacks on the people and security forces of North Babil was captured
|-
|[[Operation Eagle Ares]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|12}}
|Lutifiyah, east of
|Iraqi and U.S. Soldiers nabbed 46 men suspected of involvement with al Qaeda affiliated terror networks
|-
|[[Operation Waterfront]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|13}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|13}}
|Al Anbar
|
|-
|[[Operation Polar Tempest]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|14}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|14}}
|al-Owesat and al-Thobat, the villages near
|Resulted in 12 men being detained for questioning on suspicion of terrorist activity.
|-
|[[Operation Bellicose Bastian]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|15}}
|
|Ten suspected insurgents were arrested
|-
|[[Operation Ithaca]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|15}}
|Haimer, Abu Nasim, and Jamil, near the villages of
|Resulted in 29 al-Qaida gunmen killed, 23 detained, eight hostages released, two weapons caches discovered and a safe house destroyed
|-
|[[Operation Mawtini]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|15}}
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|Al Anbar province, western portion
|To neutralize any future attempts by insurgent Forces to re-establish a presence in key urban areas along the Euphrates River valley
|-
|[[Operation Punisher III]]
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|Al Anbar province
|Aimed at countering an insurgent surge of activity in the area, as well as disrupting the flow of weapons and other illegal items toward the urban areas. Was part of Operation Mawtini.
|-
|[[Operation Purple Haze]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|15}}
|Baghdad, Jamiya’a neighborhood
|Discovered two caches totaling approximately 700&amp;nbsp;lb of homemade explosives
|-
|[[Operation Marne Avalanche]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|16}}
|
|Baghdad
|An offensive operation aimed at stopping southern Baghdad from being used as a safe haven and preventing the movement of weapons, munitions and insurgents into Baghdad
|-
|[[Operation Ameliyet]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|17}}
|Baghdad
|No weapons were found, but Soldiers and police officers learned there had been holes dug where weapons may have been stored previously
|-
|[[Operation Iraqi Home Protector]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|22}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|22}}
|Riyadh
|Peacekeeping:
|-
|[[Operation Olympus]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|22}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|22}}
|Anbakia
|Opened routes and cleared insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Iraqi Heart]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|23}}
|Amman, Jordan
|Humanitarian Operation: An Iraqi child received an operation in Amman, Jordan, to correct a heart defect known as Tetralogy of Fallot
|-
|[[Operation Rogue Thunder]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|24}}
|Baghdad
|Outpost Established, Cache Discovered
|-
|[[Operation Iron Blitz]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|26}}
|Baghdad, Northwest of
|Captured 25 suspected insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Woodshed]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|26}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|26}}
|Samood Village, an area near Turki Village
|Killed 11 terrorists and detained 13 suspected terrorists
|-
|[[Operation Rogue Stomp]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|30}}
|Baghdad, the Jamia Section
|
|-
|[[Operation Pegasus Bridge]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|30}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|05}}
|Al Anbar Province
|Numerous weapons caches, one of which consisted of 11 tons of ammonium nitrate, are among operational highlights. Dozens of enemy munitions, homemade explosives (HME) and rigged-to-blow Bombs were also uncovered and destroyed in place.
|-
|[[Operation Jalil]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|07|31}}
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|Samarra
|More than 80 suspected terrorists have been detained
|-
|[[Operation New Blue]]
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|{{dts|2007|07}}
|throughout Iraq
|Put residents in police stations to guard their own communities
|-
|[[Operation Wickersham II]]
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Wickersham]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|02}}
|Baqouba, south of
|Was to clear an area used by al-Qaeda in Iraq to launch mortars into Baqouba. Named after the lead intelligence analyst for the Iraq Survey Group's Combined Media Processing Center, Adam Wickersham-US Army, who was injured in 2004 near Baqouba from a bomb.
|-
|[[Operation Winston-Salem]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|01}}
|Baghdad, the Al Amin Section
|Captured four suspected insurgents and recovered materials for making bombs
|-
|[[Operation Firecracker]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|07}}
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|the western Yarmouk neighborhood, Baghdad
|The operation was launched to seek out a suspected bomb-cell in the area.
|-
|[[Operation Hoplite]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|04}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|07}}
|Had Maksar
|During the operation, two bombs were discovered in homes and destroyed; two weapons caches were discovered; four roadside bombs were discovered and reduced; and one al-Qaida vehicle was destroyed.
|-
|[[Operation William Wallace]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|08}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|08}}
|Abu Tina
|To destroy al-Qaeda elements in the Abu Tina area
|-
|[[Operation Banzeen]]
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|Baghdad
|An effort to stop anyone affiliated with illegal militias from taking gasoline and then selling it on the black market.
|-
|[[Operation Lightning Hammer]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|13}}
|
|Diyala River Valley
|A large-scale offensive to defeat al-Qaeda and other terrorist cells seeking safe haven. Was part of Operation Phantom Strike.
|-
|[[Operation Phantom Strike]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|13}}
|
|throughout Iraq
|To eliminate remaining elements of AQI and other extremist groups, preventing them from causing further terrorism and inciting sectarian violence. Additionally, it will intensify pressure on extremist networks across the entire theater.
|-
|[[Operation Police Victory]]
|2007
|2007
|
|Objective:to force Al-Qaeda out of the town hit.The operation was completed by Master sergant Martin Moore and the 5th Special Forces group.
|-
|[[Operation Pericles]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|15}}
|Diyala River province
|The object of the operations was to sweep insurgents from the villages and palm groves of the province.
|-
|[[Operation Snake River]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|15}}
|Hawr Rajab region
|
|-
|[[Operation Marne Husky]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|16}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|16}}
|Baghdad
|An aviation-based combat offensive targeting Sunni and Shiia military safe havens and weapons smugglers in the southern belts of Baghdad. The 3,900 U.S. troops in the area are focusing on choking the flow of Iranian-supplied bombs and weapons reaching the capital city.
|-
|[[Operation Chesterfield]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|16}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|16}}
|New Baghdad District
|Captured one suspected insurgent and recovered a weapons cache including recovering two AK-47s, two pistols and 900,000 Iraqi dinar.
|-
|[[Operation Little Man Brief]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|17}}
|Baghdad
|
|-
|[[Operation Dragon Fox]]
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|Baghdad
|Found several Weapons caches
|-
|[[Operation Crimson Shogun]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|20}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|20}}
|the Owesat and Fetoah areas, along the Euphrates River
|Thirteen men were detained for further questioning, one of whom was on the battalion’s list of persons of interest.  His brother was also detained, and was found by the Soldiers of Company A disguised as a pregnant woman in an attempt to avoid capture.
|-
|[[Operation Nijmegen II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|23}}
|Diyarah, north of
|16 suspected members of a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device cell, with suspected links to al-Qaeda, were detained.
|-
|[[Operation Alabama]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|23}}
|near Baghdad
|
|-
|[[Operation Alaska]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|24}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|25}}
|near Baghdad
|
|-
|[[Operation Falcon Fury II]]
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|Baghdad
|Was an air assault mission conducted in support of Operation Marne Husky
|-
|[[Battle of Karbala (2007)|Battle of Karbala]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|27}}
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|Karbala
|Battle:
|-
|[[Operation Combined Justice]]
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|{{dts|2007|08}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Powerline]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|25}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|25}}
|throughout Iraq
|An operation to survey Iraq for downed power lines and watching for anyone violating the stand-off distance laws.
|-
|[[Operation Church]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|27}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|27}}
|Gobia
|Netted several detainees, three caches containing 150&amp;nbsp;lb of home-made explosives, two 130&amp;nbsp;mm rounds, a ZU-23 with 2,000 rounds, a rocket-propelled grenade with eight rounds, a PKC, and seven AK-47s.
|-
|[[Operation Gecko]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|28}}
|Jurf as Sakhr
|Tips from concerned citizens led Iraqi Coalition Forces to identify and destroy an enemy safehouse and discover a weapons cache.
|-
|[[Operation Street Sweeper II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|28}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|08|30}}
|Habbaniyah, outside of
|To rid the area of insurgents and their deadly tools.
|-
|[[Operation Eagle Chickmauga]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|01}}
|Mahmudiyah
|16 suspected insurgents were detained.
|-
|[[Operation Hit and Run]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|01}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|01}}
|near Hawr Rajab
|Detained eight suspected al-Qaeda members and confiscated four AK-47 assault rifles
|-
|[[Operation Comanche Swarm III]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|02}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|02}}
|Baghdad, East of
|Detained three people and seized a large cache of weapons
|-
|[[Operation Gator Inn]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|02}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|02}}
|near Patrol Base Murray
|Discovered a weapons cache containing three AK-47 assault rifles, 14 mortar primers, six magazine carriers and 24 magazines.
|-
|[[Operation K]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|02}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|02}}
|Baghdad, East of
|
|-
|[[Operation Black Shark]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|03}}
|Baghdad
|The operation, carried out by Soldiers of Company D, 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry Regiment, was part of the continuous effort to sweep out insurgent strongholds. Soldiers also recovered two AK-47 assault rifles, one magazine and 707,000 Iraqi dinar, equal to about $600.
|-
|[[Operation Lightning Hammer II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|05}}
|throughout Iraq
|Search for alqaeda members throughout Iraq.
|-
|[[Operation Tuwaitha Sunrise]]
|{{dts|2007|09}}
|{{dts|2007|09}}
|Tuwaitha, southeast of Baghdad
|To rid a major road of Bombs
|-
|[[Operation Wickersham III]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|05}}
|Diyala province
|The operation, designed to remove al-Qaeda influence south of Buhriz, resulted in the discovery of three weapons caches and five bombs. Four detainees were located in the vicinity of a cache and were transferred to a facility for further questioning.
|-
|[[Operation Justice League]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|06}}
|Khan Bani Sa'ad
|To drive Al-Qaeda out of the area.
|-
|[[Operation Rock Hammer]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|07}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|07}}
|Baqouba, South of
|Was conducted in farmland and palm groves on the Diyala River, resulted in the discovery of 11 al Qaeda in Iraq weapons caches.
|-
|[[Operation Falcon Fury]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|10}}
|Baghdad, south of
|Was an air assault mission that yielded three suspected militants who were detained after they were discovered with explosives.
|-
|[[Operation Tacoma III]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|10}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|10}}
|New Baghdad
|The operation, carried out by Soldiers of Company C, 2nd Battalion, 16th Infantry Regiment, resulted in the recovery of two explosively formed penetrators, eight hand grenades, one rocket, 218 rounds of ammunition, three mortars and three rolls of wire.
|-
|[[Operation Greywolf Hammer II]]
|{{dts|2007}}
|{{dts|2007}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Gun Barrel City]]
|{{dts|2007}}
|{{dts|2007}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation California]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|12}}
|Near Mahmudiyah
|
|-
|[[Operation Viking Clampdown III]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|15}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Arizona]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|15}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Dragon Talon II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|17}}
|Baghdad
|Captured 2 individuals suspected of anti-Coalition activities and the confiscation of several weapons caches.
|-
|[[Operation Marne Torch II]]
|{{dts|2007|09}}
|{{dts|2007|09}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Bethel]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|19}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|19}}
|Hawr Rajab
|Detained insurgent suspects and destroyed weapons
|-
|[[Operation Lions Paw]]
|{{dts|2007|09}}
|{{dts|2007|09}}
|throughout Iraq
|The release of 50 to 75 Iraqi detainies each day during Ramadan
|-
|[[Operation Viking Snatch]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|20}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|20}}
|Sheik Hammad Village, near
|A weapons smuggler was detained and a cache of weapons was discovered containing two AK-47s, four magazines and two pistols with two magazines
|-
|[[Operation Gecko III A]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|21}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|21}}
|Jurf As Sukhr
|A weapons cache was also discovered during the operation which contained two hand grenades, one 105mm artillery round, one 81mm mortar round, one PKC machine gun, one Dragunov sniper rifle, one DISHKA heavy machine gun, three AK-47 assault rifles, two ammunition vests and other paraphernalia. The cache was destroyed on the scene.
|-
|[[Operation Bear]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|29}}
|Baqouba
|An operation designed to look for weapons caches and insurgents.
|-
|[[Operation Gold Digger]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|29}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|29}}
|Sheik Jamil
|Searched for weapons caches.
|-
|[[Operation Anchorage]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|30}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|09|30}}
|east of FOB Falcon
|Discovered weapons and detained several suspected insurgents
|-
|[[Operation Hawaii II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|03}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|04}}
|Near Mahmudiyah
|searching weapons caches. 
|-
|[[Operation Rock Drill]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|05}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|05}}
|Muradiyah
|Discovered a large weapons cache in the village cemetery and detained two men.
|-
|[[Operation Eagle Shiloh III]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|06}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|06}}
|Said Abdulla Corridor, west of Mahmudiyah
|Detained 17 suspected insurgents.
|-
|[[Operation Elfin Cove]]
|{{dts|2007|10}}
|{{dts|2007|10}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Belleau Wood]]
|{{dts|2007|10}}
|{{dts|2007|10}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Bell Hurriyah (Enjoy Freedom)]]
|{{dts|2007|10}}
|{{dts|2007|10}}
|
|
|-
|[[Operation Gecko IIIB]]
|{{dts|2007|10}}
|{{dts|2007|10}}
|throughout Iraq
|Search for weapons caches and suspected insurgents.
|-
|[[Operation Bone Breaker]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|15}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|15}}
|southeast Baqouba
|Captured one large weapons cache containing assorted weapons and ammunition, as well as two smaller caches containing home-made explosives.
|-
|[[Operation Ohio II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|17}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|17}}
|Near Mahmudiyah
|searching weapons caches. Some 60mm and 120mm Mortar rounds were found and destroyed by bomb teams.
|-
|[[Operation Kentucky]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|20}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|20}}
|Near Mahmudiyah
|searching weapons caches. 
|-
|[[Operation Hawaii III]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|23}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|24}}
|Near Mahmudiyah
|searching weapons caches. 
|-
|[[Operation Montana II]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|11|12}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|11|13}}
|Near Mahmudiyah
|searching weapons caches with Iraqi Forces.
|-
|[[Operation Iron Reaper]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|11|27}}
|{{dts|2007|12}}
|Northern Iraq
|To pursue al-Qaeda in Iraq and extremist elements from the region.&lt;ref name=AFPS48612&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=48612|title=Coalition Forces Detain 6 in Northern Iraq|publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=Jan. 9, 2008|accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AFPS48315&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=48315|title=Coalition, Iraqi Forces Make Gains Against al Qaeda|publisher=Armed Forces Press Service|date=Dec. 4, 2007|author= Sgt. Sara Moore|accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Operation Thunder Reaper]]
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|12|18}}
|{{dts|format=dmy|2007|12|18}}
|Mosul
|Cleared and repaired 5 kilometers of road around Mosul.&lt;ref name=AFPS4513&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gov/HomePagePhotos/LeadPhotoImage.aspx?id=4513|title=Operation Thunder Reaper|publisher=Defense News Service|date=Dec. 18, 2007|accessdate=2014-11-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==See also==
*[[List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War]]
*[[2007 in Iraq]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
*[http://www.mnf-Iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=11589&amp;Itemid=128|Multi National Force Iraq Website]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/Iraq_ongoing_mil_ops.htm Global security]
*[http://www.mnci.centcom.mil|Multi National Corps-Iraq]
*[http://www.defendamerica.mil/ Defense America]
*[http://www.1id.army.mil/1ID/news/Display.asp?search=operation&amp;mode=allwords|US Army 1st Division website]
*[http://www.dvidshub.net/ DVIDS Website]
*[http://www.army.mil/news/newsreleases|United States Army Website]

==External articles==
&lt;div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"&gt;

;Maps of Iraq
*[http://www.gulfwarrior.org/Iraq/Iraq_maps.htm High resolution maps of Iraq.]

;Iraqi sources
*[http://electronicIraq.net/news/Iraqdiaries.shtml Iraq Diaries] – Iraqis writing about their experiences of war.
*[http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=2218 The Ground Truth Project] – A series of exclusive, in-depth interviews with Iraqis, aid workers, military personnel and others who have spent significant time on-the-ground in Iraq.
*[http://www.epic-usa.org/Default.aspx?tabid=166 What Iraqis Think] – A compilation of the latest polls and blogs coming out of Iraq.
;Casualties
(additional links not found in Casualties links section)
*"[http://www.jhsph.edu/PublicHealthNews/Press_Releases/PR_2004/Burnham_Iraq.html/]; Iraqi Civilian Deaths Increase Dramatically After Invasion" Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 28 October 2004.
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/19/AR2006101900295.html "One-Day Toll in Iraq Combat Is Highest for U.S. in Months"], Washington Post, 19 October 2006.
*[http://www.thememoryhole.org/war/wounded/index2.htm U.S. Military Personnel Wounded in Iraq &amp; Afghanistan: A Running Log].

; Combat operations related
*"''[http://www.psywar.org/apdsearchform.php?Search=Search&amp;war=Iraqi%20Freedom Aerial Propaganda Leaflet Database]''". Psywar.org, 6 November 2005. (''ed''. Iraq War PSYOP leaflets and posters)

;News
*[http://www.electronicIraq.net Electronic Iraq]: Daily news and analysis from Iraq with a special focus on the Iraqi experience of war.
*[http://www.Iraq-war.ru/ News from Iraq]: Aggregated news on the war, including politics and economics.

{{Operations of the Iraq war: 2007}}

{{Iraq War}}

{{Wikipedia|List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Coalition Military Operations Of The Iraq War}}
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War|Military operations of the Iraq War]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States|Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War involving Iraq|Military operations of the Iraq War involving Iraq]]
[[Category:Lists of battles|Iraq War coalition military operations]]
[[Category:Occupation of Iraq|Coalition military operations]]
[[Category:Iraq War-related lists|Operat]]
[[Category:2007]]
[[Category:2007 in Iraq]]</text>
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[[File:Yalta Conference.jpg|frame|left|Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin during the Yalta Conference in 1945.]]
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[[Category:WarWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Margaret of Anjou</title>
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      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Ole Hyvä|Ole Hyvä]] ([[User talk:Ole Hyvä|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Forerunner|Forerunner]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="84" sha1="cj7w4pw4xm3l03b1ge5mrg42534sx4w" xml:space="preserve">{{PAGENAME}} was a commander in the Lancastrian army in the [[Battle of Wakefield]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Military History of Canada during WWI</title>
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      <comment>New page: When World War I broke out in 1914, all Dominions of the British Empire, including Canada, were called upon by Great Britain to fight on her behalf. Canada's sacrifices and contributions t...</comment>
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      <text bytes="831" sha1="at2oym5chliygh0kkusjs4ow8j5a4ib" xml:space="preserve">When World War I broke out in 1914, all Dominions of the British Empire, including Canada, were called upon by Great Britain to fight on her behalf. Canada's sacrifices and contributions to the war changed its history and enabled it to become more independent, while opening a deep rift between the French and English speaking populations. For the first time in its history, Canadian forces fought as a distinct unit under a Canadian-born commander. Battles such as Vimy Ridge, Second Battle of Passchendaele and the Battle of the Somme are still remembered today by Anglophones as part of Canada's founding myth, to both its identity and culture. Canada's total casualties stood at 67, 000 killed and 173, 000 wounded. These figures are disproportionately high considering Canada's total population of 7 million on the eve of WWI.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Military history of Finland during World War II</title>
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      <comment>New page: Finland was invaded by the USSR in 1940.  Although outnumbered a million Soviet troops against 200,000 Finnish troops in just 9 divisions, the Soviets were held back by the Fins, due in pa...</comment>
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      <text bytes="682" sha1="2ehx7civ4c0gsewi3rj1alspve2hg1k" xml:space="preserve">Finland was invaded by the USSR in 1940.  Although outnumbered a million Soviet troops against 200,000 Finnish troops in just 9 divisions, the Soviets were held back by the Fins, due in part to the extensive Finnish railroad system and ski troops, as well as the low quality and preparedness of Soviet forces.  After a few months, however, Finland had to sue for peace in return for losing their provence of Karelia.  The Finns allied with Germany for Operation Barbarossa, collaborating with German divisions in Norway.  However, they refused to push far into the USSR once they retook their lost land.  After the war, Finland was one of the few countries to escape Communist rule.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact</title>
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      <text bytes="1460" sha1="rm89893gr6de76z3r19pfvfbsyhd06f" xml:space="preserve">The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, colloquially named after Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, was an agreement officially titled the Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and signed in Moscow in the early hours of August 24, 1939, but dated August 23. The agreement renounced warfare between the two countries and pledged neutrality by either party if the other were attacked by a third party. Each signatory promised not to join any grouping of powers that was "directly or indirectly aimed at the other party." The Pact is known by a number of different titles. These include the Nazi–Soviet Pact, Hitler–Stalin Pact, German–Soviet Non-aggression Pact and sometimes the Nazi–Soviet Alliance. It remained in effect until June 22, 1941 when Germany executed Operation Barbarossa and invaded the Soviet Union.

In addition to stipulations of non-aggression, the treaty included a secret protocol dividing the independent countries of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania into Nazi and Soviet spheres of influence, anticipating "territorial and political rearrangements" of these countries' territories. All of these states were subsequently invaded, occupied, or forced to cede territory by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, or both. Only Finland was able to resist and remained an independent democracy.

[[Category:World War II]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Moscow Peace Treaty</title>
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      <text bytes="668" sha1="e9tiu09hh6fthjikoi6alhdj5lzruaf" xml:space="preserve">The '''''Moscow Peace Treaty''''' was signed by [[Finland]] and the [[Soviet Union]] on March 12, [[1940]], and the ratifications were exchanged on March 21.  It marked the end of the 105 day [[Winter War]]. The treaty ceded parts of Finland to the Soviet Union.  However, it preserved Finland's independence, ending the Soviet attempt to annex the country.  The treaty was signed by Vyacheslav Molotov, Andrey Zhdanov, Aleksandr Vasilevsky (Soviet Union), Risto Ryti, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Rudolf Walden and Väinö Voionmaa (Finland).

{{Wikipedia|Moscow Peace Treaty}}

[[Category:Winter War]]
[[Category:Finnish peace treaties]]
[[Category:Russian peace treaties]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Napoleonic Wars</title>
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      <text bytes="32366" sha1="c1g19za1s93bjlklk0onlfxyy4ru1pt" xml:space="preserve">{{Featured article}}
[[Image:BattleofTrafalgar1806.jpg|right|thumb|270px|Battle of Trafalgar, 1806]]
The '''Napoleonic Wars''' were a series of [[war]]s fought during [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s rule over France. They were partly an extension of conflicts sparked by the [[French Revolution]], and continued during the regime of the First French Empire. These wars revolutionized European army and artillery, as well as military systems, and were of a scale never before seen, mainly due to the application of modern mass conscription. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe; the fall was also rapid, beginning with the disastrous invasion of Russia, and Napoleon's empire ultimately suffered complete military defeat, resulting in the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France.

There is no consensus as to when the French Revolutionary Wars ended and the Napoleonic Wars began; the latter are sometimes considered to have begun when Bonaparte seized power in France, in November 1799. Other versions put the period of warfare between 1799 and 1802 in the context of the French Revolutionary Wars, and set the Napoleonic Wars' beginning at the outbreak of war between the United Kingdom and France in 1803, following the brief peace concluded at Amiens in 1802. The Napoleonic Wars ended on 20 November 1815, following Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo and the [[Second Treaty of Paris]]. Collectively, the nearly continuous period of warfare from April 20, 1792, until November 20, 1815, is sometimes (though rarely these days) referred to as the '''Great French War'''.

== Effects ==
The Napoleonic Wars brought some great changes upon the face of Europe:

*France was no longer a dominant power in Europe, as it had been since the times of Louis XIV. 
*The United Kingdom emerged as one of the most powerful nations in the world. The Royal Navy held unquestioned naval superiority throughout the world, and the United Kingdom's industrial economy made it the most powerful commercial nation as well. 
*In most European countries, the importation of the ideals of the French Revolution (democracy, due process in courts, abolition of privileges, etc.) had left a mark. Even though Napoleonic rule was authoritarian, it was often less authoritarian and arbitrary than that of previous monarchs (or for that matter the Jacobin and Directory regimes of France during the Revolution). European monarchs found it difficult to reinstate pre-revolutionary absolutism, and were forced to keep some of the reforms induced by the occupation. Institutional legacies have remained: for instance, many European countries have a Civil law legal system, with clearly redacted codes compiling the basic laws. 
*A new and potentially powerful movement had been sprung: nationalism. Nationalism would re-shape the course of European history; it was the force that spelled the beginning of some nations, and the end of others. The map of Europe was to be re-drawn in the next hundred years following Napoleon's wars, not based on fiefs and aristocracy, but on the basis of human culture, origin, and ideology. 
*On the other hand, another concept had been brought about — that of Europe. Napoleon mentioned on several occasions his intention to create a single European state, and, although Napoleon's defeat set the thought of a unified Europe back over one and a half centuries, the European identity was rediscovered following the Second World War.

== Coalition ==
The first attempt to crush the new French republic was made in 1792-1797 by the First Coalition, which consisted of:

*Austria, 
*Piedmont, 
*Kingdom of Naples, 
*Prussia, 
*Spain and 
*the Kingdom of Great Britain. 
It was defeated by the French efforts, which consisted of general conscription (levée en masse), military reform and total war. Napoleon Bonaparte's Italian campaign in 1796 and 1797 successfully knocked Piedmont out of the war. Piedmont had been one of the original members of the Coalition and had been a persistent threat to the French on the Italian front for four years by the time Bonaparte assumed command of the French Army of Italy. It took Bonaparte only a month to defeat Piedmont and push its Austrian allies back.

The Papal forces were defeated by the French at Fort Urban, (forcing Pope Pius VI to sign a provisional peace treaty) and successive Austrian counteroffensives into Italy failed, leading to Bonaparte's entry into Friuli. The war was ended by Bonaparte when the Austrians were forced to accept his terms in the Treaty of Campo Formio. The United Kingdom remained the only power still at war with France by 1797.

The Second Coalition (1798-1801) consisted of Russia, Great Britain, Austria, the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Kingdom of Naples and the Papal States.

The corrupt and divided French government, under the Executive Directory, was in turmoil, and the Republic was almost broken up and very short of funds (indeed in 1799, when Bonaparte assumed power, he found only 60,000 francs in the national treasury).

Russian involvement was also a key change from the War of the First Coalition. Russian forces in Italy were commanded by the notoriously ruthless and militarily successful Alexander Suvorov.

The French Republic was also stripped of Lazare Carnot—the war minister who had guided France to successive victories following massive reform during the first war. Furthermore, Bonaparte was involved in an Egyptian campaign with the objective of threatening British India. Stripped of two of its most important military commanders from the previous conflict, the Republic suffered successive defeats against revitalized enemies, brought back into the war by British financial support.

After an ill-conceived campaign of Egypt by the French Directory, where 40,000 French troops were ultimately worn down by diseases and English and Ottoman attacks, Bonaparte managed to return to France on August 23rd 1799. He seized control of the French government in November 1799 (the coup of 18 Brumaire), toppling the Directory with the aid of ideologue Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès.

The offensive of the Austrian forces on the Rhine and in Italy was a pressing threat to France, but all Russian troops were withdrawn from the front, following Tsarina Catherine II of Russia's death. Napoleon reorganised the French military and created a reserve army positioned to support the efforts either on the Rhine or in Italy. On all fronts, French advances caught Austrians off-guard. At the time, the French army had 300,000 troops fighting the Coalition's forces. In Italy, the situation was reversed by increased Austrian pressure, however, and Napoleon was forced to mobilise the Reserve Army. He clashed with the Austrians at Marengo (June 14, 1800) and would have lost had it not been for General Desaix's timely intervention to turn back the Austrian attacks and defeat them. Desaix died in the battle and Napoleon later commemorated his bravery by building monuments to him and including his name in the list of generals engraved on the face of the Arc de Triomphe. However, on the Rhine the decisive battle came when the French army of 130,000 faced the Austrian army of 120,000 at Hohenlinden (December 3). The Austrians were defeated and temporarily left the conflict after the Treaty of Lunéville (February 1801).

Napoleon's main problem was now the United Kingdom, which remained an important influence on the continental powers in encouraging resistance to France. The United Kingdom had brought the second coalition together through subsidies and Napoleon realised that without British defeat or a treaty with the UK there could not be a complete peace. The British army was small and presented little or no threat to France itself, but the Royal Navy was a continuing threat to French shipping and to the French colonies in the Caribbean. Additionally, British funds were sufficient to unite the Great Powers on the continent against France and, despite numerous defeats, the Austrian army remained a potent danger for Napoleonic France. Napoleon was, however, unable to invade Great Britain directly. In the British Admiral Jervis's famous phrase, "I do not say, my Lords, that the French will not come. I say only they will not come by sea". The French fleet was defeated by Admiral Horatio Nelson in the Battle of the Nile (August 1) at Aboukir (Abu Qir), and a French expedition to Ireland was also quickly contained.

The [[Treaty of Amiens]] (1802) resulted in peace between the UK and France, and marked the final collapse of the Second Coalition. However, the treaty was never likely to endure: neither side was satisfied by it and both sides dishonoured parts of it. The peace was soon clouded by the French intervention in the Swiss civil strife (Stecklikrieg) and occupation of several coastal cities in Italy. Napoleon attempted to exploit the brief peace at sea to restore the colonial rule in the rebellious Antilles. The expedition, though initially successful, would soon turn to a disaster, with the French commander and Bonaparte’s brother-in-law, Charles Leclerc, dying of yellow fever and almost his entire force destroyed by the disease combined with the fierce attacks by the rebels.

The hostilities between Great Britain and France were renewed on May 18, 1803. The conflict changed over its course from a general desire to restore the French monarchy into an almost manichean struggle against Bonaparte.

Bonaparte declared France an empire on May 28, 1804 and crowned himself emperor at Notre-Dame on December 2.

Napoleon planned an invasion of the British Isles, and massed 180,000 troops at Boulogne. However, he needed to achieve naval superiority to mount his invasion, or at least to pull the British fleet away from the English Channel. A complex plan to distract the British by threatening their possessions in the West Indies failed when a Franco-Spanish fleet under Admiral Villeneuve turned back after an inconclusive action off Cape Finisterre. Villeneuve was blockaded in Cádiz until he left for Naples on October 19, but was caught and defeated at the Battle of Trafalgar on October 21 by Lord Nelson. Napoleon had sent nine different plans to Villeneuve and the indecisive French commander hesitated continually. By this time, however, Napoleon had already all but abandoned plans to invade the British Isles, and turned his attention to enemies on the Continent once again. The French army left Boulogne and moved towards Austria.

The series of naval and colonial conflicts, including a large number of minor naval actions, such as the Action of 1805, that characterised the months leading up to Napoleon's decision to abort the invasion of Great Britain were perhaps a clear sign of the new nature of war. Conflicts in the Caribbean, and in particular the seizure of colonial bases and islands throughout the wars, would directly and immediately have an effect upon the European conflict and battles thousands of miles apart could influence each other's outcomes. This could be considered a sign that the Napoleonic conflict had reached the point at which it had become a world war. The only precedent for widespread conflict on such a scale was the Seven Years' War.

In April 1805, the United Kingdom and Russia signed a treaty to remove the French from Holland and Switzerland. Austria joined the alliance after the annexation of Genoa and the proclamation of Napoleon as King of Italy. The Austrians began the war by invading Bavaria with an army of about 70,000 under Karl Mack von Lieberich, and the French army marched out from Boulogne in late July, 1805 to confront them. At Ulm (September 25 - October 20) Napoleon managed to surround Mack's army by a brilliant envelopment, forcing its surrender without significant losses. With the main Austrian army north of the Alps defeated (another army under Archduke Charles maneuvered inconclusively against André Masséna's French army in Italy), Napoleon occupied Vienna. Far from his supply lines, he was faced with a superior Austro-Russian army under the command of Mikhail Kutuzov, with the Emperor Alexander of Russia personally present. On December 2 Napoleon crushed the joint Austro-Russian army at Austerlitz in Moravia (this is usually considered his greatest victory). He inflicted a total of 25,000 casualties on a numerically superior enemy army while sustaining fewer than 7,000 in his own force. After Austerlitz, Austria signed the Treaty of Pressburg, leaving the coalition. This required the Austrians to give up Venetia to the French dominated Kingdom of Italy and Tyrol to Bavaria.

With the withdrawal of Austria from the war, stalemate ensued. Napoleon's army had a record of continuous unbroken victory on land, but the full force of the Russian army had not yet come into play.

The Fourth Coalition (1806-1807) of:

*The United Kingdom 
*Prussia 
*Saxony 
*Russia 
*Sweden 
against France was formed within months of the collapse of the previous coalition. In July 1806 Napoleon formed the Confederation of the Rhine out of the many tiny German states which constituted the Rhineland and most other parts of Germany. Many of the smaller states were amalgamated into larger electorates, duchies and kingdoms to make the governance of non-Prussian Germany a smoother affair. The largest states were Saxony and Bavaria, both of which had their leaders elevated to the status of kings by Napoleon.

In August the Prussian king, Friedrich Wilhelm III made the decision to go to war independently of any other great power, save the distant Russia. The more sensible course of action would have been to declare war the previous year and join Austria and Russia. This might have contained Napoleon and prevented the Allied disaster at Austerlitz. As it was, the Russian army, an ally of Prussia, was far away when the declaration of war was made. In September Napoleon launched all French forces east of the Rhine. The Prussian army was defeated by Napoleon at Jena and by Davout at Auerstädt (October 14, 1806). Some 160,000 (increasing in number as the campaign went on) French went against Prussia and moved with such speed that Napoleon was able to destroy as an effective military force the entire quarter of a million strong Prussian army - which sustained 25,000 casualties, lost a further 150,000 prisoners and 4,000 artillery pieces, and over 100,000 muskets stockpiled in Berlin. In the former battle Napoleon only fought a detachment of the Prussian force. The latter battle involved a single French corps defeating the bulk of the Prussian army. Napoleon entered into Berlin on the 27th and visited the tomb of Frederick the Great, there instructing his marshals to remove their hats, saying, "If he was alive we wouldn't be here today." In total Napoleon had taken only 19 days from beginning his attack on Prussia until knocking it out of the war with the capture of Berlin and the destruction of its principal armies at Jena and Auerstadt. By contrast Prussia had fought for three years in the War of the First Coalition with little achievement.

In Berlin, Napoleon issued a series of decrees which, on November 1, 1806 brought the Continental System into effect, which aimed to eliminate the threat of the United Kingdom by closing French controlled territory to its trade. The United Kingdom's army remained a minimal threat to France; the UK maintained a standing army of just 220,000 at the height of the Napoleonic Wars, whereas France's strength peaked at over 1,500,000 in addition to the armies of numerous allies and several hundred thousand national guards that could be drafted into the military if necessary. The Royal Navy however was instrumental in disrupting France's extra-continental trade - both by seizing and threatening French shipping and by seizing French colonial possessions - but could do nothing about France's trade with the major continental economies and posed no threat to French territory in Europe. In addition France's population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the United Kingdom. However, the United Kingdom's industrial capacity was the greatest in Europe and its mastery of the seas allowed it to build up considerable economic strength through trade. That was sufficient to ensure that France was never able to consolidate its control over Europe in peace. However, many in the French government believed that cutting the United Kingdom off from the Continent would end its economic influence over Europe and isolate it. This was what the Continental System was designed to achieve, although it never succeeded in this objective.

The next stage of the war involved driving Russian forces out of Poland and creating a new Duchy of Warsaw. Napoleon then turned north to confront the remainder of the Russian army and attempt to capture the new Prussian capital at Königsberg. A tactical draw at Eylau (February 7-8) forced the Russians to withdraw further north. Napoleon then routed the Russian army at Friedland (June 14). Following this defeat, Alexander was forced to make peace with Napoleon at Tilsit (July 7, 1807). By September, Marshal Brune completed the occupation of Swedish Pomerania allowing the Swedish army, however, to withdraw with all its munitions of war.

At the Congress of Erfurt (1808) Napoleon and Alexander agreed that Russia should force Sweden to join the Continental System, which led to the Finnish War and the division of Sweden through the Gulf of Bothnia. The eastern part became the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland.

The Fifth Coalition (1809) of the United Kingdom and Austria against France was formed while the United Kingdom was also engaged in the Peninsular War against France.

Once again, the United Kingdom stood alone. Owing much to the existence of the English Channel and the fact that the UK's army had never completely engaged the French, the UK's emphasis was on naval rather than land military strength. British military activity was limited mostly to the sea. In addition, the navy was repeatedly the UK's only line of defense as Bonaparte threatened to invade. Because of this concentration of effort, the British Royal Navy developed into a powerful force that was just as elite, if not more so, than the well-trained and formidable French infantry. During the time of the Fifth Coalition, the Navy won a succession of victories in the French colonies and another major naval victory at the Battle of Copenhagen (September 2, 1807).

On land, few extensive military endeavours under the name of the Fifth Coalition were attempted. One was the Walcheren Expedition of 1809, a dual effort of the British Army and Royal Navy to relieve Austrian forces of intense French pressure which ended in disaster after the Army commander - John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham - failed to capture the objective, the naval base of French-controlled Antwerp. For the most part of the years of the Fifth Coalition, British land military operations outside of the Peninsular War were restricted to hit-and-run operations. These were executed by the Royal Navy, who dominated the sea after having beaten down almost all substantial naval opposition from France and her allies and blockading what remained of the latter's naval forces in heavily fortified French-controlled ports. These rapid-attack operations were a sort of exo-territorial guerrilla strikes: they were aimed mostly at destroying blockaded French naval and mercantile shipping, and disrupting French supplies, communications, and military units stationed near the coasts. Often, when British allies attempted military actions within several dozen miles or so of the sea, the Royal Navy would be present and would land troops and supplies and aid the allied land forces in a concerted operation. Royal Navy ships were even known to provide artillery support against French units should fighting stray near enough to the coastline. However, these operations were limited to the ability and quality of the land forces. For example, when operating with inexperienced guerrilla forces in Spain, the Royal Navy sometimes failed to achieve their objectives simply for lack of manpower that was supposed to have been supplied for the operation by the Navy's guerrilla allies.

The struggle was also carried on in the sphere of economic warfare - the French Continental System vs. the British naval blockade of French-controlled territory. Due to military shortages and lack of organisation in French territory there were numerous breaches of the Continental System, as French dominated states engaged in illicit, although often tolerated, trade with British smugglers. Both sides entered additional conflicts in attempts to enforce their blockade; the British fought the United States in the War of 1812 (1812-1814), and the French engaged in the Peninsular War (1808-1814). The Iberian conflict began when Portugal continued trade with the United Kingdom despite French restrictions. When Spain failed to maintain the system the alliance with France came to an end and French troops gradually encroached on its territory until Madrid was occupied. British intervention soon followed.

Austria, previously an ally of the French, took the opportunity to attempt to restore its German empire held prior to Austerlitz. Austria achieved a number of initial victories against the thinly spread army of Marshal Davout. Napoleon had left Davout with only 170,000 troops to defend France's entire Eastern frontier. The same task had been carried out in the 1790s by 800,000 troops and at that time those forces were required to hold a much shorter front.

Napoleon had enjoyed easy success in Spain, retaking Madrid, defeating the Spanish and British and driving the main British army from the peninsula. Austria's attack prevented Napoleon from successfully wrapping up operations against British forces by necessitating his departure to Austria, and he never returned to the Peninsula theatre. In his absence and the absence of his best marshals (Davout remained in the east throughout the war) the situation deteriorated, especially when the prodigious British general, Sir Arthur Wellesley, arrived to command British forces.

The Austrians drove into the Duchy of Warsaw, but were defeated at the Battle of Radzyn April 19, 1809. The Polish army captured West Galicia following its earlier success.

Napoleon assumed command in the east and bolstered the army there for his counterattack on Austria. A series of relatively minor battles ensued until the massive Battle of Aspern-Essling - Napoleon's first tactical defeat. Failure by the Austrian commander, Archduke Karl, to follow up on his small victory, meant that Napoleon was able to prepare for a renewed attempt to seize Vienna and in early July he did so. He defeated the Austrians at Wagram, on July 5-6. It was during this battle that Marshal Bernadotte was stripped of his title and ridiculed by Napoleon in front of other senior officers. Bernadotte was offered the vacant position of Crown Prince of Sweden and took this, thus betraying Napoleon. Later he would actively participate in wars against his former Emperor.

The Fifth Coalition was ended by the Treaty of Schönbrunn (October 14, 1809). In the east only the Tyrolese rebels led by Andreas Hofer continued to fight the French-Bavarian army until being finally demolished in November 1809, while in the west the Peninsular War continued.

In 1810 the French empire reached its greatest extent. The British and Portuguese were restricted to the area around Lisbon behind their impregnable lines of Torres Vedras. Napoleon married Marie-Louise, an Austrian Archduchess in order to ensure a more stable alliance with Austria and to provide the Emperor with an heir, something his first wife, Josephine, had failed to do. As well as the French empire, Napoleon controlled the Swiss Confederation, the Confederation of the Rhine, the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Italy. Allied territories included: the Kingdom of Spain (Joseph Bonaparte); Kingdom of Westphalia (Jerome Bonaparte); the Kingdom of Naples (Joachim Murat, brother-in-law); Principality of Lucca and Piombino (Felix Bacciochi, brother-in-law); and his former enemies, Prussia, and Austria.

The Sixth Coalition (1812–1814) consisted of the United Kingdom and Russia, Prussia, Sweden, Austria and a number of German States.

In 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia to compel Emperor Alexander I to remain in the Continental System and to remove the imminent threat of Russian invasion of Poland. The Grande Armée, 650,000 men (270,000 Frenchmen and many soldiers of allies or subject powers), crossed the Niemen River on June 23, 1812. Russia proclaimed a Patriotic War, while Napoleon proclaimed a Second Polish war, but against the expectations of the Poles who supplied almost 100,000 troops for the invasion force he avoided any concessions toward Poland, having in mind further negotiations with Russia. Russia maintained a scorched earth policy of retreat broken only by the Borodino on September 7, when the Russians stood and fought. This was bloody and the Russians were eventually forced to back down, thus opening the road to Moscow. By September 14, Moscow was captured although by this point it had been largely abandoned by the Russians and prisoners had been released from Moscow’s prisons to inconvenience the French. Alexander I refused to capitulate and with no sign of clear victory in sight Napoleon was forced to withdraw from Moscow after the governor, Prince Rastopchin, ordered the city burnt to the ground. So the disastrous Great Retreat began, with 370,000 casualties largely as a result of starvation and the freezing weather conditions, and 200,000 captured. By November only 27,000 fit soldiers were among those who crossed the Berezina River. Napoleon now left his army to return to Paris and prepare a defence of Poland from the advancing Russians. The situation was not as dire as it might at first have seemed — the Russians had lost around 400,000 men and their army was similarly depleted. However they had the advantage of shorter supply lines and were able to replenish their armies with greater speed than the French.

Meanwhile, in the Peninsular War, at Vitoria (June 21, 1813) the French power in Spain was finally broken by Arthur Wellesley's victory over Joseph Bonaparte. The French were forced to retreat out of Spain, over the Pyrenees.

Seeing an opportunity in Napoleon's historic defeat, Prussia re-entered the war. Napoleon vowed that he would create a new army as large as that he had sent into Russia and quickly built up his forces in the east from 30,000 to 130,000 and eventually to 400,000. Napoleon inflicted 40,000 casualties on the Allies at Lützen (May 2) and Bautzen (May 20– 21). Both battles involved total forces of over 250,000 — making them some of the largest conflicts of the wars so far.

An armistice was declared from June 4 continuing until August 13 during which time both sides attempted to recover from approximately quarter of a million losses since April. It was during this time that Allied negotiations finally brought Austria out in open opposition to France. Two principal Austrian armies were deployed, adding an additional 300,000 troops to the Allied armies in Germany. In total the Allies now had around 800,000 frontline troops in the German theatre with a strategic reserve of 350,000 being formed to support the frontline operations.

Napoleon was able to bring the total imperial forces in the region up to around 650,000 — although only 250,000 were under his direct command, with another 120,000 under Nicolas Charles Oudinot and 30,000 under Davout. The Confederation of the Rhine furnished Napoleon with the bulk of the remainder of the forces with Saxony and Bavaria as principal contributors. In addition, to the south Murat's Kingdom of Naples and Eugène de Beauharnais's Kingdom of Italy had a combined total of 100,000 men under arms. In Spain an additional 150-200,000 French troops were being steadily beaten back by Spanish and British forces numbering around 150,000. Thus in total around 900,000 French troops were opposed in all theatres by somewhere around a million Allied troops (not including the strategic reserve being formed in Germany). The figures are however slightly misleading as most of the German troops fighting on the side of the French were unreliable at best and on the verge of defecting to the Allies. It is reasonable to say that Napoleon could count on no more than 450,000 troops in Germany — which meant he was outnumbered by about 2 to 1.

Following the end of the armistice Napoleon seemed to have regained the initiative at Dresden where he defeated a numerically superior allied army inflicting enormous casualties while the French army sustained relatively few. However the failures of his Marshals and a slow resumption of the offensive on his part cost him any advantage that this victory might have secured him. At the Battle of Leipzig in Saxony (October 16–19, 1813), also called the "Battle of the Nations", 191,000 French fought more than 450,000 Allies, and the French were defeated and forced to retreat into France. Napoleon then fought a series of battles, including the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, in France, but was steadily forced back against overwhelming odds.

During this time his Six Days Campaign was fought, in which he won multiple battles against the enemy forces advancing towards Paris. However he never managed to field more than 70,000 troops during this entire campaign against more than half a million Allied troops. At the Treaty of Chaumont (March 9) the Allies agreed to preserve the Coalition until Napoleon's total defeat. The Allies entered Paris on March 30, 1814. Napoleon was determined to fight on, even now, incapable of fathoming his massive fall from power. During the campaign he had issued a decree for 900,000 fresh conscripts, but only a fraction of these were ever raised and Napoleon's increasingly unrealistic schemes for victory eventually gave way to the reality of the hopeless situation. Napoleon abdicated on April 6. However, occasional military actions continued in Italy, Spain and Holland throughout the spring of 1814.

Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba, and the Bourbon kings were restored under Louis XVIII. The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed and the Congress of Vienna was held to redraw the map of Europe.

== Gunboat War ==
Denmark-Norway originally declared itself neutral in the Napoleonic Wars, but engaged in trade that profited from the war and established a navy. After a show of intimidation in the first Battle of Copenhagen in 1801, the British captured large portions of the entire Danish fleet in the Second Battle of Copenhagen in 1807. This ended the Danish neutrality, and the Danish engaged in a naval guerilla war in which small gunboats would attack larger British ships in Danish and Norwegian waters. The Gunboat War effectively ended with a British victory at the Battle of Lyngør in 1812, in which the last large Danish ship — a frigate — was destroyed.

== Final Coalition ==
The Seventh Coalition (1815) of the United Kingdom, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, Austria, The Netherlands and a number of German States against France. The period known as the Hundred Days began after Napoleon left Elba and landed at Cannes, March 1, 1815. Travelling to Paris, picking up support as he went, he eventually overthrew the restored Louis XVIII. The allies immediately gathered their armies to meet him again. Napoleon raised 280,000 men which were divided into several armies. To the 90,000 troops in the standing army he recalled well over a quarter of a million veterans from past campaigns and issued a decree for the eventual draft of around 2.5 million new men into the French army. This was arrayed against an initial Allied force of about 700,000 — although Allied campaign plans provided for one million frontline troops supported by around 200,000 garrison, logistics and other auxiliary personnel. This force was intended to be overwhelming against the numerically inferior imperial French army which never came close to reaching Napoleon's goal of more than 2.5 million under arms.

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! colspan="4" style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000;" |&lt;center&gt;'''Großdeutsches Reich&lt;br&gt;Nazi Germany'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
! colspan="4" style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000;" |&lt;center&gt;'''1933-1945'''&lt;/center&gt;
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{{!}} colspan="2" align="center" {{!}} [[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|border|30px]][[File:Coat of Arms of Nazi Germany.svg|border|30px]]
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|&lt;center&gt;Flag&lt;/center&gt;
|&lt;center&gt;Coat of Arms&lt;/center&gt;
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! colspan="4" style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000;" |&lt;center&gt;'''Information'''&lt;/center&gt;
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|'''Capital'''
|[[Berlin]]
|-
|'''Language'''
|German
|-
|'''Government'''
|[[Nazi]] [[Dictatorship]]
|-
|'''Head of State'''
|[[Paul von Hindenburg]] (1933-1934)&lt;br/&gt;[[Adolf Hitler]] (1934-1945)&lt;br/&gt;[[Karl Dönitz]] (1945)
|-
|'''Era'''
|[[World War II]]  
|
|-
|'''Established'''
|[[1933]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|'''Disbaned'''
|[[1945]]
|-
|'''Military Forces''' 
|[[Heer]] (army)&lt;br /&gt;[[Kriegsmarine]] (Navy)&lt;br /&gt;[[Luftwaffe]] (Air Force)&lt;br /&gt;[[Waffen-SS]] (National Guard)
|-
|'''Area'''
|633,786 km
|-
|'''Population'''
|69,314,000 
|-
! colspan="4" style="background: #CCCCFF; color: #000000;" |&lt;center&gt;'''Suceeded by'''&lt;/center&gt;
|-
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|[[File:AlliedControlCouncilFlag.png]] [[Allied Control Council]]
|}

'''Nazi Germany''' and the '''Third Reich''' are the colloquial English names for Germany under the regime of [[Adolf Hitler]] and the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), which established a totalitarian dictatorship that existed from 1933 to 1945. Officially, the state was, as in the preceding [[Weimar]] Republic era, still called the Deutsches Reich (German Reich). In 1943, Großdeutsches Reich (Greater German Reich) became the official name.

The state was a major European power from the 1930s to the mid-1940s. Its historical significance lies mainly in its responsibility for escalating political tensions in Europe by its expansionist foreign policy which resulted in [[World War II]], its occupation of most of Europe during the war, and its commission of large-scale crimes against humanity, such as the persecution and mass-murder of millions of Jews, minorities, and dissidents in the genocide known as the [[Holocaust]]. The state came to an end in 1945, after the [[Allies of World War II | Allied Powers]] succeeded in seizing German-occupied territories in Europe and in occupying Germany itself.

In 1935, Germany was bounded on the north by the [[North Sea]], [[Denmark]], and the [[Baltic Sea]]; to the east by [[Lithuania]], The Free City of Danzig, [[Poland]] and [[Czechoslovakia]]; to the south by [[Austria]] and [[Switzerland]]; and to the west by [[France]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Belgium]], the [[Netherlands]] and the [[Saarland]], which joined in 1935. These borders changed after the state annexed Austria, the Sudetenland, Bohemia and Moravia and Memel, and after subsequent expansion during World War II.

The name Third Reich (Drittes Reich, ‘Third Empire’) invoked a historical reference to the [[Holy Roman Empire]] of the Middle Ages and the German Empire, 1871–1918.

{{wikipedia|Nazi Germany}}

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&lt;!--This article uses British English spelling--&gt;
The '''Norman conquest of England''' was the [[invasion]] of the [[Kingdom of England]] by [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] ([[Duke of Normandy]]), in [[1066]] at the [[Battle of Hastings]] and the subsequent [[Normans|Norman]] control of England. It is an important watershed in English history for a number of reasons. The conquest linked England more closely with Continental [[Europe]], lessening [[Scandinavia]]n influence. It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe and engendered the most sophisticated governmental system in Western Europe. The conquest changed the [[English language]] and culture, and set the stage for [[England|English]]-[[France|French]] conflict that would last into the 19th century. It remains the last successful military conquest of England.

==Origins==
[[Normandy]] is a region in northwest France which in the 155 years prior to 1066 had experienced extensive [[Viking]] settlement. In the year [[911]], French [[Carolingian]] ruler [[Charles the Simple]] had allowed a group of Vikings, under their leader [[Rollo of Normandy|Rollo]], to settle in northern France with the idea that they would provide protection along the coast against future Viking invaders. This proved successful and the Vikings in the region became known as the ''Northmen'' from which ''Normandy'' is derived. The [[Normans]] quickly adapted to the indigenous culture, renouncing [[paganism]] and converting to Christianity. They adopted the [[langue d'oïl]] of their new home through the introduction of [[Old Norse language|Norse]] features, transforming it into the [[Norman language]], and intermarrying with the local populations. They also used the territory granted them as a base to extend the frontiers of the [[Duchy]] to the west, annexing territory including the [[Bessin]], the [[Cotentin Peninsula]] and the [[Channel Islands]].

Meanwhile, in England the Viking attacks increased and in [[1002]] the [[Anglo-Saxon monarchs|Anglo-Saxon king]] of England [[Ethelred II of England|Aethelred II]] agreed to marry [[Emma of Normandy|Emma]], the daughter of the Duke of Normandy, to cement a blood-tie alliance for help against the raiders. The Viking attacks in England grew so bad that in [[1013]] the Anglo-Saxon kings fled and spent the next 30 years in Normandy, not returning to England until [[1042]].

When the Anglo-Saxon king [[Edward the Confessor]] died a few years later in [[1066]] with no child, and thus no direct heir to the throne, it created a power vacuum into which three competing interests laid claim  to the throne of England.

The first was [[Harald III of Norway]] who had blood ties to the Anglo-Saxon family. The second was [[William I of England|William, Duke of Normandy]] because of his blood ties to [[Ethelred the Unready|Aethelred]]. The third was an Anglo-Saxon by the name of [[Harold II of England|Harold Godwinson]] who had been elected in the traditional way by the Anglo-Saxon [[Witenagemot]] of England to be king. The stage was set for a battle among the three. &lt;ref&gt;A fourth and oft neglected contender for the throne was [[Edgar Ætheling]], Edward the Confessor's great nephew who was of direct descent from King [[Edmund II of England|Edmund Ironside]]. He was the son of Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside and after his father's return to and subsequent death in England in 1057, Edgar was nominated by Edward the Confessor as Heir Apparent, hence his epitath the aetheling (spelled Æþeling during the Anglo-Saxon period). Aetheling denoted a man of noble blood, and was used more specifically in the later Anglo-Saxon period to designate a potential heir to the throne. Unfortunately for Edgar he was only about thirteen or fourteen at the time of Edward the Confessors death and with little family to support him his claim was passed over by the [[Witan]].&lt;/ref&gt;

==Conquest of England==
King Harald of Norway invaded northern England in September 1066 which left Harold of England little time to gather an army. Harold's forces marched north from London and surprised the Vikings at the [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]] on September 25th. In the Anglo-Saxon victory, King Harald was killed and the Norwegians were driven out. It was the last Viking invasion of England. The victory came at great cost, as the Anglo-Saxon army was left in a battered and weakened state.
 
Meanwhile William had assembled an invasion fleet of approximately 600 ships and an army of 7000 men. This was far greater than the reserves of men in Normandy alone. William recruited soldiers from all of Northern France, the low countries, and Germany. Many soldiers in his army were second- and third-born sons who had little or no inheritance under the laws of [[primogeniture]]. William promised that if they brought their own horse, armour, and weapons to join him, they would be rewarded with lands and titles in the new realm. 

[[Image:Norman Conquest 1066.gif|left|thumb|400px|England 1066. Events in the Norman Conquest]]

After being delayed for a few weeks by unfavourable weather, he arrived in the south of England just days after Harold's victory over the Norwegians. The delay turned out to be crucial; had he landed in August as originally planned, Harold would have been waiting with a fresh and numerically superior force. William finally landed at [[Pevensey]] in [[Sussex]] on [[September 28]], [[1066]] and assembled a prefabricated wooden castle near Hastings as a base. 

The choice of landing was a direct provocation to Harold Godwinson, as this area of Sussex was Harold's own personal domain. William began immediately to lay waste to the land. It may have prompted Harold to respond immediately and in haste rather than to pause and await reinforcements in London. Again, it was an event that favoured William. Had he marched inland, he may have outstretched his supply lines, and possibly have been surrounded by Harold's forces.

They fought at the [[Battle of Hastings]] on [[October 14]]. It was a close battle but in the final hours Harold was killed and the Saxon army fled. With no living contender for the throne of England to oppose William, this was the defining moment of what is now known as the Norman Conquest. 

After his victory at Hastings, William marched through Kent to London but met fierce resistance at [[Southwark]]. He then marched down the old [[Roman Road]] of [[Stane Street]] to link up with another Norman army on the [[Pilgrims' Way]] near [[Dorking]], [[Surrey]]. The combined armies then avoided London altogether and went up the Thames valley to the major fortified Saxon town of [[Wallingford]], [[Oxfordshire]], whose Saxon lord, [[Wigod]], had supported William's cause. While there, he received the submission of [[Stigand]], the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]. One of William's favourites, [[Robert D'Oyly (Oxford)|Robert D'Oyley of Lisieux]], also married Wigod's daughter, no doubt to secure the lord's continued allegiance. William then travelled north east along the [[Chiltern]] [[escarpment]] to the Saxon fort at [[Berkhamstead]], [[Hertfordshire]] and waited there to receive the submission of London. The remaining Saxon noblemen surrendered to William there, and he was acclaimed King of England around the end of October and crowned on [[December 25]], [[1066]] in [[Westminster Abbey]].

Although the south of England submitted quickly to Norman rule, resistance continued, especially in the North. After six years, in [[1072]] William moved north, subduing rebellions by the Anglo-Saxons and installing Norman lords along the way. However, particularly in Yorkshire, he made agreements with local Saxon Lords to keep control of their land (under Norman-named Lords who would "hold" the lands only from a distance) in exchange for avoidance of battle and loss of any controlling share.

[[Hereward the Wake]] led an uprising in the fens and sacked [[Peterborough]] ([[1070]]). Harold's sons attempted an invasion of the south-west peninsula. Uprisings also occurred in the [[Welsh Marches]] and at [[Stafford]]. William faced separate invasion attempts by the Danes and the Scots. William's defeat of these led to what became known as ''[[The Harrying of the North]]'' in which [[Northumbria]] was laid waste to deny his enemies its resources.

The conquest of [[Wales]] took place piecemeal and finished only in [[1282]], during the reign of King [[Edward I of England|Edward I]]. Edward also subdued [[Scotland]] but did not truly conquer it as it retained a separate monarchy until [[1603]] and remained an independent kingdom until [[1707]].

==Control of England==
Once England had been conquered the Normans faced many challenges in maintaining control. The [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] speaking Normans were in very small numbers compared to the native English population. Historians estimate their number at 5,000 armoured knights. &lt;ref&gt; [[A. L. Rowse]], ''The Story of Britain'', Artus 1979  ISBN 0-297-83311-1 &lt;/ref&gt; The Anglo-Saxon lords were accustomed to being independent from centralized government, contrary to the Normans who had a centralized system, resented by the Anglo-Saxons. Revolts had sprung up almost at once from the time of William's coronation, led either by members of Harold's family or disaffected English nobles. William dealt with these challenges in a number of ways. New Norman lords constructed a variety of forts and [[castle]]s (such as the [[motte-and-bailey]]) to provide a stronghold against a popular revolt (or increasingly rare Viking attacks) and to dominate the nearby town and countryside. Any remaining Anglo-Saxon lords who refused to acknowledge William's accession to the throne or who revolted were stripped of titles and lands, which were then re-distributed to Norman favourites of William. If an Anglo-Saxon lord died without issue the Normans would always choose a successor from Normandy. In this way the Normans displaced the native aristocracy and took control of the top ranks of power.

Keeping the Norman lords together and loyal as a group was just as important, as any friction could easily give the English speaking natives a chance to divide and conquer their minority Anglo-French speaking lords. One way William accomplished this was by giving out land in a piece-meal fashion. A Norman lord typically had property spread out all over England and Normandy, and not in a single geographic block. Thus, if the lord tried to break away from the King, he could only defend a small number of his holdings at any one time. This proved an effective deterrent to rebellion and kept the Norman nobility loyal to the King. 

Over the longer range the same policy greatly facilitated contacts between the nobility of different regions and encouraged the nobility to organize and act as a class, rather than on an individual or regional base which was the normal way in other feudal countries. The existence of a strong centralized monarchy encouraged the nobility to form ties with the city dwellers, which was eventually manifested in the rise of English [[parliamentarianism]]. 

William disliked the Anglo-Saxon [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Stigand]] and in [[1070]] manoeuvred to replace him with the Italian [[Lanfranc]] and proceeded to appoint Normans to church positions.

==Significance==
The changes that took place because of the Norman Conquest were significant for both English and European development. 

One of the most obvious changes was the introduction of the Latin-based [[Anglo-Norman language]] as the language of the ruling classes in England, displacing the Germanic-based [[Anglo-Saxon language]]. Anglo-Norman retained the status of a prestige language for nearly 300 years and has had a significant influence on modern English. It is through this, the first of several major influxes of Latin or Romance languages, that the predominant spoken tongue of England began to lose much of its Germanic and Norse vocabulary, although it retained Germanic sentence structure in many cases.

Another direct consequence of the invasion was the near total loss of Anglo-Saxon aristocracy, and Anglo-Saxon control over the Church in England. As William subdued rebels, he confiscated their lands and gave them to his Norman supporters. By the time of the [[Domesday Book]], only two English landowners of any note had survived the displacement.&lt;ref&gt;Campbell, J ''The Anglo-Saxons'' (1982) p.240&lt;/ref&gt; By 1096 no church See or Bishopric was held by any native Englishman, only by Normans. 

No other medieval European conquest had such disastrous consequences for the defeated ruling class. William's prestige among his followers gained a tremendous boost, for he was able to award them vast tracts of land with little cost to himself. His awards also had a basis in consolidating his own control; with each gift of land and titles, the newly created Lord would have to build a castle and subdue the natives. Thus was the conquest self-perpetuating.

===Governmental systems===
Even before the Normans arrived the Anglo-Saxons had one of the most sophisticated governmental systems in Western Europe. All of England had been divided into administrative units called [[shire]]s of roughly uniform size and shape, and were run by an official known as a "shire [[reeve (England)|reeve]]" or "[[sheriff]]". The shires tended to be somewhat autonomous and lacked coordinated control. Anglo-Saxons made heavy use of written documentation which was unusual for kings in Western Europe at the time and made for more efficient governance than word of mouth.

The Anglo-Saxons also established permanent physical locations of government. Most medieval governments were always on the move, holding court wherever the weather and food or other matters were best at the moment. This practice limited the potential size and sophistication of a government body to whatever could be packed on a horse and cart, including the treasury and library. The Anglo-Saxons established a permanent treasury at [[Winchester, Hampshire|Winchester]], from which a permanent government bureaucracy and document archive had begun to grow.

This sophisticated medieval form of government was handed over to the Normans and grew even stronger. The Normans centralised the autonomous shire system. The [[Domesday Book]] exemplifies the practical codification which enabled Norman assimilation of conquered territories through central control of a [[census]]. It was the first kingdom-wide census taken in Europe since the time of the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], and enabled more efficient taxation of the Norman's new realm.

Systems of [[accounting]] grew in sophistication. A government accounting office called the [[exchequer]] was established by [[Henry I of England|Henry I]]; from [[1150]] onward this was located in [[Westminster]].

===Anglo-Norman and French relations===
[[Anglo-Norman]] and French political relations became very complicated and somewhat hostile after the Norman Conquest. The Normans still retained control of the holdings in Normandy and were thus still [[vassals]] to the King of France. At the same time, they were the equals as King of England. On the one hand they owed [[fealty]] to the King of France, and on the other hand they did not, as they were peers. In the 1150s with the creation of the [[Angevin|Angevin Empire]] the Normans controlled half of France and all of England, dwarfing the power of France. Yet the Normans were still technically vassals to France. A crisis came in [[1204]] when the French king [[Philip II of France|Philip II]] seized all Norman and Angevin holdings in mainland France except [[Gascony]]. This would later lead to the [[Hundred years war|Hundred Years War]] when Anglo-Norman English kings tried to regain their dynastic holdings in France.

During William's lifetime, his vast land gains were a source of great alarm by not only the King of France, but the Counts of Anjou and Flanders. Each did his best to diminish Normandy's holdings and power, creating centuries of skirmishes and battles in the region.

===English cultural development===
One interpretation of the Conquest maintains that England became a cultural and economic backwater for almost 150 years. Few kings of England actually resided for any length of time in England, preferring to rule from cities in [[Normandy]] such as [[Rouen]] and concentrate on their more lucrative French holdings. Indeed, a mere four months after the Battle of Hastings, William left his brother-in-law in charge of the country while he returned to Normandy. The country remained an unimportant appendage of Norman lands and later the [[Angevin]] fiefs of [[Henry II of England|Henry II]]. 

Another interpretation is it that the Norman Duke-Kings neglected their continental territories, where they in theory owed fealty to the Kings of France, in favour of consolidating their power in their new sovereign realm of England. The resources poured into the construction of [[cathedral]]s, [[castle]]s and the administration of the new realm arguably diverted energy and concentration away from the need to defend Normandy, alienating the local nobility and weakening Norman control over the borders of the territory, while simultaneously the power of the Kings of France grew.

The eventual loss of control of continental Normandy divided [[landed class|landed families]] as members chose loyalty over land or vice-versa.

==Legacy==
The extent to which the conquerors remained ethnically distinct from the native population of England varied regionally and along class lines, but as early as the twelfth century the Dialogue on the Exchequer attests to considerable intermarriage between native English and Norman immigrants. Over the centuries, particularly after 1348 when the [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] carried off a significant number of the English nobility, the two groups merged and became barely distinguishable. 

The Norman conquest was the the last successful ''conquest'' of England, although some historians identify the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 as the most recent successful ''invasion''. The last full scale invasion attempt was by the [[Spanish Armada]], which was defeated at sea by the English Navy and the weather. [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] and [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] both prepared invasions of Great Britain, but neither was ever launched (for Hitler's preparations see [[Operation Sealion]]). Some minor military expeditions to Great Britain were successful within their limited scope, such as the 1595 Spanish military raid on [[Cornwall]], small scale raids on Cornwall by Arab slavers in the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch raid on the [[Medway]] towns' shipyards in 1667, and the American raid on [[Whitehaven]] during the [[American War of Independence]]. 

For the importance of the concept in [[mass culture]], note the spoof history book ''[[1066 and All That]]'' as well as the iconic status of the [[Bayeux Tapestry]].

Similar conquests include the Norman conquests of [[Apulia]], [[Sicily]], the [[Principality of Antioch]], and [[Ireland]].

[[Alan Ayckbourn]] wrote a series of plays entitled ''[[The Norman Conquests]]''. Their subject matter has nothing to do with the Norman conquest of England.

==See also==
*[[History of Sicily#Norman Kingdom|Norman conquest of Sicily]]

==References==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
 | first = Marjorie | last = Chibnall
 | title = Debate on the Norman Conquest
 | location = New York
 | publisher = St. Martin's Press
 | year = 1999
 }}
* {{cite book
 | first = David | last = Douglas
 | title = William the Conqueror: The Norman impact upon England
 | publisher = University of California Press
 | year = 1964
 }}
* {{cite book
 | first = Richard | last = Humble
 | title = The Fall of Saxon England
 | publisher = Barnes &amp; Noble
 | year = 1992
 | id = ISBN 0-88029-987-8
 }}
* {{cite book
 | authorlink = David Armine Howarth
 | first = David | last = Howarth
 | title = 1066 The Year of the Conquest
 | publisher = Viking Penguin
 | year = 1981
 | id = ISBN 0-14-005850-8
 }}
* {{cite book
 | authorlink = Peter Rex
 | first = Peter | last = Rex
 | title = The English Resistance: The Underground War Against the Normans  
 | id = ISBN 0-7524-2827-6
 | publisher = Tempus Publishing Ltd
 | year = 2004
 }}
* {{cite book
 | authorlink = Anne Savage
 | first = Anne | last = Savage
 | title = The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
 | id = ISBN 1-85833-478-0
 | publisher = CLB
 | year = 1997
 }}

==External links==
*[http://members.tripod.com/~GeoffBoxell/words.htm The Effect of 1066 on the English Language]
*[http://www.historyguy.com/norman_conquest_england.html Information and links on the Norman Conquest]
*[http://www.stephen.j.murray.btinternet.co.uk/in_hast.htm Collection of source material on the Norman conquest of England]

{{Wikipedia|Norman conquest of England}}

[[Category:Norman conquest of England| ]]
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    <title>Operation Bagration</title>
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      <text bytes="41115" sha1="s2whginms1epa6yocf2wgo752woyyeb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Belorussian Offensive
|partof=the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] of [[World War II]]
|image=[[Image:1944 july 17 moscow german pow.jpg|300px]]
|caption=German prisoners from Fourth Army are marched through the streets of Moscow
|place=[[Belorussian SSR]], [[Soviet Union|USSR]]
|date=[[wikipedia:June 22|June 22]], [[1944]]–[[wikipedia:August 19|August 19]], [[1944]]
|result= Decisive Soviet victory
|combatant1=&lt;center&gt;[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|75px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nazi Germany]]
|combatant2=[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg|75px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Soviet Union]]
|commander1=[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]] [[Ernst Busch]] (to 28 June)&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]] [[Walter Model]] ([[Army Group Centre]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Hans Jordan]] ([[German Ninth Army|Ninth Army]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Georg-Hans Reinhardt]] ([[Third Panzer Army]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Kurt von Tippelskirch]] ([[German Fourth Army|Fourth Army]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Walter Weiss]] ([[German Second Army|Second Army]])&lt;br&gt;
|commander2=[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px]] [[Aleksandr Vasilevsky]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px]] [[Georgy Zhukov]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Hovhannes Bagramyan]] ([[1st Baltic Front]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Ivan Chernyakhovsky]] ([[1st Belorussian Front]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Konstantin Rokossovsky]] ([[3rd Belorussian Front]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Georgiy Zakharov]] ([[2nd Belorussian Front]])
|strength1=800,000
|strength2=2,300,000
|casualties1=300,000-400,000 killed, wounded and taken prisoner
|casualties2=60,000 KIA/MIA, 110,000 WIA/sick
|}}
{{Campaignbox Axis-Soviet War}}
'''Operation ''Bagration''''' (Oперация Багратион, Operatsiya ''Bagration'') was the [[codename]] for the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] '''Belorussian Offensive'''&lt;ref&gt;Alternative spellings for ''Belorussian Offensive'' are ''[[wikipedia:Byelorussian SSR|Byelorussian]] Offensive'' and ''[[wikipedia:Belarus|]]ian Offensive''&lt;/ref&gt; during [[World War II]], which cleared [[Germany|German]] forces from the [[wikipedia:Belorussian SSR|Belorussian SSR]] and eastern [[Poland]] between 22 June, 1944 and 19 August, 1944.  

This action resulted in the almost complete destruction of the German [[Army Group Centre]] and three of its component armies: [[German Fourth Army|Fourth Army]], [[Third Panzer Army]] and [[German Ninth Army|Ninth Army]].  The Soviet armies directly involved in Operation ''Bagration'' were the [[1st Baltic Front]] under [[Hovhannes Bagramyan]], the [[1st Belorussian Front]] commanded by Marshal [[Konstantin Rokossovsky]], the [[2nd Belorussian Front]] commanded by Colonel-General G.F. Zakharov, and the [[3rd Belorussian Front]] commanded by Colonel-General [[Ivan Chernyakhovsky]].  This battle was possibly the single greatest defeat for the German Army (''[[Wehrmacht Heer]]'') during the war.  

The operation was named after 18th–19th century [[wikipedia:Georgia (country)|Georgian]] Prince [[Pyotr Bagration]], general of the Russian army who received a mortal wound at the [[Battle of Borodino]].

==Background==
[[Army Group Centre]] had previously proved a tough nut to crack as the Soviet defeat in [[Operation Mars|Operation ''Mars'']] had shown. But by June 1944, despite shortening its front line, it had been exposed following the crushing of [[Army Group South]] in the battles that followed the [[Battle of Kursk]], the [[Battle of Kiev (1943)|Liberation of Kiev]] and the [[Battle of the Crimea (1944)|Liberation of the Crimea]] in the late summer, autumn and winter of 1943–44 — the so-called [[Great Patriotic War|third period of the Great Patriotic War]]. [[Operation Suvorov|Operation ''Suvorov'']] had seen Army Group Centre itself forced to retreat westwards from [[wikipedia:Smolensk|Smolensk]] during the autumn of 1943.

By the middle of June 1944 the distance that the [[Western Allies]] from the [[wikipedia:Cotentin Peninsula|Cotentin Peninsula]] and the Soviets from the [[wikipedia:Vitebsk Gate|Vitebsk Gate]] to Berlin was just over 650 miles for the former and just under 750 for the latter, so for the [[Third Reich]] the strategic threats were about the same.&lt;ref name=Ziemke_p11&gt;Ziemke, p.11&lt;/ref&gt; Hitler underestimated the threat posed by Soviet troops facing Army Group Centre and had redeployed one third of Army Group Centre's [[artillery]], half their [[tank destroyer]]s and 88% of their tanks to the Southern front where the German high command expected the next major Soviet offensive.&lt;ref name=Ziemke_p11/&gt;

''Bagration'', in combination with the neighbouring [[Lvov-Sandomierz Operation|''Lvov-Sandomierz'' Operation]] launched a few weeks later in [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukraine]], allowed the Soviet Union to recapture practically all the territories within its 1941 borders, advance into German [[East Prussia]], and reach the outskirts of [[Warsaw]] after gaining control of Poland east of the [[wikipedia:Vistula|Vistula]] river.

The battle has been described as the triumph of the Soviet theory of "the [[wikipedia:operational art|operational art]]"—because of the complete co-ordination of all front movements and signals traffic to fool the enemy about the target of the offensive. Despite the huge forces involved, Soviet [[Front (Soviet Army)|front]] commanders left their opposite numbers completely confused about the main axis of attack until too late.

==Prelude to the battle==
===The ''Maskirovka'' campaign===
The ''[[Oberkommando des Heeres]]'' expected the Soviets to launch a major [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] offensive in the summer of [[1944]]. The scenarios examined included attacks towards the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] against [[Army Group North]], an offensive against Army Group Centre through the [[Belorussian SSR]] towards [[Warsaw]], and an attack on [[Army Group North Ukraine]] towards the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]]. It was decided that the first two possibilities were unlikely, since there was easily defensible terrain in these sectors. 

''[[Stavka]]'' had in fact decided on an offensive against Army Group Centre: a [[pincer movement]] which would punch through German lines and close on [[wikipedia:Minsk|Minsk]], liberating large swathes of territory and trapping much of Army Group Centre in a huge [[encirclement]] reminiscent of those achieved by German forces at the start of [[Operation Barbarossa|Operation ''Barbarossa'']], three years earlier. In order to maximise the chances of success, a major campaign of deception — ''maskirovka'' — was undertaken to convince the German High Command that the summer offensive would, in fact, be in the south against [[Army Group North Ukraine]]. False concentrations of forces were created, and German reconnaissance flights selectively allowed into Soviet airspace to photograph them; radio silence was imposed to frustrate the intelligence efforts of ''[[Glossary of WWII German military terms|Fremde Heere Ost]]''.

Though at [[corps]] level, several German commanders noted concerns about increased Soviet activity opposite Army Group Centre, German forces were transferred southwards to Army Group North Ukraine throughout the summer, in order to meet an attack there. This left Army Group Centre dangerously weakened, as ''[[Stavka]]'' had intended.

===Operations ''Rail War'' and ''Concert''===
The first phase of Operation ''Bagration'' involved the many [[Soviet partisan|partisan]] formations in the [[Belorussian SSR]], which were instructed to restart their campaigns of targeting railways and communications behind German lines. From [[19 June]], large numbers of explosive charges were placed on rail tracks, and though many were cleared, they had a significant disruptive effect. The partisans would also be used to mop up encircled German forces once the breakthrough and exploitation phases of the operation were completed.

[[Image:BagrationMap2.jpg|300px|thumb|Deployments during Operation ''Bagration''. The encirclements of Fourth Army east of Minsk and Ninth Army near Bobruisk are clearly shown, as is the encirclement of the LIII Corps of Third Panzer Army in Vitebsk.]]

At the commencement of the offensive, the Soviets had committed approximately 1,700,000 combat and support troops, approximately 24,000 artillery pieces and mortars, 4,080 tanks and assault guns and 6,334 aircraft. German strength at the outset was approximately 800,000 combat and support troops, 9,500 artillery pieces, but only 553 tanks and assault guns and 839 aircraft. In particular, Army Group Centre was seriously short of mobile reserves: the demotorized [[German 14th Infantry Division|14th Infantry Division]] was the only substantial reserve formation available, though the [[20th Panzer Division]] was positioned in the south near [[wikipedia:Bobruisk|Bobruisk]] and the understrength ''[[Panzer Corps Feldherrnhalle (Germany)|Panzergrenadier-Division Feldherrnhalle]]'' was also held in reserve. The relatively static lines in Belorussia had, however, enabled the Germans to construct extensive field fortifications, with multiple trench lines to a depth of several [[wikipedia:kilometre|kilometre]]s and heavily mined defensive belts.

==First phase==
Operation ''Bagration'' began on [[wikipedia:22 June|22 June]] [[1944]], with probing attacks throughout the German lines. The main offensive began in the early morning of [[wikipedia:23 June|23 June]], with an artillery bombardment of unprecedented scale against the defensive works. Within hours, some sectors of the German defences were in danger of being breached.

===Northern sector — Vitebsk===
[[Image:Vasilevsky Belorussian operation.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Aleksandr Vasilevsky]] coordinating the offensives of the 1st Baltic and 3rd Belorussian Fronts.]]

Army Group Centre's northern flank was defended by the [[Third Panzer Army]] under the command of [[Georg-Hans Reinhardt]]; the lines ran through marshy terrain in the north, through a [[salient]] round the city of [[wikipedia:Vitebsk|Vitebsk]], to a sector north of the main [[Moscow]]–[[Minsk]] road, held by the [[German Fourth Army|Fourth Army]]. It was opposed by the [[1st Baltic Front]] of [[Hovhannes Bagramyan]], and [[Ivan Chernyakhovsky|Chernyakhovsky]]'s [[3rd Belorussian Front]], who were given the task of breaking through the defences to the north and south of [[Vitebsk]] and cutting off the salient.

It was in this sector that Soviet forces had their greatest initial gains. The Soviet [[43rd Army (Soviet Union)|43rd Army]] broke the defences of the German [[IX Corps (Germany)|IX Corps]], to the north of [[Vitebsk]], within hours, pushing towards the [[wikipedia:Dvina|Dvina]] river. South of the city, the [[VI Corps (Germany)|VI Corps]]' [[299th Infantry Division (Germany)|299th]] and [[197th Infantry Division (Germany)|197th]] Infantry Divisions simply disappeared beneath an overwhelming Soviet assault, with a particularly effective breakthrough by the [[5th Army (Soviet Union)|5th Army]] at the junction of the 299th and [[256th Infantry Division (Germany)|256th]] Infantry Divisions' sectors.&lt;ref name=dunnp1&gt;Dunn, pp. 1-2&lt;/ref&gt; By [[June 24]], the German position in Vitebsk itself, held by the central [[LIII Corps (Germany)|LIII Corps]] of four divisions, was already serious, as Soviet forces were clearly intending to encircle the city, but no reserves were available to shore up the collapsing defences, and requests to withdraw German troops to the second defense lines, the 'Tiger' line, were denied by the ''[[Oberkommando des Heeres]]''.

By [[wikipedia:June 25|June 25]], [[Third Panzer Army]] was disintegrating. In the north, IX Corps had been broken and pushed over the [[wikipedia:Dvina|Dvina]], blowing the bridges during its retreat. In the south much of the VI Corps had been annihilated, and its southernmost divisions (the [[299th Infantry Division (Germany)|299th]] and [[256th Infantry Division (Germany)|256th]] Infantry Divisions) had become separated from the remainder of Third Panzer Army by heavy attacks around [[Bogushevsk]], where they attempted to make a final stand in the 'Hessen' line, the third defence zone. The Soviet 43rd and [[39th Army (Soviet Union)|39th]] Armies were now converging behind Vitebsk, trapping the entire LIII Corps. LIII Corps' commander, [[Friedrich Gollwitzer]], had transferred the [[German 4th Luftwaffe Field Division|4th Luftwaffe Field Division]] south-west of the city in order to spearhead a breakout, while the [[246th Infantry Division (Germany)|246th Infantry Division]] attempted to hold open the Dvina crossings.  [[Oberkommando des Heeres|OKH]] however, denied all requests for complete evacuation: the [[German 206th Infantry Division|206th Infantry Division]] was ordered to stay in the city and fight to the last man.&lt;ref name=Zaloga52&gt;Zaloga, p.52&lt;/ref&gt;

Soviet plans in this sector met with overwhelming success. The 4th Luftwaffe Field Division was cut off and destroyed by the 39th Army on the evening of the [[wikipedia:25 June|25 June]], and by the next day the 246th Infantry and [[German 6th Luftwaffe Field Division|6th Luftwaffe Field]] Divisions, fighting their way along the road from Vitebsk, had also been encircled. [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] insisted that a staff officer be parachuted into Vitebsk to remind Gollwitzer that the trapped 206th Infantry Division should not withdraw; [[Third Panzer Army]]'s commander, Reinhardt, was only able to get this decision reversed by insisting on being parachuted in himself if Hitler continued to order it.&lt;ref name=mitcham24&gt;Mitcham, p.24&lt;/ref&gt; By the evening Soviet forces were fighting their way into the city and Gollwitzer finally ordered the garrison to withdraw too, in defiance of [[Oberkommando des Heeres|OKH]] orders.

[[Image:Soviet army at vitebsk.jpg|300px|thumb|Soviet soldiers on the heights above Vitebsk, where the German 206th Infantry Division was encircled in late June.]]

By [[wikipedia:27 June|27 June]] LIII Corps had been dispersed, its 30,000 men being almost all killed or taken prisoner; a group of several thousand from the 4th Luftwaffe Field Division initially managed to break out, but was liquidated in the forests west of Vitebsk.&lt;ref name=glantz&gt;The Soviet record, given in Glantz, p.85, states that this group was first intercepted by the 179th Rifle Division at Lake Sarro on 26 June, and was eventually destroyed near Iakubovschina on 27 June.&lt;/ref&gt;The remnants of IX Corps were retreating to the west, falling back on [[wikipedia:Polotsk|Polotsk]] with the [[6th Guards Army (Soviet Union)|6th Guards Army]] in pursuit: VI Corps was also largely destroyed. [[Third Panzer Army]] had been effectively shattered within days, and [[Vitebsk]] liberated: even more significantly, a huge gap had been torn in the German lines to the north of Fourth Army in the former VI Corps sector.

===Central sector — Orsha and Mogilev===
The central sector of Soviet operations was against the long front of [[German Fourth Army|Fourth Army]], which was under the overall command of [[Kurt von Tippelskirch]]. Soviet plans envisaged the bulk of it, the [[XXXIX Panzer Corps (Germany)|XXXIX Panzer Corps]] and [[XII Corps (Germany)|XII Corps]], being encircled while pinned down by attacks from the [[2nd Belorussian Front]]. By far the most important Soviet objective, however, was in the north of the sector: the main [[Moscow]]–[[Minsk]] road and the town of [[Orsha]], which the southern wing of [[Ivan Chernyakhovsky|Chernyakhovsky]]'s [[3rd Belorussian Front]] was ordered to take. A breakthrough in this area, against General [[Paul Völckers]]' [[XXVII Corps (Germany)|XXVII Corps]], would form the northern 'pincer' of the encirclement aimed at destroying Fourth Army. The Minsk road was protected by extensive defensive works manned by the [[78th Infantry Division (Germany)|78th Sturm Division]], a specially reinforced unit with extra artillery and [[Sturmgeschutz|assault gun]] support. Orsha itself had been designated a ''Fester Platz'' or strongpoint under 78th Sturm Division's commander, with the [[25th Panzergrenadier Division]] holding the lines to the south. As a result of the strong defenses in this sector, Soviet plans included the commitment of heavily-armed engineer units to assist in a breakthrough.

[[Kuzma Galitsky|Galitsky]]'s [[11th Guards Army (Soviet Union)|11th Guards Army]] attacked towards Orsha on [[wikipedia:23 June|23 June]] but intially made little headway. By the next day, the Soviet [[1st Guards Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|1st Guards Rifle Division]] was able to break through the German lines in a marshy, thinly-held area to the north of the 78th Sturm Division, which was ordered back to the 'Hessen' line, the third defence zone. It was now struggling to maintain contact with the 25th Panzergrenadier Division to the south. Chernyakhovsky, encouraged by the 1st Guards Rifle Division's progress, pushed a mixed cavalry / mechanised exploitation force into the breach in the German lines. On [[25 June]], the German defences began to rupture; a counter-attack at [[Orekhovsk]] failed.&lt;ref name=Zaloga5657&gt;Zaloga, pp.56-57&lt;/ref&gt;

Völckers' position was further threatened by the near-collapse of the Third Panzer Army's VI Corps, immediately to the north. At 11:20 on 25 June the VI Corps, which had been cut off from its parent formation, was reassigned to Fourth Army.&lt;ref name=dunn_p149&gt;Dunn, p.149&lt;/ref&gt; Part of its reserve, the [[German 14th Infantry Division|14th Infantry Division]] was brought up to try and slow the Soviet advance north of Orsha. By midnight, however, the 11th Guards Army had shattered the remnant of VI Corps in the 'Hessen' line, and the 78th Sturm Division's situation was becoming untenable: [[wikipedia:26 June|26 June]] saw the German forces in retreat. Soviet tank forces of the [[Second Guards Tank Corps (Soviet Union)|2nd Guards Tank Corps]] were able to push up the road towards [[wikipedia:Minsk|Minsk]] at speed, with a subsidiary force breaking off to encircle [[wikipedia:Orsha|Orsha]], which was liberated on the evening of [[wikipedia:26 June|26 June]]. The main exploitation force, [[Pavel Rotmistrov]]'s [[5th Guards Tank Army]], was then committed through the gap torn in the German lines. VI Corps finally crumbled completely, its rear elements falling back towards [[Borisov (Belarus)|Borisov]] in disarray: its commander, General [[Georg Pfeiffer]], was killed on [[wikipedia:28 June|28 June]] after losing contact with his divisions. Völckers was ordered to hold fast, but lacked the necessary resources despite shifting his [[260th Infantry Division (Germany)|260th Infantry Division]] northwards and moving the [[German 286th Security Division|286th Security Division]] into the lines.&lt;ref name=dunn2&gt;Dunn, pp.149-50&lt;/ref&gt;

To the south of XXVII Corps' sector, the remainder of [[German Fourth Army|Fourth Army]] was suffering serious difficulties, but was not officially permitted to disengage. East of [[wikipedia:Mogilev|Mogilev]], General [[Robert Martinek]]'s [[XXXIX Panzer Corps (Germany)|XXXIX Panzer Corps]] (made up of the [[31st Infantry Division (Germany)|31st]], [[12th Infantry Division (Germany)|12th]], [[337th Infantry Division (Germany)|337th]] and [[German 110th Infantry Division|110th]] Infantry Divisions) attempted to hold its lines in the face of a ferocious assault by Grishin's [[49th Army (Soviet Union)|49th Army]] during which the latter suffered heavy casualties.&lt;ref name=dunn163&gt;Dunn, p.163&lt;/ref&gt; Von Tippelskirch requested that Martinek be allowed to withdraw to the 'Tiger' line late on 23 June; this was refused, though the reserve ''[[Panzer Corps Feldherrnhalle (Germany)|Panzergrenadier-Division Feldherrnhalle]]'' was ordered forward to take up positions on the [[Dnepr]] in preparation to cover a possible withdrawal by the frontline divisions.&lt;ref name=dunn167&gt;Dunn, p.167&lt;/ref&gt; The southernmost corps, General [[Vincenz Muller]]'s [[XII Corps (Germany)|XII Corps]] (with the [[18th Panzergrenadier Division]], [[57th Infantry Division (Germany)|57th]] and [[267th Infantry Division (Germany)|267th]] Infantry Divisions) also began to pull back to the second defensive line. 

[[Mogilev]], along with its town commander Major-General von Erdmannsdorf (later executed by the Soviets for [[War crimes of the Wehrmacht|war crimes]]) and most of the [[12th Infantry Division (Germany)|12th Infantry Division]] who had been instructed to defend the town to the last man, fell into Soviet hands on [[wikipedia:27 June|27 June]], and by [[wikipedia:28 June|28 June]] both XII Corps and XXXIX Panzer Corps (whose commander, Martinek, was killed that evening in an air attack) were falling back towards the [[wikipedia:Berezina|Berezina]] crossings. As the roads were clogged with fleeing civilians and military units, and were under heavy air attack, progress was slow.

===Southern sector — Bobruisk===
In the southern sector of operations, where the [[1st Belorussian Front]] under [[Konstantin Rokossovsky]] faced [[Hans Jordan]]'s [[Ninth Army (Germany)|Ninth Army]], the main Soviet objective was [[wikipedia:Bobruisk|Bobruisk]] and the southern crossings of the [[wikipedia:Berezina|Berezina]], which would open up the route for the southern 'pincer' of the main encirclement. (Army Group Centre's southernmost flank was covered by [[German Second Army|Second Army]] in the [[Pripet Marshes]], but this area was largely bypassed by the Soviet offensive.) Ninth Army headquarters had in fact argued particularly strongly that a major attack against Army Group Centre was imminent, and General Jordan had bitterly complained about the high command's refusal to sanction tactical withdrawals, but the Army Group commander, Field Marshal [[Ernst Busch|Busch]], had brushed these concerns aside. On the Soviet side, Rokossovsky had bravely staked his reputation on a plan for a complex double-envelopment of the German forces at Bobruisk, in opposition to [[Stalin]]'s preferred plan of a single breakthrough in the sector.

Rokossovsky's attack, when it came, was overwhelming. Two days of heavy artillery preparation against strong German defences eventually resulted in a collapse of the [[134th Infantry Division (Germany)|134th Infantry Division]] to the north of the sector, as the Soviet [[Third Army (Soviet Union)|3rd Army]] pushed forward; the [[20th Panzer Division]] began to counter-attack, but Jordan then ordered it to turn southwards and confront a new breakthrough by the Soviet [[Sixty Fifth Army (Soviet Union)|65th Army]] under [[Pavel Batov|Batov]].&lt;ref name=zaloga6162&gt;Zaloga, pp.61-61&lt;/ref&gt;

By [[wikipedia:27 June|27 June]], Soviet forces were converging near [[wikipedia:Bobruisk|Bobruisk]], trapping the five divisions of [[Ninth Army (Germany)|Ninth Army]]'s northernmost corps, Lieutenant-General [[Kurt-Jürgen Freiherr von Lützow|von Lützow]]'s [[XXXV Corps (Germany)|XXXV Corps]], east of the [[wikipedia:Berezina|Berezina]]. Elements of the central [[XXXXI Panzer Corps (Germany)|XXXXI Panzer Corps]] were also trapped, along with the 20th Panzer Division. The disorganised German divisions commenced a series of desperate attempts to escape the pocket, which stretched for several kilometers along the river's eastern bank: the Soviets reported large fires on 27 June as the Germans destroyed their heavy equipment and attempted to break out, but Soviet air attack and artillery inflicted appalling casualties on the encircled forces.&lt;ref name=glantz104105&gt;Glantz, pp.104-105; the Soviet analysis claims that von Lützow, realising the seriousness of the situation, gave his unit commanders authority for independent action in attempting to break out northwards or towards Bobruisk. It states that many men even attempted to swim across the Berezina in an effort to escape.&lt;/ref&gt; In the meantime, Hitler had relieved Jordan of command due to his confusing instructions to 20th Panzer; Ninth Army was dealt another blow when its main communications headquarters was destroyed by bombing. On the following day, reinforcements arrived behind German lines in the form of [[12th Panzer Division]], whose commander was greeted by Ninth Army's chief of staff with the words "Good to see you — Ninth Army no longer exists!"&lt;ref name=Adair_p135&gt;Adair, p.135&lt;/ref&gt;

Faced with Ninth Army's imminent collapse, [[Oberkommando des Heeres|OKH]] authorised a withdrawal.  Lieutenant-General [[Adolf Hamann]], Commander (''Commandant'') of [[Bobruisk]], was ordered to hold the town with one division, Lieutenant-General [[Edmund Hoffmeister]]'s [[383rd Infantry Division (Germany)|383rd Infantry Division]].  Thousands of wounded were abandoned in the [[Babruysk fortress|citadel]].  The remnants of [[20th Panzer Division]], with a handful of tanks and assault guns, formed a spearhead for XXXXI Panzer Corps' breakout attempt which was placed under Hoffmeister's overall command, while 12th Panzer Division attacked from the [[Śvisłač River|Svisloch River]] to meet the retreating troops. Though a breakout was achieved through positions held by the Soviet 356th Rifle Division of 65th Army, the German forces were again subjected to intense artillery bombardment and air attack as they attempted to make their way along the roads south of Minsk.

[[Image:Street fight babruysk 28th or 29th june 1944.jpg|250px|thumb|Street fighting in Bobruisk on 28th or 29th June]]

Batov's 65th Army now fought their way into Bobruisk street by street against stiff resistance from the German rearguard. [[wikipedia:Bobruisk|Bobruisk]], in ruins and with much of its population killed during the German occupation, was liberated on [[wikipedia:29 June|29 June]], the 383rd Infantry Division commencing withdrawal towards dawn: no further elements of Ninth Army would escape from east of the Berezina. The German breakout had allowed around 12,000 troops - mostly demoralised and without weapons - from the pocket east of Bobruisk to get out, but the Soviets claimed 20,000 taken prisoner (3,600 of them were murdered by their captors). A further 50,000 were dead: Soviet accounts speak of the area being carpeted with bodies and littered with abandoned ''materiel''. The Soviet writer, [[Vasily Grossman]], entered Bobruisk shortly after the end of the battle:

&lt;blockquote&gt;"Men are walking over German corpses. Corpses, hundreds and thousands of them, pave the road, lie in ditches, under the pines, in the green barley. In some places, vehicles have to drive over the corpses, so densely they lie upon the ground [...] A cauldron of death was boiling here, where the revenge was carried out"&lt;ref name=Beevor_p273&gt;Beevor and Vinogradova, p.273&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ninth Army had been decisively defeated, and the southern route to [[wikipedia:Minsk|Minsk]] was open.

==Second phase — Minsk==

By [[wikipedia:26 June|26 June]], [[Oberkommando des Heeres|OKH]] had finally realised that this was the main Soviet offensive, and that [[wikipedia:Minsk|Minsk]] was its objective. As a result, the [[5th Panzer Division]] was brought back from [[Army Group North Ukraine]], arriving in [[wikipedia:Minsk|Minsk]] on [[wikipedia:27 June|27 June]] with the unenviable job of attempting to halt the Soviet advance and preventing the complete collapse of Army Group Centre. The overall situation was dire: in the Army Group's northern sector, Third Panzer Army had crumbled, with the LIII Corps wiped out, the VI Corps shattered, and the IX Corps being pushed steadily west. In the south, Ninth Army had lost all cohesion, its remaining troops being pounded by artillery and air bombardment. Fourth Army's three corps were now ordered to hold fast, despite being bypassed by Soviet forces on their flanks: Hitler declared Minsk a ''Fester Platz'' and instructed the remnants of Ninth Army to reinforce its defence.

5th Panzer, which was reorganised on [[wikipedia:28 June|28 June]] into a combat group under the command of [[Dietrich von Saucken]], took up positions near [[wikipedia:Borisov (Belarus)|Borisov]] on the main road north-east of Minsk, along which elements of [[German Fourth Army|Fourth Army]] were fleeing from the front. 5th Panzer's main tank regiments, which unlike many German armoured units at the time were at full strength, were concentrated to the north, screening the rail lines being used for evacuation. The road itself was held by a rearguard of infantry, while [[German_Heavy_Panzer_Detachment|Heavy Tank Battalion]] 505, equipped with [[Tiger I]]s, held the rail lines at [[wikipedia:Krupki|Krupki]] to the east. The crossing points on the [[Berezina]] southwards were defended by several police and [[Security Division (Germany)|security detachments]] organised as ''Gruppe Anhalt'', and elements of divisions from Muller's XII Corps, which had fallen back on the town of [[wikipedia:Berezino|Berezino]].

===The re-conquest of Minsk===
[[Fifth Guards Tank Army (Soviet Union)|5th Guards Tank Army]] was now bearing down on [[wikipedia:Minsk|Minsk]] from the north-east (the subordinate [[Third Guards Tank Corps (Soviet Union)|3rd Guards Tank Corps]] initially suffering some losses to 5th Panzer's heavy tank battalion at Krupki), while the Soviet [[Second Guards Tank Corps (Soviet Union)|2nd Guards Tank Corps]] approached from the east. The bulk of 5th Guards Tank Army, accompanied by the rifle divisions of [[Eleventh Guards Army (Soviet Union)|11th Guards Army]], attacked straight down the Minsk road, forcing the German infantry back into Borisov by [[wikipedia:29 June|29 June]]: a screen of Soviet troops was left on the road to prevent any more elements of Fourth Army escaping into Minsk. 5th Panzer's engineers blew the bridges over the [[Berezina]] on [[wikipedia:30 June|30 June]] in an attempt to deny the Soviet forces entry into Borisov.&lt;ref name=Zaloga60&gt;Zaloga, p.60&lt;/ref&gt; The overstretched main elements of ''Gruppe von Saucken'' now attempted to screen Minsk from the north-west, where the 5th Guards Tank Army threatened to sever the railway lines. The fall of the city seemed imminent: [[Sixty Fifth Army (Soviet Union)|65th Army]] was approaching from the southern route, the 5th Guards Tank Army was making progress from the north, and 2nd Guards Tank Corps had crossed the Berezina. 

The elements of Army Group Centre holding Minsk began to prepare for withdrawal on [[wikipedia:1 July|1 July]], authorisation finally being given on [[wikipedia:2 July|2 July]]. von Saucken and the 5th Panzer Division were ordered to fall back towards [[wikipedia:Molodechno|Molodechno]] in the north-west. With substantial elements of [[German Fourth Army|Fourth Army]] still east of the city attempting to withdraw, the 2nd Guards Tank Corps broke through the defences of Minsk in the early hours of [[wikipedia:3 July|3 July]]; fighting erupted in the centre of the city at dawn. By the next day, Minsk had been cleared of German rearguard units, while the 65th Army and 5th Guards Tank Army closed the encirclement to the west. The bulk of Fourth Army, and much of the remnant of Ninth Army, were now trapped.

===The destruction of Fourth Army===
Over the next few days, Fourth Army made several attempts to break out of the encirclement, led by those divisions still retaining a coherent organisational structure. The largest group of encircled forces comprised the divisions of XII Corps, which remained relatively intact, along with those elements of XXVII Corps that had successfully retreated from Orsha and which were now trapped near [[wikipedia:Pekalin|Pekalin]]. The corps commanders, Muller and Völckers, decided on [[wikipedia:5 July|5 July]] that their forces should break out to the north-west and west respectively, accompanied by the remnants of Martinek's former XXXIX Panzer Corps; they were now as much as 100 [[wikipedia:kilometre|km]] behind Soviet lines. 

The [[25th Panzergrenadier Division]] acted as the spearhead for the breakout at midnight on [[wikipedia:5 July|5 July]], but was scattered, with some elements passing north of Minsk to reach German positions. The [[57th Infantry Division (Germany)|57th Infantry Division]] and ''[[Panzer Corps Feldherrnhalle (Germany)|Panzergrenadier-Division Feldherrnhalle]]'' linked up and attempted to bypass Minsk to the south, but were also dispersed, while the same fate eventually befell the remainder of the [[78th Infantry Division (Germany)|78th Sturm Division]] (after an initially successful breakout) and most of the other divisional groupings.&lt;ref name=Adair pp_151&gt;See Adair, pp.151–2&lt;/ref&gt; Some elements of the 14th Infantry Division under their commander, Lieutenant-General [[Hermann Flörke|Flörke]], managed to link up with remnants of the [[31st Infantry Division (Germany)|31st]] and [[12th Infantry Division (Germany)|12th]] Infantry Divisions; ''[[Kampfgruppe]] Flörke'', after finding Minsk abandoned and burning, was eventually able to escape the pocket and reach the [[12th Panzer Division]]'s positions.&lt;ref name=Niepold_195&gt;Niepold, p.195&lt;/ref&gt; Soviet forces were reporting actions against groups of encircled German soldiers several thousand strong until mid-July, and smaller groups until some time later.&lt;ref name=glantz183&gt; E.g. the 222nd Rifle Division, who after destroying one group at the Svisloch crossings on 7 July, reported an action against a unit of 5000 Germans who had counterattacked at a village south of Minsk on 11 July (see Glantz, p.183)&lt;/ref&gt;  

In total, around 100,000 troops from Fourth and Ninth Armies were caught in the encirclement, of whom some 40,000 were killed, most of the remainder being captured. Partisans played an important role in locating and mopping up the encircled forces.

==Third phase==
As German resistance had completely collapsed, Soviet forces were ordered to push on as far as possible beyond the original objective of Minsk: they were now given the task of taking [[wikipedia:Grodno|Grodno]] and [[wikipedia:Byalistok|Byalistok]]. 5th Panzer attempted to hold [[wikipedia:Molodechno|Molodechno]], but failed. [[Walter Model]], who had taken over command of Army Group Centre on [[wikipedia:28 June|28 June]] when [[Ernst Busch|Ernst Busch]] was sacked, hoped to reestablish a defensive line running through [[wikipedia:Lida|Lida]] using what was left of Third Panzer and Ninth Armies along with new reinforcements.&lt;ref name=oob_july&gt;The German Order of Battle for Army Group Centre in mid-July shows the remnants of Ninth Army incorporated in Second Army; Third Panzer Army reduced to ''Korps-Abteilung G'' and fragments of IX and XXVI Corps; and Fourth Army consisting of the battered 5th Panzer and 50th Infantry Divisions along with ''Kampfgruppe Flörke'', some remnants of security divisions and part of the ''[[3rd SS Division Totenkopf|Totenkopf]]'' (all under the command of [[Helmuth Weidling]], who had previously been commanding a corps of Ninth Army at Bobruisk) plus [[7th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)|7th Panzer]] (see Hinze, ''Ostfrontdrama 1944''). Though Soviet forces were exhausted and their supply lines dangerously extended, the extremely weak forces arrayed against them encouraged commanders to push on as far as possible.&lt;/ref&gt; Even so, his [[Battle of Vilnius (1944)|attempt to defend Vilnius]] with the Third Panzer Army resulted in another encirclement and the loss of another 12,000 troops.

Ten days after the fall of Minsk, the Red Army reached the pre-war Polish border, pushing on to seize bridgeheads over the [[wikipedia:Nieman|Nieman]] before German forces could react. The subsequent [[Lublin-Brest Offensive|Lublin-Brest]] and [[Lvov-Sandomierz Operation|Lvov-Sandomierz]] Operations further exploited the collapse of Army Group Centre, as German forces were hurriedly transferred back from Army Group North Ukraine, weakening it. The Soviet offensives had been so successful that they halted only when their supply lines were in danger of over-extension. However, controversy still rages about the decision to provide only limited — and late — assistance to the [[Armia Krajowa|Polish Home Army]] during the [[Warsaw Uprising]] which began just as Soviet forces reached the eastern outskirts of that city.

==Aftermath==
Compared to other battles, this was by far the greatest Soviet victory in numerical terms. The Red Army inflicted nearly four times as many losses on the Germans as they sustained, and liberated a vast amount of Soviet territory (whose population had suffered greatly under the brutal [[Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany|German occupation]]; the advancing Soviets found cities destroyed, villages depopulated, and much of the population killed or deported by the occupiers) in a span of 2 months. In order to show the outside world the magnitude of the victory, some 50,000 German prisoners, taken from the encirclement east of Minsk, were paraded through Moscow: even marching quickly and twenty abreast, they took three hours to pass.&lt;ref name=Merridale_p241&gt;Merridale, p.241&lt;/ref&gt; In a symbolic gesture the streets were washed down afterwards.

The German army never recovered from the [[matériel]] and [[manpower]] losses sustained during this time, having lost about a quarter of its Eastern Front manpower, similar to the percentage lost at Stalingrad (about 20 full divisions). These losses included many experienced troops, NCOs and officers, which at this stage of the war the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' could not replace. A number of generals were also lost: 9 were killed, including 2 corps commanders; 22 captured, including 4 corps commanders; Major-General Hahn, commander of 197th Infantry Division disappeared on [[24 June]] and Lieutenant-General Zutavern of [[18th Panzergrenadier Division]] committed suicide.

Overall the near-total annihilation of Army Group Centre cost the Germans 2,000 tanks and 57,000 other vehicles. German losses are estimated at 300,000 dead, 250,000 wounded, and about 120,000 captured; overall casualties at 670,000 .&lt;ref name=Zaloga71&gt;Zaloga, p.71&lt;/ref&gt;

Soviet losses were also substantial, with 60,000 killed, 110,000 wounded, and about 8,000 missing, with 2,957 tanks, 2,447 artillery pieces, and 822 aircraft also lost.&lt;ref name=Zaloga71&gt;Zaloga, p.71&lt;/ref&gt;

The offensive cut off [[Army Group North]] and [[Army Group North Ukraine]] from each other, and weakened them as resources were diverted to the central sector. This forced both Army Groups to withdraw from Soviet territory much more quickly when faced with the following Soviet offensives in their sectors.

The final destruction of much of Army Group Centre around Minsk coincided with the destruction of many of the German army's strongest units in France in the [[Falaise pocket]]. On both eastern and western fronts, the subsequent Allied exploitation was slowed and halted by supply problems rather than German resistance. However, the Germans were able to transfer armoured units from the Italian front, where they could afford to give ground, to resist the Soviet advance near Warsaw.

==External links==
* [http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/world_war_2/3421346.html Operation Bagration: Soviet Offensive of 1944] 
* [http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/ww2%20europe/ww2%20europe%20pages/ww2%20europe%20map%2030.htm Map] showing the location of different armies and the pockets where the German 4th Army and 9th Army were destroyed

==References==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;
*{{cite book
| last = Adair
| first = Paul
| authorlink = 
| coauthors = 
| date = 1994-09-22
| chapter =
| title = Hitler's Greatest Defeat:  The collapse of Army Group Centre, June 1944
| publisher = Weidenfeld Military
| location = 
| isbn = 1854092324
| id = 
}}
* Beevor, Antony and Vinogradova, Luba (eds), ''A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army'', Pimlico, 2006, ISBN 978-1845950156 
*Buchner, Alex, ''Ostfront 1944: The German defensive battles on the Russian Front 1944'', Schiffer Military History, West Chester, PA, 1991, (White Russia:Army Group Center) ISBN:0-88740-282-8
* Dunn, W. ''Soviet Blitzkrieg: The Battle for White Russia, 1944'', Lynne Riener, 2000, ISBN 978-1555878801 
* [[wikipedia:David Glantz|Glantz, D.]] ''Beylorussia 1944—The Soviet General Staff Study''
* Hastings, Max, ''Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945'', Macmillan, 2004, ISBN 0-333-90836-8
* Hinze, R. ''Ostfrontdrama 1944: Rückzugskämpfe der Heeresgruppe Mitte''
* Merridale, C. ''Ivan's War: Inside the Red Army, 1939–45'', Faber, 2006, ISBN 978-0571218097 
* Mitcham, S. ''German Defeat in the East, 1944-5'', Stackpole, 2007.
* Niepold, G., translated by Simpkin, R., ''Battle for White Russia: The destruction of Army Group Centre June 1944'', Brassey's, London, 1987, ISBN:0-08-033606-X
* Zaloga, S. ''Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre''
* Ziemke, Earl F., ''Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich'', NY:Ballantine Books, London: Macdonald &amp; Co, 1969.
&lt;/div&gt;

==Footnotes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{wikipedia|Operation Bagration}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1944]]
[[Category:Soviet-German War]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Eastern Front of World War II]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Operation Four Brothers</title>
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      <text bytes="1748" sha1="fppq01ugau472uyx1mrczs2w7i6u5z6" xml:space="preserve">'''Operation Four Brothers''' was a military operation conducted in Arab Jabour, Iraq in July 2007 to try and correct the security situation.

==Operation details==
During Operation Four Brothers [[paratroopers]] from Bravo Troop, 1st Battalion, [[40th Cavalry Regiment]], from [[Fort Richardson]], Alaska, conducted the operation finding caches of weapons, money, cell phones and numerous types of media as well as detaining 13 suspected [[Iraqi insurgency|insurgents]].  One individual, who was briefly detained and released, agreed to write a sworn statement against other detainees being held.

During the operation the paratroopers discovered various weapons caches containing three Iranian hand [[grenade]]s, military type uniforms, and 40 [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] casings ranging from 40 millimeter to 81 millimeter. The munitions were confiscated and turned over to the Iraqi police for destruction.

The paratroopers also found 9,000,000 Iraqi Dinar, the equivalent to $6,000 in US currency. There were also several items from two different coalition patrol bases that had been stolen. These items included razor wire, ladders and lumber.

The Paratroopers are currently attached to 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division from [[Fort Stewart]], Georgia.

==See also==
*[[List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War]]

==References==
*[http://www.mnf-iraq.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=12773&amp;Itemid=21|Multi-National Force Iraq Websiste]

{{Operations of the Iraq war: 2007}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Four Brothers}}
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War in 2007]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States]]
[[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War involving Iraq]]</text>
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== Headline text =='''Bold text'''Operation Sealion:Invasion of Britain

 Hitler's planned assault on the British home isles and would be fought in three main stages.


First Stage: Air Fight
 Took place during the Battle of Britain and the the most important battle of the campaign had failed.

----


Second Stage: Channel Sea Battle
 The German Sea Fleet must fight the Royal Navy and gain command of the English Channel.


----


Final Stage: Ultimate Land Fight
 The coup de grace of the whole campaign would take place on Britain and wipe out the British Army.


----


Campaign Time: 60 Days</text>
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    <title>Operation Weserübung</title>
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      <text bytes="24729" sha1="8wo99a7wxnwna6guuw8a041rk7iliwt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Operation Weserübung
|partof=[[World War II]]
|image=
|caption=
|date=[[wikipedia:9 April|9 April]] [[1940]] – [[wikipedia:10 June|10 June]] [[1940]]
|place=[[wikipedia:Denmark|Denmark]], [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]]
|result=German victory
|combatant1=[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px|Flag of Germany]]&amp;nbsp;[[Nazi Germany|Germany]]
|combatant2=[[Image:Flag of Denmark.svg|22px|Flag of Denmark]]&amp;nbsp;[[Denmark]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|22px|Flag of Norway]]&amp;nbsp;[[Norway]]
|commander1=[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px|Flag of Germany]]&amp;nbsp;[[Nikolaus von Falkenhorst]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px|Flag of Germany]]&amp;nbsp;[[Hans Ferdinand Geisler]]
|commander2=[[Image:Flag of Denmark.svg|22px|Flag of Denmark]]&amp;nbsp;[[William Wain Prior]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|22px|Flag of Norway]]&amp;nbsp;[[Kristian Laake]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|22px|Flag of Norway]]&amp;nbsp;[[Otto Ruge]]
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
}}

'''Operation ''Weserübung''''' was the [[wikipedia:German language|German]] codename for [[Nazi Germany]]'s assault on [[wikipedia:Denmark|Denmark]] and [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]] during [[World War II]] and the opening operation of the [[Norwegian Campaign]]. (The term means '''Weser Exercise''' or '''Operation Weser''', the [[wikipedia:Weser|Weser]] being a German river.)

In the early morning of [[wikipedia:April 9|April 9]], [[1940]] &amp;mdash; ''Wesertag'' ("Weser Day") &amp;mdash; Germany invaded Denmark and Norway, ostensibly as a preventive maneuver against a planned (and openly discussed) [[France|Franco]]-[[wikipedia:United Kingdom|British]] [[Military occupation|occupation]] of both these countries; upon arrival envoys of the invading Germans informed both countries' governments that the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' had come to "protect the countries' [[Neutral country|neutrality]]" against Franco-British aggression. Significant differences in [[wikipedia:geography|geography]], location and [[wikipedia:climate|climate]] between the two countries made the actual invasions very dissimilar.

The invasion fleet's nominal landing time &amp;mdash; ''Weserzeit'' ("Weser Hour") &amp;mdash; was set to 05:15 AM German time, equivalent to 04:15 Norwegian time.

==Political and military background==
{{main|Swedish iron ore during World War II}}
Starting in the spring of 1939, the British [[Admiralty]] began to view [[wikipedia:Scandinavia|Scandinavia]] as a potential [[Theater (warfare)|theatre of war]] in a future conflict with Germany. The British government was reluctant to engage in another land conflict on the continent that they believed would be a repeat of [[World War I]]. So they began considering a [[Blockade|blockade strategy]] in an attempt to weaken Germany indirectly. German industry was heavily dependent on the import of [[iron ore]] from the northern [[wikipedia:Sweden|Swedish]] mining district, and much of this ore during the winter months was shipped through the northern Norwegian port of [[wikipedia:Narvik|Narvik]].&lt;ref name="Illustrated History"&gt;The Illustrated History of World War II. Owen Booth and John Walton. Chartwell Books, Inc. 1998. Pages 44 - 49&lt;/ref&gt; Control of the Norwegian coast would also serve to tighten a blockade against Germany.

In October 1939, the chief of the German ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'', [[Grand Admiral]] [[Erich Raeder]], discussed with [[Adolf Hitler]] the danger posed by eventual British bases in Norway and the possibility of Germany seizing these bases before the United Kingdom could. The navy argued that possession of Norway would allow control of the nearby seas and serve as a staging base for future submarine operations against the UK.&lt;ref name="Illustrated History" /&gt; But at this time, the other branches of the ''Wehrmacht'' were not interested, and Hitler had just issued a directive stating that the main effort would be a land offensive through the [[Low Countries]].

Toward the end of November, [[Winston Churchill]], as a new member of the [[Imperial War Cabinet|British War Cabinet]], proposed the mining of Norwegian waters. This would force the ore transports to travel through the open waters of the [[wikipedia:North Sea|North Sea]], where the [[Royal Navy]] could interdict them. This proposal was turned down by [[Neville Chamberlain]] and [[wikipedia:Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Halifax]], due to fear of an adverse reaction among neutral nations such as the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]. After the start of the [[Winter War]] between the [[Soviet Union]] and [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]] in November had changed the diplomatic situation, Churchill again proposed his mining scheme but once more was denied.

In December, the UK and France began serious planning for sending aid to Finland. Their plan called for a force to land at Narvik in northern Norway, the main port for Swedish iron ore exports, and to take control of the ''[[wikipedia:Malmbanan|Malmbanan]]'' railway line from Narvik to [[wikipedia:Luleå|Luleå]] in Sweden on the shore of the [[wikipedia:Gulf of Bothnia|Gulf of Bothnia]]. Conveniently, this plan also would allow the allied forces to occupy the Swedish iron ore mining district. The plan received the support of both Chamberlain and Halifax. They were counting on the cooperation of Norway, which would alleviate some of the legal issues. But stern warnings issued to both Norway and Sweden resulted in strongly negative reactions in both countries. Planning for the expedition continued, but the justification for it was removed when Finland [[Peace of Moscow|sued for peace]] in March 1940.

===Planning===
Convinced of the threat posed by the allies to the iron ore supply, Hitler ordered the German high command ([[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|OKW]]) to begin preliminary planning for an invasion of Norway on [[wikipedia:December 14|December 14]], [[1939]]. The preliminary plan was named ''Studie Nord'' and only called for one [[Division|army division]].

Between [[wikipedia:January 14|January 14]] and 19 the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' developed an expanded version of this plan. They decided upon two key factors: that surprise was essential to reduce the threat of Norwegian resistance (and British intervention); the second to use the faster German [[warship]]s, rather than comparatively slow merchant ships, as troop transports. This would allow all targets to be occupied simultaneously, as the transport ships only had limited range. This new plan called for a full [[Corps|army corps]], including a mountain division, an [[Airborne forces|airborne division]], a motorized rifle brigade, and two infantry divisions. The target objectives of this force were the following:
*The Norwegian capital [[wikipedia:Oslo|Oslo]] and nearby population centers
*[[wikipedia:Bergen, Norway|Bergen]]
*[[wikipedia:Narvik|Narvik]]
*[[wikipedia:Tromsø|Tromsø]]
*[[wikipedia:Trondheim|Trondheim]]
*[[wikipedia:Stavanger|Stavanger]]
The plan also called for the rapid capture of the kings of Denmark and Norway in the hopes that would trigger a rapid surrender.

On [[wikipedia:February 21|February 21]], [[1940]], command of the operation was given to General [[Nikolaus von Falkenhorst|von Falkenhorst]]. He had fought in Finland during [[World War I]] and therefore was familiar with [[arctic warfare]]. But he was only to have command of the ground forces, despite Hitler's desire to have a unified command.

The final plan was code-named Operation ''Weserübung'' ("Exercise on the [[wikipedia:Weser River|Weser]]") on [[wikipedia:January 27|January 27]], [[1940]]. It would be under the command of the XXI Army Group and include the [[German 3rd Mountain Division|3rd Mountain Division]] and five infantry divisions, none of the latter having yet been tested in battle. The initial echelon would consist of three divisions for the assault, with the remainder to follow in the next wave. Three companies of [[paratrooper]]s would be used to seize airfields. The decision to send also the [[German 2nd Mountain Division|2nd Mountain Division]] was made later.

Initially the plan was to invade Norway and to gain control of Danish airfields by diplomatic means. But Hitler issued a new directive on [[wikipedia:March 1|March 1]] that called for the invasion of both Norway and Denmark. This came at the insistence of the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' to capture fighter bases and sites for air-warning stations. The XXXI Corps was formed for the invasion of Denmark, consisting of two infantry divisions and the 11th motorized brigade. The entire operation would be supported by the X Air Corps, consisting of some 1,000 aircraft of various types.

===Preliminaries===
In February the British destroyer [[HMS Cossack (F03)|''Cossack'']] [[Altmark Incident|boarded the German transport ship ''Altmark'']] while in Norwegian waters, thereby violating Norwegian neutrality, rescuing POWs held also in violation of Norwegian neutrality (the ''Altmark'' was obliged to release them as soon as she entered neutral territory). Hitler regarded this as a clear sign that the UK was willing to violate Norwegian neutrality, and so became even more strongly committed to the invasion.&lt;ref name="Illustrated History" /&gt;

On [[wikipedia:March 12|March 12]], the UK decided to send an [[Expeditionary Force|expeditionary force]] to Norway just as the [[Winter War]] was winding down. The expeditionary force began boarding on [[wikipedia:March 13|March 13]], but it was recalled - and the operation cancelled - with the end of the Winter War. Instead the British cabinet voted to proceed with the mining operation in Norwegian waters, followed by troop landings.

The first German ships set sail for the invasion on [[wikipedia:April 3|April 3]], and on [[wikipedia:April 8|April 8]] a British [[destroyer]] began laying the first mines in Norwegian waters. On [[wikipedia:April 9|April 9]] the German invasion was under way.

==Invasion of Denmark==
Strategically, Denmark was relatively unimportant to Germany, except as a staging area for operations in Norway, and of course as a border nation to Germany which would have to be controlled in some way. The country is small and relatively flat, ideal territory for German army operations, and Denmark's small army had little hope of success in armed resistance. Nevertheless, in the early morning hours a few Danish troops engaged the German army, suffering a few dozen dead.

After 1,000 German infantry in the early morning landed in Copenhagen harbor, a detachment of troops from the King's royal guard began to engage them. Just as the first few shots were being fired, several formations of [[Heinkel 111]] and [[Dornier 17]] bombers roared over the city. Faced with the explicit threat of the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' bombing the civilian population of [[wikipedia:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]], the Danish government capitulated in exchange for retaining political independence in domestic matters. This resulted in the uniquely lenient [[Occupation of Denmark]], particularly until the summer of 1943, and also in postponing the arrest and [[wikipedia:deportation|deportation]] of Danish [[wikipedia:Jew|Jew]]s until nearly all of them were warned and on their way to refuge in Sweden. In the end, fewer than 500 Danish Jews were deported, and 52 of them lost their lives, out of a pre-war total estimated at 8,000.

Though Denmark and the rest of Scandinavia (except for Norway) generally had little military significance, they had strategic, economic and ideological importance. As Dr. [[wikipedia:Werner Best|Werner Best]], the second German plenipotentiary, said, "Denmark provided significant economic assistance through its agriculture. It was also an important link to Sweden."

==Invasion of Norway==
===Motivation and Order of Battle===
''Main article: [[Operation Weserübung Order of Battle]]''
{{Norway WWII}}

Norway was important to Germany for two primary reasons: as a base for naval units, including [[U-boat]]s, to harass Allied shipping in the [[North Atlantic]], and to secure shipments of [[Swedish iron ore (WWII)|iron-ore from Sweden]] through the port of [[Narvik]].&lt;ref name="Illustrated History" /&gt; The long northern coastline was an excellent place to launch U-boat operations into the North Atlantic in order to attack British commerce. Germany was dependent on iron ore from Sweden and was worried, with justification, that the Allies would attempt to disrupt those shipments, 90 percent of which originated from Narvik.

The invasion of Norway was given to the Army Corps XXI under [[General]] [[Nikolaus von Falkenhorst]] and consisted of the following main units:
* [[German 163rd Infantry Division|163&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; Infantry Division]]
* [[German 69th Infantry Division|69&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Infantry Division]]
* [[German 169th Infantry Division|169&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Infantry Division]]
* [[German 181st Infantry Division|181&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; Infantry Division]]
* [[German 214th Infantry Division|214&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Infantry Division]]
* two regiments of the [[German 3rd Mountain Division|3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; Mountain Division]]

The initial invasion force was transported in several groups by ships of the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'':
# [[Battlecruiser]]s (or fast battleships) [[German battlecruiser Scharnhorst|''Scharnhorst'']] and [[German battlecruiser Gneisenau|''Gneisenau'']] as distant cover, plus 10 destroyers with 2,000 mountaineering troops under General [[Eduard Dietl]] to [[Narvik]];
# Heavy cruiser [[German cruiser Admiral Hipper|''Admiral Hipper'']] and 4 destroyers with 1,700 troops to [[Trondheim]];
# Light cruisers [[German cruiser Köln|''Köln'']] and [[German cruiser Königsberg|''Königsberg'']], artillery training ship [[German training ship Bremse|''Bremse'']], transport ''Karl Peters'', 2 [[torpedo boat]]s and 5 motor torpedo boats with 1,900 troops to [[Bergen, Norway|Bergen]];
# Light cruiser [[German cruiser Karlsruhe|''Karlsruhe'']], 3 torpedo boats, 7 motor torpedo boats with 1,100 troops to [[Kristiansand]];
# Heavy cruiser [[German cruiser Blücher|''Blücher'']], heavy cruiser (formerly [[pocket battleship]]) [[German pocket battleship Deutschland|''Lützow'']], light cruiser [[German cruiser Emden|''Emden'']], 3 torpedo boats and 8 [[minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]]s with 2,000 troops to [[Oslo]];
# 4 minesweepers with 150 troops to [[Egersund]].
[[Image:Weserübung.png|right|thumb|200px|The German landing sites during the initial phase of Operation ''Weserübung''.]]
===Concise timeline===
* Late in the evening of [[wikipedia:April 8|April 8]], [[1940]], ''Kampfgruppe 5'' was spotted by the Norwegian guard vessel [[KNM Pol III|''Pol III'']]. ''Pol III'' was defeated, her captain the first Norwegian military casualty during the war.
* In an act of irony, the German heavy cruiser ''Blücher'' was sunk in the [[Oslofjord]] [[April 9]] by 48-year-old German [[Krupp]] guns (named ''Moses'' and ''Aron'', of 280 mm calibre, installed at [[Oscarsborg festning|Oscarsborg Fortress]] in May 1893) and equally ancient torpedoes:
** German ships sailed up the [[fjord]] leading to Oslo, reaching the [[wikipedia:Drøbak|Drøbak]] Narrows ([[wikipedia:Drøbaksundet|Drøbaksundet]]). In the early morning of [[April 9]], the gunners at Oscarsborg Fortress fired on the leading ship, the ''Blücher'', which had been illuminated by spotlights at about 0515hrs. Within two hours, the ship, unable to maneuver in the narrow fjord, was sunk with about 600-1,000 men. The now obvious threat from the fortress delayed the rest of the naval invasion group long enough for the [[wikipedia:Royal family|Royal family]] and [[wikipedia:Parliament|Parliament]] to be evacuated, along with the [[Flight of the Norwegian National Treasury|national treasury]]. As a result, Norway never surrendered to the Germans, leaving the [[wikipedia:Vidkun Quisling|Quisling]] government illegitimate and permitting Norway to participate as an [[Allies of World War II|Ally]] in the war, rather than as a conquered nation.
* German airborne troops landed at [[wikipedia:Fornebu|Oslo airport Fornebu]], [[wikipedia:Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik|Kristiansand airport Kjevik]], and [[wikipedia:Sola Air Station|Sola Air Station]] &amp;mdash; the latter constituting the ''first [[paratrooper]] ([[Fallschirmjäger]]) attack in history'';&lt;ref name="Illustrated History" /&gt; coincidentally, among the ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' pilots landing at Kjevik was [[Reinhard Heydrich]]. [[Image:Karte Oscarsborg.png|right|150px|thumb|Map of Oslo fjord with Oscarsborg]]
* [[Vidkun Quisling|Quisling]]'s radio-effected [[coup d'etat]] &amp;mdash; ''another first''.
* Partly thanks to the sinking of the ''Blücher'' in the Oslo Fjord narrows, the Royal family and [[Storting|Parliament]] (including government) evaded the German invasion force;&lt;ref name="Illustrated History" /&gt; [[Haakon VII of Norway|King Haakon]] refused to lay down arms; [[Battle of Midtskogen|Clash at Midtskogen]]; bombs at [[Elverum]] and [[Nybergsund]]; Royal family, Parliament, and national gold reserves moved northward ahead of the Germans.
* Cities/towns [[wikipedia:Bergen, Norway|Bergen]], [[wikipedia:Stavanger|Stavanger]], [[wikipedia:Egersund|Egersund]], [[wikipedia:Kristiansand|Kristiansand S]], [[wikipedia:Arendal|Arendal]], [[wikipedia:Horten|Horten]], [[wikipedia:Trondheim|Trondheim]] and [[wikipedia:Narvik|Narvik]] attacked and occupied within 24 hours.
* Heroic, but wholly ineffective, stand by the Norwegian armored coastal defence ships [[HNoMS Norge|''Norge'']] and [[HNoMS Eidsvold|''Eidsvold'']] at Narvik. Both ships torpedoed and sunk with great loss of life.
* [[First Battle of Narvik|First]] and [[Second Battle of Narvik|Second Naval Battle of Narvik]] (Royal Navy vs Kriegsmarine).
* The German force took Narvik and landed the 2,000 mountain infantry, but a British naval counterattack by the old battleship [[HMS Warspite (1913)|HMS ''Warspite'']] and a flotilla of destroyers over several days succeeded in sinking all 10 German destroyers once they ran out of fuel and ammunition.
* Devastating bombing of towns [[wikipedia:Åndalsnes|Åndalsnes]], [[wikipedia:Molde|Molde]], [[wikipedia:Kristiansund|Kristiansund N]], [[wikipedia:Steinkjer|Steinkjer]], [[wikipedia:Namsos|Namsos]], [[wikipedia:Bodø|Bodø]], Narvik &amp;mdash; some of them tactically bombed, some terror-bombed.
* Main German land campaign northward from Oslo with superior equipment; Norwegian soldiers with turn-of-the-century weapons, along with some British and French troops (see [[Namsos in April 1940|Namsos Campaign]]), stop invaders for a time before yielding &amp;mdash; ''first land combat action between [[British Army]] and Wehrmacht in WWII''.
* Land battles at Narvik: Norwegian and Allied ([[French Army|French]], Polish) forces under [[General]] [[Carl Gustav Fleischer]] achieve the &amp;mdash; ''first tactical victory against the Wehrmacht in WWII'' &amp;mdash; and the following unfortunate withdrawal of the Allied forces (mentioned below); Fighting at [[wikipedia:Gratangen|Gratangen]].
* With the evacuation of the King and the Parliament from [[wikipedia:Molde|Molde]] to [[wikipedia:Tromsø|Tromsø]] on April 29, and the allied evacuation of [[wikipedia:Åndalsnes|Åndalsnes]] on May 1, resistance in Southern Norway comes to an end.
* The "last stand": [[wikipedia:Hegra festning|Hegra Fortress]] (Fort Ingstadkleiven) resisted the siege until [[wikipedia:May 5|May 5]] -- of Allied propaganda importance, like Narvik.
* King Haakon, [[wikipedia:Olav V of Norway|Crown Prince Olav]], and parliament left from Tromsø [[wikipedia:7 June|7 June]] (aboard British cruiser [[HMS Devonshire (39)|HMS ''Devonshire'']], bound for UK) to represent Norway in exile (King returned to Oslo exact same date five years later); [[wikipedia:Princess Märtha Louise of Sweden|Crown Princess Märtha]] and children, denied asylum in her native Sweden, later left from [[wikipedia:Petsamo|Petsamo]], Finland, to live in exile in the United States.
* Norway capitulated (though Norwegian armed forces continued fighting the Germans abroad [[Norwegian resistance movement|and at home]] until the German capitulation on May 8, 1945) on [[wikipedia:June 10|June 10]], [[1940]], two months after ''Wesertag'', this made Norway the conquered country which had withstood a German invasion for the longest time before succumbing.

In the far north, Norwegian, [[France|French]] and [[Poland|Polish]] troops, supported by the [[Royal Navy]] and the [[RAF]], fought against the Germans over the control of the Norwegian harbour [[wikipedia:Narvik|Narvik]], important for the year-round export of [[Swedish iron ore (WWII)|Swedish iron ore]] (The Swedish harbour of [[wikipedia:Luleå|Luleå]] is blocked by ice in the winter months). The Germans were driven out of Narvik on [[wikipedia:May 28|May 28]], but due to the deteriorating situation on the [[Europe]]an continent, the allied troops were withdrawn in [[Operation Alphabet]] &amp;mdash; and the Germans recaptured Narvik on [[June 9]], by then deserted also by the civilians due to massive Luftwaffe bombing.

==The Encircling of Sweden and Finland==
[[Image:Lapland1940.png|right|frame|Iron ore is extracted in [[wikipedia:Kiruna|Kiruna]] and [[wikipedia:Malmberget|Malmberget]], and brought by rail to the harbours of [[wikipedia:Luleå|Luleå]] and [[wikipedia:Narvik|Narvik]].&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Borders as of 1920&amp;ndash;1940.)&lt;/small&gt;]]
Operation Weserübung did not include a military assault on (likewise neutral) [[wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]] &amp;mdash; there was no need. By holding Norway, the [[wikipedia:Danish straits|Danish straits]] and most of the shores of the [[wikipedia:Baltic Sea|Baltic Sea]], the [[Third Reich]] encircled Sweden from the north, west and south &amp;mdash; and in the East, there was the [[Soviet Union]], the successor of Sweden's and [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]]'s arch-enemy Russia, on friendly terms with Hitler under the terms of the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]]. A small number of Finnish volunteers helped the Norwegian army against Germans in an ambulance unit.

Sweden's and Finland's trade was totally controlled by the Kriegsmarine. As a consequence, Germany put pressure on neutral Sweden to permit [[Transit of German troops through Scandinavia (WWII)|transit of military goods and soldiers on leave]]. On [[wikipedia:June 18|June 18]], [[1940]], an agreement was reached. Soldiers were to travel unarmed and not be part of unit movements. A total of 2.14 million German soldiers, and more than 100,000 German military railway carriages, crossed Sweden until this traffic was officially suspended on [[wikipedia:August 20|August 20]], [[1943]].

In August 1940, Finland agreed to grant access to its territory for the Wehrmacht. Initially for [[Transit of German troops through Scandinavia (WWII)|transit of troops and military equipment to and from northernmost Norway]], but soon also for minor bases along the transit road that eventually would grow in the preparation for [[Operation Barbarossa]].

==See also==
*[[Operation Weserübung Order of Battle]]
*[[Occupation of Denmark]]
*[[The British occupation of the Faroe Islands 1940-1945]]
*[[Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany]]
*[[Allied campaign in Norway]]
*[[Hegra fortress]]
*[[First Battle of Narvik]]
*[[Second Battle of Narvik]]
*[[Alta Battalion]]
*[[Namsos in April 1940]]
*[[Norwegian resistance movement]]
*[[Vidkun Quisling]]
*[[Operation Hartmut]]
*[[Operation Juno]]
*[[Operation Wilfred]]

==References==
*Dildy, Douglas C. ''Denmark and Norway, 1940'': Hitler's Boldest Operation; Osprey Campaign Series #183; ISBN 9781846031175. Osprey Publishing, 2007

===Footnotes===
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==External links==
*[http://www.milhist.dk/besattelsen/9april/9april.html A detailed article about the German invasion of Denmark]
*[http://www.nuav.net/weserubung2.html A short introduction to the German invasion of Norway]
*[http://hem.fyristorg.com/robertm/norge/ Norway 1940: A detailed description of the chain of events]
*[http://www.naval-history.net/WW2194004.htm#nor The Royal Navy: Norwegian invasion and campaign]
*[http://www.adolfhitler.ws/lib/proc/direct10.html Directive for "Fall ''Weserübung''"]
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-NWE-Norway/index.html#contents T.K. Derry: The Campaign in Norway]
*[http://www.engdahl.oilgeopolitics.net/History/MacKinder/mackinder.html Halford Mackinder's Necessary War] An essay describing Operation Weserübung in a larger strategic context
{{WWIITheatre}}

[[Category:Battles involving Norway|Weserübung]]
[[Category:Military history of Norway during World War II]]
[[Category:Norwegian Campaign|Weserübung]]

{{World War II}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Polish September Campaign</title>
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      <text bytes="3578" sha1="95gprhppn0gwcfmtywxe4j39hgqpzxk" xml:space="preserve">Adolf Hitler was still not satisfied after his victory at Czechoslovokia, and he set his sights on his next target, Poland. The British and the French expected this Poland to be Hitlers next target, and promised them reinforcements should it happen. Hitler organized a border dispute, having German prisoners dressed in Polish military uniforms, then ordered them to be shot. He declared this an act of Polish agression on German soil, and announced he would be throwing all the armed might of Germany at the attacking nation, thus starting World War II.

The attack began on September 1st, from land, air and sea. The first signs of battle were sighted at Danzig in the Polish Corridor, which cuts East Prussia off from the Reich. Polish control of the port was a source of resenment to the Germans, and Hitler saw it a symbolic value in it's repossesion. Earlier, a German training ship known as the Schleswig-Holstein had docked at Danzig,claiming to be there for sight-seeing. When Hitler gave the orders, it opened fire on the port. 

Meanwhile, as the sun came over the horizon, squadrons of Hitlers High-Level bombers entered Poland, reducing the Polish rear to rubble. They destroyed most Polish air bases, hangers, fuel dumps, railroad stations, barracks, radio stations, bridges, and munition factories. Near the borders Junker-87 dive bombers, known as Stukas, proved to be a fearsome weapon. Besides it's firepower, sirens were fitted on to it that created a screaming racket as they dived down, making it sound as if it was coming right for you.

Next came the Motorcycles, armoured cars and tanks, followed closley by the armoured infantry and panzer divisions. They stormed through the Polish lines and disrupted communications and Polish troops. Soon German mobile units had the Polish army spread out in fragments. The streets crowded with civilians looking to escape, desperate soilders, nervous horses and broken down vehicles. 

The polish lack of modern weaponry proved to be one of their downfalls. Polish calvery were unable to stand the mass of German tanks and were defeated. The weather blessed the attackers, for it was sunny and claer skies almost everyday, which German soilders named Hitler weather.

After only a few days of battle, the Poles were beat back, and were faced with a tough decision. They could send their troops to stand all along the fronteir, taking the blunt force of the attack and spacing our their army. They could also take a more cautious route and defend a natural line, which would mean abandoning the western provinces, the richest part of Poland, including it's caol mines and most of it's industry.They decided to fight intially on the Frontier, but then move back to the Natural Line, while emplying counter attacks. The goal was to hold the invaders off until Britsh and French troops could arrive. The plan failed though, and in three days the Germans pushed through the defense. Refugees retreated all the way to the capital, Warsaw. 

The government and High Command had left the country, leaving an odyssey that would take the top military and Civilian leaders into Romania, which had not joined the Axis nations yet. All those who were able to battle lifted arms and prepared to fight off the Germans. Yet all hope was lost when Stalin sent a large amount of Russain troops into the undefended Eastern Fronteir of Poland to claim what he had been promised in his pack with Hitler. It was not long until the combined forces of Germany and Russia overwhelemed the remaining Polish defenders, and they were defeated.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Redstone Arsenal</title>
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      <text bytes="26615" sha1="5pif4h2d33xk5rj3o0heof0hdq7885d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military structure
|name= Redstone Arsenal
|location= Redstone Arsenal, Alabama
|image = [[File:Redstone Arsenal bldg 7101 04.jpg|250px]]
|caption= RSA Headquarters (Bldg. 7101) with [[PGM-11 Redstone|Redstone missile]] display
|map_type =
|latitude =
|longitude =
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|type   = Army post
|built  = 1941
|materials=
|used   = 1941–present
|controlledby=U.S. Army
|garrison=U.S. Army Aviation and Missile LCMC &lt;br /&gt;U.S. Army Materiel Command  &lt;br /&gt;Missile Defense Agency &lt;br /&gt;U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command &lt;br /&gt;Aviation &amp; Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center |commanders=
|battles=
}}

'''Redstone Arsenal''' (RSA) is a [[United States Army]] post and a census-designated place (CDP) adjacent to Huntsville in Madison County, Alabama, United States and is part of the [[Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area]]. The Arsenal is a [[garrison]] for a number of tenants including the [[United States Army Materiel Command]], [[United States Army Aviation and Missile Command|Army's Aviation and Missile Command]], the [[Missile Defense Agency]] of the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]], and NASA's [[Marshall Space Flight Center]]. Many of these units are moving due to decisions by the Defense [[Base Realignment and Closure]] Commission. The Redstone Arsenal CDP had a population of 1,946 as of the 2010 census{{GR|8|dateform=dmy}}.  The base contains a government and contractor workforce that averages 36,000 to 40,000 personnel daily. 

Originally a [[chemical weapons]] manufacturing facility for [[World War II]], the arsenal became the focal point of the Army’s rocket and space projects, including development of the first U.S. [[ballistic missiles]] and space launch vehicles in the 1950s.

==Geography==
[[File:ALMap-doton-RedstoneArsenal.png|thumb|right|Location of RSA in Alabama]]

Redstone Arsenal is located at {{coord|34.684166|-86.654031|region:US|format=dms|display=inline}}.{{GR|1|dateform=dmy}}  According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Redstone CDP has a total area of {{convert|20.1|sqkm|disp=flip}}, all of it land.&lt;ref name="Census 2010"&gt;{{cite web| url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US0163912| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Redstone Arsenal CDP, Alabama| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder| accessdate=1 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Redstone Arsenal contains extensive wetland areas associated with the Tennessee River and several local springs, much of which is maintained by the [[Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge]].

==History==

===Pre-1941===
A total of 651 prehistoric archaeological sites were recorded on Redstone Arsenal to date.&lt;ref&gt;Data on File at the Redstone Arsenal Environmental Management Division&lt;/ref&gt; At least 22 have components dating to the [[Paleo-Indians|Paleo-Indian period]] (9200 to 8000 BC). The Paleo-Indian projectile point called the Redstone Point was named after Redstone Arsenal where it was first identified.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.garrison.redstone.army.mil/sites/directorates/dpw/emd/cnr/CulturalRes/content/ARCHAEOLOGICAL%20PROGRAM.pdf RSA Archeological Program]. redstone.army.mil&lt;/ref&gt;

Euroamerican settlers began to establish homesteads on the land that is now Redstone Arsenal by the first decade of the 19th century.  Prior to the [[Civil War (United States)|Civil War]], the landscape was dominated by several large plantations, the remains of which survive as archaeological sites.  The land played a peripheral role during the Civil War with activity limited to the posting of pickets along the Tennessee River bank.  Following the war, many of the large plantations were increasingly divided into smaller parcels owned by small farmers, who included former slaves and their descendants.  By the start of the 20th century, many of the farms were owned by absentee owners, with the land being worked by tenants and sharecroppers.  The remains of hundreds of tenant and sharecropper houses still dot the landscape around the installation.&lt;ref&gt;Curry, Beverly S.; "The People Who Lived on the Land that Is Now Redstone Arsenal", Cultural Resources Management Program, U.S. Army Missile Command, 2006 (available at regional libraries)&lt;/ref&gt;

At the beginning of the 20th century, the approximately {{convert|57|sqmi|km2|adj=on}} area of rolling terrain, which contained some of the richest agricultural land in Madison County, included such small farming communities as Spring Hill, Pond Beat, Mullins Flat and Union Hill. Although there was no electricity, indoor plumbing, or telephones; few roads; and fewer cars or tractors, the people who lived in the area that one former resident recalled as being “nearly out of the world” prospered enough to support their own stores, mills, shops, gins, churches, and schools.  A total of 46 historic cemeteries including slave cemeteries, plantation family cemeteries, and late 19th to early 20th century community cemeteries are maintained on the installation as [[Redstone Arsenal cemeteries]].

===Huntsville Arsenal===
As part of the mobilization leading to U.S. involvement in World War II, Huntsville Arsenal was established in 1941 to create a second chemical weapons plant in addition to one in [[Edgewood, Maryland]]. Over 550 families were displaced when the Army acquired the land, including over 300 tenants and sharecroppers.  Most of the landowners were allowed to salvage their assets and rebuild elsewhere. The remaining buildings were almost all razed by the War Department.  A land-use agreement was arranged with the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] for the Army to use about {{convert|1250|acre|km2}} of land along the Tennessee River.

The military installation was originally composed of three separate entities: the Huntsville Arsenal and the Huntsville Depot (later the Gulf Chemical Warfare Depot), which were operated under the auspices of the [[Chemical Corps|Chemical Warfare Service]]; and the Redstone Ordnance Plant, operated by the [[Ordnance Corps (United States Army)|Army Ordnance Department]]. The name ''Redstone'' drew on the region's [[Iron(III) oxide|red]] [[Hematite|rocks]] and [[Geography of Alabama#Climate and soil|soil]].&lt;ref&gt;Cagle, Mary T.; "[Early] History of Redstone Arsenal," Public Information Office, Redstone Arsenal; http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/huntsville/history_redstone_arsenal.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:RSA Munitions.jpg|thumb|left|200px|1940s munitions production at Huntsville Arsenal]]

In its early years, the arsenal produced and stockpiled chemical weapons such as [[phosgene]], [[Lewisite]], and [[mustard gas]]. The use of toxic gases in warfare was banned under the Geneva Protocol of 1925, but the U.S. signed with the reservation that it be allowed to use chemical weapons against aggressors who used them.  The facility also produced carbonyl iron powder (for radio and radar tuning), tear gas, and smoke and incendiary devices. The arsenal also produced small pyrotechnic devices including small solid-fuel rockets during the war. In recognition of its production record, the arsenal received the [[Army-Navy ‘E’ Award]] four times, the first on 31 October 1942. The ordnance plant was renamed Redstone Arsenal in 1943. Through the war years, more than 27,000,000 items of chemical munitions were produced and 45,200,000 ammunition shells were loaded. [[Redstone Army Airfield]] was established in 1943 for the [[United States Army Air Forces|6th Army Air Force]] to test incendiary devices in preparation for the [[Bombing of Tokyo|firebombing of Japanese cities]].&lt;ref&gt;Baker, Michael E.; "Redstone Arsenal: Yesterday and Today", U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993-758-626/80050; summary: http://geckocountry.com/redstons.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;

Three days after the announcement of the Japanese surrender, production facilities at the installation were put on standby. After the war, Huntsville Arsenal was briefly used as the primary storage facility for the Chemical Warfare Service, and for manufacture of gas masks and dismantling of surplus incendiary bombs.  Most of the wartime civilian workforce was furloughed, dropping to 600 from a wartime high of around 4,400. Much of the arsenal land was leased for agriculture, and many of the buildings were leased for local industry. By 1947, the installation was declared to be excess, the first step toward demilitarization.&lt;ref&gt;Baker, ''Op. Cit.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Major political and commercial efforts were made in searching for government or business tenants for the space. In early 1948, several buildings of Huntsville Arsenal were leased by the newly formed Keller Motors Corporation with the intention of establishing a major automobile manufacturing complex.  Only 18 [[Keller (automobile)|Keller]] prototype vehicles were built before the firm’s president and primary organizer, George Keller, suddenly died and the operation folded.&lt;ref&gt;Gross, Ken, and Rich Taylor; "America's Most Needed Car," ''Special Interest Autos'' no. 30, Sept.-Oct. 1975, pp. 32–40, 59; http://assets.hemmings.com/uimage/2197977-0-1200.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[United States Army Air Forces|Army Air Forces]] was searching for a site to establish a major air development center and considered Huntsville Arsenal. In 1949, a competing site near [[Tullahoma, Tennessee]] was selected. The Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army then directed that Huntsville Arsenal be advertised for sale by 1 July 1949.  The proposed sale never happened, because the Army found it needed the land for the new mission of developing and testing rocket systems.  [[Thiokol Corporation]] moved operations to Redstone Arsenal from Maryland in the summer of 1949 to research and develop rocket propellants, while [[Rohm and Haas]] began work on rockets and jet propulsion.  On 30 June 1949, Huntsville Arsenal was deactivated and consolidated with the other two entities to become Redstone Arsenal. Command responsibilities were assumed by Redstone.&lt;ref&gt;Baker, ''Op. Cit.''&lt;/ref&gt;

===Army Ordnance Corps===
At the close of World War II, a number of key German scientists and engineers were brought to the United States under [[Operation Paperclip]]. Col. [[Holger Toftoy]] arranged for 127 individuals, including [[Wernher von Braun]], to receive contracts for work on Army missiles. In late 1945, they began arriving at [[Fort Bliss, Texas]], where, using components brought from Germany, started upgrading the [[V-2]] missile. Testing was done at the nearby [[White Sands Missile Range|White Sands Proving Ground]] in [[New Mexico]].&lt;ref&gt;Fidenbach, Peter L.; "A Brief History of White Sands Proving Ground,1941–1965; Ordnance Department, U.S. Army; http://nmsua.edu/tiopete/files/2008/12/wspgcoldbook.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 June 1949, the [[Ordnance Corps (United States Army)|Army Chief of Ordnance]] designated Redstone Arsenal as the Ordnance Rocket Center, its facility for ordnance rocket research and development.  In April 1950, the Fort Bliss missile development operation, then with 130 German contract employees, 120 civil-service employees, and 500 military personnel, was transferred to Redstone Arsenal. This became the Ordnance Guided Missile Center (OGMC), with Maj. James Hamill as acting commander and von Braun as technical director). An initial project was the Major tactical missile.

Upon the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950, OGMC was given the mission of developing a surface-to-surface ballistic missile with an objective range of {{convert|500|mi|km}}.  Starting with an upgraded Major missile, the design went through a series of improvements and ultimately became the PGM-11 with the popular name [[PGM-11 Redstone|Redstone rocket]]. To expedite development, an existing engine was used, greatly reducing the operational range to between 58 and 200 miles.&lt;ref&gt;Bullard, John W.; “History of the Redstone Missile System,” Historical Monograph Project No. AMC23M, Historical Division, Army Missile Command, Oct. 1965; http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&amp;doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&amp;AD=ADA434109&lt;/ref&gt;

During the Korean War, ammunition production was resumed at Redstone Arsenal. From July 1951 through July 1955, near 38,700,000 rounds of chemical artillery munitions were produced.&lt;ref&gt;Baker, ''Op. Cit.''&lt;/ref&gt;

The Ordnance Missile Laboratories (OML) was formed in 1952 to coordinate research and development within the OGMC. Holger Toftoy, who had originally recruited von Braun and his team of missile specialists, was assigned to Huntsville and promoted to Brigadier General as director of the OML. Test operations were under [[Kurt H. Debus|Kurt Debus]], who set up the [[Redstone Test Stand|Interim Test Stand]] and the launch facility at [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station|Cape Canaveral, Florida]].  Redstone static fire testing began in the spring of 1953, followed by the first launch at Cape Canaveral on 20 August 1953.&lt;ref name=McCleskey&gt;{{cite web |last=McCleskey |first=C. |coauthors=D. Christensen |title=Dr. Kurt H. Debus: Launching a Vision |url=http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/history/docs/pdf/debus.pdf |format=pdf |accessdate=2011-06-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to the Redstone rocket development, the OML had many other research and development programs. Under Toftoy, the organization included the R&amp;D Division under Col. Miles Birkett Chatfield, the Field Service Division under Maj. Ben Keyserling, and the Industrial Division.  In the R&amp;D Division there were the Surface-to-Air Projects under Maj. Rudy Axelson, the Surface-to-Surface Division under Maj. Dan Breedon, and Special Projects under Lt. Colonel John O'Conner.  Projects in Surface-to-Air included the Nike B (later called the [[Project Nike|Nike Hercules]]) and others.  Surface-to-Surface projects were the [[MGR-1 Honest John|Honest John]], [[MGR-3 Little John|Little John]], [[MIM-23 Hawk|Hawk]], [[MGM-18 Lacrosse|Lacrosse]], and [[MGM-5 Corporal|Corporal Type III]]; the liquid-fueled Corporal Type III was soon canceled and the solid Thiokol fueled [[MGM-29 Sergeant|Sergeant]] project started.  The [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL) at the California Institute of Technology was an Army research operation at that time, years before NASA.  It was JPL that designed the Corporal system and later was the R&amp;D designer of the Sergeant.&lt;ref&gt;Baker, ''Op. Cit.''&lt;/ref&gt;

At a 1954 meeting of the Spaceflight Committee of the [[American Rocket Society]], von Braun proposed placing a satellite into orbit using the Redstone with clusters of small solid-fuel rockets on top.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first= Roger R. |last= Bate| coauthors= Mueller, Donald D.; White, Jerry E. |title= Fundamentals of Astrodynamics |publisher= Dover Publications |year= 1971 |page= 152 |isbn= 0-486-60061-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; The proposal, [[Project Orbiter]], was rejected in 1955.

===School===
In March 1952, the commanding officer at Redstone Arsenal officially established the Provisional Redstone Ordnance School. In December, the Ordnance Guided Missile School (OGMS) was established, taking over the provisional operation. The OGMS greatly expanded through the years, occupying a large land area with many buildings and providing a wide variety of missile and munitions courses for thousands of students from the U.S. as well as many foreign countries. The name was later changed to the Missile and Munitions Center &amp; School in 1966 and then to the Ordnance Missile and Munitions Center and School in the mid-1980s. In 1994, the School Brigade disbanded and was replaced by the reformed [[59th Ordnance Brigade]], which had previously disbanded in Europe in 1992. The school was then renamed the Ordnance Munitions and Electronic Maintenance School in 2002 and moved to [[Fort Lee (Virginia)|Fort Lee]] in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;"Welcome to OMEMS"; http://omems.redstone.army.mil/&lt;/ref&gt;

===Army Ballistic Missile Agency===
[[File:Medaris vonBraun and Toftoy 01.jpg|thumb|right|RSA commander Maj. Gen. John Medaris, Wernher von Braun, and RSA deputy commander Brig. Gen. [[Holger Toftoy]] (left to right) in the 1950s]]

The [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] (ABMA), commanded by Maj. Gen. [[John Bruce Medaris|John Medaris]], was formed on 1 February 1956, taking over from Redstone Arsenal the facilities and personnel of OGMC.  Von Braun was the Director of ABMA's Development Operations Division. Redstone Arsenal then became an Army post, supporting the ABMA and, in the future, other agencies. Medaris also commanded RSA, and BG Toftoy was deputy.&lt;ref&gt;Baker, ''Op.Cet''.&lt;/ref&gt;

The ABMA's primary mission was developing and fielding the Army's first intermediate-range ballistic missile, the [[Jupiter (missile)|Jupiter]]. By August 1958, the system was delivered to the Air Force for early deployment overseas. Jupiter later proved to be a significant bargaining chip in the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]]. During his command, Medaris' operation also fielded the PGM-11 Redstone and [[MIM-23 Hawk]] missiles, accelerated the development of the [[Nike Zeus]] system, and began development of the [[MGM-31 Pershing]] missile system, which later played a role in ending the [[Cold War]].&lt;ref&gt;Baker, ''Op. Cit.''&lt;/ref&gt;

As part of the 1957–58 [[International Geophysical Year]], both the U.S. and the [[Soviet Union]] proposed to launch a scientific satellite. Although von Braun had proposed in 1954 that the OML could place a satellite in Earth orbit, the [[Naval Research Laboratory]], using its [[Vanguard (rocket)|Vanguard rocket]], was given this assignment.

On 4 October 1957, the USSR orbited ''[[Sputnik I]]'', the first Earth satellite.  A second Sputnik was launched a month later. On 6 December 1957, a first attempt to launch a satellite-carrying Vanguard failed. Toftoy, Medaris, and von Braun immediately pleaded for the opportunity to show what the Army's "space team" could do.  The go-ahead was given and on 31 January 1958, America's first satellite, ''[[Explorer I]]'', was placed into orbit using a modified Jupiter launch vehicle (a four-stage system designated [[Juno I]]).&lt;ref&gt;"Explorer I Mssion"; http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Explorer_01&lt;/ref&gt;

The Army Ordnance Missile Command (AOMC) was formed in March 1958.  Headquartered at Redstone Arsenal and commanded by Maj. Gen. Medaris, AOMC had several subordinate elements, including ABMA, White Sands Missile Range, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at California Institute of Technology.  Another local activity, the Army Rocket and Guided Missile Agency (ARGMA), was formed and added to AOMC in June.&lt;ref&gt;Baker, ''Op. Cit.''&lt;/ref&gt;

Six months after ''Explorer I'', President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Dwight Eisenhower]] created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on 29 July 1958.  On 21 October 1959, he approved the transfer of all Army space-related activities to NASA.  This was accomplished effective 1 July 1960, when 4,670 civilian employees, about $100 million worth of buildings and equipment, and {{convert|1840|acre|km2}} of land transferred from RSA/ABMA's Development Operations Division to NASA's [[Marshall Space Flight Center|George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)]]. Von Braun was MSFC's first director.&lt;ref&gt;"Historical Facts," MSFC History Office; http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/history_fact_sheet.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

===Army Missile Command===
The U.S. Army Missile Command (MICOM) was activated on 1 August 1962 at Redstone Arsenal, absorbing all of the personnel, facilities, and projects remaining in the prior AOMC.  On 12 March 1964, the Francis J. McMorrow Missile Laboratories were dedicated in memory of MICOM's first commander, who died while in command.

Dating from the start of AMC, [[Project Nike]] involving anti-aircraft missiles had been conducted. As the [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM) came into being, a much higher-performance system was needed for ICBM defense. The [[Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (ARPA) examined the requirements and recommending a system, designated Nike-X, incorporating phased-array radars, high-performance computers, and separate low-altitude ([[Sprint (missile)|Sprint]]] and high-altitude ([[LIM-49 Spartan|Spartan]]) high-velocity interceptor missiles. To manage this development, in 1963 MICOM created the Nike-X Project Office headed by Colonel (later Brigadier General) Ivy O. Drewry.&lt;ref&gt;Baker, ''Op. Cit.''&lt;/ref&gt;

The People's Republic of China exploded its first [[nuclear bomb]] in June 1967. Hence, ABM system requirements were revised and the Sentinel System was born, replacing Nike-X.&lt;ref&gt;"Logic behind the ABM system," ''Life'', 29 Sep 1967, pp. 26–28:http://books.google.com/books?id=clYEAAAAMBAJ&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;lr=&amp;rview=1&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false&lt;/ref&gt; In 1968, the Army Ballistic Missile Defence Agency (ABMDA) was formed, taking over Sentinel and other ballistic missile defense projects previously under MICOM.  Commanded by BG Drewry, ABMDA established operations adjacent to Redstone Arsenal in the [[Cummings Research Park]]. In May 1974, all ballistic missile defense efforts were consolidated under a single manager in the [[Ballistic Missile Defense Organization]], which eventually evolved into today's U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command.&lt;ref&gt;Baker, ''Op. Cit.''&lt;/ref&gt;

On 17 July 1997, the former Army Missile Command combined with the aviation portion of the U.S. Army Aviation and Troop Command (ATCOM), creating a new organization at RSA, the [[United States Army Aviation and Missile Command]] (AMCOM).&lt;ref&gt;Baker, Michael E.; "Redstone Arsenal Through the Years," 2003 (video);[http://www.archive.org/details/redstone_years ''Redstone Arsenal Through the Years.'' Produced by Michael E. Baker, Command Historian for the US Army Aviation and Missile Command, 2003]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Redstone Arsenal today===
Redstone Arsenal remains the center of testing, development, and doctrine for the Army's missile programs.  Besides the U.S. Army Materiel Command and the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command, Redstone houses the Tactical UAV Project Office, Redstone Test Center (RTC), the Missile Defense Agency, the [[Missile and Space Intelligence Center]], and other operations.

After operating as a tenant on Redstone Arsenal for over half a century, the Ordnance Munitions and Maintenance School was moved to [[Fort Lee (Virginia)|Fort Lee]], [[Virginia]].

Redstone Arsenal continues to host the Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA's field center for propulsion analysis and development, which developed the [[Saturn (rocket family)|Saturn rocket family]] in the 1960s and propulsion systems for the Space Shuttle in the 1970s and '80s.

==Demographics==
As of the census{{GR|2|dateform=dmy}} of 2000, there were 2,353 people, 487 households, and 446 families residing in the CDP.  The population density was 300.8 people per square mile (116.2/km²).  There were 879 housing units at an average density of 111.8 per square mile (43.2/km²).  The racial makeup of the CDP was 56.5% White, 31.7% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 2.0% Asian, 0.8% Pacific Islander, 3.3% from other races, and 4.8% from two or more races.  9.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 487 households out of which 79.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 79.7% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 8.4% were non-families. 7.8% of all households were made up of individuals and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 3.48 and the average family size was 3.67.

The population was spread out with 32.9% under the age of 18, 19.2% from 18 to 24, 43.2% from 25 to 44, 4.6% from 45 to 64, and 0.1% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females there were 150.5 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 170.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,435, and the median income for a family was $40,208. Men had a median income of $29,053 versus $24,063 for females. The per capita income was $14,860.  About 9.0% of families and 10.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

==Gallery==
{{Gallery|width=250
|File:Test stand 56 01.jpg|1956: [[PGM-19 Jupiter|Jupiter missile]] testing on [[Propulsion and Structural Test Facility|Static Test Stand]]
|File:Redstone Airfield land cleanup 57.jpg|1957: Contaminated land and buildings at RSA were reclaimed by Chemical Corps personnel.
|File:Kennedy vonbraun 19may63 02.jpg |18 May 1963: Wernher von Braun with president [[John F. Kennedy]] at RSA
|File:Redstone Arsenal.jpg|RSA main gate c. 1964
|File:MGM-52 Lance 01.jpg|[[MGM-52 Lance]] missile testing at RSA c. 1970
|File:US Army 53382 TEAM EFFORT.jpg|RSA commander Maj. Gen. Jim Myles speaks at a Community Family Readiness Group meeting in 2009.
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Redstone Arsenal}}
*[http://www.redstone.army.mil/ Redstone Arsenal site]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/redstone_years ''Redstone Arsenal Through the Years'' (RSA history)]
*[http://www.amc.army.mil/amc/about.html U.S. Army Materiel Command site]
*[http://www.amcom.redstone.army.mil U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command site]
*[http://www.msfc.nasa.gov/ Marshall Space Flight Center site]
*[http://www.redstonearsenal.net Redstone Arsenal Relocation and Community Info site]
*[http://www.militarycampgrounds.us/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=23&amp;Itemid=38 Redstone Arsenal Campground Information]

{{coord|34.684166|-86.654031|type:city_region:US|format=dms|display=title}}
{{ALMilitary|state=autocollapse}}
{{Madison County, Alabama}}
{{NASAMSFC}}
{{North Alabama Landmarks}}
{{Huntsville-Decatur Metropolitan Area}}
{{Superfund sites in the United States}}
{{Wikipedia|Redstone Arsenal}}

[[Category:1941 establishments in Alabama]]
[[Category:United States Army posts]]
[[Category:United States Army training facilities]]
[[Category:Military research facilities of the United States]]
[[Category:Military facilities in Alabama]]
[[Category:Armories in Alabama]]
[[Category:Populated places in Madison County, Alabama]]
[[Category:Census-designated places in Alabama]]
[[Category:Huntsville–Decatur Combined Statistical Area]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Alabama]]
[[Category:Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Alabama]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Madison County, Alabama]]
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[[Category:Superfund sites in Alabama]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Romania during World War II</title>
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      <text bytes="14524" sha1="br52nl94muhsj94y27dmct3vwj5a8hq" xml:space="preserve">In June of 1941, after a brief period of nominal neutrality under King Carol in [[World War II]], Romania joined the Axis Powers. Romania became a member of the Axis under the government of Ion Antonescu. In August of 1944, a coup led by King Michael deposed the Antonescu dictatorship and put Romania on the side of the Allies for the remainder of the war. Despite this association with the winning side, "Greater Romania" was not to survive, with territory lost to both Bulgaria and to the Soviet Union following the end of the war.

==The War Begins==
On April 13, [[1939]], France and the United Kingdom had pledged to guarantee the independence of Romania. But negotiations with the Soviets concerning a similar guarantee collapsed when Romania refused to allow the Red Army to cross its frontiers.

On August 23, 1939, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Among other things, this pact stipulated the Soviet "interest" in Bessarabia (which had been ruled by Imperial Russia from 1812 to 1918). This Soviet "interest" was combined with a clear indication that there was an explicit lack of any German interest in the area.

Eight days later, Nazi Germany invaded Poland. Romania officially remained neutral. Romania did grant refuge to members of Poland's fleeing government. After the assassination of Prime Minister Armand Călinescu on 21 September, King Carol tried to maintain neutrality for several months more. But the surrender of France and the retreat of British forces from continental Europe rendered meaningless the assurances that both countries had made to Romania.

In 1940, Romania lost territory in both the east and the west. In July, after issuing an ultimatum to Romania, the Soviet Union occupied Bessarabia. Two thirds of Bessarabia were combined with a small part of USSR to form the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic. The rest (Northern Bukovina and Budjak) was apportioned to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Shortly thereafter, on 30 August, under the Second Vienna Award (or Vienna Diktat / Vienna Arbitration), Germany and Italy forced Romania to give half of Transylvania to Hungary. The Hungarians received a region referred to as "Northern Transylvania", while "Southern Transylvania" remained Romanian. Hungary had lost all of Transylvania after World War I in the Treaty of Trianon. They had never surrendered the ambition of regaining the territory. On 7 September, under the Treaty of Craiova, the Kadrilater or "Quadrilateral" (the southern part of Dobrudja) was ceded to Bulgaria (from which it had been taken at the end of the Second Balkan War in 1913). Given the relatively recent unification of all the territories Romanians have felt as historically belonging to them on one hand, and on the other hand the fact that so much land was lost without a fight, these territorial losses shattered the underpinnings of King Carol's power.

On July 4, 1940, Ion Gigurtu's government formed. It was the first Romanian government to include an Iron Guardist minister: Horia Sima. Sima was a particularly virulent anti-Semite who had become the nominal leader of the movement after Codreanu's death. Sima was one of the few prominent legionnaires to survive the carnage of the preceding years.

==Antonescu comes to power==
In the immediate wake of the loss of Northern Transylvania, on September 4, 1940, the Iron Guard (led by Horia Sima) and General (later Marshal) Ion Antonescu united to form a "National Legionary State" government, which forced the abdication of Carol II in favor of his 19-year-old son Mihai. Carol (and his mistress Magda Lupescu) went into exile and Romania (despite the recent betrayal over territorial cessions) leaned strongly toward the Axis.

In power, the Iron Guard stiffened already harsh anti-Semitic legislation (as well as enacting legislation directed against Armenian and Greek businessmen, tempered at times by the willingness of officials to take bribes) and wreaked vengeance upon its enemies. On October 8, 1940, Nazi troops began crossing into Romania. They soon numbered over 500,000.

On November 23, 1940, Romania joined the Axis Powers. On November 27, 1940, more than 60 former dignitaries or officials were executed in Jilava prison while awaiting trial. Historian and former prime minister Nicolae Iorga and economist Virgil Madgearu were among those executed. Madgearu was also a former government minister. They were assassinated without even the pretense of an arrest.

The cohabitation between the Iron Guard and Antonescu was never an easy one. On January 20, 1941, the Iron Guard attempted a coup, combined with a pogrom against the Jews of Bucharest. Within four days, Antonescu had successfully suppressed the coup. The Iron Guard was forced out of the government. Sima and many other legionnaires took refuge in Germany; others were imprisoned.

==The War on the Eastern Front==
On June 22, 1941, Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, attacking the Soviet Union on a wide front. Romania joined in the offensive, with Romanian troops crossing the River Prut. After recovering Bessarabia and Bukovina, Romanian units fought side by side with the Germans onward to Odessa, Sevastopol, and Stalingrad. The Romanian contribution of troops was enormous. The total number of troops involved in the Romanian Third Army and the Romanian Fourth Army was second only to Nazi Germany itself. The number of Romanian troops sent to fight in Russia exceeded that of all of Germany's other allies combined. A Country Study by the U.S. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress attributes this to "morbid competition with Hungary to curry Hitler's favor ... [in hope of]... regaining northern Transylvania."[1]

Romania annexed Soviet lands immediately east of the Dnister. After the Battle of Odessa, this included the city of Odessa. The Romanian armies advanced far into the Soviet Union during 1941 and 1942 before being involved in the disaster at the Battle of Stalingrad in the winter of 1942-1943.

Romania's most important general, Petre Dumitrescu was commander of the Romanian Third Army at Stalingrad. In November 1942, the German Sixth Army was briefly put at Dumitrescu's disposal during a German attempt to relieve the Romanian Third Army following a devastating Soviet offensive.

Prior to the Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad, the Antonescu government seriously considered a war with Hungary over Transylvania as an inevitability. Of course this new war would have to wait until after the expected "victory over the Soviet Union".

==Bombings==
Throughout the Antonescu years, Romania supplied Nazi Germany and the Axis armies with oil, grain, and industrial products. Consequently, by 1943 Romania became a target of Allied aerial bombardment. One of the most notable air bombardments was the attack on the oil fields of Ploieşti (Polesti) on August 1, 1943. Bucharest itself was subjected to intense bombardment on April 4 and 15, 1944.

Unfortunately for Romania, most of the products sent to Germany were provided without monetary compensation. As a result of these "uncompensated exports", inflation in Romania skyrocketed. Quoting again from that same Country Study: "Even government officials began grumbling about German exploitation."

==Romania and the Holocaust==
Even after the fall of the Iron Guard, the Antonescu regime, allied with Nazi Germany, continued the policy of oppression and massacre of Jews, and, to a lesser extent, Roma. According to an international commission report released by the Romanian government in 2004, Romania murdered in various forms, between 280,000 to 380,000 Jews in Romania and in the war zone of Bessarabia, Bukovina and Transnistria. [2] [3]

Though much of the killing was done in war zone by Romanian troops, there were also substantial persecutions in back of the front line. During the Iaşi pogrom of July 1941 over 12,000 Jews were massacred or killed slowly in trains travelling back and forth across the countryside.

Half of the 320,000 Jews living in Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Dorohoi district in Romania were murdered within months of the entry of the country into the war during 1941. Even after the initial killing, Jews in Moldavia, Bukovina and Bessarabia were subject to frequent pogroms, and were concentrated into ghettos from which they were sent to concentration camps, including camps built and run by Romanians. The number of deaths in this area is not certain, but even the lowest respectable estimates run to about 250,000 Jews (and 25,000 Roma) in these eastern regions, while 120,000 of Transylvania's 150,000 Jews died at the hands of the Hungarians later in the war.

Romanian soldiers also worked with the Einsatzkommando, German killing squads, to massacre Jews in conquered territories. Romanian troops were in large part responsible for the Odessa massacre, in which over 100,000 Jews were shot during the autumn of 1941.

Nonetheless, in stark contrast to many countries of Eastern and Central Europe, the majority of Romanian Jews survived the war, although they were subject to a wide range of harsh conditions, including forced labor, financial penalties, and discriminatory laws. Antonescu's government made plans for mass murder of the Old Kingdom Jews at the Belzec extermination camp, but never carried them out.

Despite the survival of a majority of the Jews living in Romania proper, the report commissioned and accepted by the Romanian government in 2004 on the Holocaust concluded:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Of all the allies of Nazi Germany, Romania bears responsibility for the deaths of more Jews than any country other than Germany itself. The murders committed in &lt;!--don't change spelling on "Iasi", it's a direct quote--&gt;[[Iasi pogrom|Iasi]], [[Odessa massacre|Odessa]], [[Bogdanovka]], Domanovka, and Peciora, for example, were among the most hideous murders committed against Jews anywhere during the Holocaust. Romania committed genocide against the Jews. The survival of Jews in some parts of the country does not alter this reality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==War Comes==
In February 1943, with the hugely successful Soviet counteroffensive at Stalingrad, it was growing clear that the tide of the war had turned against the Axis Powers.

By 1944, the Romanian economy was in tatters. This was due to the expenses of the war and to destructive Allied air bombardments throughout Romania and even in the capital of Bucharest. Resentment of the heavy hand of Nazi Germany was growing in Romania. This was even true among those Romanians who had once enthusiastically supported the Germans and the war.

In May 1944, the Battle of Târgul Frumos was fought in Romania between the advancing Soviets on one side and the defending Germans and Romanians on the other.

It was under these conditions that Soviet forces crossed the Romanian border in late August of 1944. What followed was known as the Battle of Romania.

==Royal coup==
On August 23, 1944, King Michael led a successful coup with support from opposition politicians and the army. Michael, who was initially considered to be not much more than a "figurehead", was able to successfully depose the Antonescu dictatorship. The king offered a non-confrontational retreat to German ambassador Manfred von Killinger. But the Germans considered the coup "reversible". The Germans tried to turn the situation around by military attacks. The Romanian First Army, the Romanian Second Army (forming), and what little was left of the Romanian Third Army (remnants only) and the Romanian Fourth Army (one corps) were under orders from the king to defend Romania against any German attacks. The king then offered to put Romania's battered armies on the side of the Allies.

Although, in retrospect, the royal coup has been estimated to have shortened the war by as much as six months, the complexities of negotiations between the USSR and UK postponed formal Allied recognition of the de facto change of orientation until September 12. During this time, Soviet troops started moving into Romania. The Soviets, acting as if Romania was still an enemy, allegedly robbed and raped at will. They took approximately 140,000 Romanian prisoners.

In October 1944 Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, proposed an agreement with Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin on how to split up Eastern Europe in spheres of influence after the war. The Soviet Union was offered a 90% share of influence in Romania.

In the Armistice Agreement of September 12, 1944, it was stipulated in Article 18 that "''An Allied Control Commission will be established which will undertake until the conclusion of peace the regulation of and control over the execution of the present terms under the general direction and orders of the Allied (Soviet) High Command, acting on behalf of the Allied Powers''. In the Annex to Article 18, it was made clear that "''The Romanian Government and their organs shall fulfill all instructions of the Allied Control Commission arising out of the Armistice Agreement.''" It also made clear that The Allied Control Commission would have its seat in Bucharest. In line with Article 14 of the Armistice Agreement two Romanian People's Tribunals were set up to try suspected war criminals.

The Romanian Army ended the war fighting along side the Soviets against Germans. They fought in Transylvania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. In May 1945, the Romanian First Army and the Romanian Fourth Army took part in the Prague Offensive. The Romanians incurred heavy casualties fighting Nazi Germany.

==After the war==
[[Image:Romania WWII.png|frame|Romania after World War II]]
Under the 1947 [[Treaty of Paris]], the Allies refused co-belligerent status to Romania. Northern Transylvania was, once again, recognised as an integral part of Romania, but the USSR was allowed to annex Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Parts in the extreme north and south became part of the Ukrainian SSR; the rest, together with a thin stretch of land on the left bank of the river Dniestr, became a new "Moldavian SSR". Since 1991, these territories are part of Ukraine and of the Republic of Moldova, respectively.

In Romania proper, Soviet occupation following World War II led to the formation of a communist People's Republic in 1947 and the abdication of the king.

== External links ==
* [http://isurvived.org/TOC-IV.html#Holocaust_Romania Holocaust in Romania] on ISurvived.org.

{{wikipedia|Romania during World War II}}

{{World War II}}</text>
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      <text bytes="51121" sha1="khxtw8yx1c0d09vzdjxfn15fjrxcm0p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox military unit
 |unit_name= Royal New Zealand Air Force
 |native_name=Te Tauaarangi o Aotearoa
 |image= [[File:Nzairforce.jpg|200px]]
 |caption= Crest of the Royal New Zealand Air Force
 |start_date= 1913 (first military aviation) &lt;br&gt; 1923 (New Zealand Permanent Air Force formed)&lt;br&gt;1 April 1937 (Independent service)
 |country= {{flag|New Zealand}}
 |allegiance= [[Monarchy of New Zealand|HM The Queen]]
 |branch=[[New Zealand Defence Force]]
 |type= [[Air Force]]
 |role= To carry out military air operations to advance New Zealand's security interests.
 |size= Available:  3,253
* 2,300 Airmen
* 640 Officers
* 357 Civilian Staff
* Active Reserve
 |command_structure= 
 |garrison= 
 |garrison_label= 
 |equipment= 
 |equipment_label= 
 |nickname=
 |motto= ''[[Per ardua ad astra]]''
 |colors=
 |colors_label=
 |march=
 |mascot= 
 |battles= [[World War II]]&lt;br&gt;[[Malayan Emergency]]&lt;br&gt;[[Vietnam War]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gulf War]]&lt;br&gt;[[East Timor]]&lt;br&gt;[[Bougainville Campaign|Bouganville]]&lt;br&gt;Solomon Islands&lt;br&gt;[[Operation Enduring Freedom]]
 |anniversaries=1 April 1937 (founded)
 |decorations=
 |battle_honours=
 &lt;!-- Commanders --&gt;
 |commander1= [[Rhys Jones (soldier)|Lieutenant General Richard Rhys Jones]]
 |commander1_label= [[Chief of Defence Force (New Zealand)|Chief of Defence Force]]
 |commander2= [[Peter Stockwell|Air Vice-Marshal Peter James Stockwell AFC]]
 |commander2_label= [[Chief of Air Force (New Zealand)|Chief of Air Force]]
 |commander3= [[Jerry Mateparae|Sir Jerry Mateparae, GNZM, QSO]] ([[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor-General]])
 |commander3_label= Commander-in-Chief
 &lt;!-- Insignia --&gt;
 |identification_symbol=[[File:Ensign of the Royal New Zealand Air Force.svg|200px]]
 |identification_symbol_label=Ensign
 |identification_symbol_2=[[File:Rnzaf roundel.svg|75px]]
 |identification_symbol_2_label=Roundel
 |identification_symbol_3=[[File:Rnzaf-Lowvis roundel.svg|75px]] [[File:Rnzaf-Lowvis roundel 2.svg|75px]]
 |identification_symbol_3_label=Low-visibility roundels
 &lt;!-- Aircraft --&gt;
 |aircraft_attack= 
 |aircraft_bomber= 
 |aircraft_fighter= 
 |aircraft_interceptor= 
 |aircraft_recon= 
 |aircraft_patrol= [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]]
 |aircraft_trainer= [[PAC CT/4 Airtrainer]], [[Beechcraft Super King Air]], [[AgustaWestland A109]]
 |aircraft_transport= [[C-130 Hercules|Lockheed C-130 Hercules]], [[Bell UH-1]], [[NHIndustries NH90]], [[AgustaWestland AW109|AgustaWestland A109LUH]], [[Boeing 757]]
}}
The '''Royal New Zealand Air Force''' ('''RNZAF''')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.airforce.mil.nz/about-us/hq-and-bases/default.htm |title=Headquarters and Bases|publisher=RNZAF|accessdate=26 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Maori: '''Te Tauaarangi o Aotearoa''',&lt;ref&gt;"New Zealand Warriors of the Sky"&lt;/ref&gt; previously '''Te Hokowhitu o Kahurangi'''&lt;ref&gt;"War party of the Blue" {{cite journal|last=Warrant Officer Wal Wallace|date=September 2009|title=New Māori Name for Air Force|journal=Air Force News|publisher=RNZAF|issue= 107|issn=1175-2327|url=http://www.airforce.mil.nz/operations/airforce-news/archive/107/maori-for-air-force.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is the [[air force]] component of the [[New Zealand Defence Force]]. It was formed from New Zealand elements of the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Royal Air Force]], becoming an independent force in 1923, although many RNZAF aircrew continued to serve in the Royal Air Force until the end of the 1940s. The RNZAF fought in [[World War II]], [[Malayan Emergency|Malaysia]], [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] and the [[Gulf War]] plus various United Nations peacekeeping missions. From a 1945 peak of over 1,000 combat aircraft the RNZAF has shrunk to a strength of around 62 aircraft in 2010, focusing on maritime patrol and transport duties in support of the [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] and the [[New Zealand Army]].  The Air Force is led by an [[air vice-marshal]] who holds the appointment of [[Chief of Air Force (New Zealand)|Chief of Air Force]].

The RNZAF motto is the same as that of the [[Royal Air Force]], ''Per ardua ad astra'', meaning "Through adversity to the stars."&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.raf.mod.uk/links/faqs.cfm |RAF Faq| ''What Is The RAF motto''|accessdate=9 May 2010]&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
New Zealand's military aviation began in 1913 when the New Zealand Army was presented with two [[Blériot Aéronautique|Blériot]] [[monoplanes]] by the [[United Kingdom]].&lt;ref name=Saunders1Sqn14&gt;Saunders, 1986, 14.&lt;/ref&gt; These machines were grounded after a young woman was given a joyride.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} Both aircraft were however handed back after war broke out.&lt;ref name=Saunders1Sqn14 /&gt;

===World War I===
[[File:NZ Bleriot IX Britannia.JPG|thumb|100px|left|[[Bleriot XI]] 'Britannia', 1913]]In the [[Great War]], New Zealand aircrew flew as part of the British [[Royal Flying Corps]] and [[Royal Naval Air Service]]. New Zealand pilots serving with British forces saw service in all theatres. Fifteen became [[Flying ace|ace]]s, the top scorer being [[Keith Caldwell]] with, depending on how counted, more than 24 victories.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}
[[File:Walsh Brothers Type D.JPG|thumb|The locally-designed Walsh type D pilot training 'boat of 1918]]

The government assisted two private schools to train pilots for the conflict. The Walsh brothers flying school at Auckland was founded by Leo and [[Vivian Walsh (aviator)|Vivian Walsh]]—pioneers who had made the first controlled flight in New Zealand.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} From 1915 pilots trained on the [[Walsh Brothers Flying Boats]] including Curtiss machines, aircraft of their own design and, later in the war, the first two aircraft made by Boeing.

In 1916 Sir [[Henry Wigram]] established the Canterbury Aviation Company at Sockburn, Christchurch, and purchased Caudron biplanes from Britain for pilot training. He gifted the aerodrome, later [[Wigram Aerodrome]], to the government for defence purposes.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}

At the end of the war many New Zealand pilots stayed with the new [[Royal Air Force]] and several had attained high rank by the outbreak of [[World War II]]. Others returned to New Zealand and, serving part-time, provided the nucleus of the New Zealand Permanent Air Force (NZPAF).

===The New Zealand Permanent Air Force===
At the close of hostilities Great Britain offered an [[Imperial Gift]] to each of the Dominions of a hundred war-surplus combat aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;James Saunders, A Long Patrol: An Illustrated History of No. 1 Squadron RNZAF 1930-1984, 1986, 15.&lt;/ref&gt; New Zealand was the last to respond and least enthusiastic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goldenyears.ukf.net/ImperialGifts.htm |title=Golden Years of Aviation - Imperial Gifts |publisher=Goldenyears.ukf.net |date= |accessdate=2012-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; When the 33 total aircraft, [[Avro 504]]s, [[Bristol F.2 Fighter]]s and, De Havilland designed, [[Airco DH.4]]s and [[Airco DH.9]]s did reach New Zealand they were either placed in storage or loaned to the flying schools, [[Barnstorming|barnstormer]]s and nascent commercial operators.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} Several of the military aircraft were heavily modified—a 504 becoming a 3-seat floatplane and a DH-9 acquiring an enclosed passenger cabin.

The importance of aviation in war was belatedly recognised, largely thanks to the efforts of visionary parliamentarian Sir [[Henry Wigram]]. On 14 June 1923 the New Zealand Permanent Air Force was gazetted: a part of the Army initially staffed by a total of four officers and two other ranks as full-time staff, plus the New Zealand Air Force with 102 officers on the Reserve lists.&lt;ref name=RNZAFHist&gt;Royal New Zealand Air Force, [http://www.airforce.mil.nz/about-us/history/default.htm History], accessed November 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; It was initially equipped with the surviving [[Avro 504]]K, the DH.4s, DH.9s and [[Bristol F.2 Fighter|Bristol Fighter]]s. These operated from an airfield outside Christchurch at Sockburn. In 1926 Wigram donated £2,500 for the purchase of modern fighters and [[Gloster Grebe]]s were acquired. Sockburn was later renamed [[RNZAF Station Wigram]], a name adopted by the suburb which grew up around the airfield. It is the site of the present [[Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum]].
[[File:RNZAF Walrus NZ158.JPG|thumb|left|[[Supermarine Walrus]] of the RNZAF's seaplane training flight.]]
A trickle of new-build Bristol Fighters and other new types joined the NZPAF in the late 1920s and early 1930s. A [[Lewis gun]]-equipped [[De Havilland Gipsy Moth]] floatplane took part in naval operations against rebels in Samoa.&lt;ref name=RNZAFHist /&gt; The NZPAF's first action came in 1930 when the Moth dropped an improvised bomb made out of a treacle tin on to a ship suspected of gun-running. The bomb did no damage, fortunately, as the target turned out to be a local missionary vessel. A Territorial wing of the New Zealand Air Force was raised in 1930 with three squadrons at Hobsonville (with flights at Hamilton and Napier),&lt;ref&gt;Saunders, 1986, 16.&lt;/ref&gt; Wellington and Christchurch though without equipment. A fourth squadron planned for Dunedin had not been raised even by July 1939.&lt;ref&gt;Saunders, 1986, 21.&lt;/ref&gt; More creditably, [[Fairey III]]Fs made a dramatic maritime rescue and in the aftermath of the [[Napier earthquake]] the NZPAF flew in urgently needed supplies and medical equipment.

Like other western air arms a major expansion began from the mid-1930s. The NZPAF ordered twelve [[Vickers Vildebeest]]s in 1933-34 to form two bomber-reconnaissance flights at Hobsonville and Wigram.&lt;ref&gt;Saunders, 1986, 17.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1937 29 [[Blackburn Baffin]]s were purchased specifically to equip the Territorial Air Force for coastal reconnaissance work. An initial shipment of 16 [[Vickers Vincent]] bomber-reconnaissance biplanes arrived in July 1939. More modern British types eventually arrived, including significant numbers of [[Airspeed Oxford]]s, [[Avro 626]]s, [[Fairey Gordon]]s.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} The NZPAF was renamed the Royal New Zealand Air Force in 1934 and became an independent service in 1937.

===World War II===
[[File:New Zealand Wellington Bombers in England1939.JPG|thumb|[[Vickers Wellington]] bombers of the RNZAF in England, 1939.]]
At the outbreak of [[World War II]] the primary equipment of the RNZAF was 30 [[Vickers Wellington]] bombers, which the New Zealand government had offered to the United Kingdom, in August 1939, together with the crews to fly them.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} They became [[No. 75 Squadron RAF|75 Squadron]]. Many other New Zealanders were serving in the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]].

The primary role of the RNZAF was to take advantage of New Zealand's distance from the conflict by training aircrew, as part of the [[Empire Air Training Scheme]], alongside the other major former British colonies, [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and South Africa. For this task large numbers of [[De Havilland Tiger Moth]], [[Airspeed Oxford]] and North American Harvard were manufactured or assembled locally and second-hand biplanes were acquired—such as [[Hawker Hind]]s and [[Vickers Vincent]]s—as well as other types for specialised training such as [[Avro Anson]]s and [[Supermarine Walrus]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} Only when [[Axis naval activity in New Zealand waters|German surface raiders]] became active was it realised that a combat force would be needed in New Zealand in addition to the trainers.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}

====New Zealanders serving with the RAF====
[[File:SpitfireDuxford2JM.jpg|left|thumb|A restored 485 (NZ) Squadron Spitfire.]]
[[File:Sir Keith Park.jpg|thumb|Air Chief Marshal Park, the famous NZ commander of [[No. 11 Group RAF]] in the Battle of Britain]]

The majority of RNZAF personnel served with RAF units, six RNZAF [[Article XV squadrons]], which were RNZAF units attached to RAF formations, and the [[Fleet Air Arm]]—in Europe, the Mediterranean, South East Asia and other theatres. Commonwealth personnel under RAF operational control were pooled for operational practicality and many RNZAF airmen also served with [[Royal Australian Air Force]] or [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] Article XV squadrons.

New Zealanders in the RAF itself included pilots, such as the first RAF ace of the war, Flying Officer [[Cobber Kain]], [[Alan Deere]] (whose book ''Nine Lives'' was one of the first post war accounts of combat) and leaders such as the World War I ace, Air Chief Marshal Sir [[Keith Park]], who commanded [[No. 11 Group RAF]] in the [[Battle of Britain]] and went on to the [[Siege of Malta (World War II)|air defence of Malta]] and, in the closing stages of the war, Commonwealth air units under [[South East Asia Command]], and Air Marshal Sir [[Arthur Coningham (RAF officer)|Arthur Coningham]] Air Tactical Commander of D-Day.

Three RNZAF pilots were awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] while serving with the RAF.&lt;ref&gt;ed. Max Lambert, 1989 Air New Zealand Almanac, [[New Zealand Press Association]], 1988, p.220, ISSN 0112-1224&lt;/ref&gt; [[James Allen Ward]], a Sergeant Pilot with [[No. 75 Squadron RNZAF|75 Squadron]], was first, when he climbed out onto the wing of his [[Vickers Wellington]] bomber to smother an engine fire in flight on 7 July 1941. In 1943 then Wing Commander [[Leonard Trent]] continued to lead an extremely hazardous, but vital, attack at the head of [[No. 487 Squadron RNZAF|487 Squadron]] until every aircraft was shot down. The same year, Flying Officer [[Lloyd Trigg]], serving with [[No. 200 Squadron RAF]] was piloting a Consolidated [[B-24 Liberator|Liberator]] bomber when it encountered a U-Boat on the surface off the African coast. He attacked [[U-468]] but as he did so, the aircraft was hit by U-Boat anti-aircraft fire and burst into flames. The aircraft continued the attack and sunk the U-Boat but crashed shortly afterwards, with all the crew being killed. The crew's actions were reported by the U-Boat's survivors, and the Cross awarded as a result.

The first NZ squadron to serve with the RAF was not strictly an Article XIV squadron. [[No. 75 Squadron RAF]], was formed by RNZAF aircrews and [[Vickers Wellington]] bombers in August 1939. The squadron later flew [[Short Stirling]]s, [[Avro Lancaster]]s and [[Avro Lincoln]]s. Through accident or design, other RAF units came to be mostly manned by RNZAF pilots, including [[No. 243 Squadron RAF]] in Singapore, [[No. 258 Squadron RAF]] in the UK and several [[F4F Wildcat|Wildcat]] and [[F6F Hellcat|Hellcat]] units of the FAA (leading some texts to claim these types were used by the RNZAF).

New Zealand Article XV Squadrons included [[No. 485 Squadron RNZAF|No. 485]], which flew [[Supermarine Spitfire]]s throughout the war. [[No. 486 Squadron RNZAF|No. 486]], ([[Hawker Hurricane]]s, [[Hawker Typhoon]]s and [[Hawker Tempest]]s). [[No. 487 Squadron RNZAF|No. 487]], ([[Lockheed Ventura]]s and [[De Havilland Mosquito]]es). [[No. 488 Squadron RNZAF|No. 488]], ([[Brewster Buffalo]]es, [[Hawker Hurricane]]s, [[Bristol Beaufighter]]s and [[De Havilland Mosquito]]es). [[No. 489 Squadron RNZAF|No. 489]], ([[Bristol Blenheim]]s, [[Bristol Beaufort]]s, [[Handley Page Hampden]]s, [[Bristol Beaufighter]]s, and [[De Havilland Mosquito]]es). And [[No. 490 Squadron RNZAF|No. 490]], ([[Consolidated Catalina]]s and [[Short Sunderland]]s).

At least 78 New Zealand pilots became aces during the war.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}

====The RNZAF in the Pacific====
[[File:North American Harvard at Onerahi Aerodrome, New Zealand 1961.jpg|thumb|left|[[North American T-6 Texan|Harvards]] continued as trainers until the mid-1970s. In 1942, they were also last ditch "fighters".]]

The presence of German raiders lead to the formation of New Zealand-based combat units—initially rearming types, like the Vildebeest, and hurriedly converting impressed airliners, such as the [[De Havilland Express|DH86]] to carry bombs.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} [[Lockheed Hudson]]s were obtained early in 1941 to take over this role. No. 5 Squadron with [[Vickers Vincent]]s and [[Short Singapore]]s were sent to protect Fiji.

[[File:5 Squadron RNZAF Catalinas.JPG|thumb|RNZAF Catalinas.]]

In December 1941 [[Japan]] attacked and rapidly conquered much of the area to the north of New Zealand. With the apparent threat of imminent invasion New Zealand was forced to look to her own defence, as well as to help the [[United Kingdom]]. Trainers and more airliners in New Zealand were camouflaged and armed and various types, such as the [[T-6 Texan|North American Harvard]], [[Hawker Hind]], [[Airspeed Oxford]] and even the [[de Havilland Tiger Moth]], formed shadow bomber, army co-operation and fighter squadrons for use in the event of invasion.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} Hudsons moved forward into the South Pacific while No. 5 Squadron, in Fiji, commenced operations against the Japanese despite its obsolete equipment.

The vulnerability of New Zealand to [[Axis naval activity in New Zealand waters|Axis naval activity]] was demonstrated when a submarine-launched Japanese float plane overflew Wellington and Auckland—where it was chased ineffectually by a Tiger Moth. As few combat-capable aircraft were available at home and Britain was unable to help, New Zealand turned to the [[United States]] and signed a lend-lease agreement.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} Gradually at first, America was able to supply New Zealand with aircraft for use in the Pacific Theatre— initially, in 1942, [[Curtiss P-40]] Kittyhawks and additional Harvards and Hudsons. The fall of Singapore led to the evacuated RNZAF pilots, in the RAF there, becoming available in New Zealand and they provided an experienced nucleus around which new fighter squadrons were formed.

[[File:Fiskencat.jpg|thumb|[[Geoffrey Fisken|Geoff Fisken]]]]

The early lend-lease aircraft were obsolescent and had difficulty holding their own against the skilled and well-equipped Japanese pilots,{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} but as soon as pilots had converted to the lend-lease aircraft they were pressed into action.

From mid-1943, at [[Guadalcanal]], starting with [[No. 15 Squadron RNZAF|No. 15]] and [[No. 14 Squadron RNZAF|No. 14]] Squadrons, several Kittyhawk units fought with distinction. Several RNZAF pilots became aces against the Japanese, including [[Geoff Fisken]], the Commonwealth's leading ace in the Pacific war. Other squadrons flew the elderly but effective [[Douglas Dauntless]] and, later, the modern [[Grumman Avenger]] torpedo bomber. From 12 October 1943, as part of [[Operation Cartwheel]], RNZAF aircraft joined an [[Carrier raids on Rabaul (1943)|allied air campaign]] against Japanese held airfields and the port of Rabaul.

The RNZAF took on a major part of the maritime reconnaissance task with [[PBY Catalina|Catalina]] (and later [[Short Sunderland|Sunderland]]) flying boats and [[Lockheed Hudson|Hudson]] bombers.

The role of the RNZAF changed as the allies moved off the defensive. The Americans, leaders of the Allied nations in the Pacific, planned to [[Leapfrogging (strategy)|bypass major Japanese strongholds]], instead capturing a handful of island bases to provide a supply chain for an eventual attack on Japan itself. The Allied advance started from the South Pacific. The RNZAF was part of the force tasked with securing the line of advance by incapacitating bypassed Japanese strongholds, for example, Rabaul.

As the war progressed the older types were replaced with more powerful modern aircraft; Kittyhawks gave way to [[F4U Corsair|Corsairs]], [[Lockheed Hudson|Hudsons]] and [[Lockheed Ventura|Venturas]]. At the close of war the RNZAF was planning to bring 320 P51Ds into service as part replacement for the F4U.

[[File:P51 Mustang Wairarapa.jpg|thumb|left|P-51D preserved in No. 3 (Canterbury) TAF colours]]

At its peak, in the Pacific, the RNZAF had 34 squadrons — 25 of which were based outside New Zealand and in action against Japanese forces.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} Thirteen squadrons of Corsairs, six of Venturas, two each of Catalinas and Avengers, two of [[C-47 Skytrain|Dakotas]]. The RNZAF also had a squadron of Dauntless dive bombers, several mixed transport and communications squadrons, a flight of [[Short Sunderland]]s and nearly 1000 training machines.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} To administer units in the South Pacific, [[No. 1 (Islands) Group RNZAF]] was formed on 10 March 1943.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2AirF-c12-1.html|title=Formation of No. 1 (Islands) Group Headquarters|last=Ross|first=Squadron Leader J. M. S.|year=1955|work=The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945 |publisher=Historical Publications Branch|accessdate=26 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to this several hundred RNZAF personnel saw action with RAF squadrons or the FAA in Burma, Singapore and the South Pacific.

By 1945 the RNZAF had over 41,000 personnel, including just over 10,000 aircrew who served with the RAF in Europe and Africa.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}

===Postwar RNZAF===
In the post war period the RNZAF dealt progressively with demobilisation and disposal of its large obsolete fleet, rearmament to support the cold war, some loss of training opportunities with the American suspension of [[ANZUS Treaty]] obligations in protest at New Zealand becoming a nuclear free zone, social changes which saw women become combat pilots, and most recently loss of fast jets as part of the continuing funding cuts, that have seen the air force decline from over a thousand aircraft to just fifty.

[[File:RNZAF Strikemaster4.jpeg|thumb|14 Squadron Strikemasters, 1984]]

Following the [[Second World War]], [[No. 14 Squadron RNZAF]] was sent to [[Japan]] as part of the occupation [[J Force]].&lt;ref&gt;McClure. Pages 130 to 133.&lt;/ref&gt; The rest of the air force rapidly divested itself of aircraft and manpower and settled mainly into training and transport mode before the advent of the rejuvenated [[No. 14 Squadron RNZAF]] and [[No. 75 Squadron RNZAF]].

From 1949 [[Compulsory Military Training]] reinvigorated the reserve component of the Air Force. The four Territorial squadrons, [[No. 1 Squadron RNZAF]] (Auckland), Wellington, Canterbury and [[No. 4 Squadron RNZAF|No. 4 Squadron, Territorial Air Force]], at [[Taieri Aerodrome]], [[Mosgiel]], Otago, were equipped with the 30 Mustangs re-activated from storage, along with a few Tiger Moths and Harvards for each squadron. No. 4 Squadron TAF was active from at least 1951-55. From 1952-57 No.6 Flying Boat Squadron operated as a Territorial unit at Hobsonville, flying Catalinas and later Sunderlands.

A [[Gloster Meteor]] arrived in 1945, introducing the jet age.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} The force was equipped from 1946 with the [[De Havilland Mosquito]] before the arrival of [[De Havilland Vampire]]s. Initially used in peacekeeping in Cyprus and Singapore the Vampires were supplemented by loaned [[De Havilland Venom]]s and, later, [[English Electric Canberra]]s, both of which saw action in the [[Malayan Emergency]] and subsequent confrontation with [[Indonesia]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} The RNZAF bought its own Canberras in 1962, these were replaced from 1969 with [[A-4 Skyhawk]]s. In the late 1980s 10 further Skyhawks were obtained from Australia and, under the [[Project Kahu|Kahu]] (Falcon) programme, the fleet was updated with F-16 avionics, (including APG 66 radar), allowing use of AIM-9L and AGM-65 Maverick missiles and laser-guided bombs.

During the 1960s the ageing Vampire fleet was used largely for training and any pretence of maintaining a fighter arm was abandoned when these were replaced with [[BAC Strikemaster]]s in the early 1970s.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} When, in the early 1990s these had to be retired due to serious wing fatigue problems, they were replaced in the training role by 18 [[Aermacchi MB-339]]s.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}

[[File:TA-4K CrowValley 1984.jpg|thumb|left|No. 75 Sqn. TA-4K in 1984]]

In the immediate post war period, internal communications and transport and other services were maintained by [[No. 42 Squadron RNZAF]]. It supported the Army and Navy using [[TBF Avenger|TBM-1 Avenger]]s (to tow drogue targets for gunnery), the Territorial Air Force's [[P-51D Mustang]]s and [[T-6 Harvard]]s, the VIPs with [[De Havilland Devon]]s, also used for support, communications and multi-engine conversion training, and [[C-47 Skytrain|Dakota]]s for VIP and communications support.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} [[De Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver]], [[De Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter]] and [[Auster]] types helped to explore Antarctica.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} A research flight helped develop [[Aerial Topdressing]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} Later, [[Hawker Siddeley Andover]] and [[Cessna 421|Cessna 421C Golden Eagle]] aircraft were used for transport and VIP duties.

After the war, Nos. [[No. 5 Squadron RNZAF|5]] and [[No. 6 Squadron RNZAF|6]] Squadrons traded their lend-lease Catalinas for [[Short Sunderland]] MR5s operating in maritime patrol and search and rescue roles from Hobsonville and Laucala Bay, Fiji.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} 6 Squadron was disbanded and 5 Squadron received [[P-3 Orion|P-3B Orions]] in 1965.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}

[[File:HP.67 Hastings C.3 NZ5804 40 Sqn RNZAF LAP 10.10.53 edited-2.jpg|thumb|[[Handley Page Hastings|Hastings]] C.3 of 40 Squadron RNZAF in 1953]]

Transport aircraft such as the Douglas [[C-47 Skytrain|C-47 Dakota]], [[Bristol Freighter]], De Havilland Devon, [[Handley Page Hastings]], [[Douglas DC-6]], [[C-130 Hercules]], Andover, Boeing 727 and [[Boeing 757]] were operated by Numbers [[No. 1 Squadron RNZAF|1]], [[No. 40 Squadron RNZAF|40]], [[No. 41 Squadron RNZAF|41]] and [[No. 42 Squadron RNZAF|42]] Squadrons.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} Transports flew in support of the [[New Zealand Army|Army]], [[New Zealand Navy|Navy]] and other allied military and civil forces in the [[Malayan Emergency]], [[Korean War]], [[Vietnam War]], the [[Gulf War]] and the US and NATO led [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|operations in Afghanistan]]. They also supported several UN missions such as [[UNTAET]] while carrying out peacetime tasks for governmental and civilian purposes.
No. 1 Squadron was deactivated in December 1984, and its Andovers were transferred to No. 42 Squadron.&lt;ref&gt;SAunders, 1986, 131-133.&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Bell 47]] introduced the helicopter to the RNZAF and the Bell [[UH-1 Iroquois]] of [[No. 3 Squadron RNZAF|3 Squadron]] went to the Sinai and [[East Timor]], while [[Westland Wasp]] and Kaman [[SH-2 Seasprite]] helicopters were also operated by the squadron.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Through much of the postwar period the RNZAF was administered through two groups. Operations Group at Auckland at one time supervising Strike, Transport and Maritime Operations Wings.&lt;ref&gt;Max Lambert (ed.), 1989 Air New Zealand Almanac, [[New Zealand Press Association]], 1988, p.214-215, ISSN 0112 2444&lt;/ref&gt; Operations Group was formed on 1 July 1965, initially under the command of Air Commodore K.W. Trigance. At [[RNZAF Station Wigram]] in the outskirts of Christchurch was Training Group (1967-early 1970s at least) responsible for training and support.&lt;ref&gt;[[Auckland Star]], 20 October 1967; 24 October 1967; Air Commodore A.S. Agar is to be the next Air Officer commanding the RNZAF's training group. [http://www3.stats.govt.nz/New_Zealand_Official_Yearbooks/1972/NZOYB_1972.html#idchapter_1_78592 NZ Official Yearbook 1972]&lt;/ref&gt; By 1988 Training Group had become Support Group, which included No.1 Stores Depot at RNZAF Te Rapa and No.1 Repair Depot at RNZAF Woodborne.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}

===Airbase reductions in the post–Cold War period===
[[File:RNZAF Boeing 727-200 Pryde.jpg|thumb|left|RNZAF Boeing 727 in 2001.]]
Following the end of the Cold War, Minister of Defence Bob Tizard's term of office saw the RNZAF begin to consolidate its facilities. [[RNZAF Te Rapa]] north of [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] closed in 1992.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeairforce.org.nz/RNZAF%20Stations%20Waikato%20BOP%20area.htm|title=RNZAF Waikato &amp; Bay of Plenty Area|accessdate=11 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 14 September 1995, the closing parade was held for the first established RNZAF airfield, [[RNZAF Station Wigram]] in Christchurch.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.warbirdsite.com/booksnz2.html, accessed November 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; RNZAF [[Shelly Bay]] base located on Wellington's Miramar peninsula also closed. During the Second World War RNZAF Shelly Bay had been the naval station HMNZS Cook.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}

On 30 April 1995 Operations Group and Support Group were brought together to form RNZAF Air Command, under the leadership of an air commodore. Air Command was itself disbanded in 2001 when the post became the Air Component Commander at [[Headquarters Joint Forces New Zealand]], located at [[Trentham, New Zealand|Trentham]], [[Upper Hutt]].

The helicopter and former seaplane base RNZAF Hobsonville was sold to Housing New Zealand, and is being redeveloped as a residential area by the Hobsonville Land Company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hobsonvillepoint.co.nz/about-the-point|title=Hobsonville Land Company|publisher=Hobsonville Land Company|accessdate=2 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially the RNZAF remained a tenant on the land, however all remaining units based there have now relocated to other defence sites.

Plans to close RNZAF Whenuapai (and consolidate all operations to Ohakea) made by the previous government, were overturned in March 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0903/S00450.htm|title=Cabinet confirms plans for Whenuapai|date=31 March 2009|publisher=Scoop|accessdate=26 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2010}}, the RNZAF maintain 3 Air Bases ([[Whenuapai]], [[RNZAF Base Ohakea|Ohakea]], [[RNZAF Base Woodbourne|Woodbourne]]) and Air Movements Terminals located at Wellington International Airport, and Christchurch International Airport.

===21st century government defence changes===
In 2001 the Labour [[Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand|Government]] removed the RNZAF air combat capability by cancelling the purchase of 28 Block 15 [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] fighters and disbanding the [[No. 2 Squadron RNZAF|No 2]] and [[No. 75 Squadron RNZAF|No 75]]  Skyhawk squadrons and the [[No. 14 Squadron RNZAF|No 14]] [[Aermacchi MB-339|Aermacchi]] squadron.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.govt.nz/reports-publications/air-combat/desc-options.html|title=Review of the Options for an Air Combat Capability (February 2001)|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Defence|accessdate=26 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Most of the RNZAF's fighter pilots subsequently left New Zealand to serve in the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] and the [[Royal Air Force]].&lt;ref&gt;Hooper, Nick and Stephens, Barbara; ''The economics of defence labour markets'', Economic Affairs Volume 17 Issue 4, p39&lt;/ref&gt; By 2003 the RNZAF was reduced to a total of 53 aircraft and 2,523 personnel (including civilian employees).

[[File:75 Squadron A4K.JPG|thumb|left|A TA-4K Skyhawk at the [[Ohakea]] wing of the [[RNZAF Museum]] 2007.]]
In 2005 the New Zealand Ministry of Defence selected the [[NHI NH90|NH90]] [[helicopter]] to replace the RNZAF's ageing fleet of 14 [[UH-1H]] Iroquois. The NZ government allocated NZ$550 million to replace the Iroquois and a small fleet of [[Bell 47]] (Sioux) training helicopters. In late 2005 the government announced that the surviving [[A4K|A-4Ks]] and [[Aermacchi MB-339]]Cs, 17 of each type, (not counting A-4s in museums), were to be sold to US company  Tactical Air Systems  for use in jet training, subject to the US  government  approval. Tactical Air Systems announced RNZAF colour schemes would be preserved, "out of respect for the history and traditions of the RNZAF". The US State Department expressed concerns about having two squadrons of combat jets operating over the US in private hands so the aircraft were put into  storage at Woodbourne. The Aermacchi fleet is still in flying condition but the A4K fleet was covered in protective latex and moved to outside storage in 2007 to make way for the C-130H upgrade. It is most likely that the A-4Ks will be donated to museums or remain at RNZAF Base Woodbourne for training purposes for RNZAF Technicians, as the cost of refurbishing them (estimated at $34 million) was deemed too expensive by the  government. In November 2011, a private defense contractor in the United States, [[Draken International]], purchased eight of the stored RNZAF A-4K Skyhawks and nine of the Aermacchi MB-339s. The aircraft are utilized for commercial air services as an adversary squadron.

New Zealand took an option to purchase C-130J Hercules from Lockheed Martin as a part of an Australian purchase in the late 1990s but following the 1999 election the new Labour government decided not to proceed with the purchase. Instead a NZD$226m service life extension programme (LEP) was arranged with L3 [[Spar Aerospace]] of [[Canada]] in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0412/S00395.htm|title=C-130 Hercules upgrade contract signed |date=15 December 2004|publisher=Scoop|accessdate=26 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; This involved replacement of various mechanical, avionic, and structural components, and the design and installation of flight deck communications and navigation improvements to meet evolving air traffic management regulations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.govt.nz/acquisitions-tenders/current-acquisition-projects/c130-life-extension.html|title=C-130 Life Extension|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Defence|accessdate=26 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first aircraft was modified in Canada with the rest at [[Air New Zealand]] subsidiary, Safe Air, in [[Blenheim, New Zealand]]. The LEP will see the C-130 Hercules with the most flying hours in the world remain in use until about 2025.

Since 2001, RNZAF P-3K Orions and C-130 Hercules have made periodic deployments in support of [[Operation Enduring Freedom]] and the [[International Security Assistance Force]] in Afghanistan.

[[File:RNZAF.transports.jpg|thumb|40 Squadron Boeing 757-200 and C-130H Hercules flanked by 5 Squadron P-3K Orions breaking formation during the Whenuapai air show in March 2009.]]

The Naval Support Flight was separated from 3 Squadron to re-form 6 Squadron in October 2005.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}
In October 2007 the government announced it had selected the [[Agusta A109]] as the preferred replacement for the Sioux helicopters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=123&amp;objectid=10473089 |title=Lift-off for negotiations on new copters|date=31 October 2007|publisher=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=26 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Defence Minister Phil Goff declared "In common with the Seasprite helicopter already in service and the eight new NH-90s on order for the RNZAF, the A109 is wheeled and capable of deployment from our Navy vessels". Chief of Air Force, Air Vice-Marshal [[Graham Lintott]], said the A109 "will provide an effective platform to train aircrew in basic helicopter operations plus the advanced skills required to operate both the Navy SH-2G Seasprite and the highly capable RNZAF NH90 helicopter that will come into service in 2010."&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.airforce.mil.nz/operations/media-releases/media-release.htm@guid=%7B553e50a6-7a4e-498f-89c5-0fb9046aecdb%7D.htm|title=Air Force Helicopter Replacement Announced|date=30 October 2007|publisher=RNZAF|accessdate=26 January 2010}} {{Dead link|date=November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2008 the Defence Minister expressed the desire to return to service all 17 Aermacchi trainers to supplement Army and Navy operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&amp;objectid=10545947|title=Air Force's Aermacchis may be returned to service|publisher=The New Zealand Herald|date=1 December 2008|accessdate=26 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prime Minister [[John Key]] said at the time that it was extremely unlikely that any jet training would be restored in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/armed-forces/news/article.cfm?c_id=123&amp;objectid=10546026|title=John Key shoots down return of air strike capability |date=2 December 2008|publisher=The New Zealand Herald|accessdate=2009-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; However in 2011 the government expressed a desire to look at some form of jet training for RNZAF pilots using RAAF aircraft although a final decision has yet to be made.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Hartevelt|first=John|title=Air force may send pilots to Australia for training|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/4521032/Air-force-considers-sending-pilots-to-Australia-for-training|accessdate=9 February 2011|newspaper=The Dominion Post|date=8 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:2012 NZ $1 Silver 75 Years of the RNZAF Proof Coin.jpg|left|thumb|2012 NZ $1 silver bullion coin commemorating 75 Years of the RNZAF]]

===Recent activities===
In recent years the RNZAF has been involved in a number of domestic incidents, especially natural disasters that have hit the region.
*Following the [[2009 Samoan earthquake]] and subsequent tsunami the RNZAF deployed several P-3 Orions initially to assess the damage and search for bodies in the immediate aftermath of the incident. The day after the tsunami a [[C-130]] Hercules carrying mobile [[morgue]]s, medical staff and supplies to the area helped with recovery efforts. Following this the RNZAF worked closely with the [[RAAF]], the [[US Navy]] and [[US Air Force]] to provide airlifts and supply drops for several weeks after the disaster. RNZAF also provided assistance on the ground in both Samoa and Tonga. The RNZAF and [[Air New Zealand]] also arranged for the evacuation of all tourists from Samoa to Auckland.
*In the aftermath of the [[2010 Canterbury Earthquake]] on 4 September 2010 a  C-130 Hercules transported Search and Rescue Teams from [[Whenuapai Air Base]] to Christchurch that morning to aid in relief efforts. This was followed later in the afternoon by the deployment from Ohakea Air Base of two Iroquois Helicopters who provided aerial reconnaissance and damage assessments. Due to disrupted supplies at [[Christchurch Airport]] an RNZAF fuel tanker was also despatched from Ohakea Air Base to supply these aircraft.
*Responding to the [[February 2011 Christchurch earthquake]] the RNZAF deployed three C-130 Hercules, two [[Boeing 757]]s, a [[P-3 Orion]], three [[Beechcraft Super King Air|Beechcraft B200]] aircraft and three [[Bell UH-1H]] helicopters to assist the people of Christchurch. The aircraft flew around the clock to deploy police and medical personnel. C-130s and B757s also acted as aero-medical aircraft and evacuated victims and tourists to Wellington and Auckland in North Island. This was the single biggest movement of personnel and freight by the RNZAF in its history. C-130s from the [[RAAF]] and [[Republic of Singapore Air Force|RSAF]] were also deployed to the area and worked in conjunction with the RNZAF.
*When in December 2011 the [[Russia]]n fishing vessel ''[[Sparta (ship)|Sparta]]'' struck an iceberg in the [[Ross Sea]], RNZAF C-130s made two flights from New Zealand to [[McMurdo Station]] in Antarctica, air-dropping supplies to the crew ''en route''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16212793 |title=Stranded Russian ship receives NZ air drop supplies |date=17 December 2011 |work= |publisher=BBC |accessdate=2 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Current strength==
{{main|Structure of the Royal New Zealand Air Force}}
The RNZAF's force today operates in conjunction with the rest of the [[New Zealand Defence Force]]. The chain of command runs from Defence Force headquarters at Aitken Street in central Wellington to [[Headquarters Joint Forces New Zealand]] (HQ JFNZ) at [[Trentham Military Camp|Trentham]] in [[Upper Hutt]]. Under the Commander Joint Forces New Zealand (a rear admiral, air vice marshal, or major general, depending on rotation) is the Air Component Commander, an [[Air Commodore]]. The Air Component Commander directs the RNZAF through the triservice staff of HQ JFNZ.

===Squadrons===
[[File:HMNZS Canterbury 20070701.jpg|thumb|[[HMNZS Canterbury (L421)|HMNZS Canterbury]] in 2007 with a SH-2G of No. 6 Sqn.]]

[[No. 485 Wing RNZAF]], established at [[RNZAF Base Auckland]] on 1 July 2002, supervises the operational squadrons.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.airforce.mil.nz/operations/airforce-news/archive/91/485-number-to-remember.htm Air Force Magazine, Issue 91]. ''485 A Number to Remember'', by Squadron Leader Les Matthews.&lt;/ref&gt; It draws its heritage from the former Strike Wing, which parented 14 and 75 Squadrons at [[RNZAF Base Ohakea]] for many years. Strike Wing adopted its badge from the former [[No. 485 Squadron RAF]] of the [[Second World War]]. When Strike Wing disbanded with the retirement of the Skyhawks, a new name had to be found for the supervisory wing, as Strike Wing at Ohakea needed to merge with the Operations Wing in Auckland. The result was that the World War II numbering of the original squadron was chosen.
*[[No. 3 Squadron RNZAF]] — UH-1 Iroquois [[RNZAF Base Ohakea]]
*[[No. 5 Squadron RNZAF]] — P-3 Orion [[RNZAF Base Auckland]]
*[[No. 6 Squadron RNZAF]] — SH-2 Seasprite [[RNZAF Base Auckland]]
*[[No. 40 Squadron RNZAF]] — C-130 Hercules/Boeing 757 [[RNZAF Base Auckland]]
*[[No. 42 Squadron RNZAF]] — Beech Kingair B200 [[RNZAF Base Ohakea]]
*[[Pilot Training Squadron RNZAF]] — CT-4E Airtrainer [[RNZAF Base Ohakea]]
*[[Central Flying School RNZAF]] — CT-4E Airtrainer [[RNZAF Base Ohakea]]

In 2010-11 [[No. 488 Wing RNZAF]] was also created. The Wing has a headquarters element and three units - No. 3 Squadron, the Helicopter Transition Unit and Flying Training. Flying Training retains the sub units of Central Flying School, Pilot Training Squadron and No. 42 Squadron.

===Other units===
[[File:RNZAF Boeing 757 KvW.jpg|thumb|[[Boeing 757]] of the RNZAF in 2009.]]
*Aeronautical Standards and Safety Office — [[RNZAF Base Auckland]]
*Aviation Medicine Unit — [[RNZAF Base Auckland]]
*Air Power Development Centre (APDC) — [[RNZAF Base Ohakea]]
*Aircraft Repair Depot — [[RNZAF Base Woodbourne]]
*RNZAF Parachute Training and Support Unit — [[RNZAF Base Auckland]]
*RNZAF No. 209 (Expeditionary Support) Squadron — [[RNZAF Base Auckland]] and [[RNZAF Base Ohakea]]
*RNZAF Survival Training Centre — [[RNZAF Base Auckland]]
*Command and Recruit Training Squadron — [[RNZAF Base Woodbourne]]
*Helicopter Transition Unit — RNZAF Base Ohakea&lt;ref group="Note"&gt;Helicopter Transition Unit has been formed to monitor the implementation of the NH90 and the A109 into general duties as the Iroquois is phased out of active service. The Helicopter Transition Unit is not a part of [[No. 3 Squadron RNZAF|No. 3 Squadron]], however will be inducted into the squadron when the implementation of the NH90 is completed; expected early 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Ground Training Wing — [[RNZAF Base Woodbourne]]
*[[RNZAF Force Protection]]— Military Working Dog Training School [[RNZAF Base Auckland]]

==Current air force equipment==
{{see also|List of active New Zealand military aircraft}}
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align: left;"|Aircraft
! style="text-align: left;"|Origin
! style="text-align: left;"|Role
! style="text-align: left;"|Entered Service
! style="text-align: left;"|In Service
! style="text-align: left;"|Notes
|-
| [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|Lockheed P-3K Orion]]
| {{flag|USA}}
| Maritime patrol
| 1966
| 6
| Operated by 5 SQN. Five were originally delivered in 1966 as P-3Bs. Another was purchased from the [[RAAF]] in 1985, following which all were upgraded to their current standard. Currently undergoing various mission system upgrades. Due for replacement in 2025.
|-
| [[Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprite|Kaman SH-2G(NZ) Seasprite]]
| {{flag|USA}}
| Anti Ship &amp; Submarine Warfare
| 2001
| 5
| Operated by 6 SQN. Although these are Navy aircraft and operated by Navy pilots, all Navy crew are trained by the RNZAF's 3 Squadron, and they are maintained by RNZAF personnel. Regularly operated from the navy frigates and multi-role vessel. Up to 11 SH-2I aircraft may be purchased from Australia.
|-
| [[Beechcraft Super King Air|Beechcraft B200 King Air]]
| {{flag|USA}}
| Multi engine conversion training
| 1998
| 4
| Operated by 42 SQN. Three were leased by the RNZAF in 1998, with a further two leased in 2000. Lease expired in 2012 and the existing aircraft were replaced by four leased B200 King Air's with the Proline 21 avionics fit.
|-
| [[Boeing 757#757-200|Boeing 757-200]]
| {{flag|USA}}
| Strategic air transport
| 2003
| 2
| Purchased from Transavia in 2003 to replace the two Boeing 727s. Both aircraft were modified between 2007 and 2009 into a combination passenger/cargo role. Also used for VIP and Medevac roles.
|-
| [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|Lockheed C-130H(NZ) Hercules]]
| {{flag|USA}}
| Tactical transport
| 1965
| 5
| The first three were delivered in 1965, with a further two in 1968. Currently undergoing Life Extension Program (LEP) which includes structural and avionics upgrades.
 |-----
| [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|Bell UH-1H Iroquois]]
| {{flag|USA}}
| Light transport helicopter
| 1966
| 13
| Operated by 3 SQN. Most operationally deployed aircraft. The RNZAF currently operates 13 Iroquois helicopters. Five UH-1D were delivered in 1966 and a nine UH-1H in 1970. A further UH-1H was delivered in 1976. The UH-1Ds were progressively upgraded to UH-1H standard during the mid-1970s. Two ex-US Army UH-1H attrition airframes were purchased in 1996. One has been brought into service. Two now in storage with the rest to be phased out after delivery of NH90.
|-
| [[PAC CT/4 Airtrainer|Pacific Aerospace CT-4E Airtrainer]]
| {{flag|New Zealand}}
| Basic trainers
| 1998
| 12
| Operated by PTS &amp; CFS. Were leased by the RNZAF in 1998 to serve as the air force's basic flying trainer. Replaced B model Airtrainer. The RNZAF is looking to update its flying training system which will likely include CT4 replacement and include a military turbo-prop training aircraft in its aircraft mix.
|-
| [[Agusta A109|Agusta A109LUH(NZ) Mako]]
| {{flag|Italy}}
| Light Utility helicopter
| 2011
| 5
| Operated by 3 SQN. Five have been delivered with another three signaled to be purchased by the 2010 white paper. Helicopters were delivered in 2011 to replace the Sioux.
|-
| [[NHI NH90]]
| {{flag|France}}
| Medium transport helicopter
| Expected 2014
| 6&lt;ref&gt;Delivered Saturday, 20 July by an Antonov 124. Website&lt;/ref&gt; (8)
| Will be operated by 3 SQN. Eight on order. 2 delivered December 2011 and 2 delivered in 2012. Expected to be operational in 2014 to replace the UH-1H Iroquois.
|}

In addition a historic flight maintains airworthy [[North American T-6 Texan|Harvard]] (1) and [[de Havilland Tiger Moth|Tiger Moth]] (1) trainers.

==Symbols, flags and emblems==
[[File:First flight of a RNZAF NH-90.jpg|thumb|New Zealand NH90]]
The RNZAF ensign was approved in 1939, based on the ensign of the Royal Air Force, with the letters "NZ" inserted within the roundel.

Until the 1950s NZPAF and RNZAF aircraft flew with [[Royal Air Force]] [[Royal Air Force roundels|roundels]]; sometimes only the "NZ" prefix to the [[United Kingdom military aircraft serials|serial]] number revealed its nationality within the Commonwealth. A white [[kiwi]] or [[silver fern]] on a black background or a [[New Zealand flag]] frequently appeared on RNZAF aircraft, and also on RAF aircraft with NZ aircrew. Map outlines of New Zealand with a Kiwi superimposed appeared on the tails of [[English Electric Canberra|Canberra]]s flown from Singapore in the [[Malayan Emergency]]: [[de Havilland Venom|Venom]]s used in the conflict had a white kiwi on a black tail.

From the mid-1950s RNZAF roundels were modified by a fern frond within the inner red circle. Several colours were tried, including green, gold and finally white. The first two were too difficult to spot and the last looked too much like a [[white feather]] that further attempts with ferns were dropped and the Kiwi bird was adopted at the end of the 1960s. To assist camouflage in the 1980s the white was sometimes eliminated, giving a red kiwi within a blue circle (e.g. on [[C-130 Hercules|Hercule]]s, [[Aermacchi MB-339|Aermacchi]]s and [[A-4 Skyhawk|Skyhawk]]s). The kiwi roundel is now frequently a black circle around a black kiwi (Hercules, [[UH-1 Iroquois|Iroquois]]) or two-tone grey ([[P-3 Orion|Orion]], [[SH-2 Seasprite|Sea Sprite]]). The nose is always forward and on wings the legs are inwards, towards to the fuselage.

==Ranks and uniform==
[[File:WAAF RNZAF 1921.jpg|thumb|An identity card issued to all ranks during World War II. This one belonged to RNZAF WAAF Judith Copeland.]]
RNZAF rank titles and uniform remain similar to those of the [[RAF other ranks|RAF]]. All personnel wear the nationality mark "NEW ZEALAND" on the Rank Slide which is worn on the shoulder, and until early 2010 on a sewn-on shoulder title on the dress uniform. Since 2010 the shoulder identifier says "ROYAL NEW ZEALAND AIR FORCE", this was to correct a perceived confusion with the uniform of the New Zealand Police, despite many other more obvious differences.

==See also==
*[[New Zealand military ranks]]
*[[List of aircraft of the RNZAF and RNZN]]
*[[List of squadrons of the RNZAF]]
*[[Military history of New Zealand]]
*[[New Zealand Air Training Corps]] (ATC)
*[[New Zealand Defence College]]
*[[List of individual weapons of the New Zealand armed forces]]
* [[List of World War I flying aces from New Zealand]]

==Notes==
;Footnotes
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

;Citations
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author=Bentley, Geoffrey |title= RNZAF - A Short History | location= Wellington | publisher=A.H. &amp; A. W. Reed| year=1969 | format = Hardback | pages = 268 pages.}}
*Lambert, Max (ed.): 1989 Air New Zealand Almanac, [[New Zealand Press Association]], 1988, ISSN 0112 2444
*{{cite book | author=McClure, Margaret |title=Fighting Spirit - 75 Years of the RNZAF | location=Auckland | publisher=Random House| year=2012 | format = Hardback | isbn=978-1-86979-610-5| pages = 336 pages.}}
*Sanders, James: ''A Long Patrol, An Illustrated History of No 1 Squadron RNZAF'', 1986, Century Hutchinson, Auckland, ISBN 0-09-163600-0.

==External links==
{{Commons|Royal New Zealand Air Force}}
*[http://www.airforce.mil.nz/ RNZAF official site]
*[http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/ New Zealand Defence Force] (official website)

{{NZ Public Service Departments}}
{{NZ Military}}
{{Military history of New Zealand}}

{{Wikipedia|Royal New Zealand Air Force}}

[[Category:Royal New Zealand Air Force|Royal New Zealand Air Force]]
[[Category:Military history of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1923]]
[[Category:1923 establishments in New Zealand]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Russo-Japanese War</title>
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      <text bytes="13736" sha1="kac6tcphni24ifdtofichtg0li7c5y7" xml:space="preserve">The '''Russo-Japanese War''' (10 February 1904 - 5 September 1905), also known as the '''Manchuria Campaign''' in some English sources, grew out of competing imperialist interests of the Russian and Japanese Empires in far East Asia to establish their own 'spheres of influence, primarily dealing with control of [[Manchuria]] and [[Korea]]. The major fields of battle were Southern Manchuria, specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden, and the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea.

The Russian Empire was in pursuit of a warm-water port, a port where the water does not freeze over in winter, on the [[Pacific Ocean]] to find a place to house it's Navy as well as for maritime trade. The search came to Port Arthur, a town on the southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula in China. Just two years after having forced Japan from occupying the port with the threat of war, a Russian fleet appeared off Port Arthur, and Russia forced China into leasing the port to them. Subsequent encroachment of Chinese territory by Russia, so close to Japanese territorial possessions in Manchuria and Korea, led to fear in Japan that Russia was threatening it's Imperial claims. Negotiations to settle the dispute diplomatically failed, and Japan issued a declaration of war on 8 February 1904 in a move to protect it's dominance in Korea. The Tsar government in Russia, meanwhile, saw the war as a way to distract the populace from government repression and rally the country in Patriotism, after having experience several general strikes among the working class.

The following campaigns saw the fledgling Japanese military score a string of victories against Russian forces, surprising international observers and increasing political dissatisfaction among the populace of Russia. The war changed the political balance of East Asia, seeing the newly emergent Japan playing a more crucial role in political and economic affairs in the region, while the embarrassing string of defeats against the established power Russia, by what had seemed a meagre foe, led to dissatisfaction with the Tsarist regime in Russia, now viewed as inefficient and corrupt. This proved to be a major factor in the Russian Revolution of 1905, which saw the deposition of the government.


==Causes==
After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the Meiji government of Japan began a cultural and economical campaign to assimilate western ideas, technology and customs into Japanese society. By the late 19th century, Japan had fully emerged from it's international isolation, a policy enacted by the Japanese Sakoku for two centuries to discourage western culture, and was rapidly industrializing it's economy. It sought to compete with Western powers on an international level and to be seen as an equal. Now that it was no longer in isolation, Japan started to face pressure from Western nations on the international front, in particular Russia. To curb 'Western Imperialism', Japanese intellectuals of the late Meiji period espoused the concept of a ''"line of advantage"''. This principle stated that Japan would be helpless against foreign powers unless it extended a line of advantage beyond it's traditional borders which would help to repel foreign incursions, as well as be a boost to the expanding Japanese economy.

At the same time Russia, a major imperial power on the world stage, harboured territorial ambitions in the East. By the 1890's, Russia extended from Poland in Europe all the way to the Kamchatka peninsula in the East. With the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, connecting the vital port city of Vladivostok on the Pacific with the Russian capital St.Petersburg (Moscow), Russia saw an opportunity to increase and consolidate their influence and presence in the East. This successfully put Russia and Japan at ends, each seeking an imperial presence in the same region.

===First Sino-Japanese War===

The [[First Sino-Japanese War]] was a result of Japan acting upon it's 'line of advantage' strategy in regards to Korea. In order to secure it's own borders, Japan sought to annex the Korean peninsula, or at least have it declare it independent under Japanese influence in order to stop another Imperial power from scooping the vulnerable nation up. Japan's subsequent defeat of China during the First Sino-Japanese war led to the Treaty of Shimonoseki under which China abandoned its own suzerainty over Korea and ceded Taiwan, Pescadores and the Liaodong Peninsula (Port Arthur) to Japan.

When the terms of the treaty became public, Russia expressed concern over Japan's acquisition of the Liaodong Peninsula, seeing it as a threat to Russia's 'sphere of influence' in the region. The Russian Empire, while having extended it's powers in East Asia with the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway, was in need of a 'warm-water port', a port where the water does not freeze over in winter, in order for it to increase it's presence all year-round in the Pacific Ocean. Port Arthur had been in Russia's sights for some time, and with the unexpected defeat of China by Japan and the transferring of the Liaodong Peninsula, where the port was situated, Japan could undermine it's desperate need for a warm-water port in the East. So came about the 'Triple Intervention', with Russia, France and Germany all demanding that Japan cede the Liaodong Peninsula back to China under threat of war. 

While French bankers did have investments in Russia that could prove profitable with Russian success (Railways), overall the France had no territorial gain from the intervention, for it's own sphere of influence lay in Southern China. The French actually even had cordial relations with the Japanese; French military advisors had been sent to train the Imperial Japanese Army and a number of Japanese ships had been built in French shipyards. France was obligated to participate though under Franco-Russo Alliance Treaty of 1892, and did not wish to be diplomatically isolated by one of it's closest allies. Germany had much more ambitious reasons to support Russia. One was to draw Russia's attention away from it's Western border, where Imperial Germany was growing stronger. Germany also had colonial aspirations to territory in China, and hoped support of Russia would in turn give them support in their claims, which were few and desperate for Germany was late in forming itself into one nation, thus missing out at the beginning of the Colonial 'game'.

The Japanese government reluctantly agreed to the intervention once it became apparent that the two nations that were as close to allies as it had, The British Empire and the United States of America, would not intervene militarily or diplomatically, leaving Japan in no position to oppose the three major Western powers. On 5 May 1895, Prime Minister Ito Hirobumi announced the withdrawal of Japanese forces from the Liaodong Peninsula in exchange for an additional indemnity of 30 million kuping taels (450 million yen). The last Japanese troops departed in December, returning the Peninsula to Chinese control.

===Russian Advancement===
In December 1897, only two years after the Triple Intervention, a threatening Russian fleet appeared off the coast of the Liaodong Peninsula close to Port Arthur. Russia forced China to lease Port Arthur and the surrounding waters to Russia, much to the fury of Japan, and they quickly began to fortify it. Russia now had it's warm-water port, a strategic gain for it's influence in the region, with little concern for Japanese response. In Japan, the sentiment was the West viewed Japan as an inferior power, thus easy to push around. This feeling was exacerbated by subsequent Russian encroachments upon the Japanese ''line of advantage''. They began to consolidate their power a year later with the construction of a new railyway from the city of Harbin through Mukden, an area soon to become a Russian stronghold, to Port Arthur. Russia also began to make inroads into Korea, much to the alarm of Japan. By 1898 Russia had acquired mining and forestry concessions near the Yalu and Tumen rivers in Korea. It became apparent to the Japanese leadership that if this continued, they would have to strike Russia before it completed it's Trans-Siberian Railway. 

Despite all this, Japan and Russia allied themselves together in the 'Eight-Nation Alliance', an alliance that included the British Empire, France, Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary and the United States, to quell the anti-foreigner Boxer Rebellion that was taking place in China, threatening colonial interests in the area. Russian actions in East Asia had contributed to the Rebellion, putting it's proposed Harbin-Port Arthur Railway in limbo, and saw the burning of it's Tiehling and Lioyang railway stations. As part of the foreign intervention, Russia sent troops in Manchuria to protect it's interests there. It assured the other powers, especially Japan who saw it as a direct threat, that it would leave once the Rebellion had been crushed. However, by 1903, the Russians had still not adhered to their promise to pull out, but were instead cementing and fortifying it's defences. 

===Negotiations===
The Japanese statesman and former Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi concluded that Japan was not strong enough to evict Russia militarily, so instead decided to negotiate with the Russians to avoid a conflict. He proposed that Japan would accept Russian presence and control in Manchuria if, in turn, Russia accept Japanese influence in Korea. The offer though was not viewed kindly by the Russian leadership, but Japan made the offer again on 13 January 1904. By February 4 Russia had still not responded to the offer, and two days later called on the Russian Foreign Minister, Count Lamsdorf, to take his leave, thus essentially severing diplomatic relations between Japan and Russia, though the Russian leadership did not see this as a lead up to war.

Meanwhile Japan had found an ally in Great Britain for both nations had similar goals. A possible alliance had been discussed back in 1895 when Britain refused to take part in the Triple Intervention alongside Russia, France and Germany against the Japanese occupation of the Liaodong Peninsula. Ties between the two countries flourished under British support for Japan's modernization and their cooperative efforts to put an end to the Boxer Rebellion in China. Official negotiations began after Russian expansion into China, when both countries sought to curb Russian dominance in the region. There were still reservations about such an alliance though. In Great Britain, there was fear of antagonizing Russia and worry that a treaty would put Great Britain at war with the United States if competing Japanese and American interests clashed. In Japan, some still held out hope that Russia could be held back diplomatically and that compromise was reachable under the renowned former Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi. It thought dealings through friendship, and not war, would satisfy the United States who was worried about Japan as a competing power in the Pacific. The treaty went ahead anyways though in 1902, containing two critical articles concerning the case of war.

* Article 2: Declaration of neutrality if either signatory becomes involved in war through Article 1.
* Article 3: Promise of support if either signatory becomes involved in war with more than one Power.

The treaty laid out Great Britain acknowledgment of Japanese control in Korea, though did not require Britain to participate in it's defence, while Japan was not obligated to protect British interests in India. The treaty effectively put an end to the fear that if Japan and Russia went to war that France or Germany might assist Russia, for fear of going to war with another Western colonial power. While the British saw it as a mild warning to Russia to halt it's advances, the Japanese became emboldened by the treaty and compromise sentiments evaporated, while some even saw it as an open invitation for Japanese imperial expansion.

==War==

===Declaration of War===
On February 8th 1904, two days after Japan severed diplomatic relations with Russia, Japan issued a declaration of war against the Russian Empire. However, the first strike of the war was conducted three hours before the declaration, when the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked the Russian Far East Fleet docked at Port Arthur. The Russian Tsar, Nicolas II, was taken completely by surprise by the attack and was amazed Japan dared to attack without a formal declaration of war. He had been assured by his Ministers that Japan would seek compromise and not fight. It would be eight days later before the Russian Empire officially declared war on Japan, for it was not until 1907 that it was made international law to do so before hostilities. Montenegro also joined the war on the side of Russia out of appreciation for Russian assistance in it's struggle against the Ottoman Empire. Montenegro's distance from the field of battle though left most of it's activities to moral support and it's main contribution being Montenegrians in the Russian army.

===1904===

The war began with the [[Battle of Port Arthur]] where the Japanese Imperial Navy launched a pre-emptive strike against the Russian Far East Fleet at Port Arthur. The Port was essential to the Russian Navy as it was the only warm-water port it held on the Pacific, so naturally became a first target for Japan looking to neutralize Russia's navy in the region. The Imperial Japanese Navy under admiral Tōgō Heihachirō struck at 1:28 P.M. on February 9th, 1904, when four Japanese destroyers launched a torpedo attack on the Russian cruiser ''Pallada'' and bettleship ''Retvizan''.</text>
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      <text bytes="87360" sha1="8zlhyjhlljzum3h1kq6iah6sg84vy3y" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict
|partof=[[World War II]]
|image       = [[Image:Japanese Occupation - Map.jpg|300px|Map showing the extent of Japanese control in 1940]]
|caption=Map showing the extent of Japanese control in [[1940]].
|date        = [[wikipedia:7 July|7 July]] [[1937]]–[[wikipedia:9 September|9 September]] [[1945]] (minor fighting since [[1931]])
|place       = [[wikipedia:China|China]]
|casus       = [[Marco Polo Bridge Incident]].
|territory   = Retrocession to [[wikipedia:Republic of China|China]] of [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]], [[wikipedia:Taiwan|Taiwan]] and [[wikipedia:Pescadores|Pescadores]]
|result      = [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|Japanese unconditional surrender]]
|combatant1  = [[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:Republic of China|China]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:US flag 48 stars.svg|22px]] [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
|combatant2  = [[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Collaborationist Chinese Army]]&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; 
|commander1  = [[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px]] [[Chen Cheng]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px]] [[Yan Xishan]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px]] [[Feng Yuxiang]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px]] [[Li Zongren]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px]] [[Xue Yue]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px]][[Bai Chongxi]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px]] [[Peng Dehuai]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:US flag 48 stars.svg|22px]] [[Joseph Stilwell]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:US flag 48 stars.svg|22px]] [[Claire Lee Chennault|Claire Chennault]],&lt;br /&gt;
|commander2  = [[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px]] [[Hirohito]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px]] [[Fumimaro Konoe]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px]] [[Hideki Tojo]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px]] [[Prince Kan'in|Kotohito Kan'in]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px]] [[Matsui Iwane]],&lt;br /&gt; [[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px]] [[Hajime Sugiyama]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px]] [[Shunroku Hata]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px]] [[Toshizo Nishio]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px]] [[Yasuji Okamura]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px]] [[Umezu Yoshijiro]],&lt;br /&gt;
|strength1   = 5,600,000 Chinese&lt;br /&gt; 700+ US aircraft&lt;br /&gt;
|strength2   = 3,200,000 Japanese,&lt;br /&gt;900,000 Chinese&lt;ref&gt;Jowett, Phillip, Rays of the Rising Sun, pg.72.&lt;/ref&gt; 
|casualties1 = 3,220,000 military,&lt;br /&gt; 17,530,000 civilians
|casualties2 = 1,900,000 military (including 480,000 KIA)
| notes = &lt;sup&gt;1 &lt;/sup&gt; On [[wikipedia:July|July]] [[1942]], the [[Flying Tigers]] became an official [[14th Air Force|United States Army Air Force unit]].&lt;br /&gt; &lt;sup&gt;3 &lt;/sup&gt;Various Japanese [[puppet state|puppet regimes]] provided significant manpower to support the Japanese occupation. 
}}
{{Campaignbox Second Sino-Japanese War}}
{{Campaignbox Pacific War}}
The '''Second Sino-Japanese War''' ([[wikipedia:July 7|July 7]], [[1937]] to [[wikipedia:September 9|September 9]], [[1945]]) was a major [[war]] fought between [[wikipedia:Republic of China|China]] and [[wikipedia:Empire of Japan|Japan]], both before and during [[World War II]]. It was the largest Asian war in the twentieth century.&lt;ref&gt;Bix, Herbert P. "The Showa Emperor's 'Monologue' and the Problem of War Responsibility", ''Journal of Japanese Studies'', Vol. 18, No. 2. (Summer, 1992), pp. 295–363.&lt;/ref&gt;

Although the two countries had fought intermittently since [[1931]], full-scale war started in earnest in [[1937]] and only ended with the [[surrender of Japan]] in [[1945]]. The war was the result of a decades-long Japanese [[wikipedia:imperialism|imperialist]] policy aiming to dominate China politically and militarily to secure its vast raw material reserves and other resources. At the same time, the rising tide of [[Chinese nationalism]] and notions of [[self determination]] made the war inevitable. Before 1937, China and Japan fought in small, localized engagements in so-called "incidents." Yet the two sides, for a variety of reasons, refrained from fighting a total war. The 1931 [[invasion]] of [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]] by Japan is known as the "[[Mukden Incident]]". The last of these incidents was the [[Marco Polo Bridge Incident]] of 1937, marking the official beginning of [[total war|full scale war]] between the two countries. 

From [[1937]] to [[1941]], China fought alone. After the [[attack on Pearl Harbor|Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor]], the Second Sino-Japanese War merged into the greater conflict of [[World War II]].

==Nomenclature==
In [[wikipedia:Chinese language|Chinese]], the war is most commonly known as the '''War of Resistance Against Japan''' ([[wikipedia:Traditional Chinese character|traditional Chinese]]:抗日戰爭; [[wikipedia:Simplified Chinese character|simplified Chinese]]: 抗日战争; [[wikipedia:pinyin|pinyin]]:Kàng Rì Zhànzhēng), but also known as the '''Eight Years' War of Resistance''' (八年抗戰), or simply '''War of Resistance''' (抗戰).  

In [[Japan]], the name '''Japan-China War''' (日中戦争 ''Nicchū Sensō''"&lt;sup&gt;[[Help:Japanese|&lt;span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;"&gt;?&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt;) is most commonly used due to its neutrality.  When the war began in [[wikipedia:July|July]] [[1937]] near [[wikipedia:Beijing|Beijing]], the government of Japan used '''North China Incident''' (北支事変, ''Hokushi Jihen''), and with the outbreak of war in Central China next month, it was changed to '''China Incident''' (支那事変, ''[[wikipedia:Shina (word)|Shina]] Jihen'').

The word ''incident'' (事変, ''jihen'') was used by [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] as neither country had declared war on each other.  [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] wanted to avoid intervention by other countries such as the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] and particularly the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]], which had been the biggest [[wikipedia:steel|steel]] exporter to Japan. American President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] would have had to impose an embargo due to the [[Neutrality Acts]] had the fighting been named a war. 

In [[wikipedia:Imperial Japan|Imperial Japan]]ese [[propaganda]] however, the invasion of China became a "'''[[holy war]]'''" (''seisen''), the first step of the ''[[Hakko ichiu]]'' (eight corners of the world under one roof).  In 1940, prime minister [[Konoe]] thus launched the [[League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War]].  When both sides formally declared war in December 1941, the name was replaced by ''[[Greater East Asia War in the Pacific|Greater East Asia War]]'' (大東亜戦争, ''Daitōa Sensō'').

Although the [[wikipedia:Japanese government|Japanese government]] still uses "Shina Incident" in formal documents, because the word [[wikipedia:Shina (word)|''Shina'']] is considered a derogatory word by [[wikipedia:China|China]], media in [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] often paraphrase with other expressions like '''The Japan-China Incident''' (日華事変 [''Nikka Jihen''], 日支事変 [''Nisshi Jihen''], which were used by media even in the 1930s.

Also, the name ''Second Sino-Japanese War'' is not usually used in Japan, as the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (日清戦争, ''Nisshin-Sensō''), between Japan and the [[wikipedia:Qing Dynasty|Qing Dynasty]] in 1894 is not regarded to have obvious direct linkage with the second, between Japan and the [[wikipedia:Republic of China|Republic of China]].

==Background==
[[Image:Jiangjieshi-declare.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Chiang Kai-shek]] announced the [[Kuomintang|KMT]]'s policy of resistance against Japan at [[Lushan]] on [[wikipedia:July 10|July 10]], [[1937]], three days after the [[Marco Polo Bridge Incident|Battle of Lugou Bridge]].]]
The origin of the Second Sino-Japanese War can be traced to the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] of 1894-95, in which China, then under the [[wikipedia:Qing Dynasty|Qing Dynasty]], was defeated by Japan and was forced to cede [[wikipedia:Taiwan|Taiwan]] and recognize the independence of [[wikipedia:Korea|Korea]] in the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]]. The Qing Dynasty was on the brink of collapse from internal revolts and foreign [[wikipedia:imperialism|imperialism]], while Japan had emerged as a [[great power]] through its effective measures of [[wikipedia:modernization|modernization]]. The [[wikipedia:Republic of China|Republic of China]] was founded in 1912, following the [[Xinhai Revolution]] which overthrew the Qing Dynasty. However, the nascent Republic was even weaker than before due to the dominance of [[Warlord era|warlord]]s. The prospect of unifying the nation and repelling imperialism seemed a very remote possibility. Some warlords even aligned themselves with various foreign powers in an effort to wipe each other out. For example, warlord [[Zhang Zuolin]] of [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]] openly cooperated with the Japanese for military and economic assistance. It was during the early period of the Republic that Japan became the greatest foreign threat to China.

In 1915, [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] issued the ''[[Twenty-One Demands]]'' to further its political and commercial interests in [[wikipedia:China|China]]. Following [[World War I]], Japan acquired the [[Germany|German]] [[sphere of influence]] in [[wikipedia:Shandong|Shandong]]. China under the [[wikipedia:Beiyang|Beiyang]] government remained fragmented and unable to resist foreign incursions until the [[Northern Expedition (1926–1927)|Northern Expedition]] of 1926-28, launched by the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT, or Chinese Nationalist Party) rival government based in [[wikipedia:Guangzhou|Guangzhou]]. The Northern Expedition swept through China until it was checked in [[wikipedia:Shandong|Shandong]], where [[wikipedia:Beiyang|Beiyang]] [[warlord]] [[Zhang Zongchang]], backed by the Japanese, attempted to stop the [[National Revolutionary Army|Kuomintang Army]] from unifying China. This situation culminated in the [[Jinan Incident]] of 1928 in which the Kuomintang army and the Japanese were engaged in a short conflict. In the same year, Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin was also [[Huanggutun Incident|assassinated]] when he became less willing to cooperate with Japan. Following these  incidents, the Kuomintang government under [[Chiang Kai-shek]] finally succeeded in unifying China in 1928.

[[Image:Mukden 1931 japan shenyang.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Japanese troops entering [[wikipedia:Shenyang|Shenyang]] during ''[[Mukden Incident]]''.]]

Still, numerous conflicts between China and Japan persisted as [[Chinese nationalism]] had been on the rise and one of the ultimate goals of the [[Three People's Principles]] was to rid China of foreign imperialism. However, the [[Northern Expedition (1926–1927)|Northern Expedition]] had only nominally unified China, and civil wars broke out between former warlords and rival Kuomintang factions. In addition, the [[wikipedia:Communist Party of China|Chinese Communist]]s revolted against the central government following a purge of its members. Because of these situations, the Chinese central government diverted much attention into fighting these civil wars and followed a policy of ''first internal pacification before external resistance''. This situation provided an easy opportunity for Japan to further its goals. In 1931, the Japanese [[Invasion of Manchuria|invaded]] [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]] right after the [[Mukden Incident]]. After five months of fighting, in 1932, the [[puppet state]] [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]] was established with the last emperor of China, [[Puyi]], installed as its head of state. Unable to challenge Japan directly, China appealed to the [[wikipedia:League of Nations|League of Nations]] for help. The League's investigation was published as the [[Lytton Report]], which condemned Japan for its incursion of Manchuria, and led Japan to withdraw from the League of Nations. From the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, [[appeasement]] was the policy of the international community and no country was willing to take an active stance other than a weak censure. Japan saw Manchuria as a limitless supply of [[raw material]]s and also as a [[buffer state]] against the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]].

Incessant conflicts followed the Mukden Incident. In 1932, Chinese and Japanese soldiers fought a short war in the [[January 28 Incident]]. The war resulted in the demilitarization of [[wikipedia:Shanghai|Shanghai]], which forbade the Chinese from deploying troops in their own city. In Manchukuo there was an [[Pacification of Manchukuo|ongoing campaign]] to defeat the [[Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies|volunteer armies]] that arose from the popular frustration at the policy of nonresistance to the Japanese. In 1933, the Japanese [[Defense of the Great Wall|attacked the Great Wall]] region, and in its wake the [[Tanggu Truce]] was signed, which gave Japan the control of [[Rehe]] province and a demilitarized zone between the Great Wall and Beiping-Tianjin region. The Japanese aim was to create another buffer region, this time between Manchukuo and the Chinese Nationalist government whose capital was [[Nanjing]].

In addition, Japan increasingly utilized the internal conflicts among the Chinese factions to reduce their strength one by one. This was precipitated by the fact that even some years after the Northern Expedition, the political power of the Nationalist government only extended around the [[Yangtze River Delta]] region, and other regions of China were essentially held in the hands of regional powers. Thus, Japan often bought off or created special links with these regional powers to undermine the efforts of the central Nationalist government in bringing unity to China. To do this, Japan sought various [[hanjian|Chinese traitors]] for cooperation and helped these men lead some "autonomous" governments that were friendly to Japan. This policy was called the ''Specialization'' of [[wikipedia:North China|North China]] ([[wikipedia:Chinese language|Chinese]]: 華北特殊化; [[wikipedia:pinyin|pinyin]]: húaběitèshūhùa), or more commonly known as the North China Autonomous Movement. The northern provinces affected by this policy were [[wikipedia:Chahar Province|Chahar]], [[wikipedia:Suiyuan|Suiyuan]], [[wikipedia:Hebei|Hebei]], [[wikipedia:Shanxi|Shanxi]], and [[wikipedia:Shandong|Shandong]]. 

In 1935, under Japanese pressure, China signed the [[He-Umezu Agreement]], which forbade the KMT from conducting party operation in [[wikipedia:Hebei|Hebei]] and effectively ended Chinese control of North China. In the same year, the [[Ching-Doihara Agreement]] was signed and vacated the KMT from [[wikipedia:Chahar Province|Chahar]]. Thus, by the end of 1935, the Chinese central government had virtually vacated from North China. In its place, the Japanese-backed [[East Hebei Autonomous Council]] and the [[Hebei-Chahar Political Council]] were established.  There in the vacated area of Chahar the [[wikipedia:Mengjiang|Mongol Military Government]] (蒙古軍政府), was formed on May 12, 1936 with Japan  providing military and economic aid.  This government tried to take control of Suiyuan in late 1936 and early 1937 but was [[Suiyuan Campaign (1936)|defeated]]. 

===Motives===
In order to understand the complexity of the involvement of [[wikipedia:China|China]] and [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]], and the later involvement of the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]], the [[wikipedia:UK|UK]], the [[wikipedia:US|US]] and [[wikipedia:France|France]] in the Sino-Japanese War, it is important to appreciate the underlying reasons and motives of the different parties that they brought to the war.

[[Image:Flag of Japan.svg|22px]] '''[[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]]:''' Imperial Japan launched the war in an effort to destroy the Chinese central government under the Kuomintang, and to create [[puppet government]]s that followed Japanese interests. From these actions Japan would obtain a secured supply of raw materials and a market to ensure the prosperity of the Japanese home islands. However, Japan's inability to bring the war in China to an acceptable conclusion, coupled with increasingly unfavorable trading restrictions from the West in response to Japan's continued actions in China, meant that Japan also needed to control sizable natural resources, such as those in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, which were at the time controlled by Britain, the Netherlands, and the USA, respectively. Japan's strategy to seize these embargoed resources led to the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], opening the Pacific Theater of World War II.

[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px]] '''[[wikipedia:China|China]] ([[Kuomintang|Nationalist (Kuomintang)]]):''' Before the onset of full scale war, Nationalist China focused its energies on modernizing the army and building a viable defense industry to increase its combat power vis-à-vis Japan. Because China under the Kuomintang was unified only nominally, it was also constantly preoccupied with fighting internal wars against the communists, resurgent warlords, and other militarist factions. However, once the war against Japan broke out, backing down was impossible, even though China was far from prepared for fighting a war on such a massive scale against a vastly superior enemy. In sum, Nationalist China had several goals: to resist Japanese aggression, to unite China under one central government, to rid China of foreign imperialism, to defeat communism, and to re-emerge as a strong country. In essence, the war of resistance was seen by many as a war of national revival.

[[Image:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.svg|22px]] China ([[wikipedia:Communist Party of China|Communist]]): Chinese Communists generally avoided large-scale frontal fighting against the Japanese, while conducting guerrilla warfare and political activities in occupied territories to expand their base areas. As one of its main goals was expansion, the CCP sought to avoid direct conflicts with the Japanese Army in order to emerge from the war stronger than the Nationalist forces, so in the inevitable struggle for dominance, the CCP would be the victor. 

[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px]] '''[[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]:''' To allow Japan to overextend itself in China such that the USSR could fight Germany in the West without having to garrison strong forces in the East against possible Japanese aggression. Also, a weakened China would allow Chinese Communists to develop and eventually take over the country, providing a potential ally and a buffer zone against Western and Japanese expansionism.

[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]] '''[[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]:''' Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, British attitude was conciliatory toward Japan, as the two had already formed the [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]]. Many in the British community in China also supported Japanese actions to weaken the Chinese Nationalist government. This was because British economic interests suffered substantially when the Chinese Nationalist government successfully revoked much foreign concessions, and regained the right to set its own [[tariff]] without British influence. Once World War II began, the UK had to fight Germany in Europe while at the same time hoping China and Japan fight to a stalemate, in order to buy time to regain its Pacific colonies in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Burma, and Singapore. The majority of British forces were committed to fighting in Europe, and could spare little for the war in the Pacific. 

[[Image:US flag 48 stars.svg|22px]] '''[[wikipedia:United States|United States]]:''' The United States was generally [[wikipedia:isolationist|isolationist]] prior to the attack of Pearl Harbor and did not wish to directly provoke Japan, while it aided China with its volunteer airmen and oil/steel embargoes. Following the American entrance to WWII, the US had to defeat Japan in the Pacific while also fighting Germany in the European Theater, with the emphasis on defeating Germany first. The US began a campaign of island hopping in order to secure bases close enough to Japan to support bombing raids and an eventual invasion. When Germany capitulated, the war in the East was to be finished as fast as possible with minimal US casualties. President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] also wished to aid China so that it would emerge as a democratic nation friendly to the US and a source of stability in post-war East Asia.

[[Image:Flag of France.svg|22px]] '''[[Vichy France]]:''' With massive U.S. supply coming to [[wikipedia:Yunnan|Yunnan]] through [[French Indochina]]'s northern state of [[wikipedia:Tonkin|Tonkin]] ([[wikipedia:northern Vietnam|northern Vietnam]]), the Japanese wanted to blockade the Chinese-Indochinese border. In 1940, following the establishment of the [[Vichy France]] puppet state, Japan staged an [[invasion of French Indochina]]. In March 1945, the Japanese staged a [[Second French Indochina Campaign|coup d'état in French Indochina]] and created their own colonies as the [[Empire of Vietnam]].

[[Image:Flag of Free France 1940-1944.svg|22px]] '''[[Free French Forces|Free France]]:''' In December 1941, following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Free France leader [[Charles de Gaulle]] declared war on Japan. In 1943 de Gaulle created the [[Light Corps of Intervention]] (CLI) Special Forces within the [[FEFEO]] to support the French Resistance in Indochina. From 1944 to 1945 the CLI operated against the Japanese in Vietnam, using the southern Chinese border as a sanctuary. In September French [[general Leclerc]] heading the [[CEFEO]] signed the armistice with Japan and landed in Vietnam and Java with the Franco-British task force to regain control of the colony in October. A partition was established with the Communist Chinese controlling north Vietnam and the British-French controlling southern Vietnam until 1946 when the [[First Indochina War]] broke out.

It is then clear that Nationalist China had an intensely difficult task in hand, with its [[Allies]] all having interests not necessarily in congruence with China's. With these in mind some decisions of the other Allies are much easier to understand.

==Invasion of China==
[[Image:Casualties of a mass panic - Chungking, China.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Casualties of a mass panic during a June 1941 Japanese [[bombing of Chongqing]]. More than 5000 civilans died during the first two days of air raids in 1939 &lt;ref&gt;Herbert Bix, Hirohito and the making of modern Japan, 2001, p.364&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Most historians place the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War on [[wikipedia:July 7|July 7]], [[1937]] at the [[Marco Polo Bridge Incident]], when a crucial access point to Beijing was assaulted by the Japanese. Some Chinese historians, however place the starting point at the [[Mukden Incident]] of [[wikipedia:September 18|September 18]], [[1931]]. Following the Mukden Incident, the Japanese [[Kwantung Army]] occupied [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]] and established the [[puppet state]] of [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]] on [[wikipedia:February 18|February 18]] [[1932]]. Japan tried forcing the Chinese government to recognize the independence of Manchukuo. However, when the [[League of Nations]] determined that Manchukuo was a product of Japanese aggression, Japan withdrew from the League.

Following the [[Marco Polo Bridge Incident]] in 1937, the Japanese occupied [[Battle of Shanghai|Shanghai]], [[Battle of Nanjing|Nanjing]] and Southern [[Battle of Taiyuan|Shanxi]] in campaigns involving approximately 350,000 Japanese soldiers, and considerably more Chinese soldiers. Historians estimate up to 300,000 people perished in the [[Nanking Massacre]], after the [[Battle of Nanjing|fall of Nanjing]] on [[wikipedia:December 13|December 13]], [[1937]], while some Japanese historians [[Historical revisionism (negationism)#Japanese war crimes|denied]] the existence of a massacre at all. Throughout the next few years, the Imperial air force of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service|Navy]] and the [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service|Army]] launched [[Strategic bombing during World War II#Japanese bombing|massive air bombing raids]] on nearly every city in China, leaving millions homeless.

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident not only marked the beginning of an open, [[Declaration of war|undeclared]], war between China and Japan, but also hastened the formation of the [[Second United Front (China)|Second United Front]] between the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT)and the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP). The cooperation took place with salutary effects for the beleaguered CCP. The high point of the cooperation came in 1938 during the [[Battle of Wuhan]]. However, the distrust between the two antagonists was scarcely veiled. The uneasy alliance began to break down by late 1938, despite Japan's steady territorial gains in northern China, the coastal regions, and the rich [[wikipedia:Yangtze River|Yangtze River]] Valley in central China. After 1940, open conflict between the [[wikipedia:Nationalist|Nationalist]]s and [[wikipedia:Communist|Communist]]s became more frequent in the areas outside Japanese control, culminating in the [[New Fourth Army Incident]]. The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities were presented, through mass organizations, administrative reforms, [[wikipedia:Land ownership|land]] and [[wikipedia:Taxation|tax]] reform measures favoring [[peasant]]s, while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence and fight the Japanese at the same time.

[[Image:Wuhan 1938 IJA.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Japanese marines at Guangdong in the [[Battle of Wuhan]].]]
The Japanese had neither the intention nor the capability to directly administer China. Their goal was to create friendly puppet governments favorable to Japanese interests. However, the atrocities committed by the Japanese army made the governments that were set up very unpopular. In addition, the Japanese refused to negotiate with the [[Kuomintang]] or the [[Communist Party of China]], which fueled further anti-Japanese sentiments. The Japanese also forced the Chinese people living under their control to change their money into military banknotes, which the current Japanese government still refuses to exchange even today.

==Chinese strategy==
[[Image:Chinese soldiers 1939.jpg|thumb|300px|Chinese soldiers march to the [[Military front|front]] in 1939.]]

Unlike Japan, China was unprepared for [[total war]] and had little military-industrial strength, no [[Mechanized force|mechanized divisions]], and few [[Armored vehicle|armored forces]]. Up until the mid-[[wikipedia:1930s|1930s]] China had hoped that the [[wikipedia:League of Nations|League of Nations]] would provide countermeasures to Japan's aggression. In addition, the Kuomintang government was mired in a [[civil war]] against the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]]. Chiang famously was quoted: "''the Japanese are a disease of skin, the Communists are a disease of the heart''". Though the communists formed the [[New Fourth Army]] and the [[8th Route Army]] which were nominally under the command of the [[National Revolutionary Army]], the [[Second United Front (China)|United Front]] was never truly unified, as each side was preparing for a showdown with the other once the Japanese were driven out. All these disadvantages forced China to adopt a strategy whose first goal was to preserve its military strength, whereas a full frontal assault on the enemy would often prove to be suicidal. Also, pockets of resistance were to be continued in occupied areas to pester the enemy and make their administration over the vast lands of China difficult. As a result the Japanese really only controlled the cities and railroads, while the countrysides were almost always hotbeds of [[partisan]] activity.

However, Chiang realized that in order to win the support from the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] or other foreign nations, China must prove that it was indeed capable of fighting. A fast [[Withdrawal (military)|retreat]] would discourage foreign aid so Chiang decided to make a stand in the [[Battle of Shanghai]]. Chiang sent his [[Germany|German]]-trained divisions, the best of his troops, to defend China's largest and most [[wikipedia:Industrialization|industrialized]] city from the Japanese. The battle saw heavy casualties on both sides and ended with a Chinese retreat towards Nanjing. While the battle was a military defeat for the Chinese, it proved that China would not be defeated easily and showed China's determination to the world. The battle lasted over three months and proved to be an enormous [[wikipedia:Morale|morale booster]] for the Chinese people as it ended the Japanese taunt of conquering Shanghai in three days and China in three months.

[[Image:Taierzhuang.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Chinese soldiers in [[Urban warfare|house-to-house]] fighting in [[Battle of Tai'erzhuang]].]]
While this direct army-to-army fighting lasted during the early phases of the war, large numbers of Chinese defeats compared to few victories eventually led to the strategy of stalling the war. Large areas of China were conquered during the early stages of the war, but the Japanese advancements began to stall in mid-[[1938]]. The Chinese strategy at this point was to prolong the war until it had sufficient strength to defeat the Japanese. Chinese troops often engaged in a practice of [[scorched earth]] in an attempt to slow down the Japanese. [[Dam]]s and [[levee]]s were sabotaged which led to the [[1938 Huang He flood]]. In addition, industry was transported from coastal industrialized areas to inland cities such as [[Chongqing]]. By [[1940]], the war had reached a stalemate with both sides making minimal gains. The Chinese had successfully defended their land from oncoming Japanese on several occasions, while strong resistance in areas occupied by the Japanese made a victory seem impossible to the Japanese. This frustrated the Japanese and led them to employ the "[[Three Alls Policy]]" (kill all, loot all, burn all) ({{lang|mul-Hani|三光政策}}, [[Hanyu Pinyin]]: ''Sānguāng Zhèngcè'', [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[On reading|On]]: ''Sankō Seisaku''). It was during this time period that the bulk of Japanese [[Atrocity|atrocities]] were committed. Also in 1940, Japan [[Vietnam Expedition|invaded Vietnam]]. Control of Vichy-controlled Vietnam would make the blockade of China more effective and made continuation of the drawn out [[Battle of South Guangxi]] province unnecessary.

On [[wikipedia:December 7|December 7]], [[1941]], the Japanese [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked Pearl Harbor]], which brought the United States into the war. China officially declared war on Japan on [[wikipedia:8 December|8 December]] [[1941]]. It refused to declare war earlier because receiving military aid while officially at war would break the [[Neutral country|neutrality]] of the donor nation. At this point, the priority changed from survival to victory. Enriched with foreign aid, China's army, now better trained and equipped, began taking the fight to the enemy. Chinese forces took part in the [[Burma Campaign]] to liberate [[wikipedia:Burma|Burma]] from the Japanese. By 1945 China was making significant progress, liberating large areas conquered by Japan during [[Operation Ichigo]]. Operations BETA and CARBONADO, were joint Chinese-American plans to liberate the entire Chinese mainland, starting with a push into [[Guangdong]] and then north to Shanghai. But the dropping of the [[atomic bomb]]s and the Soviet entry into the war, [[Operation August Storm]], ended the war faster than anyone had expected.

The basis of Chinese strategy during the war, which can be divided into three periods:
#First Period: [[wikipedia:7 July|7 July]] [[1937]] (Battle of Lugou Bridge) &amp;ndash; [[wikipedia:25 October|25 October]] [[1938]] (Fall of [[Hankou]]). In this period, one key concept is the trading of "space for time" ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 以空間換取時間). The Chinese army would put up fights to delay Japanese advance to northeastern cities, to allow the [[home front]], along with its professionals and key industries, to retreat west into [[wikipedia:Chongqing|Chongqing]] to build up military strength.
#Second Period: [[wikipedia:25 October|25 October]] [[1938]] (Fall of Hankou) - July, 1944. During the second period, the Chinese army adopted the concept of "magnetic warfare" to attract advancing Japanese troops to definite points where they were subjected to [[ambush]], [[Flanking maneuver|flanking attack]]s, and [[encirclement]]s in major engagements. The most prominent example of this tactic is the successful defense of [[Battle of Changsha|Changsha]] numerous times.
#Third Period: July 1944 - [[wikipedia:15 August|15 August]] [[1945]]. This period employs general full frontal counter-offensives.

==Stalemate==
By 1940, the fighting had reached a stalemate.  While Japan held most of the eastern coastal areas of China and Vietnam, [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] fighting continued in the conquered areas.  The Nationalist government of [[Chiang Kai-shek]] struggled on from a provisional capital at the city of [[Chongqing]].  China, with its low industrial capacities and limited experience in [[modern warfare]], could not launch any decisive counter-offensive against Japan.  Chiang could not risk an all-out campaign given the poorly-trained, under-equipped, and disorganized state of his armies and opposition to his leadership both within [[Kuomintang]] and in China at large.  He had lost a substantial portion of his best trained and equipped army [[Battle of Shanghai (1937)|defending Shanghai]] and was at times at the mercy of his generals, who maintained independence from the central government.  On the other hand, Japan had suffered tremendous casualties from unexpectedly stubborn resistance from China and already developed problems in administering and garrisoning seized territories.  Neither side could make any swift progress in a manner resembling the [[Battle of France|fall of France]] and Western Europe to [[Nazi Germany]]. 

Most military analysts predicted that the Kuomintang could not continue fighting with most of the war factories located in the prosperous areas under or near Japanese control.  Other global powers were reluctant to provide any support &amp;mdash; unless supporting an ulterior motive &amp;mdash; because in their opinion the Chinese would eventually lose the war, and did not wish to antagonize the Japanese who might, in turn, eye their colonial possessions in the region.  They expected any support given to Kuomintang might worsen their own relationship with the Japanese, who taunted the [[Kuomintang]] with the prospect of conquest within 3 months.  

However, [[Germany]] and the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] did provide support to the Chinese before the war escalated to the Asian theatre of World War II.  Prior to the outbreak of the war, Germany and China had [[Sino-German cooperation|close economic and military cooperation]], with Germany helping China modernize its industry and military in exchange for raw materials.  More than half of the German arms exports during its rearmament period were to China.  Nevertheless the proposed 30 new divisions equipped and trained with Germany assistance did not materialize when Germany withdrew its support in 1938.  The Soviet Union wished to keep China in the war to hinder the Japanese from invading [[wikipedia:Siberia|Siberia]], thus saving itself from a [[Two Front War|two front war]].  In September [[1937]] the Soviet leadership signed [[Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact]], began aiding China and approved [[Operation Zet]], a Soviet volunteer air force.  As part of the secret operation Soviet technicians upgraded and handled some of the Chinese war-supply transport.  [[Bomber]]s, [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]], military supplies and advisors arrived, including future Soviet [[war hero]] [[Georgy Zhukov]], who won the [[Battle of Halhin Gol]].  Prior to the entrance of Western allies, the Soviet Union provided the largest amount of foreign aid to China, totalling some $250 million of credits in munitions and supplies. In 1941 Soviet aid ended as a result of the [[Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact]], signed after [[Operation Barbarossa]].  This pact avoided the Soviet Union from fighting against Germany and Japan at the same time.

Other prominent [[power (international)|power]]s, including the [[wikipedia:United States|United States of America]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[France]], only officially assisted in war supply contracts up to the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] in late 1941, when a significant influx of trained military personnel and supplies boosted the Kuomintang chance of maintaining the fight.

Public opinion in the west was becoming favorable to the Kuomintang.  At the start of the 1930s, [[wikipedia:public opinion|public opinion]] had tended to support the Japanese.  However, from December 1937, events such as the Japanese [[Panay incident|attack on the USS ''Panay '']] and the Nanking Massacre, swung public opinion sharply against Japan, and increased fear of Japanese expansionism. In 1938, [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]] prevented a Japanese Government-owned company from taking over an iron mine in Australia, and banned [[iron ore]] exports.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.info.dfat.gov.au/info/historical/HistDocs.nsf/(LookupVolNoNumber)/3~221 "Memorandum by Mr J. McEwen, Minister for External Affairs 10 May 1940" ] &lt;/ref&gt; In the 1940 invasion of Vietnam, Japan successfully blockade China and prevent it from importing arms, fuel and 10,000 tons/month materials supplied by the Allies through the Haiphong-Yunnan Fou railway line.

By mid-[[1941]], the United States organized the [[American Volunteer Group]], or Flying Tigers. Their early combat success of 300 kills against a loss of 12 of their shark painted P-40 fighters earned them wide recognition while Allies were suffering heavy losses. Entering soon after the U.S. and Japan were at war, their dogfighting tactics would be adopted by US forces. They would also transmit the appreciative Chinese [[Thumbs Up|thumbs-up]] gesture for number one into military culture.

In addition, the United States, Britain and the [[Netherlands East Indies]] began oil and/or steel [[embargo]]s. The loss of oil imports made it impossible for Japan to continue operations in China. This set the stage for Japan to launch a series of military attacks on the western Allies on [[wikipedia:December 8|December 8]] [[1941]] ([[December 7]] in U.S. time zones), such as the [[attack on Pearl Harbor|raid on Pearl Harbor]].

==Entrance of Western Allies==
[[Image:Cairo conference.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and [[Winston Churchill]] met at the [[Cairo Conference]] in 1943 during World War II.]]
Within a few days of the attack on Pearl Harbor, both the United States and China officially declared war against Japan. Chiang Kai-shek continued to receive supplies from the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]], as the Chinese conflict was merged into the [[Pacific War|Asian theatre of World War II]]. However, in contrast to the Arctic supply route to the Soviet Union that stayed open most of the war, sea routes to China had long been closed, so between the closing of the [[Burma Road]] in 1942 and its re-opening as the [[Ledo Road]] in 1945, foreign aid was largely limited to what could be flown in over [[The Hump]].  Most of China's own industry had already been captured or destroyed by Japan, and the Soviet Union could spare little from the Eastern Front. Because of these reasons, the Chinese government never had the supplies and equipment needed to mount a major offensive.

Chiang was appointed [[Allied]] Commander-in-Chief in the China theater in [[1942]]. General [[Joseph Stilwell]] served for a time as Chiang's Chief of Staff, while commanding US forces in the [[China Burma India Theater]]. However, relations between Stilwell and Chiang soon broke down, due to a number of factors. Some historians suggested it is largely due to the [[Political corruption|corruption]] and inefficiency of the Chinese government. However, some historians believed it was a more complicated situation. Stilwell had a strong desire to assume control of Chinese troops, which Chiang vehemently opposed. Stilwell did not appreciate the complexity of the situation, including the buildup of the Chinese Communist during the war (essentially Chiang had to fight a multi-front war - the Japanese on one side, the Communists on the other) Stilwell criticized the Chinese government's conduct of the war in the American [[wikipedia:mass media|media]], and to President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]]. Chiang was hesitant to deploy more Chinese troops away from the main front because China already suffered tens of millions of war casualties, and believed that Japan would eventually capitulate to America's overwhelming industrial output and manpower. The Allies began to lose confidence in the Chinese ability to conduct offensive operations from the Asian mainland, and instead concentrated their efforts against the Japanese in the [[Pacific Ocean Areas]] and [[South West Pacific Area]], employing an [[island hopping]] strategy. Three months after the cessation of hostilities in the [[European Theatre of World War II|western front]], as per the agreement made in the [[Yalta Conference]], the USSR launched an overwhelming [[Operation August Storm|attack]] in Manchuria against the Japanese. Following the surrender of the Japanese to the Allied powers, the USSR proceeded to dismantle nearly all of the industrial equipment in Manchuria for transport back to the USSR. During this time, the CCP took refuge in the area, and looted what the Soviets had left, including most of the arms retreating Japanese forces left behind. 

Conflicts among China, the United States, and the United Kingdom also emerged in the Pacific war. [[Winston Churchill]] was reluctant to devote British troops, the majority of whom were defeated by the Japanese in earlier campaigns, to reopen the [[Burma Road]]. On the other hand, Stilwell believed that the reopening of the Burma Road was vital to China as all the ports on mainland China were under Japanese control. Churchill's "[[Europe first|Europe First]]" policy obviously did not sit well with Chiang. Furthermore, the later British insistence that China send in more and more troops into [[Indochina]] in the [[Burma Campaign]], was regarded as an attempt by Great Britain to use Chinese manpower to secure Britain's colonial holdings in Southeast Asia and prevent the gate to [[India]] from falling to Japan. Chiang also believed that China should divert its troops to eastern China to defend the airbases of the American bombers, a strategy that [[Claire Chennault]] supported. In addition, Chiang voiced his support of [[Indian Independence Movement|Indian Independence]] in a meeting with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in [[1942]], which further soured the relationship between China and the United Kingdom.

The United States saw the Chinese theater as a means to tie up a large number of Japanese troops, as well as being a location for American airbases from which to strike the Japanese home islands. In [[1944]], as the Japanese position in the Pacific was deteriorating fast, the [[Imperial Japanese Army|IJA]] launched [[Operation Ichigo]] to attack the airbases which had begun to operate. This brought the [[wikipedia:Hunan|Hunan]], [[wikipedia:Henan|Henan]], and [[wikipedia:Guangxi|Guangxi]] provinces under Japanese administration. The failure of the Chinese forces to defend these areas led to the replacement of Stilwell by Major General [[Albert Wedemeyer]]. However, Chinese troops under the command of [[Sun Li-jen]] drove out the Japanese in North Burma to secure the [[Ledo Road]], a supply route to China. In Spring 1945 the Chinese launched offensives and retook Guangxi and other southwestern regions. With the Chinese army well in the progress training and equipping, Albert Wedemeyer planned to launch Operation Carbonado in summer 1945 to retake Guandong, obtaining a coastal port, and from there drive northwards toward Shanghai. However, the dropping of the atomic bombs hastened Japanese surrender and these plans were not put into action.
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;

==Casualties assessment==
[[Image:BattleOfShanghaiBaby.gif|thumb|250px|right|A terrified baby in Shanghai's South Station after a Japanese bombing]]
The conflict lasted for 97 months and 3 days (measured from 1937 to 1945). 
===Chinese casualties===
:''See also: [[Japanese war crimes]]''
*The Kuomintang fought in 22 major engagements, most of which involved more than 100,000 troops on both sides, 1,171 minor engagements most of which involved more than 50,000 troops on both sides, and 38,931 skirmishes.
*The Chinese lost approximately 3.22 million soldiers. 9.13 million [[civilian]]s died in the crossfire, and another 8.4 million as non-military casualties. According to historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta, at least 2.7 million civilians died during the ''"kill all, loot all, burn all"'' operation ([[sanko sakusen]]) implemented in May 1942 in North China by general [[Yasuji Okamura]] and authorized on 3 December 1941 by Imperial Headquarter Order number 575.&lt;ref&gt;Himeta, ''Sankô sakusen towa nan dataka-Chûgokujin no mita Nihon no sensô'', Iwanami Bukuretto 1996, p.43.&lt;/ref&gt;  
Chinese sources list the total military and non-military casualties, dead and wounded, of the Chinese were 35 million.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-08/15/content_468908.htm Remember role in ending fascist war]&lt;/ref&gt; Most Western historians believed that the casualties were at least 20 million.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuclear_01.shtml Nuclear Power: The End of the War Against Japan]&lt;/ref&gt; Property loss of the Chinese valued up to 383 billion US&amp;nbsp;dollars according to the currency exchange rate in July 1937, roughly 50 times of the [[wikipedia:Gross Domestic Product|GDP]] of Japan at that time (7.7 billion US dollars).
*In addition, the war created 95 million [[refugee]]s.

===Japanese casualties===
The Japanese recorded around 1.1 to 1.9 million military casualties, killed, wounded and missing, although this number is disputed. The official death-toll according to the Japan defense ministry was only about 200,000, but this is believed to be extremely low when considering the length of the conflict. The combined Chinese forces claimed to have killed at most 1.77 million Japanese soldiers during the 8-year-war.

==Aftermath==
As of mid 1945, all sides expected the war to continue for at least another year. On August 6, an American [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] bomber dropped the first atomic bomb used in combat on [[wikipedia:Hiroshima|Hiroshima]], in an attempt to force Japan to surrender, which it did not. Two days later, on [[wikipedia:August 9|August 9]] the Soviets launched [[Operation August Storm]]. The Soviet Union, having renounced its non-aggression pact with Japan, attacked the Japanese in Manchuria, fulfilling its Yalta pledge to attack the Japanese within three months after the [[Victory in Europe Day|end of the war in Europe]]. The attack was made by three Soviet army groups. In less than two weeks the [[Kwantung Army]] in Manchuria, consisting of over a million men but lacking in adequate armor, artillery, or air support, and depleted of many of its best soldiers by the demands of the Allies' Pacific drive, had been destroyed by the Soviets. Later in the day on August 9, a second atomic bomb was dropped by the United States on [[wikipedia:Nagasaki|Nagasaki]]. Emperor Hirohito officially capitulated to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] on [[wikipedia:August 15|August 15]], [[1945]], and the official surrender was signed aboard the battleship [[USS Missouri (BB-63)|USS ''Missouri'']] on September 2. The Japanese troops in China formally surrendered on [[September 9]], [[1945]] and by the provisions of the [[Cairo Conference]] of 1943 the lands of [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]], [[wikipedia:Taiwan|Taiwan]] and the [[wikipedia:Pescadores Islands|Pescadores Islands]] reverted to China. However, the [[wikipedia:Ryukyu Islands|Ryukyu Islands]] were maintained as Japanese territory.
[[Image:Liuchow 1945.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Chinese return to [[wikipedia:Liuzhou|Liuchow]] (Liuzhou) in July 1945.]]

In 1945 China emerged from the war nominally a great military power but was actually a nation economically prostrate and on the verge of all-out [[Chinese Civil War|civil war]]. The economy deteriorated, sapped by the military demands of a long, costly war and internal strife, by spiraling [[wikipedia:inflation|inflation]], and by Nationalist profiteering, [[wikipedia:speculation|speculation]], and hoarding. Starvation came in the wake of the war, as large swathes of the prime farming areas were ravaged by the fighting. Millions were rendered homeless by floods and the destruction of towns and cities in many parts of the country. The situation was further complicated by an Allied agreement at the [[Yalta Conference]] in February 1945 that brought Soviet troops into Manchuria to hasten the termination of war against Japan. Although the Chinese had not been present at Yalta, they had been consulted; they had agreed to have the Soviets enter the war in the belief that the Soviet Union would deal only with the Nationalist government. After the war, the Soviet Union, as part of the Yalta agreement's allowing a Soviet [[sphere of influence]] in Manchuria, dismantled and removed more than half the industrial equipment left there by the Japanese. The Soviet presence in northeast China enabled the Communists to move in long enough to arm themselves with the equipment surrendered by the withdrawing Japanese army. The problems of rehabilitating the formerly Japanese-occupied areas and of reconstructing the nation from the ravages of a protracted war were staggering. 
[[Image:Japansurrenderpapers.jpg|left|thumb|200px|[[Japanese Instrument of Surrender]].]]
The war left the Nationalists severely weakened and their policies left them unpopular. Meanwhile the war strengthened the Communists, both in popularity and as a viable fighting force. At [[Yan'an]] and elsewhere in the "liberated areas," [[Mao Zedong|Mao]] was able to adapt [[wikipedia:Leninism|Marxism-Leninism]] to Chinese conditions. He taught party cadres to lead the masses by living and working with them, eating their food, and thinking their thoughts. When this failed, however, more repressive forms of coercion, indoctrination and ostracization were also employed. The [[People's Liberation Army|Red Army]] fostered an image of conducting guerrilla warfare in defense of the people. In addition, the CCP was effectively split into "Red" (cadres working in the "liberated" areas) and "White" (cadres working underground in enemy-occupied territory) spheres, a split that would later sow future factionalism within the CCP. Communist troops adapted to changing wartime conditions and became a seasoned fighting force. Mao also began preparing for the establishment of a new China, well away from the front at his base in Yan'an. In 1940 he outlined the program of the Chinese Communists for an eventual seizure of power and began his final push for consolidation of CCP power under his authority. His teachings became the central tenets of the CCP doctrine that came to be formalized as "[[Mao Zedong Thought]]". With skillful organizational and [[propaganda]] work, the Communists increased party membership from 100,000 in 1937 to 1.2 million by 1945. Soon, [[Chinese Civil War|all out war broke out]] between the KMT and CCP, a war that would leave the Nationalists banished to [[wikipedia:Taiwan|Taiwan]] and the Communists victorious on the [[wikipedia:mainland China|mainland]].

==Legacy==
[[Image:AntijapaneseWarMemorialMuseum.jpg|right|thumb|250px|China War of Resistance Against Japan Memorial Museum on the site where [[Marco Polo Bridge Incident]] took place.]]
To this day the war is a major point of contention between China and Japan. The war remains a major roadblock for [[Sino-Japanese relations]] today, and many people, particularly in China, harbour grudges over the war and related issues. A small but vocal group of Japanese nationalists and/or right-wingers deny a variety of crimes attributed to Japan. The Japanese invasion of its neighbours is often glorified or whitewashed, and wartime atrocities, most notably the [[Nanjing Massacre]], [[comfort women]], and [[Unit 731]], are frequently denied by such individuals. The Japanese government has also been accused of [[historical revisionism]] by allowing the approval of school textbooks omitting or glossing over Japan's militant past. In response to criticism of Japanese textbook revisionism, the PRC government has been accused of using the war to stir up already growing anti-Japanese feelings in order to whip up nationalistic sentiments and divert its citizens' minds from internal matters.

The PRC government has also been accused of greatly exaggerating the CCP's role in fighting the Japanese. The PRC has traditionally emphasized the role of communist guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines and claimed that the KMT refused to fight the Japanese. Such viewpoint is often challenged by contemporary generals and historians. One such notable critic is General [[Hau Pei-tsun]], who refused to attend a joint celebration in China marking the sixtieth anniversary of the end of war in [[2005]], claiming that the PRC continues to distort history. In reality, the KMT army, including Chiang Kai-shek's central army and other non-Whampoa provincial armies, carried the brunt of combat during the war. The KMT army suffered some 3.2 million casualties while the CCP increased its military strength from practically nothing to 1.7 million men. In addition, many surviving KMT officers and soldiers, who were not able to evacuate to [[wikipedia:Taiwan|Taiwan]] following the [[Chinese Civil War]], were also persecuted by the communist government and sent to [[laogai|labor camps]] for having served under Chiang Kai-shek's command. Their descendants and relatives also faced hardships as they were categorized as "counter-revolutionaries" during the [[Cultural Revolution]].

The legacy of the war is more complicated in the [[Republic of China]] on [[Taiwan]]. Traditionally, the government has held celebrations marking the [[Victory Day]] on [[wikipedia:September 9|September 9]] (now known as [[Armed Forces Day]]), and Taiwan's [[Retrocession]] Day on [[wikipedia:October 25|October 25]]. However, with the power transfer from KMT to the more pro-[[Taiwan independence]] [[pan-green coalition]] and the rise of [[desinicization]], events commemorating the war have become less commonplace. Many supporters of Taiwan independence see no relevance in preserving the memory of the war of resistance that happened primarily on mainland China (and even sympathize with Japanese actions). Still, commemorations are held in regions where politics is dominated by the [[pan-blue coalition]]. Many pan-blue supporters, particularly veterans who retreated with the government in 1949, still have an emotional interest in the war. For example, in celebrating the sixtieth anniversary of the end of war in 2005, the cultural bureau of pan-blue stronghold [[Taipei]] held a series of talks in the [[Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall]] regarding the war and post-war developments, while the KMT held its own exhibit in the KMT headquarters.

==Number of troops involved==
===National Revolutionary Army===
:''Main article: [[National Revolutionary Army]]''
[[Image:Republic of China Army Flag.svg|thumb|Flag of the [[National Revolutionary Army]].]]

The [[National Revolutionary Army]] (NRA) throughout its lifespan employed approximately 4,300,000 regulars, in 370 [[Division (military)|Standard Divisions]] (正式師), 46 New Divisions (新編師), 12 [[Cavalry|Cavalry Divisions]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|騎兵師}}), 8 New Cavalry Divisions (新編騎兵師), 66 Temporary Divisions (暫編師), and 13 [[Military reserves|Reserve Divisions]] (預備師), for a grand total of 515 divisions. However, many divisions were formed from 2 or more other divisions, and many were not active at the same time. The number of active divisions, at the start of the war in 1937, was about 170 NRA divisions. The average [[National Revolutionary Army|NRA]] division had 4,000&amp;ndash;5,000 troops. A Chinese army was roughly the equivalent to a Japanese division in terms of manpower but the Chinese forces were largely lacked artillery, heavy weapons, and motorized transport. The shortage of military hardware meant that three to four Chinese armies had the firepower of only one Japanese division. Because of these material constraints, available artillery and heavy weapons were usually assigned to specialist brigades rather than to the general division, which caused more problems as the Chinese command structure lacked precise coordination. The relative fighting strength of a Chinese division was even weaker when relative capacity in aspects of warfare, such as [[military intelligence|intelligence]], [[wikipedia:logistics|logistics]], communications, and medical services, are taken into account. 

The National Revolutionary Army can be divided roughly into two groups. The first one is the so-called ''dixi'' (嫡系, "direct descent") group, which comprised divisions trained by the [[Whampoa Military Academy]] and loyal to Chiang Kai-shek, and can be considered the Central Army (中央軍) of the NRA. The second group is known as the ''zapai'' (雜牌, "miscellaneous units"), and comprised all divisions led by non-Whampoa commanders, and is more often known as the Regional Army or the Provincial Army (省軍). Even though both military groups were part of the National Revolutionary Army, their distinction lies much in their allegiance to the central government of Chiang Kai-shek. Many former warlords and regional militarists were incorporated into the NRA under the flag of the [[Kuomintang]], but in reality they retained much independence from the central government. They also controlled much of the military strength of China, the most notable of them being the [[New Guangxi clique|Guangxi]], [[Shanxi clique|Shanxi]], [[Yunnan clique|Yunnan]] and [[Ma clique|Ma Cliques]].

:''Main article: [[Chinese Red Army]]''
Although during the war the Chinese Communist forces fought as a nominal part of the [[National Revolutionary Army|NRA]], the number of those on the CCP side, due to their [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] status, is difficult to determine, though estimates place the total number of the [[Eighth Route Army]], [[New Fourth Army]], and irregulars in the Communist armies at 1,300,000.

For more information of combat effectiveness of communist armies and other units of Chinese forces see [[Chinese armies in the Second Sino-Japanese War]].

===Imperial Japanese Army===
{{main|Imperial Japanese Army}}
[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|thumb|Flag of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]].]]

* The IJA had approximately 2,000,000 regulars. More Japanese troops were quartered in China than deployed elsewhere in the [[Pacific Theater of Operations|Pacific Theater]] during the war. Japanese divisions ranged from 20,000 men in its divisions numbered less than 100, to 10,000 men in divisions numbered greater than 100. At the time of the [[Pearl Harbor attack]], the IJA had 51 divisions of which 35 were in China, and 39 independent brigades of which all but one were in China. This represented roughly 80% of the IJA's manpower.

* The [[Collaborationist Chinese Army]] in 1938 had 78,000 people, and grew to 145,000 in 1940. Their growth was explosive around 1942-43, and according to KMT estimates 1,186,000 people were involved in the collaborationist army by the war's end. However, 2 million is also a figure often-quoted, which would make China the only country in [[World War II]] with a collaborationist army which outnumbered the invading army. At their height they fielded a maximum of 900,000 troops. Almost all of them belonged to the regional [[puppet government]]s such as [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]], [[wikipedia:Provisional Government of the Republic of China|Provisional Government of the Republic of China]] (Beijing), [[wikipedia:Reformed Government of the Republic of China|Reformed Government of the Republic of China]] (Nanjing) and the later [[wikipedia:collaborationist|collaborationist]] Nanjing Nationalist Government or [[wikipedia:Wang Jingwei Government|Wang Jingwei regime]]. The puppet and collaborationist troops were mainly assigned to garrison and logistics duties in areas held by the puppet governments and in occupied territories. They were rarely fielded in combat because of low morale and distrust by the Japanese, and fared poorly in skirmishes against real Chinese forces, whether the KMT or the CCP.

==Chinese and Japanese equipment==
===The National Revolutionary Army===
The Central Army possessed 80 Army infantry divisions with approximately 8,000 men each, nine independent [[brigade]]s, nine cavalry divisions, two [[Artillery|artillery brigades]], 16 artillery [[regiment]]s and three armored battalions.  The [[Chinese Navy]] displaced only 59,000 tonnes and the [[Chinese Air Force]] comprised only 600 aircraft.

Chinese weapons were mainly produced in the [[Hanyang Arsenal|Hanyang]] and [[Guangdong]] arsenals. However, for most of the [[German-trained division]]s, the standard firearms were German-made [[8 mm Mauser|7.92 mm]] [[Gewehr 98]] and [[Karabiner 98k]]. A local variant of the 98k style rifles were often called the "[[Chiang Kai-shek rifle]]" a Chinese copy from the ''Mauser Standard Modell'' another rifle they used was [[Hanyang 88]]. The standard [[light machine gun]] was a local copy of the [[Czechoslovakia|Czech]] [[8 mm Mauser|7.92 mm]] [[Brno ZB26]]. There were also [[Belgium|Belgian]] and [[France|French]] LMGs. Surprisingly, the NRA did not purchase any of the famous ''[[Maschinengewehr 34]]''s from [[Germany]], but did produce their own copies of them. On average in these divisions, there was one machine gun set for each [[platoon]]. [[Heavy machine gun]]s were mainly locally-made [[1924]] [[water-cooled]] [[Maxim gun]]s, from German [[blueprint]]s. On average every [[battalion]] would get one HMG. The standard sidearm was the [[7 mm caliber|7.63 mm]] [[Mauser C96|Mauser M1932]] [[semi-automatic pistol]].

Some divisions were equipped with 37mm [[PaK 35/36]] [[anti-tank gun]]s, and/or [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]]s from [[Oerlikon]], [[Madsen]], and [[Solothurn]]. Each infantry division had 6 French [[Brandt]] 81 mm [[Field gun|mortars]] and 6 [[Solothurn]] 20mm [[autocannon]]s. Some independent brigades and artillery regiments were equipped with [[Bofors]] [[72mm L/14]], or [[Krupp]] 72mm [[L/29]] [[mountain guns]]. They were 24 ''[[Rheinmetall]]'' 150mm [[15 cm sFH 18|L/32 sFH 18]] [[howitzer]]s (bought in [[1934]]) and 24 Krupp 150mm [[15 cm sFH 18|L/30 sFH 18]] howitzers (bought in [[1936]]).

Infantry uniforms were basically redesigned [[Zhongshan suit]]s. Leg wrappings are standard for soldiers and officers alike since the primary mode of movement for NRA troops was by foot. The helmets were the most distinguishing characteristic of these divisions. From the moment German [[M35]] helmets (standard issue for the ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' until late in the [[European Theatre of World War II|European theatre]]) rolled off the production lines in [[1935]], and until [[1936]], the NRA imported 315,000 of these helmets, each with the 12-ray sun emblem of the ROC on the sides. Other equipment included cloth shoes for soldiers, leather shoes for officers and leather boots for high-ranking officers. Every soldier was issued ammunition, ammunition pouch/harness, a water flask, combat knives, food bag, and a [[gas mask]].

On the other hand, warlord forces varied greatly in terms of equipment and training. Some warlord troops were notoriously under-equipped, such as Shanxi's ''[[Dadao]] Teams'' and the [[Yunnan]]ese army.
Some however were highly professional forces with their own air force and navies. The quality of [[Guangxi]]'s army was almost on par with the Central Army's, as the [[Guangzhou]] region was wealthy and the local army could afford foreign instructors and arms. The Muslim [[Ma Clique]] to the Northwest was famed for its well-trained cavalry divisions.

===The Imperial Japanese Army===
Although Imperial Japan possessed significant mobile operational capacity, it did not possess capability for maintaining a long sustained war. At the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War the Japanese Army comprised 17 divisions, each composed of approximately 22,000 men, 5,800 horses, 9,500 rifles and [[submachine gun]]s, 600 heavy machine guns of assorted types, 108 artillery pieces, and 24 tanks. [[Special forces]] were also available. [[Imperial Japanese Navy|The Japanese Navy]] displaced a total of 1,900,000 tonnes, ranking third in the world, and possessed 2,700 aircraft at the time. Each Japanese division was the equivalent in fighting strength of four Chinese regular divisions (at the beginning of [[Battle of Shanghai (1937)]]).

See also:
*''[[List of Japanese infantry weapons used in the Second-Sino Japanese War]]''
*''[[List of armour used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War]]''
*''[[List of Japanese aircraft in use during the Second Sino-Japanese War]]''

==Who fought the War of Resistance?==
The question as to which political group directed the [[wikipedia:China|Chinese]] war effort and exerted most of the effort to resist the [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]]ese still remains a controversial issue.

In the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japan Memorial near the [[Marco Polo Bridge]] and in mainland Chinese textbooks, the People's Republic of China claims that it was the Communist Party that directed Chinese efforts in the war and did everything to resist the Japanese invasion. Recently, however, with a change in the political climate, the CCP has admitted that certain Nationalist generals made important contributions in resisting the Japanese. The official history in mainland China is that the KMT fought a bloody, yet indecisive, frontal war against Japan, while it was the CCP that engaged the Japanese forces in far greater numbers behind enemy lines. This emphasis on the CCP's central role is partially reflected by the PRC's labeling of the war as the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War of Resistance rather than merely the War of Resistance.  According to the PRC official point of view, the Nationalists mostly avoided fighting the Japanese in order to preserve its strength for a final showdown with the Communists. However, for the sake of [[Chinese reunification]] and appeasing the ROC on Taiwan, the PRC has now "acknowledged" that the Nationalists and the Communists were "equal" contributors because the victory over Japan belonged to the Chinese people, rather than to any political party.

Leaving aside Nationalists sources, scholars researching third party Japanese and Soviet sources have documented quite a different view. Such studies claim that the Communists actually played a minuscule involvement in the war against the Japanese compared to the Nationalists and used guerrilla warfare as well as opium sales to preserve its strength for a final showdown with the Kuomintang.&lt;ref&gt;Chang and Ming, [[wikipedia:July 12|July 12]] [[2005]], pg.&amp;nbsp;8; and Chang and Halliday, pg.&amp;nbsp;233, 246, 286&amp;ndash;287&lt;/ref&gt; This is congruent with the Nationalist viewpoint, as demonstrated by history textbooks published in Taiwan, which gives the KMT credit for the brunt of the fighting. According to these third-party scholars, the Communists were not the main participants in any of the 22 major battles, most involving more than 100,000 troops on both sides, between China and Japan. Soviet liaison to the Chinese Communists [[Peter Vladimirov]] documented that he never once found the Chinese Communists and Japanese engaged in battle during the period from 1942 to 1945.  He also expressed frustration at not being allowed by the Chinese Communists to visit the frontline,&lt;ref&gt;Chang and Ming, [[wikipedia:July 12|July 12]] [[2005]]&lt;/ref&gt; although as a foreign diplomat Vladimirov may have been overly optimistic to expect to be allowed to join Chinese guerrilla sorties. The Communists usually avoided open warfare (the [[Hundred Regiments Campaign]] and the [[Battle of Pingxingguan]] are notable exceptions), preferring to fight in small squads to harass the Japanese supply lines. In comparison, right from the beginning of the war the Nationalists committed their best troops (including the 36th, 87th, 88th divisions, the crack divisions of Chiang's Central Army) to [[Battle of Shanghai|defend Shanghai]] from the Japanese. The Japanese considered the Kuomintang rather than the Communists as their main enemy&lt;ref&gt;Chang and Halliday, pg.&amp;nbsp;231&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Bombing of Chongqing|bombed the Nationalist wartime capital]] of Chongqing to the point that it was the most heavily bombed city in the world to date.&lt;ref&gt;Chang and Halliday, pg.&amp;nbsp;232&lt;/ref&gt; Also, the main bulk of Japanese forces were fighting mainly in Central and Southern China, away from major Communist strongholds such as those in [[Shaanxi]].

==Major figures== 
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="multicol" style="background:transparent; width:100%;"
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===China: Nationalist===
*[[Bai Chongxi]] (白崇禧)
*[[Chen Cheng]] (陳誠, 陈诚)
*[[Chiang Kai-Shek]] (蔣介石, 蒋介石)
*[[Du Yuming]] (杜聿明)
*[[Fang Xianjue]] (方先覺, 方先觉)
*[[Feng Yuxiang]] (馮玉祥, 冯玉祥)
*[[Gu Zhutong]] (顧祝同, 顾祝同)
*[[He Yingqin]] (何應欽, 何应钦)
*[[H. H. Kung]] (孔祥熙)
*[[Hu Kexian]] (胡克先)
*[[Hu Zongnan]] (胡宗南)
*[[Li Zongren]] (李宗仁)
*[[Long Yun]] (龍雲, 龙云)
*[[Ma Zhanshan]] (馬占山)
*[[Song Zheyuan]] (宋哲元)
*[[Soong May-ling]] (宋美齡, 宋美龄)
*[[T. V. Soong]] (宋子文)
*[[Sun Lianzhong]] (孫連仲, 孙连仲)
*[[Sun Liren]] (孫立人, 孙立人)
*[[Tang Enbai]] (湯恩伯, 汤恩伯)
*[[Tang Shengzhi]] (唐生智)
*[[Wang Jingwei]] (汪精衛, 汪精卫)
*[[Wei Lihuang]] (衛立煌, 卫立煌)
*[[Xue Yue]] (薛岳)
*[[Yan Xishan]] (閻錫山, 阎锡山)
*[[Xie Jinyuan]] (謝晉元, 谢晋元)
*[[Ye Ting]] (叶挺)
*[[Zhang Fakui]] (張發奎)
*[[Zhang Zhizhong]] (張治中, 张治中)
*[[Zhang Zizhong]] (張自忠, 张自忠)
*[[Zhu Shaoliang]] (朱紹良)
| width="" align="left" valign="top" |

===China: Communist===
*[[Chen Yi (communist)|Chen Yi]] (陳毅, 陈毅)
*[[Deng Xiaoping]] (鄧小平, 邓小平)
*[[He Long]] (賀龍, 贺龙)
*[[Lin Biao]] (林彪)
*[[Liu Bocheng]] (劉伯承, 刘伯承)
*[[Liu Shaoqi]] (劉少奇, 刘少奇)
*[[Luo Ronghuan]] (羅榮桓, 罗荣桓)
*[[Mao Zedong]] (毛澤東, 毛泽东)
*[[Nie Rongzhen]] (聶榮臻, 聂荣臻)
*[[Peng Dehuai]] (彭德懷, 彭德怀)
*[[Su Yu]] (粟裕)
*[[Xu Xiangqian]] (徐向前)
*[[Ye Jianying]] (葉劍英, 叶剑英)
*[[Zhang Aiping]] (张爱萍)
*[[Zhou Enlai]] (周恩來, 周恩来)
*[[Zhu De]] (朱德)
| width="" align="left" valign="top" |
===Japan: Imperial Japanese Army===
*Emperor Shōwa (昭和天皇) [[Hirohito]] (裕仁)
*[[Abe Nobuyuki]] (阿部 信行)
*[[Anami Korechika]] (阿南 惟幾)
*[[Prince Asaka]] Yasuhiko (朝香宮)
*[[Prince Chichibu]] Yasuhito (秩父宮)
*[[Doihara Kenji]] (土肥原 賢二)
*[[Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu]] (伏見宮博恭王)
*[[Hashimoto Kingoro]] (橋本 欣五郎)
*[[Hata Shunroku]] (畑 俊六)
*[[Prince Higashikuni]] Naruhiko (東久邇宮 稔彦王)
*[[Homma Masaharu|Honma Masaharu]] (本間 雅晴)
*[[Ishii Shiro]] (石井 四郎)
*[[Isogai Rensuke]] (磯谷 廉介)
*[[Itagaki Seishiro]] (板垣 征四郎)
*[[Prince Kan'in]] Kotohito (閑院宮 載仁親王)
*[[Prince Konoye|Konoe Fumimaro]] ([[wikipedia:Kyūjitai|Kyūjitai]]: 近衞 文麿, [[wikipedia:Shinjitai|Shinjitai]]: 近衛 文麿)
*[[Kanji Ishiwara]] (石原 莞爾)
*[[Koiso Kuniaki]] (小磯 國昭,小磯 国昭)
*[[Matsui Iwane]] (松井 石根)
*[[Mutaguchi Renya]] (牟田口 廉也）
*[[Nakajima Kesago]] (中島 今朝吾)
*[[Nishio Toshizo]] (西尾 壽造, 西尾 寿造)
*[[Yasuji Okamura]] (岡村 寧次)
*[[Sakai Takashi]] (酒井 隆)
*[[Sugiyama Hajime]] (杉山 元)
*[[Prince Takeda]] Tsuneyoshi (竹田宮 恒徳王)
*[[Terauchi Hisaichi]] (寺内 壽一, 寺内 寿一)
*[[Tojo Hideki]] ([[wikipedia:Kyūjitai|Kyūjitai]]: 東條 英機, [[wikipedia:Shinjitai|Shinjitai]]: 東条 英機)
*[[Umezu Yoshijiro]] (梅津 美治郎)
*[[Yamaguchi Tamon]] (山口 多聞)
*[[Yamashita Hōbun|Yamashita Tomoyuki]] (山下 奉文)
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="multicol" style="background:transparent; width:100%;"
| width="" align="left" valign="top" |

===Puppet governments===
[[Manchukuo]]
*[[Puyi]]
[[Mengjiang]]
*[[Demchugdongrub]]
[[East Hebei Autonomous Council]]
*[[Yin Ju-keng]] 
[[Provisional Government of the Republic of China]]
*[[Wang Kemin]] 王克敏
[[Nanjing Nationalist Government]]
*[[Chen Gongbo]] 陈公博
*[[Wang Jingwei]] 汪精卫
*[[Zhou Fohai]] 周佛海
| width="" align="left" valign="top" |
| width="" align="left" valign="top" |

===Foreign personnel on Chinese side===
*[[Alexander von Falkenhausen]]
*[[Joseph Stilwell]]
*[[Albert Coady Wedemeyer]]
*[[Claire Chennault]]
*[[Agnes Smedley]]
*[[Edgar Snow]]
*[[Norman Bethune]]
*[[John Rabe]]
*[[Jakob Rosenfeld]]
*[[Morris Cohen (adventurer)|Morris Abraham "Two-Gun" Cohen]]
*[[James Gareth Endicott]]
*[[Dwarkanath Kotnis]]
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
|}

==Military engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War==
===Campaigns===
*[[Honan-Hupeh Campaign]]
*[[Western Hunan Campaign]]
&lt;!-- Does the [[Burma Campaign]] belong here? I'm not of the opinion that it does. [[User:Oberiko|Oberiko]] 13:07, [[7 October]] [[2004]] (UTC) --&gt;
*[[Japanese Campaigns in Chinese War]]

===Battles===
Battles with articles.  Flag shows victorious side in each engagement.  Date shows beginning date except for the 1942 battle of Changsha, which began in Dec. 1941.

*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Mukden Incident|Mukden]] September 1931 
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Invasion of Manchuria]] September 1931 
**[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Jiangqiao Campaign]] October 1931
***[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge]]  November 1931
**[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]][[Chinchow Operation]] December 1931 
**[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Defense of Harbin]] January 1932
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Image:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[January 28 Incident|Shanghai (1932)]] January 1932
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Pacification of Manchukuo]] March 1932
**[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Manchukuoan Anti Bandit Operations]] March 1932
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Operation Nekka]] January 1933
**[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Defense of the Great Wall|Great Wall]] January 1933
**[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Rehe]] February 1933
*[[Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933-36)]]
**[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Suiyuan Campaign (1936)|Suiyuan]] October 1936 
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Lugou Bridge]] (Marco Polo Bridge Incident) July 1937
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Beiping-Tianjin|Beiping-Tianjin]] July 1937
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Operation Chahar|Chahar]] August 1937
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Image:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Shanghai (1937)|Battle of Shanghai]] August 1937 
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Beiping–Hankou Railway Operation]] August 1937
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Tianjin–Pukou Railway Operation]] August 1937
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Taiyuan|Taiyuan]] September 1937
**[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of Pingxingguan]] September 1937
**[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Xinkou]] September 1937
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Nanjing]] December 1937
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Xuzhou]] December 1937
**[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of Taierzhuang]] March 1938
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Northern and Eastern Honan 1938]] January 1938
**[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of Lanfeng]] May 1938
*[[Image:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Amoy Operation]] May 1938 
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]][[Battle of Wuhan]] June 1938
**[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of Wanjialing]]
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Canton Operation]]  October 1938
*[[Image:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Hainan Island Operation]] February 1939
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Nanchang]] March 1939
**[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Xiushui River]] March 1939
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang]] May 1939
*[[Image:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]]  [[Swatow Operation]] June 1939
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of Changsha (1939)]] September 1939
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of South Guangxi]] November 1939
**[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of Kunlun Pass]] December 1939
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[1939-40 Winter Offensive]] November 1939
**[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of Wuyuan]] March 1940
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang]] May 1940
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Hundred Regiments Offensive]] August 1940
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Vietnam Expedition]] September 1940
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Central Hupei Operation]] November 1940
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]][[Battle of South Henan]] January 1941
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Western Hopei Operation]] March 1941
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of Shanggao]] March 1941
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of South Shanxi]] May 1941
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of Changsha (1941)]] September 1941
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of Changsha (1942)]] January 1942
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road]] March 1942
**[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Toungoo]] 
**[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|22px|Flag of the United Kingdom]] [[Battle of Yenangyaung]] 
* [[Battle of Zhejiang-Jiangxi]] April 1942
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]][[Battle of West Hubei]] May 1943
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan]] October 1943 
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of Changde]] November 1943
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Henan-Hunan-Guangxi]] April 1944
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Hengyang|Battle of Changsha (1944)]] August 1944
*[[Image:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|22px|Flag of Japan]] [[Battle of Guilin-Liuzhou]] August 1944
*[[Image:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|22px|Flag of the Republic of China]] [[Battle of West Hunan]] April - June, 1945
*[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px|Flag of the Soviet Union]] [[Operation August Storm]] August – September, 1945

===Aerial Engagements===
* [[Aerial Engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War]]

===Japanese invasion and planned operations===
*[[Sczechwan Invasion]]
*[[Kuolichi-Taierhchuang Operation]]
*[[CHE-KIANG Operation]] 
*[[Peiping-Hankow Operation]]
*[[Siang-Kwei Operation]]
*[[Canton-Hankow Operation]]
*[[Kiangsi-Fukien Operation]]
*[[Kwanchow-Wan Occupation]]
*[[Laohokow Operation]]
*[[Chichiang Operation]]
*[[Disembarc in Tsingtao]]

===[[List of Japanese political and military incidents]]===
==Attacks on civilians==
*[[Nanking Massacre]]
*[[Unit 731]]
*[[Unit 100]]
*[[Unit 516]]
*[[Unit 1855]]
*[[Unit 2646]]
*[[Unit 8604]]
*[[Unit 9420]]
*[[Unit Ei 1644]]
*[[Comfort women]]
*[[Sanko sakusen]]
*[[Shantung Incident]]
*[[Taihoku Air Strike]]
*[[Bombing of Chongqing]]
*[[Kaimingye germ weapon attack]]
*[[Changteh Chemical Weapon Attack]]
*[[Battle of Zhejiang-Jiangxi]]
*[[Sook Ching Massacre]] (specifically against Chinese nationals in Singapore)

==See also==
&lt;div class="infobox" style="align:right; padding:0.2em; margins:0em; clear:right;"&gt;
{| class="expansion" style="width:24.36em; background:#f7f8ff; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0em; margins:0em; font-size:83%; line-height:1.2em;"
|style="vertical-align:middle;"| &lt;span style="line-height:1.6em;"&gt;'''This article contains [[wikipedia:Chinese language|Chinese]] text.'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Without proper [[wikipedia:Help:Multilingual support (East Asian)|rendering support]], you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of [[wikipedia:Chinese character|Chinese character]]s.
|}&lt;/div&gt;
* [[Chinese Civil War]]
* [[History of China]]
* [[History of the Republic of China]]
* [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]]
* [[History of Japan]]
* [[Military of the Republic of China]]
* [[Military history of China]]
* [[Military history of Japan]]
* [[Military of the People's Republic of China]]
* [[New 1st Army]]
* [[Mitsubishi]]
* [[Republic of China Air Force]]
* [[Events preceding World War II in Asia]]

==Notes==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==References==
* [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2005/07/12/2003263221/ Chang, Flora and Ming, Chu-cheng. ([[wikipedia:July 12|July 12]] [[2005]]).  Rewriters of history ignore truth. ''Taipei Times'', pg.&amp;nbsp;8.]
* [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_military_history/v070/70.1gordon.html Gordon, David M. "The China-Japan War, 1931–1945" ''Journal of Military History'' (Jan 2006) v&amp;nbsp;70#1, pp&amp;nbsp;137&amp;ndash;82.] Historiographical overview of major books from the 1970s through 2006 (''for paid subscribers only'').
* Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, [[wikipedia:Mao: The Unknown Story|Mao: The Unknown Story]] (London, 2005); Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-679-42271-4
* Annalee Jacoby and Theodore H. White, ''Thunder out of China'',  New York: William Sloane Associates, 1946
* 中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations 
** Author : Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang 
** Press : Jiangsu People's Publishing House 
** Date published : 2005-7-1 
** ISBN 7214030349 
** Online in Chinese [http://www.wehoo.net/book/wlwh/a30012/A0170.htm#]
* {{cite book
 | last = Jowett
 | first = Phillip
 | authorlink = 
 | coauthors =
 | year = 2005
 | chapter = 
 | title = Rays of the Rising Sun: Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45 Volume 1: China and Manchukuo 
 | publisher = Helion and Company Ltd
 | location = 
 | id = ISBN 1-874622-21-3
}}- Book about the Chinese and Mongolians who fought for the Japanese during the war.
*{{cite book
 | last = Long-hsuen
 | first = Hsu
 | authorlink = 
 | coauthors = Chang Ming-kai
 | year = 1972
 | chapter = 
 | title = History of the Sino-Japanese war (1937–1945) 
 | publisher = Chung Wu Publishers
 | location = 
 | id = ASIN B00005W210
}}

==External links==
*[http://warmuseum.ca/cwm/newspapers/operations/china_e.html World War 2 Newspaper Archives - War in China, 1937-1945]
*[http://www.warbirdforum.com/avg.htm Annals of the Flying Tigers]
*&lt;span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;"&gt;(Chinese)&lt;/span&gt;/&lt;span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#555;"&gt;(English)&lt;/span&gt; [http://www.kangzhan.org/ KangZhan.org - Gallery and history of the Sino-Japanese war]
*[http://www.geocities.jp/torikai007/japanchina/1937.html  Japanese soldiers in the Sino-Japanese war, 1937-1938 (Japanese)]
* [http://map.huhai.net/  History and Commercial Atlas of China, Harvard University Press 1935, by Albert Herrmann, Ph.D.] See bottom of the list for 1930s maps. 
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/china/  Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection], China 1:250,000, Series L500, U.S. Army Map Service, 1954- .  Topographic Maps of China during the Second World War.
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/manchuria/  Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection]   Manchuria 1:250,000, Series L542, U.S. Army Map Service, 1950- .
Topographic Maps of Manchuria during the Second World War.
* Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War, Harvard University. Multi-year project seeks to expand research by promoting cooperation among scholars and institutions in China, Japan, the United States, and other nations. Includes extensive bibliographies [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/index.htm]

{{WWIITheatre}}
{{WWII history by nation}}
{{World War II}}

[[Category:Second Sino-Japanese War| ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3027" sha1="ocodysig1zyu6gbof1tjg0pvivjwli4" xml:space="preserve">Construction of the second South Dakota-class [[battleship]] began shortly before [[World War II]]. Built with Fiscal Year 1939 appropriations, they were more compact and better protected than the preceding [[North Carolina class]], but had the same main battery of nine 16 inch (406 mm) 45-caliber guns in triple turrets. Their innovative hull design featured an internal armor belt, to protect the ships' vitals against 16 inch (406 mm) shells, and outboard propeller shafts that extended further aft than the inboard ones. They also had improved anti-[[torpedo]] side protection and more powerful engines, the latter being necessary to drive their shorter hulls at the designed 27 knot (50 km/h) speed. Compared with her three "sisters", South Dakota had extra command facilities and two fewer 5 inch (127 mm) twin gun mounts.

These ships were all completed between March and August 1942, providing a welcome reinforcement to the Navy's surface battle fleet at a critical stage of World War II. In 1942 and 1943, they stood guard in the Atlantic against possible sorties by [[wikipedia:German|German]] battleships, took part in the invasion of [[wikipedia:North Africa|North Africa]] and in operations around [[wikipedia:Guadalcanal|Guadalcanal]]. During the latter campaign, South Dakota was damaged in a gunnery engagement with a Japanese force that included the old battleship [[Kirishima]]. As the U.S. went on the offensive in the Central Pacific, they joined in escorting the fast [[aircraft carrier|carrier]] [[task forces]], a job for which their heavy anti-aircraft gun batteries were well-suited. They also employed their main battery guns in shore bombardment, and were kept ready to form battle line in case their Japanese opposite numbers should appear.

All four South Dakota-class battleships went into reserve after World War II and saw no further active service. When they were disposed of in the early 1960s, [[USS Massachusetts (BB-59)]] and [[USS Alabama (BB-60)]] became museum ships. The other two were sold for scrapping. These ships are considered the best "Treaty" battleships ever built, and quite possibly the finest battleships ever built on a ton-for-ton basis, especially because of their excellent [[fire control]]. They were considered for many conversion schemes, including [[guided missile]] battleships and [[wikipedia:satellite|satellite]] control ships, but all were eventually [[wikipedia:scrapped|discarded]].
 
== Ships ==
*[[USS South Dakota (BB-57)]] 
*[[USS Indiana (BB-58)]] 
*[[USS Massachusetts (BB-59)]]
*[[USS Alabama (BB-60)]] 

== General Characteristics ==
*Displacement: 35,000 tons (standard) 
*Length: 680 ft (207 m) 
*Beam: 108.2 ft (33 m) 
*Powerplant: 130,000 horsepower (97 MW) steam turbines 
*Speed: 27 knots (50 km/h) 
*Armament 
**Main: Nine 16 inch (406 mm) 45-caliber guns in three triple turrets 
**Secondary: Twenty five inch (127 mm) 38-caliber guns in ten twin mountings (South Dakota had eight twin mountings)

{{wikipedia|South Dakota class battleship}}</text>
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    <title>Siege of Leningrad</title>
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      <text bytes="26901" sha1="slae4p2licg347eypqua2kqkxzmpo5m" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict = Siege of Leningrad
|partof = the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] of [[World War II]]
|image = [[File:Leningraddiorama.gif|300px]]
|caption =
|date = [[wikipedia:September 8|September 8]] [[1941]] – [[wikipedia:January 27|January 27]] [[1944]]
|place = [[wikipedia:Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|USSR]]
|casus =
|territory =
|result = Soviet victory
|combatant1 = [[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]] [[Nazi Germany]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of Spain under Franco.svg|22px]] [[Blue Division|Spanish Blue Division]]
|combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px]] [[Soviet Union]]
|commander1 = [[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|22px]] [[Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb|Wilhelm von Leeb]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Germany 1933.png|22px]] [[Georg von Küchler]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Flag of Spain under Franco.svg|22px]] [[Agustín Muñoz Grandes]]
|commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px]] [[Kliment Voroshilov]]&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg|22px]][[Georgiy Zhukov]]
|strength1 = 725,000
|strength2 = 930,000
|casualties1 = Unknown
|casualties2 = '''Red Army''':&lt;br /&gt;332,059 KIA &lt;br /&gt; 24,324 non-combat dead &lt;br /&gt; 111,142 missing&lt;br /&gt; 16,470 civilians &lt;br /&gt; 1 million civilians from starvation}}
{{Campaignbox Axis-Soviet War}}
{{Campaignbox Leningrad and Baltics 1941-1944}}
{{Campaignbox Barbarossa}}

The '''Siege of Leningrad''', also known as The '''Leningrad Blockade''' ([[wikipedia:Russian language|Russian]]: блокада Ленинграда ([[wikipedia:Romanization of Russian|transliteration]]: ''blokada Leningrada'')) was the [[Germany|German]] [[siege]] of [[wikipedia:Leningrad|Leningrad]] (now [[wikipedia:Saint Petersburg|Saint Petersburg]]) during [[World War II]] and was one of the longest sieges of a city in modern history.  The German plan was coded as '''Operation Nordlicht''' (Operation North Light).  The siege lasted from [[wikipedia:September 8|September 8]], [[1941]], until it was lifted on [[wikipedia:January 27|January 27]], [[1944]].

==Fortifications and German offensive==
On [[wikipedia:June 27|June 27]], [[1941]] the Council of Deputies of the Leningrad administration decided to mobilize thousands of people for the construction of [[fortifications]].  Several defenses were built. One of the fortifications ran from the mouth of the [[wikipedia:Luga River|Luga River]] to [[wikipedia:Chudovo|Chudovo]], [[wikipedia:Gatchina|Gatchina]], [[wikipedia:Uritsk|Uritsk]], [[Pulkovo]] and then through the [[wikipedia:Neva River|Neva River]].  The other defense passed through [[wikipedia:Peterhof|Peterhof]] [[Image:Nevsky under fire.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The German bombings of the [[Nevsky prospekt]]]]to Gatchina, Pulkovo, [[wikipedia:Kolpino|Kolpino]] and [[wikipedia:Koltushy|Koltushy]].  During the 1930s, another defense line against the Finns ([[KaUR]]) had been built in the northern suburbs of Leningrad, and it was now taken into use.  In all, 190&amp;nbsp;km of timber blockages, 635&amp;nbsp;km of wire entanglements, 700&amp;nbsp;km of anti-tank ditches, 5,000 earth-and-timber emplacements and ferro-concrete weapon emplacements and 25,000&amp;nbsp;km of open trenches were built by civilians.  Even the gun of the cruiser ''[[Russian cruiser Aurora|Aurora]]'' was mounted on the [[Pulkovskiye Heights]] to the south of Leningrad. German bombings killed thousands of civilians in Leningrad. However, when Soviet troops of the North-Western Front in the end of June were defeated in the Baltic Soviet Republics, the Wehrmacht had forced its way to [[wikipedia:Ostrov|Ostrov]] and [[wikipedia:Pskov|Pskov]].  On [[wikipedia:July 10|July 10]], both cities were captured and the Germans reached [[wikipedia:Kunda|Kunda]] and [[wikipedia:Kingisepp|Kingisepp]] whereupon they advanced to Leningrad from [[wikipedia:Narva|Narva]], the Luzhski region, and from the south-east and also to the north and south of the [[wikipedia:Lake Ilmen|Lake Ilmen]] in order to isolate Leningrad from the east and to join the Finns at the eastern bank of [[wikipedia:Lake Ladoga|Lake Ladoga]].  The last rail connection to Leningrad was severed on [[wikipedia:August 30|August 30]], when Germans reached the [[wikipedia:River Neva|Neva River]].  The shelling of Leningrad began on [[wikipedia:September 4|September 4]].  On [[wikipedia:September 8|September 8]], the last land connection to the besieged city was severed when the Germans reached Lake Ladoga at [[wikipedia:Orekhovets|Orekhovets]].  Bombing on [[wikipedia:September 8|September 8]] caused 178 fires.  In early October, the Germans refused to assault the city and Hitler's directive on [[wikipedia:October 7|October 7]], signed by [[Alfred Jodl]] was a reminder not to accept capitulation.

==Finnish offensive in Karelia==
By August, the Finns had reconquered the [[Karelian Isthmus]], threatening Leningrad from the West, and were advancing through [[Karelia]] east of Lake Ladoga, threatening Leningrad from the North.  In any event, the Finnish forces halted at the 1939 border.  The Finnish headquarters rejected German pleas for aerial attacks against Leningrad and did not advance further south from the [[wikipedia:River Svir|River Svir]] in the occupied [[East Karelia]] which they reached at [[wikipedia:September 7|September 7]], 160 kilometers north-east of Leningrad.  In the south, Germans captured [[wikipedia:Tikhvin|Tikhvin]] on [[wikipedia:November 8|November 8]], but failed to advance further north and connect with Finns at the River Svir.  A Soviet counterattack forced Germans to retreat from Tikhvin, on [[December 9]], all the way to the [[wikipedia:Volkhov River|River Volkhov]].

[[Image:Battle of Rostov (1941) - Eastern Front 1941 06 to 1941 12.png|right|250px|thumb|The eastern front at the onset of the Siege of Leningrad.]]
On September 4, Jodl came to persuade [[Mannerheim]] to continue the Finnish offensive and it is said that Mannerheim refused.  After the war, the former Finnish president [[Risto Ryti|Ryti]] said: "On [[wikipedia:August 24|August 24]], 1941, I visited the headquarters of Marshal Mannerheim.  The Germans aimed us at crossing the old border and at continuation of the offensive to Leningrad.  I said that the capture of Leningrad wasn't our goal and that we shouldn't take part in it.  Mannerheim and the military minister Walden agreed with me and refused the offers of the Germans.  The result was a paradoxical situation: the Germans were not able to approach Leningrad from the north…"  Later it was asserted that there was no systematic shelling or bombing out of the Finnish territory.

On the other hand, the Soviets didn't know what Ryti and Mannerheim had told the Germans, and no one knows if their words were meant to last forever or only until the anticipated German victory was at hand.  In any case, the mere threat of a Finnish attack complicated the Soviet defence of Leningrad.  For example, at one point the Front Commander [[Markian Popov|Popov]] could not transfer certain reserves against the Germans because they were needed to bolster the 23rd Army's defence on the Karelian Isthmus.&lt;ref&gt;Glantz, David.  The Siege of Leningrad 1941-44, MBI Publishing Company 2001, pp.33-34&lt;/ref&gt; Mannerheim gave order at August 31 to stop the attack when the straightened line leaning to the 1939 border at the shores of Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga was reached.&lt;ref&gt;National Defence College.  Jatkosodan historia 2, Porvoo 1994. ISBN 951-0-15332-X&lt;/ref&gt; When the Finns started to reach that line during the first days of September, Popov noticed Finnish lessening pressure quickly and already at September 5 two divisions were transferred to German front.&lt;ref&gt;Platonov S.P. ed. Bitva za Leningrad, Voenizdat Ministerstva oborony SSSR, Moscow 1964&lt;/ref&gt;Later, in the summer of 1942, a special [[Naval Detachment K]] was formed under the Finnish operative command.  Its purpose was to patrol the waters of [[wikipedia:Lake Ladoga|Lake Ladoga]], although it was involved in clashes against [[Road of Life|Leningrad supply route]] on southern Ladoga with the assistance of German and Italian naval forces.&lt;ref&gt;Juutilainen, Antti - Leskinen, Jari: Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen, Helsinki 2005, pp.662-672&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Ekman, P-O: Tysk-italiensk gästspel på Ladoga 1942, Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet 1973 Jan.-Feb., pp.5-46&lt;/ref&gt;

==Supplies==
===Food===
[[File:Дистрофия алиментарная.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A victim of starvation in [[wikipedia:Leningrad|Leningrad]] suffering from [[wikipedia:dystrophia|dystrophia]] in 1941]]
[[File:Leningrad bread ration stamp.jpg|right|160px|thumb|Bread ration card]]
[[File:Blokada 01.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The streets of the besieged [[wikipedia:Leningrad|Leningrad]] were littered with dead in 1941-1942]]
[[File:LocomotiveLeningradBlocade.jpg|left|250px|thumb|[[wikipedia:Leningrad|Leningrad]] receiving grain supplies in 1942. Photographer unknown.]]
On September 2, rations were reduced: manual workers had 600 grams of bread daily; state employees, 400 grams; and children and dependents (other civilians), 300 grams per day. 

After the massive Nazi bombings began on September 8, 1941, all main food warehouses were destroyed, so huge amounts of stored food reserves, such as grains, flour and sugar, as well as other stored food, were wiped out in bombings and fires.  The fires continued all over the city, because the Nazis were bombing Leningrad non-stop for many months using all kinds of  fire-bombs and heavy air-bombs during 1941 and 1942.

In the first days after the siege began, people finished all leftovers in "commercial" restaurants, which used up to 12% of all fats and up to 10% of all meat the city consumed.  Soon all restaurants closed, food rationing became the only way to save lives, and money became obsolete. 

On [[wikipedia:September 12|September 12]], [[1941]], it was calculated that the provisions both for army and civilians would last as follows:
{|
| grain and flour
| 35 days
|-
| groats and macaroni
| 30 days
|-
| meat (also livestock)
| 33 days
|-
| fats
| 45 days
|-
| sugar and confectionery
| 60 days
|}

On the same day, another food reduction took place: the workers received 500 grams of bread; employees and children, 300 grams; and dependents, 250 grams.  Rations of meat and groats were also reduced, but the issue of sugar, confectionery and fats was increased instead.  The army and the [[Baltic Fleet]] had some emergency rations, but these were not sufficient, and were used up in weeks.  The flotilla of lake Ladoga was not well equipped for war, and was almost destroyed in bombings by German aviation.  Several barges with grain were sunk in lake Ladoga in September 1941 alone.  A significant part of that grain, however, was later lifted out of the waters by divers.  This dampened grain was delivered to Leningrad at night, and was used in bread baking.  When the city ran out of reserves of malt flour, other substitutes, such as finished [[cellulose]] and cotton-cake, were used.  Oats meant for horses were also used, while the horses were fed wood leaves.

When 2,000 tons of mutton guts had been found in the seaport, a food grade [[wikipedia:galantine|galantine]] was made of them.  Later, when the meat became unavailable, it was replaced by that galantine and by stinking calf skins, which many survivors remembered till the end of their lives. 

During the first year of the siege, the city survived five food reductions: two reductions in September of 1941, one in October 1941, two reductions in November 1941.  The latter reduced the daily food consumption to 250 grams daily for manual workers and 125 grams for other civilians.  Reports of [[wikipedia:cannibalism|cannibalism]] began to appear in the winter of 1941-1942, after all birds, rats and pets were eaten by [[wikipedia:survivors|survivors]].  [[wikipedia:Starvation|Starvation]]-level food rationing was eased by new vegetable gardens that covered most open ground in the city by 1943.

===Power and energy===
[[File:Blokada 02.jpg|thumb|Women of [[wikipedia:Leningrad|Leningrad]] collecting water from a broken street main]]Due to a lack of power supplies, many factories were closed down and, in November, all public transportation services became unavailable (in the spring of 1942, some tramway lines were reactivated, but trolleybuses and buses were inoperable until the end of the war). Use of power was forbidden everywhere, except at the General Staff headquarters, [[wikipedia:Smolny|Smolny]], district committees, air defense bases, and in some other institutions. By the end of September, oil and coal supplies had come to an end.  The only energy option left was to fell trees.  On October 8, the executive committee of Leningrad (Ленгорисполком) and regional executive committee (облисполком) decided to start cutting timber in the [[wikipedia:Pargolovo district|Pargolovo district]] and also the [[wikipedia:Vsevolzhskiy district|Vsevolzhskiy district]] in the north of the city.  By [[wikipedia:October 24|October 24]], only 1% of the timber cutting plan had been executed.

==Losses==
[[File:Isaakievskiy Sobor.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Barrage airships in front of the [[wikipedia:Saint Isaac's Cathedral|Saint Isaac's Cathedral]] during the [[battle of Leningrad]]]]
[[File:Klodt 200603.jpg|thumb|right|thumb|Damage from one of 250 thousand German shells and bombs dropped on Leningrad]] About 1.3 million people managed to escape from the besieged city of Leningrad in two years between September 1941 and November 1943.  Another 1.2 million civilians perished in the city.  There were only 0.7 million people left out of 3 million pre-war population.  Among those left in the siege were soldiers, workers, surviving children and women.  Of those 700,000 surviving people about 300,000 were soldiers who came from other parts of the country to help the besieged city of Leningrad. 

86 major strategic industries were evacuated from the city.  Most industrial capacities, engines, power equipment, instruments and tools, were moved by the workers.  Some defence industries, such as the [[Leningradsky Metallichesky Zavod|LMZ]], the [[Admiralty Shipyard]], and the [[Kirov Plant]], among some other industries were left in the city, and were still producing armory and amunition for defenders. 

The Nazis cut almost all supplies to Leningrad, so almost all food and catering disappeared, garment industries and retail closed, most schools as well as most public services became obsolete, causing massive exodus of women and children.

Hundreds of buildings, public schools, hospitals and industries were destroyed by the Nazi bombings and air-raids.

Museums and palaces in the suburbs were destroyed, vandalized and looted by the Nazis, while the personnel of museums was trying to save some art.  Only parts of art collections from the famous suburban palaces of the [[Tsar]]s were evacuated in time, while some of the saved art was stored in the basements of the [[Hermitage]] until the end of war.

===The Road of Life===
{{main|Road of Life}}
By September 8, the Germans had largely surrounded the city, blocking off all supply routes to Leningrad and its suburbs except for a single corridor across Lake Ladoga.  Unable or unwilling to press home their advantage, and facing a hasty defense of the city organized by [[Marshal Zhukov]], the German armies laid [[siege]] to the city for 872 days.  In the chaos of the first winter of the war, no [[emergency evacuation|evacuation]] plan was available or executed and the city and its suburbs quite literally starved in complete isolation until [[wikipedia:November 20|November 20]], [[1941]] when an ice road over Lake Ladoga was established.  The carnage in the city from shelling and starvation (especially in the first winter) was appalling.  One of [[Nikolai Vavilov|Nikolai I. Vavilov's]] assistants starved to death surrounded by edible seeds so that the seed bank (with more than 200,000 items) would be available to future generations.  This ice road, named the [[Road of Life]] ([[wikipedia:Russian language|Russian]]: ''Дорога жизни''), could only be used during the winter, and during the rest of the year ships were used. The road of life was dangerous, often carriages and transports would get stuck in the snow or sink if the ice broke. Also the Road of life became a frequent target for german shelling. Because of the high death toll in the winter, the pathway was also known as the "road of death"  However, the lifeline did bring food in, and civilians out, and allowed the city to continue to resist.

==Soviet counter-offensive==
[[File:Leningrad skiers.jpg|thumb|right|Soviet ski troops near the [[wikipedia:Hermitage Museum|Hermitage Museum]] heading to the front]]
The siege continued until January 1944.  The encirclement was broken as a result of [[Operation Spark (1943)|Operation Spark]] &amp;mdash; a full-scale offensive of troops of the Leningrad and [[Volkhov Front|Volkhov]] Fronts.  This offensive started in the morning of [[wikipedia:January 12|January 12]], [[1943]].  After fierce battles, the Red Army units overcame the powerful German fortifications to the south of Lake Ladoga, and on January 18, 1943 the Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts met, opening a land corridor to the still-besieged city.  In January 1944, a Soviet offensive drove off the besieging Germans from the southern outskirts of the city, ending the siege.  Later, in the summer of 1944, the Finns were pushed back to the other side of the [[wikipedia:Bay of Vyborg|Bay of Vyborg]] and the [[wikipedia:Vuoksi River|Vuoksi River]].

==Aftermath==
===Leningrad===
Total number of human losses during the 29 months of the siege of Leningrad is estimated as 1.5 million, including both civilians and military.  The Soviet records during the dictatorship of [[Joseph Stalin]] were incomplete, so the ultimate number of casualties during the siege is disputed, because hundreds of thousands of unregistered people, who lived in the city before the war, had perished in the Nazi siege without any record at all. About 1.3 million civilians escaped by evacuation, mainly by foot. By the end of the siege in WWII, Leningrad became an empty "ghost-city" with thousands of ruined and abandoned homes, and its population was reduced from 3 million to less than 700,000. After the war, The Soviet government reported about 670,000 registered deaths from 1941 to January 1944, mostly from starvation, stress and exposure. Some independent estimates give a much higher [[wikipedia:death toll|death toll]] of anywhere from 700,000 to 1.5 million, with most estimates around 1.1 million. Most of these victims were buried in the [[wikipedia:Piskarevskoye Cemetery|Piskarevskoye Cemetery]]. 

Economic and human losses caused incalculable damage to the city's historic sites and cultural landmarks, much of the damage is still visible today, and some are preserved to commemorate those who gave their lives to save the city of [[St. Petersburg]].

As of 2000, there were still empty lots in St. Petersburg suburbs where buildings stood before the siege.

Leningrad was awarded the title of [[wikipedia:Hero City|Hero City]] in 1945.

===Cultural influence===
&lt;!-- Unsourced image removed: [[File:Piskaryov.jpg|thumb|250px|More than half a million victims are buried at the [[Piskarevskoye Memorial Cemetery]].]] --&gt;
[[File:Devochka.jpg|thumb|120px|''Once There Was a Girl'' (Russian: "Жила-была девочка") Soviet movie poster.]]

The siege impressed itself on the psyche of Leningrad's inhabitants for at least one generation after the war. Leningrad had always prided itself on being a cultural city, and the choice of whether to burn a library (or 200-year old furniture) or freeze to death was a stark one. The conditions in the city were appalling and starvation was constantly with the besieged. On the other hand, the city did resist for nearly 3 years, and the pride of the city is unmistakable: "Troy fell, Rome fell, Leningrad did not fall."

The Siege of Leningrad was commemorated in late 1950s by the Green Belt of Glory, a circle of trees and memorials along the historic front line. Warnings to citizens of the city as to which side of the road to walk on to avoid the German shelling can still be seen (they were restored after the war). Russian tour guides at [[wikipedia:Peterhof|Peterhof]], the palaces near St. Petersburg, report that it is still dangerous to go for a stroll in the gardens during a thunderstorm, as German artillery shrapnel embedded in the trees attracts lightning.

====The Siege in music====
*[[wikipedia:Dmitri Shostakovich|Dmitri Shostakovich]] wrote the Seventh Symphony, some of which was written under siege conditions, for the [[wikipedia:Leningrad Symphony|Leningrad Symphony]]. According to [[wikipedia:Solomon Volkov|Solomon Volkov]], whose testimony is disputed, Shostakovich said "it's not about Leningrad under siege, it's about the Leningrad that Stalin destroyed and that Hitler nearly finished off".
*American singer [[wikipedia:Billy Joel|Billy Joel]] wrote a song called [[wikipedia:Leningrad (song)|"Leningrad"]] that referenced the famous siege. The song is partially about a young Russian boy, Viktor, who lost his father in the siege.
*[[wikipedia:The Decemberists|The Decemberists]] wrote a song called "When the War Came" about the heroism of civilian scientists during warfare . The lyrics state: "We made our oath to Vavilov/We'd not betray the [[solanum]]/The acres of [[wikipedia:asteraceae|asteraceae]]/To our own pangs of starvation". [[Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov]] was a Russian botanist whose laboratory, a [[wikipedia:seedbank|seedbank]] containing 200 000 types of plant seeds, many of them edible, was preserved throughout the siege.
*Italian melodic [[wikipedia:death metal|death metal]] band Dark Lunacy's 2006 album 'The Diarist' is about the siege.
*A line in the song 'Scared', by the Canadian band 'The Tragically Hip', references Russian efforts to save paintings during the Siege of Leningrad. "You're in Russia...and more than a million works of art...are whisked out to the woods...When the Nazis find the whole place dark...they'd think God's left the museum for good."

====The Siege in literature====
*American author Debra Dean [[wikipedia:The Madonnas of Leningrad|The Madonnas of Leningrad]] tells the story of staff of the Hermitage Museum who saved the art collection during the Siege of Leningrad.
*American author [[wikipedia:Elise Blackwell|Elise Blackwell]] published "Hunger" (2003), an acclaimed historical dramatization of events surrounding the siege.
*British author [[wikipedia:Helen Dunmore|Helen Dunmore]] wrote an award-winning novel, ''The Siege'' (2001). Although fictitious, it traces key events in this siege, and shows how it affected those who weren't directly involved in the resistance.
*In 1981 [[wikipedia:Daniil Granin|Daniil Granin]] and [[wikipedia:Ales Adamovich|Ales Adamovich]] published ''The Blockade Book'' which was based on hundreds of interviews and diaries of people who were trapped in the besieged city. The book was heavily censored by Soviet authorities due to its portrayal of human suffering contrasting with the "official" image of heroism.
*The Arab-Israeli author [[wikipedia:Emil Habibi|Emil Habibi]] also mentioned the siege in his [[wikipedia:short story|short story]] "The Love in my Heart" (الحب في قلبي), part of his collection ''Sextet of the Six Days'' (سداسية الايام الستة). Habiby's character visits a graveyard containing the siege's victims and is struck by the power of a display he sees commemorating the children who died, and it inspires him to write some letters in the voice of a Palestinian girl detained in an Israeli prison.

====The Siege in other art forms====
*[[wikipedia:Auteur|Auteur]] film director [[wikipedia:Andrey Tarkovsky|Andrey Tarkovsky]] included multiple scenes and references to the siege in his semi-autobiographical film ''[[wikipedia:The Mirror (1975 film)|The Mirror]]''.
*At the time of his death in 1989, [[wikipedia:Sergio Leone|Sergio Leone]] was working on a film about the siege. It drew heavily on Harrison Salisbury's "The 900 Days", and was a week away from going into production when Leone died of heart failure.

==See also==
*[[Tanya Savicheva]]
*[[World War II#Casualties.2C civilian impact.2C and atrocities|World War II casualties]]
*[[Regia Marina]] - Lake Ladoga
*[[List of famines]]

==References==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliography==
*Goure, Leon. "The Siege of Leningrad". Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1981 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8047-0115-6).
*Glantz, David. ''The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror''. Osceola, WI: Zenith Press, 2001 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7603-0941-8); Eastbourne, East Sussex, UK: Gardners Books, 2001 (hardcover, ISBN 1-86227-124-0); London: Cassell, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-304-36672-2).
*Kirschenbaum, Lisa. ''The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments.'' New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006 (hardback, ISBN 0-521-86326-0).
*''Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad, 1941–44 (Studies in Russian and Eastern European History)'', edited by John Barber and Andrei Dzeniskevich. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 1-4039-0142-2).
*Lubbeck, William; Hurt, David B. ''At Leningrad's Gates: The Story of a Soldier with Army Group North''. Philadelphia, PA: Casemate, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 1-932033-55-6).
*Salisbury, Harrison Evans. ''The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad'', 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-306-81298-3).

==External links==
{{externalimages|topic=the Siege of Leningrad|align=right|image1=[http://www.ido.edu.ru/ffec/hist/images/H_4.jpg Russian map of the operations around Leningrad in 1943] Blue are the German and allied Finnish troops. The Soviets are red.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ido.edu.ru/ffec/hist/h8.html|title=www.ido.edu.ru/ffec/hist/h8.html&lt;!--INSERT TITLE--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; |image2=[http://victory.tass-online.ru/data/Photos/Photo/175.JPEG map of the advance on Leningrad and relief] Blue are the German and allied Finnish troops. The Soviets are red.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://victory.tass-online.ru/?page=gallery&amp;gcid=9|title=victory.tass-online.ru/?page=gallery&amp;gcid=9&lt;!--INSERT TITLE--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
*[http://www.russianfootage.com/history/leningrad_blockade_world_war_ii Archival footage of Leningrad blockade in black and white]

{{World War II}}

[[Category:Sieges involving Germany|Leningrad]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Soviet Union|Leningrad]]
[[Category:Soviet-German War|Leningrad]]
[[Category:History of Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1941]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II|Leningrad]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Spitfire</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>348</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1973</id>
      <parentid>1972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-04-02T14:25:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Wikipedia links for this one aswell.</comment>
      <origin>1973</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="671" sha1="fkc49u4csepn8uehxtmicxkf0y2n6vb" xml:space="preserve">'''Spitfire''' may refer to:

* [[Supermarine Spitfire]], a single-seat fighter plane used in World War II
* [[wikipedia:Triumph Spitfire|Triumph Spitfire]], a small two-seat British sports car from Triumph Motor Company
* ''Spitfire'', a [[wikipedia:slang|slang]] term for a highly-excitable or passionate person, especially a woman. Actress [[wikipedia:Lupe Vélez|Lupe Vélez]] was known as "the Mexican spitfire".  

Ships:
* [[Cacafuego]], a Spanish treasure galleon captured by Sir Francis Drake, euphemistically translated as ''Spitfire''
* [[HMS Spitfire]], the name of three British naval ships
* [[USS Spitfire]], the name of four U.S. naval ships

{{disambig}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Supermarine Spitfire</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>349</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1978</id>
      <parentid>1977</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-05-04T14:48:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>80.4.23.105</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Naval versions */</comment>
      <origin>1978</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34703" sha1="qgrv42x23v1oze5b72k3rdrjeklcndm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Aircraft
  |name =Spitfire
  |type =Fighter
  |manufacturer =[[wikipedia:Supermarine|Supermarine]]
  |image =Image:Supermarinespitfire.JPG
  |caption =Supermarine Spitfire Mk I from No. 19 RAF Squadron
  |designer =[[wikipedia:R.J. Mitchell|R.J. Mitchell]]
  |first flight =[[wikipedia:5 March|5 March]] [[1936]]
  |introduced =1938
  |retired =1952, RAF
  |status =
  |primary user =[[Royal Air Force]]
  |more users =
  |produced =1938 - 1948
  |number built =20,351 plus 2,334 [[Supermarine Seafire|Seafires]]
  |unit cost = £15,000
  |variants with their own articles =[[Supermarine Seafire|Seafire]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Supermarine Spiteful|Spiteful]]
}}
The '''Supermarine Spitfire''' was an iconic [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|British]] single-seat [[Fighter aircraft|fighter]] used by the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] and many Allied countries in the [[World War II|Second World War]].

Produced by [[wikipedia:Supermarine|Supermarine]], the Spitfire was designed by [[wikipedia:R.J. Mitchell|R.J. Mitchell]], who continued to refine the design until his death from cancer in 1937. Its [[wikipedia:elliptical wing|elliptical wing]] had a thin cross-section, allowing a higher top speed than the [[Hawker Hurricane]] and other contemporary designs; it also resulted in a distinctive appearance, enhancing its overall streamlined features. Much loved by its pilots, the Spitfire saw service during the whole of the [[Second World War]], in all theatres of war, and in many different variants.

More than 20,300 examples of all variants were built, including two-seat [[trainer aircraft|trainers]], with some Spitfires remaining in service well into the 1950s. Although its great wartime foe, the [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]], in its many variants, rivalled the Spitfire's production statistics, the Spitfire was one of the few fighter aircraft to be in continual production before, during and after the Second World War.

[[wikipedia:Vickers|Vickers]] (the parent company of Supermarine) first came up with the name ''Shrew'' for the new aircraft and, on hearing this, Mitchell is reported to have said, "...sort of bloody silly name they would give it." The name ''Spitfire'' was suggested by Sir Robert MacLean, director of [[wikipedia:Vickers|Vickers]] at the time, who called his daughter Ann "A little spitfire". The word dates from [[wikipedia:Elizabethan|Elizabethan]] times and refers to a particularly fiery, ferocious type of person, usually a woman. The name had previously been used unofficially for Mitchell's earlier F.7/30 Type 224 design.

==Design and development==
[[Image:Supermarine Spitfire Protoype K5054 Unpainted.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The still unpainted Spitfire protoype, ''K5054,'' shortly before its first flight.]]

Supermarine's Chief Designer, '''R.J. Mitchell,''' had won four [[wikipedia:Schneider Trophy|Schneider Trophy]] seaplane races with his designs: (Sea Lion II in 1922, S 5 in 1927, S 6 in 1929 and S 6b in 1931), combining powerful [[wikipedia:Napier Lion|Napier Lion]] and [[wikipedia:Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] "R" engines with minute attention to [[wikipedia:streamlining|streamlining]]. These same qualities are equally useful for a fighter design, and, in 1931, Mitchell produced such a plane in response to an [[wikipedia:List Of Air Ministry Specifications|Air Ministry specification]] (F7/30) for a new and modern monoplane fighter.

This first attempt at a fighter resulted in an open-cockpit monoplane with gull-wings and a large fixed, spatted [[wikipedia:undercarriage|undercarriage]]. The Supermarine Type 224 did not live up to expectations; nor did any of the competing designs, which were also deemed failures.

Mitchell immediately turned his attention to an improved design as a private venture, with the backing of Supermarine's owner, [[wikipedia:Vickers|Vickers]]. The new design added gear retraction, an enclosed cockpit, oxygen gear and the much more powerful newly developed Rolls-Royce [[wikipedia:Rolls-Royce Merlin|PV-12]] engine, later named the Merlin.

By 1935, the Air Ministry had seen enough advances in the industry to try the monoplane design again. They eventually rejected the new Supermarine design on the grounds that it did not carry the required eight-gun armament, and did not appear to have room to do so.

Once again, Mitchell was able to solve the problem. It has been suggested that by looking at various [[Heinkel]] planes, he settled on the use of an elliptical [[wikipedia:planform|planform]], which had much more [[wikipedia:chord (aircraft)|chord]] to allow for the required eight guns, while still having the low drag of the earlier, simpler wing design. Mitchell's aerodynamicist, Beverley Shenstone, however, has pointed out that Mitchell's wing was not directly copied from the [[Heinkel He 70]], as some have claimed; the Spitfire wing was much thinner and had a completely different section. In any event, the elliptical wing was enough to sell the Air Ministry on this new Type 300, which they funded by a new specification, F.10/35, drawn up around the Spitfire.

The elliptical wing was chosen for superior aerodynamic attributes but it was a complex wing to construct and the [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]]'s angular and easy-to-construct wing offered similar performance (model per model) to the Spitfire.  It has been reported that the Bf 109 took one-third the [[wikipedia:man hour|man hour]]s to construct compared to the Spitfire. 

One flaw in the thin-wing design of the Spitfire manifested itself when the plane was brought up to very high speeds. When the pilot attempted to roll the plane at these speeds, the aerodynamic forces subjected upon the [[wikipedia:aileron|aileron]]s were enough to twist the entire wingtip in the direction opposite of the aileron deflection (much like how an aileron [[wikipedia:trim tab|trim tab]] will deflect the aileron itself). This so-called aileron reversal resulted in the Spitfire rolling in the opposite direction of the pilot's intention.

The prototype (K5054) first flew on [[wikipedia:5 March|5 March]] [[1936]], from [[wikipedia:Southampton Airport|Eastleigh Aerodrome]] (later Southampton Airport). Testing continued until [[wikipedia:26 May|26 May]] [[1936]], when Mutt Summers, (Chief Test Pilot for Vickers (Aviation) Ltd.) flew K5054 to Martlesham and handed the aircraft over to Squadron Leader Anderson of the Aeroplane &amp; Armament Experimental Establishment (A&amp;amp;AEE).

The Air Ministry placed an order for 310 of the aircraft on 3rd June 1936, before any formal report had been issued by the A&amp;amp;AEE, interim reports being issued on a piecemeal basis.

A feature of the final Spitfire design that has often been singled out by pilots is its [[wikipedia:washout|washout]] feature, which was unusual at the time.  The incidence of the wing is +2° at its root and −½° at its tip. This twist means that the wing roots will [[wikipedia:stall (aerodynamic)|stall]] before the tips, reducing the potentially dangerous rolling moment in the stall known as a spin.  Many pilots have benefited from this feature in combat when doing tight turns close to the aircraft's limits, because when the wing root stalled it made the control column shake, giving the pilot a warning that he was about to reach the limit of the aircraft's performance.

The early versions were fitted with the P8 Air Ministry magnetic compass, of a nautical design which was of over-engineered brass construction and mounted on 4 anti-vibration dampers. Internally it also had a pressure diaphram to compensate for altitude changes. The unit was modified later in the war with the rare P8 M, and later the P11. After the war this type of compass was replaced with the new American "Eyeball" type seen in most aircraft today.

==Production==
To build the Spitfires in the numbers needed, a whole new factory was built at [[wikipedia:Castle Bromwich|Castle Bromwich]], near [[wikipedia:Birmingham|Birmingham]] as a "shadow" to Supermarine's [[wikipedia:Southampton|Southampton]] factory. Although the project was ultimately led by [[wikipedia:Lord Nuffield|Lord Nuffield]] who was an expert in mass construction, the Spitfire was a bit too complex and Supermarine and Vickers engineers were needed. The site was set up quickly from July 1938 - machinery being installed two months after work started on the site.

==Variants==
[[Image:SpitfireDuxford2JM.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Duxford, 2001. Preserved trainer version.]]
{{main|Supermarine Spitfire variants}}

There were 24 marks of Spitfire and many sub-variants. These covered the Spitfire in development from the Merlin to Griffon engines, the high speed photo-reconnaissance variants and the different wing configurations.

== Naval versions ==
{{main|Supermarine Seafire}}
A naval version of the Spitfire, called the '''Seafire,''' was specially adapted for operation from [[aircraft carrier]]s. Modifications included an arrester hook, folding wings and other specialized equipment. However, like the Spitfire, the Seafire had a narrow undercarriage track, which meant that it was not well suited to deck operations. Due to the addition of heavy carrier equipment, it suffered from an aft centre-of-gravity position that made low-speed control difficult, and its gradual stall characteristics meant that it was difficult to land accurately on the carrier. These characteristics resulted in a very high accident rate for the Seafire.

The Seafire II was able to outperform the A6M5 ([[wikipedia:Mitsubishi Zero|Zero]]) at low altitudes when the two types were tested against each other during wartime mock combats. Contemporary Allied carrier fighters such as the [[F6F Hellcat]] and [[F4U Corsair]], however, were considerably more powerful. A performance advantage was regained when late-war Seafire marks equipped with the Griffon engines supplanted their Merlin-engined predecessors.Athough similair to the Spitfire, the Seafire was inferior to the Spitfire.

The name Seafire was arrived at by collapsing the longer name '''Sea''' Spit'''fire.'''

==RAF service==
The first Spitfires claimed their first victims in early September 1939. Unfortunately, the downed aircraft were RAF Hawker Hurricanes, attacked by accident.

R.J. Mitchell and his Spitfire are often credited with winning the [[Battle of Britain]]. This is a view often propagated within popular culture, such as in the film ''[[wikipedia:The First of the Few|The First of the Few]]'' (which was not historically accurate).

The Spitfire was one of the finest fighters of the war; aviation historians and laymen alike often claim it to be the most [[wikipedia:aesthetics|aesthetically appealing]]. It is, however, frequently compared to the Hawker Hurricane, which was used in greater numbers during the critical stages of 1940. Although early Spitfires and Hurricanes carried identical armament (eight .303 inch / 7.696&amp;nbsp;mm machine guns), the placement of the Hurricane's guns was better, yielding a closer pattern of fire. A slower top speed, however, made the Hurricane more vulnerable against the German fighter escorts. Wherever possible, the RAF tactic during the Battle of Britain was to use the Hurricane squadrons to attack the bombers, holding the Spitfires back to counter the German escort fighters. In total numbers, the Hurricane shot down more [[Luftwaffe]] aircraft, both fighters and bombers, than the Spitfire, mainly due to the higher proportion of Hurricanes in the air. Seven of every 10 German planes destroyed during the Battle of Britain were shot down by Hurricane pilots. Losses were also higher among the more numerous Hurricanes.

The Mark I and Mark II models saw service during the battle and beyond, into 1941. Both of these used eight .303 machine guns and although having this number of guns sounds impressive, the fact is that this relatively small calibre armament was more suited to shooting down the wood/canvas machines of the First World War. It was relatively common during the Battle of Britain for the (metal) German planes to safely return to base with surprisingly high numbers of .303 bullet holes. The use of a smaller number of larger calibre guns would have been far more effective; this was rectified in later versions of the Spitfire. The Mark V entered service in early 1941, and was the first to feature [[wikipedia:autocannon|cannon]] armament (although a few Mark Is had two 20&amp;nbsp;mm [[wikipedia:Hispano-Suiza HS.404|Hispano-Suiza cannon]] fitted in 1940). The configuration of two 20 mm cannon and four .303 machine guns was standard during the mid-war years. 

[[Image:303 plane picture.jpg|250px|right|thumb|A Spitfire from the [[303 Kościuszko Squadron]].]]
Another contemporary, the Luftwaffe's Messerschmitt [[Bf 109]], was similar in attributes and performance to the Spitfire. Some advantages helped the Spitfires win many [[wikipedia:dogfight|dogfight]]s, most notably, maneuverability - the Spitfire had higher rates of turn than the Messerschmitt. Good cockpit visibility was probably a factor, as well, as the early Bf-109s had narrow, panelled, heavily-framed cockpit windows. At this time, the Merlin engine's lack of direct fuel injection meant that both Spitfires and Hurricanes, unlike the Bf 109E, were unable to simply nose down into a deep dive. This meant the Luftwaffe fighters could simply "bunt" into a high-power dive to escape attack, leaving the Spitfire spluttering behind as its fuel was forced by negative "g" out of the carburettor. RAF fighter pilots soon learnt to "half-roll" their aircraft before diving to pursue their opponents. The use of uninjected carburettors was calculated to give a higher specific power output, due to the lower temperature, and hence the greater density, of the fuel/air mixture fed into the motor, compared to injected systems. In March 1941, a metal [[wikipedia:diaphragm|diaphragm]], with a hole in it, was fitted across the float chambers. It partly cured the problem of [[wikipedia:Fuel Starvation|fuel starvation]] in a dive, and became known as "[[wikipedia:Miss Shilling's orifice|Miss Shilling's orifice]]" as it was invented by a female engineer named Shilling. Further improvements were introduced throughout the Merlin series, with injection introduced in 1943. Production of the Griffon-engined Spitfire Mk XII had begun the year before.

The introduction of the [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190]] in late 1941 along the Channel front proved a shock to RAF Fighter Command, the new German fighter proving superior to the current Mark Vb in all aspects except turning radius. Losses inflicted on RAF Fighter Command and its Spitfires were heavy as air superiority thus switched to the Luftwaffe units through most of 1942, until the Merlin 61-engined Mark IX version started to see service in sufficient numbers later in the year. In an attempt to achieve some degree of parity with the Fw 190, some squadrons still operating the Mark V received specially modified versions that had four feet of wing-tip removed (to improve their rate of roll) and reduced supercharger blades on the Merlin for optimum performance at lower altitudes. These aircraft were designated LF Mark V officially but were also known by their pilots as "Clipped, Clapped and Cropped Spits," also referring to the fact that many of these Spitfires, thus modified, had seen better days.

The first Spitfires to see overseas service were Mark Vs flown from the deck of the aircraft carrier HMS ''Eagle ''to Malta in March 1942. In the months that followed, some 275 Spitfires were delivered to the beleaguered island. To counter the prevalent dusty conditions, the Spitfires were fitted with a large Vokes air filter under the nose, which lowered the performance of the aircraft through induced drag. The Spitfire V and, later, much-improved, longer-ranged Mark VIIIs also soon became available in the North African theatre and, henceforth, featured heavily with the RAF, SAAF and USAAF during the campaigns in Sicily and Italy. 

[[Image:Spitfire IV XII DP845.jpg|thumb|left|The first Griffon-powered Spitfire, ''DP845''.]]
The first Griffon-engined Mk XII flew on August 1942, but only five had reached service status by the end of the year. This mark could exceed 450 mph (724 km/h) in level flight and climb to an altitude of 30,000 feet (10,000 m) in under eight minutes. Although the Spitfire continued to improve in speed and armament, it remained ''short-legged'' throughout its life except in the dedicated photo-reconnaissance role, when its guns were replaced by fuel. 

As the American strategic bombing campaign gathered momentum in mid-1943, the need for fighter escort meant much of Fighter Command's Spitfire force was utilised in this role while the US fighter groups worked up to operational status. The inadequate range of the Spitfire however, meant the RAF support operations were limited to northwest France and the Channel. As the battle intensified over occupied Europe, USAAF fighters like the [[P-47]], [[P-38]] and [[P-51]] bore the brunt of bomber protection. The Spitfire IX squadrons had to bide their time until the invasion of Europe before engaging the Luftwaffe fighter force.

By then, the newer Griffon-engined Spitfires were being introduced as interceptors, where limited range was not an impediment. These faster Spitfires were used to defend against incursions by high-speed "tip-and-run" German fighter-bombers and V-1 flying bombs over Great Britain. 

As American fighters took over the long-range escorting of USAAF daylight bombing raids, the Griffon-engined Spitfires progressively took up the tactical air superiority role as interceptors, while the Merlin-engined variants (mainly the IX and the Packard-engined XVI) were adapted to the fighter-bomber role. 

After the Normandy landings, Spitfire squadrons were moved across the Channel, operating from tactical airfields close to enemy lines. As the Allied air forces achieved air supremacy, Spitfire pilots had fewer opportunities to combat German aircraft, concentrating their efforts on roaming over German territory, attacking targets of opportunity and providing tactical ground support to the army units. The newer, faster marks of Spitfire were retained in Britain to counter the V-1 flying bomb offensive in mid-1944, although these aircraft, too, were deployed across the Channel before the war in Europe ended.

Although the Griffon-engined marks lost some of the favourable handling characteristics of their Merlin-powered predecessors, they maintained their manoeuvring advantage over German (and American) designs in Europe throughout their production. 

The first Spitfires in the Far East were two PR IV photo-reconnaissance marks in October 1942. The threat of Japanese attacks on Northern Australia prompted the dispatch of Spitfire Vbs in late 1942. No 1 Wing RAAF (No 54 Squadron RAF, 452 and 457 squadrons RAAF) was formed in Darwin, the first kill being achieved in February 1943, and saw constant action until September 1943. Spitfire VIIIs were received in April 1944. In the Burma/India theatre, the first Spitfire Vs were not received until September 1943. 

Spitfire pilots, used to European combat conditions, were shocked to find that they could not follow the Japanese [[Mitsubishi Zero]] through a turn. They were forced to adopt tactics similar to those used by the American pilots, akin to manoeuvers that German pilots had been forced to adopt when facing Spitfires and Hurricanes. British pilots in the Far East relied on their far higher speed, especially in a dive, and greater firepower to prevent Japanese pilots from using the Zero's turning advantage. Zeros could not tolerate dive speeds much higher than their maximum level flight speeds due to increasing aileron stiffness and wing structural limits.

== Service in other air forces ==
[[Image:SpitIntl_Illust3.JPG|250px|right|thumb|American Spitfire MK V of the 334th Fighter Squadron, 4th Fighter Group.]]
Apart from the RAF, Spitfires served with most of the Allied air forces in the Second World War, especially the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (RCAF), [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF), [[South African Air Force]] (SAAF) and [[Royal New Zealand Air Force]] (RNZAF). It was one of only a few foreign aircraft to see service with the [[United States Army Air Forces]], equiping four groups in England and the Mediterranean. Several European countries also operated Spitfires based in the UK, including [[Armée de l'Air (Part II)|French]], [[Royal Norwegian Air Force|Norwegian]], [[Polish Air Force|Polish]], [[Netherlands Air Force|Dutch]] and [[Czechoslovakian Air Force|Czechoslovakian squadrons in the RAF]]. 

The RAAF, the [[Indian Air Force|Royal Indian Air Force]] and the RAF also used Spitfires against [[wikipedia:Empire of Japan|Japanese forces]] in the [[Pacific War|Pacific theatre]].
[[Image:Spitfire at temora nswedit.jpg|250px|left|thumb|The Spitfire Mk VIII "[[wikipedia:Grey nurse shark|Grey Nurse]]" which saw action with [[No. 457 Squadron RAAF]] in the [[wikipedia:South West Pacific Area|South West Pacific Area]] is one of two Spitfires still flying in [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]], both owned by [[wikipedia:Temora Aviation Museum|Temora Aviation Museum]].]]
There is evidence that the ''Luftwaffe'' also used captured Spitfires to attack Allied targets: one such episode was the strafing of civilians from the village of [[wikipedia:Grendon|Grendon, Northamptonshire]] in 1940.[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Grendon]

Following the Second World War, the Spitfire remained in use with many air forces around the world, including the [[Royal Australian Navy]], [[Belgian Air Force]], [[Military of Myanmar|Union of Burma Air Force]], [[Royal Canadian Navy]] as the Seafire, [[Czech Air Force]], [[Danish Air Force]], [[Egyptian Air Force]], [[Armee de l'Air]] and the [[French Navy]] [[Aeronavale]], [[Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air Force]], [[Irish Air Corps]], [[Israeli Air Force]], [[Italian Air Force]], [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]], [[Royal Norwegian Air Force]], [[Royal Thai Air Force]], [[Portuguese Air Force]], [[Swedish Air Force]], [[Syrian Air Force]], [[Turkish Air Force]], [[Air Force of Zimbabwe|Rhodesian Air Force]], and the [[SFR Yugoslav Air Force]]. 

Spitfires played a major role in the [[Greek Civil War]], flown by the RAF and [[SAAF]] during October-December 1944, and by the [[Hellenic Air Force]] from 1946 to the end of the war in August 1949.

Spitfires last saw major action during the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], when &amp;mdash; in a strange twist &amp;mdash; [[Israeli Air Force]] Spitfires flown by formerly [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] pilots in World War II like [[wikipedia:Ezer Weizman|Ezer Weizman]] were engaged by [[Egyptian Air Force|Egyptian]] Spitfires and Royal Air Force Spitfires. However, some air forces retained Spitfires in service until well into the 1960s.

==Speed and altitude records==
[[image:Spitfire_XI_EN_409.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Spitfire Mk.&amp;nbsp;XI flown by Sqn. Ldr. Martindale, seen here after its flight on [[wikipedia:27 April|27 April]] [[1944]] during which it was damaged achieving a true airspeed of 606 mph (975&amp;nbsp;km/h).]]

During the spring of 1944, high-speed diving trials were being performed at [[wikipedia:Farnborough, Hampshire|Farnborough]] to investigate the handling of aircraft near the [[wikipedia:sound barrier|sound barrier]].  Because it had the highest [[Critical Mach number|limiting Mach number]] of any aircraft at that time, a Spitfire XI was chosen to take part in these trials. Due to the high altitudes necessary for these dives, a fully feathering [[wikipedia:Rotol|Rotol]] propeller was fitted to prevent [[wikipedia:overspeed (engine)|overspeeding]]. It was during these trials that EN409, flown by [[wikipedia:John Martindale|John Martindale]], reached 606 mph (975&amp;nbsp;km/h) in a 45-degree dive. Unfortunately the engine/propeller combination could not cope with this speed and the propeller and reduction gear broke off.  Martindale successfully glided the 20 miles (30&amp;nbsp;km) back to the airfield and landed safely.

"That any operational aircraft off the production line, cannons sprouting from its wings and warts and all, could readily be controlled at this speed when the early jet aircraft such as Meteors, Vampires, P-80s, etc could not, was certainly extraordinary" &amp;mdash;''[[wikipedia:Jeffrey Quill|Jeffrey Quill]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Quill|first=J|title=Spitfire - A Test Pilot’s Story|publisher=Arrow Books|year=1983-89|id=ISBN 0-09-937020-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[wikipedia:5 February|5 February]] [[1952]], a Spitfire Mk.&amp;nbsp;19 of [[No. 81 Squadron RAF]] based in [[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] achieved probably the highest altitude ever achieved by a Spitfire.  The pilot, [[Flight Lieutenant]] [[wikipedia:Ted Powles|Ted Powles]], was on a routine flight to survey outside air temperature and report on other [[wikipedia:Meteorology|meteorological]] conditions at various altitudes in preparation for a proposed new air service through the area.  He climbed to 50,000 feet (15&amp;nbsp;240&amp;nbsp;m) indicated altitude, with a true altitude of 51,550 feet (15&amp;nbsp;712&amp;nbsp;m), which was the highest height ever recorded for a Spitfire.  However, the cabin pressure fell below a safe level, and in trying to reduce altitude, he entered an uncontrollable dive which shook the aircraft violently.  He eventually regained control somewhere below 3,000 feet (900&amp;nbsp;m).  He landed safely with no discernible damage to his aircraft. Evaluation of the recorded flight data suggested that, in the dive, he achieved a speed of 690 mph (1110&amp;nbsp;km/h) or Mach 0.94, which would have been the highest speed ever reached by a propeller-driven aircraft. Today, it is generally believed that this speed figure is the result of inherent instrument errors and has to be considered unrealistic.

==Planes remaining in use==
[[Image:Supermarine Spitfire Mk XVI NR.jpg|left|thumb|Preserved Spitfire at Duxford.]]
About 50 Spitfires and a few Seafires remain airworthy, although many air museums have static examples. The [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] maintains some for flying display and ceremonial purposes in the [[Battle of Britain Memorial Flight]] at [[RAF Coningsby]] in [[wikipedia:Lincolnshire|Lincolnshire]].

The [[wikipedia:Temora Aviation Museum|Temora Aviation Museum]] in [[wikipedia:Temora, New South Wales|Temora]], Australia, have two airworthy Spitfires: a Mk VIII and a Mk XVI, which are flown regularly during the museum's flying weekends.[http://www.aviationmuseum.com.au/]

[[wikipedia:Area51Aviation|Area51Aviation]], a British company specializing in ex-military aircraft (particularly jets) have both a Spitfire and Seafire at their [[wikipedia:Home Airfield|Home Airfield]] at [[wikipedia:North Weald Airfield|North Weald Airfield]].[http://area51aviation.co.uk/northweald.html]

The ''Black Spitfire'' is a black-painted Spitfire which belonged to [[wikipedia:Israel|Israel]]i pilot and former president [[wikipedia:Ezer Weizmann|Ezer Weizmann]]. It  is on exhibit in the Israeli Air Force Museum in [[wikipedia:Hatserim Israeli Air Force Base|Hatserim]] and is used for ceremonial flying displays.

[[wikipedia:Kermit Weeks|Kermit Weeks]] flys a restored Mk XVI from his [[wikipedia:Fantasy of Flight|Fantasy of Flight]] museum in [[wikipedia:Florida|Florida]].[http://www.fantasyofflight.com/aircraftpages/spitfire.htm]

==Spitfire in film and television==

Spitfires are featured in several motion pictures

*''[[wikipedia:Battle of Britain (film)|Battle of Britain]]'' (1969) starring [[wikipedia:Sir Laurence Olivier|Sir Laurence Olivier]], [[wikipedia:Michael Caine|Michael Caine]], [[wikipedia:Christopher Plummer|Christopher Plummer]] and many others. Set in 1940, this film features several flying sequences involving Spitfires, as well as a surprising number of other flying examples of Second World War-era British and German aircraft. The film's production company was "Spitfire Productions, Steven S.A."
*''[[wikipedia:Piece of Cake (television)|Piece of Cake]]'' (1987) starring [[wikipedia:Tom Burlinson|Tom Burlinson]]. When it aired on the [[wikipedia:BBC|BBC]] in 1987, this was the most watched BBC [[wikipedia:miniseries|miniseries]] in history. Based on the novel by Derek Robinson, the six part miniseries covered the prewar era from early 1939 to "Battle of Britain Day," [[wikipedia:15 September|15 September]] [[1940]]. The series had time to develop its large cast, and depicted the air combat over the skies of [[wikipedia:France|France]] and [[wikipedia:Britain|Britain]] during the early stages of the Second World War, though using several flying examples of late model Spitfires in place of the novel's Hawker Hurricanes. There were shots of several Spitfires taking off and landing together from grass airstrips.
* The movie [[wikipedia:Cruel Blue World|Cruel Blue World]] was about a Free Czech pilot flying a Spitfire during WWII.

==Memorials==
* ''[[wikipedia:Sentinel (sculpture)|Sentinel]]'',  a sculpture by [[wikipedia:Tim Tolkien|Tim Tolkien]] in Castle Bromwich, England, commemorating the main Spitfire factory.

==Operators==
* [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]] ([[RAAF]], [[RAN]]), [[wikipedia:Belgium|Belgium]], [[wikipedia:Burma|Burma]], [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]], [[wikipedia:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]], [[wikipedia:Denmark|Denmark]], [[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]], [[wikipedia:France|France]], [[wikipedia:Greece|Greece]], [[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], [[wikipedia:India|India]], [[wikipedia:Ireland|Ireland]], [[wikipedia:Israel|Israel]], [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]], [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[wikipedia:New Zealand|New Zealand]], [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]], [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], [[wikipedia:Portugal|Portugal]], [[wikipedia:Rhodesia|Rhodesia]], [[wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]], [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]], [[wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]], [[wikipedia:Syria|Syria]], [[wikipedia:Thailand|Thailand]], [[wikipedia:Turkey|Turkey]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[wikipedia:United States|United States]], [[wikipedia:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].

{{list-dev}}

[[Image:1SPIT Vb RAF JPG Copyright Giovanni Paulli.jpg|thumb|450px|Profile of RAF Spitfire Vb.&lt;br&gt;Copyright Giovanni Paulli. [http://www.paulligiovanni.com www.paulligiovanni.com]&lt;!--PLEASE DON'T REMOVE COPYRIGHT AND LINK. IT IS THE FAIR EXCHANGE TO USE THE COPYRIGHTED PROFILE IMAGE BY GIOVANNI PAULLI--&gt;]]

==Specifications==
===Spitfire Mk Vb===
{{aircraft specifications
|ref=The Great Book of Fighters&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Green|first=W|coauthors=Swanborough, G|year=2001|title=The Great Book of Fighters|edition=|publisher=MBI Publishing|location=|id=ISBN 0-7603-1194-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''and'' Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II&lt;ref name=jane&gt;{{Ref Jane's|The Supermarine Spitfire|139-141}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=prop
|crew = one pilot
|length main = 29 ft 11 in
|length alt = 9.12&amp;nbsp;m
|span main = 36 ft 10 in
|span alt = 11.23&amp;nbsp;m
|height main = 11 ft 5 in 
|height alt = 3.86&amp;nbsp;m
|area main = 242.1 ft²
|area alt = 22.48&amp;nbsp;m²
|empty weight main = 5090 lb
|empty weight alt = 2309&amp;nbsp;kg
|loaded weight main = 6622 lb
|loaded weight alt = 3000&amp;nbsp;kg
|max takeoff weight main = 6770 lb
|max takeoff weight alt = 3071 kg
|engine (prop)=[[wikipedia:Rolls-Royce Merlin|Rolls-Royce Merlin 45]]
|type of prop=[[wikipedia:supercharger|supercharged]] [[wikipedia:V12 engine|V12 engine]]
|number of props = 1
|power main = 1470&amp;nbsp;hp at 9250&amp;nbsp;ft
|power alt = 1096&amp;nbsp;kW at 2820&amp;nbsp;m
|max speed main = 330&amp;nbsp;knots
|max speed alt = 378&amp;nbsp;mph, 605&amp;nbsp;km/h
|combat radius main = 410&amp;nbsp;nm
|combat radius alt = 470&amp;nbsp;mi, 760&amp;nbsp;km
|ferry range main = 991&amp;nbsp;nm
|ferry range alt = 1140&amp;nbsp;mi, 1840&amp;nbsp;km
|ceiling main = 35,000 ft
|ceiling alt = 11&amp;nbsp;300&amp;nbsp;m
|climb rate main = 2665&amp;nbsp;ft/min
|climb rate alt = 13.5&amp;nbsp;m/s
|loading main = 28&amp;nbsp;lb/ft²
|loading alt = 137&amp;nbsp;kg/m²
|power/mass main = 0.22&amp;nbsp;hp/lb
|power/mass alt = 360&amp;nbsp;W/kg
|guns=&lt;br/&gt;
** 2 × [[wikipedia:20 mm caliber|20 mm]] (0.787 in) [[wikipedia:Hispano-Suiza HS.404|Hispano-Suiza HS.404]] [[autocannon|cannon]], 60 (later 120) rounds/gun
** 4 × .303 in (7.70&amp;nbsp;mm) Browning machine guns, 350 rounds/gun
|bombs=&lt;br/&gt;
** 250&amp;nbsp;lb (110&amp;nbsp;kg) assorted ordnance ''or''
** 1 × 500 lb (230&amp;nbsp;kg) bomb
}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Dibbs|first=John|coauthors=Tony Holmes|title=Spitfire: Flying Legend|city=London|publisher=[[wikipedia:Osprey publishing|Osprey Aviation]]|year=1997|id=ISBN 1-84176-005-6}}
* {{Ref Air Wars and Aircraft}}
*{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=E.B.|coauthors=E. Shacklady|title=Spitfire: The History|city=London|publisher=Key Publishing|year=1992|id=ISBN 0-946219-10-9}}
* Palfrey, Brett R. and Whitehead, Christopher. [http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/spit1.html Supermarine Spitfire - History of a Legend]. ''Royal Air Force (RAF).''
*{{cite book|last=Price|first=Alfred|title=The Spitfire Story|city=London|publisher=Silverdale Books|year=1995|id=ISBN 1-85605-702-X}}
*{{cite book|last=Bungay|first=Stephen|title=The Most Dangerous Enemy - A History of the Battle Of Britain|city=London|publisher=Aurum|year=2006|id=ISBN 1-85410-801-8}}

===Footnotes===
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;
&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==External links==
*[http://www.spitfiresociety.demon.co.uk/ The Spitfire Society]
*[http://www.spitfiresociety.demon.co.uk/whatmark.htm The Spitfire Society: Spitfire Marks]
*http://www.supermarine-spitfire.co.uk/spitfire.html
*[http://aeroflt.users.netlink.co.uk/types/uk/supermarine/spitfireI-III/Spitfire1.htm Extensive information about the Spitfire, developed and built by Supermarine.]
*[http://www.warbirdalley.com/spit.htm Warbird Alley: Spitfire page] - Information about Spitfires still flying today
*[http://www.k5054.com/ K5054 - Supermarine Type 300 prototype Spitfire]
*[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Aircraft/Spitfire.html The Supermarine Spitfire in Indian Air Force Service]
*[http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=86855&amp;CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&amp;MENU_ID=10468 The Spitfire : Seventy Years On] - Includes images of the factory
*[http://www.y2kspitfire.com/ Y2K Spitfire Restoration Project]
*[http://www.spitfirerestoration.com/ Spitfire drawings online]
*[http://www.medievalhistory.net/spitfire.htm A rare colour photo of a Spitfire Supermarine Mk.Vb in flight during WWII]
*[http://www.birminghamstories.co.uk/story_page.php?id=1&amp;type=s&amp;page=1&amp;now=0 Birmingham - the workshop of the war]

[[Category:Carrier-based aircraft]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force]]
{{Wikipedia|Supermarine Spitfire}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Surrender of Japan</title>
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      <comment>Wikipedia links, cat.</comment>
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      <text bytes="1170" sha1="mx8h51nnh7c760lhbj6ea5b8nbgffwb" xml:space="preserve">The '''Surrender of Japan''' in August 1945 brought [[World War II]] to a close. On August 14, 1945, after the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]], at a meeting of the emperor and the leaders (''[[gozenkaigi]]''), the Japanese leadership decided to accept the [[Potsdam Declaration]]. The next day, the Japanese Emperor [[Hirohito]] made a radio speech to the public, the [[Gyokuon-hoso|Imperial Rescript on Surrender]], announcing the surrender. This date is generally considered to mark the end of [[World War II]], although the fact that that the [[wikipedia:US|US]] only joined the war to take revenge at the [[wikipedia:Imperial Japan|Japanese]], who by that time, had started to become allies with [[Germany]].

On August 28, the [[Occupied Japan|occupation of Japan]] began by Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers led by [[wikipedia:Douglas MacArthur|Douglas MacArthur]]. The formal surrender occurred on September 2, when representatives from the [[Empire of Japan]] signed [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender]] in [[wikipedia:Tokyo Bay|Tokyo Bay]] on the [[USS Missouri]].

{{World War II}}
{{wikipedia|Surrender of Japan}}

[[Category:World War II]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>The New Zealand Land Wars</title>
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      <text bytes="526" sha1="d7a8lmxvssbnzfcl465z4bx559fonp6" xml:space="preserve">Throughout the 19th century, the local people of New Zealand, Maori, fought the Crown and the new European settlers. [http://www.newzealandwars.co.nz/]

Most historians agree that the Land Wars were fought between 1843 and 1872, although this time frame does vary. [http://www.newzealandwars.co.nz/causes.html]

The main causes for the war is believed to be Maori resentment of the Treaty of Waitangi, New Zealand's founding document, and the colonial settlement by the Europeans. [http://www.newzealandwars.co.nz/causes.html]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War</title>
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      <text bytes="4885" sha1="n7nowkw2ixnwfskw5d4qpmn5tenxy93" xml:space="preserve">The '''Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War''' ([[1651]]–[[1986]]) was a [[war]] between the [[Netherlands]] and the [[Isles of Scilly]] (located off the southwest coast of the [[United Kingdom]]). It is said to have been [[List of wars extended by diplomatic irregularity|extended by the lack of a peace treaty]] for 335 years without a single shot being fired, which would make it one of the world's longest wars and the war with the fewest casualties.  Despite the uncertain validity of the [[declaration of war]], peace was finally declared in 1986.

==The war==
===Origins===
The origins of the war can be found in the [[Second English Civil War]], fought between the [[Cavaliers (royalists)|Royalists]] and [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] from [[1642]] to [[1652]].  [[Oliver Cromwell]] had fought the Royalists to the edges of the [[Kingdom of England]]. In the West of England this meant that [[Cornwall]] was the last Royalist stronghold.  In [[1648]], Cromwell pushed on until mainland Cornwall was in the hands of the Parliamentarians.

The Royalists' major asset was the [[Royal Navy|Navy]], which had declared itself for the [[Charles II of England|Prince of Wales]].  The Royalist Navy was forced to retreat to the [[Isles of Scilly]], which lie off the Cornish coast and were under the ownership of Royalist Sir [[John Grenville]].

===Dutch Navy alliance===
The [[Dutch Navy|navy]] of the [[United Provinces of the Netherlands]] was allied with the Parliamentarians.  The Netherlands had been assisted by the English under a number of rulers in the [[Eighty Years' War]] ([[1568]]–[[1648]]), starting with Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]]. The [[Treaty of Münster]] ([[January 30]], [[1648]]) had confirmed Dutch independence from [[Spain]]. The Netherlands sought to maintain their alliance with England and had chosen to ally with what seemed would be the victorious side in the Civil War.

The Dutch Navy was suffering heavy losses from the Royalist fleet based in Scilly.  On [[30 March]] [[1651]], [[Admiral]] [[Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp]] arrived in Scilly to demand reparation from the Royalist fleet for the Dutch ships and goods taken by them.

According to [[Bulstrode Whitelocke|Whitelocke's]] Memorials (cited in Bowley, 2001), a letter of [[17 April]] [[1651]] explains: "Tromp came to [[Pendennis Castle|Pendennis]] and related that he had been to Scilly to demand reparation for the Dutch ships and goods taken by them; and receiving no satisfactory answer, he had, according to his Commission, declared war on them."

As most of England was now in Parliamentarian hands, war was declared specifically upon the Isles of Scilly.

===Royalist surrender===
In June 1651, soon after the declaration of war, the Parliamentarian forces under Admiral [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]] forced the Royalist fleet to surrender.  The Netherlands fleet, no longer under threat, left without firing a shot.  Due to the obscurity of one nation's declaration of war against a small part of another, the Dutch forgot to officially declare peace.

===Peace treaty===
In [[1985]], [[Roy Duncan]], [[historian]] and Chairman of the Isles of Scilly Council, wrote to the Dutch [[Embassy]] in [[London]] to dispose of the "[[Mythology|myth]]" that the islands were still at war.  Embassy staff found the myth to be accurate and Duncan invited [[Ambassador]] [[Jonkheer]] ([[squire]]) [[Rein Huydecoper]] to visit the islands and sign a [[peace treaty]]. Peace was declared on [[April 17]] [[1986]], 335 years after the war began.

==Just a legend?==
Bowley (2001) argues that the letter in Whitelock's Memorials is the probable origin of the 'declaring war' legend: "Tromp had no 'Commission' from his government to declare war on the rebels in Scilly; but he did come to try - by a show of force, threats and even by violence perhaps, although this never happened - to seek reparation for Royalist piracies, but short of resorting to any action which might offend the Commonwealth. ...even if [a war] had occurred in 1651, all matters pertaining would have been resolved in 1654 as a part of the treaty between England and the United Provinces at the end of the 1st Dutch War."

==References==
* Scilly peace ''[[The Times]]'', [[19 April]], [[1986]].
* Bowley, RL (2001) ''Scilly At War'', pp. 37, 38 &amp; 65. Isles of Scilly, UK: Bowley Publications Ltd. ISBN 0-900184-34-5.

==See also==
* [[Arauco War]] [[1536]] - [[1881]].
* [[Anglo-Zanzibar War]]: generally considered the world's shortest war.
* [[Berwick-upon-Tweed]]: a town on the border between [[Scotland]] and [[England]] that was supposedly at war with [[Russia]] and later the [[Soviet Union]] from [[1853]] to [[1966]].

==External links==
* [http://scillynews.severecci.net/?p=11138 ''ScillyNews'' article]

[[Category:English Civil War]]

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  <page>
    <title>Total war</title>
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      <text bytes="388" sha1="sl6n022aeiouorj0hujbk6hvhhixreo" xml:space="preserve">{{war}}
'''Total war''' refers to the practice of completely destroying the ability of an enemy country to wage war, as opposed to merely destroying the enemies military forces.  In total war, actions against civilians and civilian buildings are not prohibited, and actions that make life very difficult for the populace, such as blockades, or acceptable.
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  <page>
    <title>Treaty of the Dardanelles</title>
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      <text bytes="1102" sha1="o70y192o5el4z9fv5agp7e7adpclcpo" xml:space="preserve">The '''Treaty of the Dardanelles''' (also known as the '''Dardanelles Treaty of Peace, Commerce, and Secret Alliance''', the '''Treaty of Çanak''', or the '''Treaty of Chanak''') was concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the United Kingdom on January 5, [[1809]] at Çanak, Turkey.

The treaty ended the [[Anglo-Turkish War]]. The Porte restored extensive British commercial and legal privileges in the empire. The United Kingdom promised to protect the integrity of the Ottoman Empire against the French threat, both with its own fleet and through [[weapon]]s supplies to Istanbul.

The treaty affirmed the principle that no [[warships]] of any power, including the [[Royal Navy]] of Britain, should enter the Straits of the Dardanelles and the Bosporus. The treaty anticipated the London Straits Convention of 1841, by which the other major powers committed themselves to this same principle.

==External links==

* http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9019923
* http://www.law.emory.edu/EILR/volumes/spring96/scharfen.html
* http://www.bartleby.com/67/811.html


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      <timestamp>2008-01-03T14:18:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <text bytes="30772" sha1="sqtb9ify3fj6z0la9625qpmbp87bfpf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Military Unit
|unit_name=United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)
|image=[[Image:Us army air corps shield.png|200px]]
|caption=USAAF Shoulder Sleeve Insignia
|dates=[[1941]]-06-20 to [[1947]]-09-17
|country=
|allegiance=
|branch=[[United States Army]]
|type=
|role=
|size=
|command_structure=
|current_commander=
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|notable_commanders=Gen. [[Henry H. Arnold]], 1941-46&lt;br /&gt;Gen. [[Carl Spaatz]], 1946-47
|anniversaries=
}}

The '''United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)''' was the aviation component of the [[United States Army]] primarily during [[World War II]].  The title of Army Air Forces succeeded the prior name of [[United States Army Air Corps|Army Air Corps]] in June 1941 during preparation for expected combat in what came to be known as World War II. Although countries such as ally Great Britain had a separate Air Force, the Army Air Forces were part of the US Army and a direct precursor to the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]]. The USAAF formally existed between 1941 and 1947 as an autonomous part of the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]], co-equal to the [[Army Ground Forces]] and [[Army Service Forces]].

==History==
===Lineage of the United States Air Force=== 
* [[Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps]] [[wikipedia:1 August|1 August]] 1907 - [[wikipedia:18 July|18 July]] 1914 
* [[Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps]] [[wikipedia:18 July|18 July]] 1914 - [[wikipedia:20 May|20 May]] 1918 
* [[Division of Military Aeronautics]] [[wikipedia:20 May|20 May]] 1918 - [[wikipedia:24 May|24 May]] 1918 
* [[United States Army Air Service|U.S. Army Air Service]] [[wikipedia:24 May|24 May]] 1918 - [[wikipedia:2 July|2 July]] 1926 
* [[United States Army Air Corps|U.S. Army Air Corps]] [[wikipedia:2 July|2 July]] 1926 - [[wikipedia:20 June|20 June]] 1941** 
* '''U.S. Army Air Forces''' [[wikipedia:20 June|20 June]] 1941 - [[wikipedia:18 September|18 September]] 1947** 
* [[United States Air Force]] [[wikipedia:18 September|18 September]] 1947 - Present

* ** The '''Air Corps''' became a subordinate element of the '''Army Air Forces''' on [[20 June]] 1941, and it continued to exist as a combat arm of the Army (similar to Infantry) until disestablished by Congress with the creation of the U.S. Air Force in 1947.

===Origins of the air arm===

The USAAF had its roots in a turn-of-the century effort at technology assessment of the progress of aviation. The issuance of a patent to the [[wikipedia:Wright Brothers|Wright Brothers]] in 1906, and the interest of President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] brought about the creation on [[wikipedia:August 1|August 1]], [[1907]], of the [[Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps|Aeronautical Division of the Signal Corps]], headed by Captain [[Charles deForest Chandler]], established to develop all forms of flying. In 1908, the corps ordered a [[dirigible]] balloon and contracted with the Wrights for an airplane. Despite a crash that destroyed the first model, the Wright plane was delivered in 1909. The inventors then began to teach a few enthusiastic young officers to fly.

The progress of U.S. military aviation was slow in its early years. Congress voted the first appropriation for military aviation in 1911 and expanded the service into an [[Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps|Aviation Section]] in 1914.  A provisional squadron was formed to support the [[Punitive Expedition]] under General [[John J. Pershing]] on the Mexican border in 1916 but failed, largely because of poor equipment unsuited to the harsh expeditionary conditions and bad maintenance. 

The importance of military aviation was established with its role in Europe during [[World War I]]. At the time of America's declaration of war against Germany on [[wikipedia:April 6|April 6]], [[1917]], the Aviation Section was marginal at best. France asked the United States to provide an air force of 4,500 airplanes and 50,000 men, and with more enthusiasm than wisdom, [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[Newton D. Baker]] asked for and received $640 million from Congress for aviation. The result was chaos. By May of 1918, it was clear that the Signal Corps was overtasked in the aviation mission. The War Department then set up a [[United States Army Air Service|Air Service]] consisting at first of two agencies reporting directly to the Secretary of War: one under a civilian, to deal with the manufacturers, and one under a military officer, to train and organize units. In August President [[Woodrow Wilson]] appointed [[John D. Ryan]], Second Assistant Secretary of War, to consolidate the whole under the aegis of the Air Service.

As a result of the important role air power had played in the war, a movement developed during the 1920s and 1930s to create an independent air force. The model for this was the [[Royal Air Force]] in Great Britain, which early in 1918 had combined its Army and Navy air arms into the RAF. However the U.S. Army's leaders viewed the airplane primarily as merely a weapon for supporting infantry, and gave the Air Service a branch status comparable to that of the field artillery, responsible for procuring equipment and training units. Local ground forces commanders, none of them aviators, directed the aviation units. A series of boards and commissions studied and restudied the question of air organization, with no result other than approval of the name change to the [[U.S. Army Air Corps]] in mid-1926.

The Air Corps Act of 1926 changed the name of the Air Service to the Air Corps, "thereby strengthening the conception of military aviation as an offensive, striking arm rather than an auxiliary service," and created an additional Assistant Secretary of War to help foster military aeronautics. Other provisions required that all flying units be commanded by rated personnel and that flight pay be continued, but the position of the air arm within the Department of War remained essentially the same as before. Perhaps the most promising aspect of the act for the Air Corps was the authorization to carry out a five-year expansion program, though inadequate funding limited growth to organizational changes and aircraft development.

The formulation of theories of strategic bombing (long-range bombardment intended to destroy an enemy nation's war-making potential) at the Air Corps Tactical School gave new impetus to arguments for an independent air force. Despite what it perceived as obstruction from the Army [[General Staff]], much of which was attributable to a shortage of funds, the Air Corps made great strides during the 1930s. A doctrine emerged that stressed precision bombing of industrial targets by heavily armed long-range aircraft, and the Air Corps was given the mission of coastal defense. 

The next major step toward a separate air force occurred in March 1935 with centralization of all combat air units within the United States into a single command called General Headquarters Air Force. GHQ Air Force took control of aviation operations away from corps area commanders, which had controlled them since 1920, and organized them administratively into four geographical districts headquartered in Los Angeles, Seattle, New York, and Tampa, and created a strike force of three wings. 

GHQ Air Force was small in comparison to European air forces. Lines of authority were difficult as GHQ Air Force controlled only its combat units, with the Air Corps still responsible for all support functions, and the corps area commanders still in charge of all airfields and the support personnel manning them. The commanders of GHQ Air Force and the Air Corps, Major generals [[Frank Andrews]] and [[Oscar Westover]], clashed philosophically over the direction in which the air arm was heading, adding to the difficulties.

===Creation and expansion of the Army Air Forces===
The likelihood of U.S. participation in World War II prompted the most radical reorganization of the aviation branch in its history, developing a structure that gave it total autonomy by March 1942. On [[wikipedia:June 20|June 20]], [[1941]], under a revision by the [[War Department]] of Army Regulation 95-5, Major General [[Henry H. Arnold]], then Chief of the Air Corps, assumed the title of Chief of '''Army Air Forces''', creating an echelon of command over all military aviation components. The AAF was directly under the orders of the Chief of Staff of the Army, General [[George C. Marshall]]. 

Arnold and Marshall agreed that the AAF would enjoy autonomy within the War Department until the end of the war, while its commanders would cease lobbying for independence. Marshall, a strong proponent of airpower, left understood that the Air Force would likely achieve its independence after the war. Soon after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on [[wikipedia:December 7|December 7]], [[1941]], in recognition of importance of the role of the Army Air Forces, Arnold was given a seat on the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], the planning staff that served as the focal point of American strategic planning during the war, so that the United States would have an air representative in staff talks with their British counterparts on the [[Combined Chiefs of Staff|Combined Chiefs]], and in effect gained equality with Marshall. 

GHQ Air Force was replaced by the Air Force Combat Command, and its four geographical districts were converted in January 1941 into numbered air forces, with a subordinate organization of 54 groups. Organizationally, the Army Air Forces was created as a higher command echelon encompassing both Air Force Combat Command and the Army Air Corps, thus bringing all of the air arm under a centralized command for the first time. Yet these reforms were only temporary, lasting just nine months as the air arm streamlined in preparation for war, with a goal of centralized planning and decentralized execution of operations.

Executive Order 9082 [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16227] changed Arnold's title  to "Commanding General, Army Air Forces" on [[wikipedia:March 9|March 9]], [[1942]], making him co-equal with the commanding generals of the new [[Army Ground Forces]] and [[Services of Supply]], the other two parts of the [[Army of the United States]]. War Department Circular No. 59 reorganized the Army Air Forces, disbanding the Combat Command (formerly GHQAF) and changing the Air Corps to a non-organizational combat arm, eliminating their layer of command. Replacing them were eleven numbered air forces (later raised to sixteen) and six major commands (which became eight in January 1943: Flying Training, Technical Training, Troop Carrier, Air Transport, Materiel, Air Service, Proving Ground, and Anti-Submarine Commands). In July 1943 Flying Training and Technical Training Commands merged into a single Training Command.

As a result of its exponential growth during World War II, the Army Air Forces became the world's largest and most powerful air force. The expansion from the Air Corps of 1939, with 20,000 men and 2,320 planes (a limit set in 1934), to the autonomous AAF of 1944, with almost 2.4 million personnel and 80,000 aircraft, was a remarkable feat. [[Robert A. Lovett]], the Assistant Secretary of War for Air, together with Arnold, presided over an increase of personnel and equipment greater than for either the ground Army or the Navy, while at the same time dispatching combat air forces to theaters of war all over the globe.


:::::'''Growth of the US Army Air Forces in World War II, aircraft'''
{| class="wikitable"
! !! !! !! !! !! !!
|-style="background: khaki"
| '''Type of aircraft'''||align=center|'''Dec 31, 1941''' ||align=center|'''Dec 31, 1942''' ||align=center|'''Dec 31, 1943''' ||align=center|'''Dec 31, 1944''' ||align=center|'''Aug 31, 1945'''||align=center|'''Date of maximum size'''
|-
| '''Grand total''' ||align=center|12,297 || align=center|33,304||align=center|64,232||align=center|72,726||align=center|63,715||July 1944 (79,908) 
|-style="background: #eeeeee;"
| '''Combat aircraft'''||align=center|4,477||align=center|11,607||align=center|27,448||align=center|41,961||align=center|41,163||May 1945 (43,248) 
|-
|Very heavy bombers||align=center|-||align=center|3||align=center|91||align=center|977||align=center|2,865||August 1945 (2,865) 
|-
|Heavy bombers||align=center|288||align=center|2,076||align=center|8,027||align=center|12,813||align=center|11,065||April 1945 (12,919) 
|-
|Medium bombers||align=center|745||align=center|2,556||align=center|4,370||align=center|6,189||align=center|5,384||October 1944 (6,262) 
|-
|Light bombers||align=center|799||align=center|1,201||align=center|2,371||align=center|2,980||align=center|3,079||September 1944 (3,338) 
|-
|Fighters||align=center|2,170||align=center|5,303||align=center|11,875||align=center|17,198||align=center|16,799||May 1945 (17,725) 
|-
|Reconnaissance||align=center|475||align=center|468||align=center|714||align=center|1,804||align=center|1,971||May 1945 (2,009) 
|-style="background: #eeeeee;"
|'''Support aircraft'''||align=center|7,820||align=center|21,697||align=center|36,784||align=center|30,765||align=center|22,552||July 1944 (41,667)
|-
|Transports||align=center|254||align=center|1,857||align=center|6,466||align=center|10,456||align=center|9,561||December 1944 (10,456) 
|-
|Trainers||align=center|7,340||align=center|17,044||align=center|26,051||align=center|17,060||align=center|9,558||May 1944 (27,923)
|-
|Communications||align=center|226||align=center|2,796||align=center|4,267||align=center|3,249||align=center|3,433||December 1943 (4,267)
|}
&lt;small&gt;SOURCE: Army Air Forces Statistical Digest (World War II), Table 84&lt;/small&gt;

::::'''Growth of the US Army Air Forces in World War II, Personnel'''
{| class="wikitable"
! !! !! !! !! !! !!
|-style="background: khaki"
| align=center|'''Date'''||align=center|'''Total USAAF''' ||align=center|'''Tot Officers''' ||align=center|'''Tot Enlisted''' ||align=center|'''# overseas''' ||align=center|'''Officers o/s'''||align=center|'''Enlisted o/s'''
|-
| July 31, 1939 ||align=center|24,724|| align=center|2,636||align=center|22,088||align=center|3,991||align=center|272||align=center|3,719
|-style="background: #eeeeee;"
| December 31, 1939||align=center|43,118||align=center|3,006||align=center|40,112||align=center|7,007||align=center|351||align=center|6,656
|-
|December 31, 1940||align=center|101,227||align=center|6,437||align=center|94,790||align=center|16,070||align=center|612||align=center|15,458
|-style="background: #eeeeee;"
|December 31, 1941||align=center|354,161||align=center|24,521||align=center|329,640||align=center|25,884||align=center|2,479||align=center|23,405
|-
|December 31, 1942||align=center|1,597,049||align=center|127,267||align=center|1,469,782||align=center|242,021||align=center|26,792||align=center|215,229
|-style="background: #eeeeee;"
|December 31, 1943||align=center|2,373,882||align=center|274,347||align=center|2,099,535||align=center|735,666||align=center|81,072||align=center|654,594
|-
|'''Peak size''' (March 1944)||align=center|'''2,411,294'''||align=center|306,889||align=center|2,104,405||align=center|906,335||align=center|104,864||align=center|801,471
|-style="background: #eeeeee;"
|December 31, 1944||align=center|2,359,456||align=center|375,973||align=center|1,983,483||align=center|1,164,136||align=center|153,545||align=center|1,010,591
|-
|'''Peak overseas''' (Apr 1945)||align=center|2,329,534||align=center|388,278||align=center|1,941,256||align=center|'''1,224,006'''||align=center|163,886||align=center|1,060,120
|-style="background: #eeeeee;"
|August 31, 1945||align=center|2,253,182||align=center|368,344||align=center|1,884,838||align=center|999,609||align=center|122,833||align=center|876,776
|}
&lt;small&gt;SOURCE: Army Air Forces Statistical Digest (World War II), Table 4&lt;/small&gt;

===War strategy===

As Arnold's staff saw it, the first priority in the war was to launch a strategic bombing offensive in support of the RAF against Germany. The [[Eighth Air Force]], sent to England in 1942, took on that job. After a slow and often costly effort to bring the necessary strength to bear, joined in 1944 by the [[Fifteenth Air Force]] stationed in Italy, strategic bombing finally began to get results, and by the end of the war, the German economy had been dispersed and pounded to rubble. 

Tactical air forces supported the ground forces in the Mediterranean and European theaters, where the enemy found Allied air supremacy a constant frustration. In the war against [[Japan]], General [[Douglas MacArthur]] made his advance along [[New Guinea]] by leap-frogging his air forces forward and using [[amphibious]] forces to open up new bases. The AAF also supported Admiral [[Chester Nimitz]]'s [[aircraft carrier]]s in their island-hopping across the [[Central Pacific]] and assisted Allied forces in [[Burma]] and [[China]]. 

Arnold directly controlled the [[Twentieth Air Force]], equipped with the new long-range [[B-29 Superfortress]]es used for bombing Japan's [[Home Islands|home islands]], first from [[China]] and then from the [[Marianas]]. Devastated by fire-raids, Japan was so weakened by August of 1945 that Arnold believed neither the [[atomic bomb]] nor the planned [[Operation Downfall|invasion]] would be necessary to win the war. The fact that AAF B-29s dropped the atomic bombs on [[Hiroshima and Nagasaki]], nevertheless, demonstrated what air power could do in the future. The [[Strategic Bombing Survey]] provided ammunition for the leaders of the AAF in the postwar debates over armed forces unification and national strategy.

*Source: [https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/PopTopics/Evolution.htm U.S. Air Force Historical Studies Office]

''Main Article: [[United States aircraft production during World War II]]''

====The sixteen air forces====
[[Image:USAAF2.jpg|80x|thumb|USAAF recruitment poster.]]
By the end of World War II, the USAAF had created sixteen numbered air forces (''First'' through ''Fifteenth'' and ''Twentieth'') distributed world-wide to prosecute the war and defend the Americas, plus a ''Zone of the Interior'' general air force within the continental United States to support the whole. An additional eight air divisions served as an additional layer of command for the vast organization, capable of acting independently if the need arose. Several of these air forces and divisions grew out of earlier commands—for example, the ''Eighth Air Force'' was originally ''VIII Bomber Command'', then later had its designation again assigned to the command when that organization was discontinued——as the service expanded in size and organization, with multiple lower tiers added and higher echelons such as [[United States Strategic Air Forces]] (USSTAF) in Europe and [[U.S. Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific]] became necessary to control the whole. 

Several air forces were created ''de novo'' as the service expanded during the war. Inclusive within the air forces and divisions were a total of 91 administrative command headquarters called wings, denoted as ''bombardment'', ''fighter'' ''reconnaissance'', ''training'' or ''composite'' as defined by their functional role. Larger support organizations, such as ''Air Transport Command'' (successor to the pre-war ''Air Corps Ferrying Command'') remained under the control of Headquarters Army Air Forces, while their operational organizations (wings, groups, and squadrons) were assigned to the numbered air forces.

In August 1945, the ''U.S. Strategic Air Forces'' became the [[United States Air Forces in Europe]] (USAFE). In [[1947]], USAFE became a component of the newly-created [[United States Air Force]]. From 1948–49, the unit was responsible for the [[Berlin Airlift]].
[[Image:USAAF.jpg|80x|thumb|USAAF recruitment poster.]]

While officially the air arm had become the ''Army Air Forces'', colloquially the term ''Air Corps'' persisted among the public as well as veteran airmen, whose branch remained the Air Corps; in addition, the singular "Air Force" often crept into popular use, reflected by usage of the term "Air Force Combat Command" in 1941-42. This misnomer crept onto official recruiting posters (see image on right) and was important in promoting the idea of an "Air Force" as an independent service.

====List of numbered air forces====
*[[First Air Force]]
*[[Second Air Force]]
*[[Third Air Force]]
*[[Fourth Air Force]]
*[[Fifth Air Force]]
*[[Sixth Air Force]]
*[[Seventh Air Force]]
*[[Eighth Air Force]]
*[[Ninth Air Force]]
*[[Tenth Air Force]]
*[[Eleventh Air Force]]
*[[Twelfth Air Force]]
*[[Thirteenth Air Force]]
*[[Fourteenth Air Force]]
*[[Fifteenth Air Force]]
*[[Twentieth Air Force]]

===Air Force independence===
Following the immense buildup in aviation infrastructure and personnel during the war, and in recognition of the tremendous new importance and strength of airpower, then [[President of the United States|President]] [[Harry S. Truman]] created the [[United States Department of the Air Force]] in [[1947]]. This legislation renamed the aviation military group again to the United States Air Force, elevating it to a truly separate branch of the U.S. military. The [[Key West Agreement]] outlined the air assets that each service would be permitted to maintain, with the Air Force getting the bulk of strategic, tactical and transport aircraft. The Army was permitted light aircraft for reconnaissance, the transport of general officers and other miscellaneous duties, under the auspices of [[Army Aviation]]. This state-of-affairs lasted until the 1960's, when the advent of the jet-turbine helicopter and the concept of air-mobile brigades increased the size and scope of Army Aviation once again.

==People who served in the United States Army Air Forces==
Many persons on this list also served in the [[United States Air Force]] after it became an independent service on [[wikipedia:September 18|September 18]], [[1947]].

* [[Carl Albert]], [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] from [[Oklahoma]] and [[Speaker of the House]] from [[1971]] to [[1977]]
* [[Henry H. Arnold]], commanding general of the USAAF, and the only general officer to hold two 5-star ranks, [[General of the Army]] and [[General of the Air Force]]
* [[Sy Bartlett]], Hollywood screenwriter and producer, co-author of ''[[Twelve O'Clock High]]''
* [[Lloyd Bentsen]], [[U.S. Senator]], Democratic Vice Presidential candidate in 1988, and [[United States Secretary of the Treasury |Secretary of the Treasury]]
* [[Charles Bronson]], Hollywood actor
* [[Merian C. Cooper]], adventurer and Hollywood film producer
* [[Clyde Cowan]], discovered existence of the [[neutrino]]
* [[James Gould Cozzens]], Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist 
* [[Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.]], the first African-American general in the USAF and commander of the 332nd Fighter Group.
* [[Tennessee Ernie Ford]], television comedian and recording artist
* [[Nathan Bedford Forrest III]], great-grandson of [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] general [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]].
* [[Clark Gable]], [[List of male movie actors|film actor]]
* [[Barry Goldwater]], [[U.S. Senator]], Republican [[Presidential Candidate]] in 1964
* [[William Wister Haines]], author, screenwriter, and playwright
* [[Charlton Heston]], film actor and President of the [[National Rifle Association]].
* [[Arthur Harvey]], oil pioneer, author, World War I veteran.
* [[Don Herbert]], television personality as "Mr. Wizard"
* [[Irv Homer]], Radio talk personality
* [[Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney]], sportsman and financier
* [[John Hay Whitney]], newpaper publisher and [[U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom|Ambassador to Great Britain]]
* [[John Hope (meteorologist)|John Hope]], television [[meteorologist]] and [[hurricane]] forecaster
* [[Bobby Jones (golfer)|Bobby Jones]], champion amateur golfer, attorney, and founder of [[Augusta National]]
* [[DeForest Kelley]], actor
* [[Beirne Lay, Jr.]], Hollywood screenwriter, co-author of ''[[Twelve O'Clock High]]'' 
* [[Norman Lear]], Television and motion picture producer
* [[Curtis LeMay]], USAAF and USAF General, commander Strategic Air Command, Vice Presidential candidate
* [[Walter Matthau]], actor
* [[George McGovern]], [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] and [[U.S. presidential election, 1972|1972 Democratic Presidential candidate]]
* [[Glenn Miller]], popular musician and director of the Band of the USAAF Training Command
* [[Walter M. Miller, Jr.]], [[List of science fiction authors|science fiction author]]
* [[Richard Murphy (screenwriter)|Richard Murphy]], [[Hollywood]] [[screenwriter]]
* [[Ronald Reagan]], 40th President of the United States
* [[William Rehnquist]], jurist and former [[Chief Justice of the United States]]
* [[Gene Roddenberry]]. American television producer, ''[[Star Trek]]'' creator
* [[Carl Spaatz]], commanding general of the USAAF and later first Chief of Staff of the Air Force 
* [[Deke Slayton|Donald K. "Deke" Slayton]], [[Mercury Seven]] [[astronaut]] (flew B-24 bombers in WWII, became a test pilot in USAF before astronaut selection in 1959)
* [[Aaron Spelling]], film and [[television producer]]
* [[James Stewart (actor)|Jimmy Stewart]], film actor - Bomber Pilot in 8th Air Force, USAF general after the war
* [[Paul Tibbets]], pilot whose B-29 dropped the first atomic bomb
* [[Joseph A. Walker]], military [[test pilot]]
* [[Harris Wofford]], U.S. Senator from [[Pennsylvania]]
* [[Kenneth N. Walker]] Brig. Gen., [[Medal of Honor]] recipient, airpower visionary, co-author of the Air War Plan (AWPD-I)
* [[George Wallace]], Governor of Alabama and Presidential Candidate
* [[Jack L. Warner]], Hollywood film executive
* [[Coleman Young]], Mayor of Detroit, 1974-1994.
* [[Chuck Yeager]], military test pilot and USAF general officer
* [[Esther Blake]], first female member of the [[United States Air Force]]

==Badges of the United States Army Air Forces==
To denote the special training and qualifications required for membership in the USAAF, the following [[Military badges of the United States|military badges]] (known colloquially but ubiquitously throughout the service as "wings") were authorized for wear by members of the Army Air Forces during [[World War II]]:
*[[Aircrew Badge (United States)|Aircrew Badge]]
*[[Observer Badge|Aircraft Observer Badge]]
*[[Auxiliary Pilot Badge]]
*[[United States Aviator Badge|Aviator Badge]]
*[[Observer Badge|Balloon Observer Badge]]
*[[Balloon Pilot Badge]]
*[[Bombardier Badge]]
*[[United States Aviator Badge|Command Pilot Badge]]
*[[Flight Engineer Badge]]
*[[Flight Instructor Badge]]
*[[Flight Nurse Badge]]
*[[Flight Surgeon Badge (United States)|Flight Surgeon Badge]]
*[[Auxiliary Pilot Badge|Glider Pilot Badge]]
*[[Gunner Badge]]
*[[Auxiliary Pilot Badge|Liaison Pilot Badge]]
*[[Navigator Badge]]
*[[Observer Badge]]
*[[United States Aviator Badge|Pilot Badge]]
*[[Balloon Pilot Badge|Senior Balloon Pilot Badge]]
*[[United States Aviator Badge|Senior Pilot Badge]]
*[[Auxiliary Pilot Badge|Service Pilot Badge]]
*[[Observer Badge|Technical Observer Badge]]
*[[Army Air Forces Technician Badge|Technician Badge]]
*[[Women Airforce Service Pilots Badge|Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) Badge]]

These aviation qualification badges were typically worn in full three-inch size on service or dress uniforms, but two-inch versions were also authorized for less-formal shirt wear. Most aviation badges were made of sterling silver or were given a silver finish, and various devices were used to attach them to uniforms. These included the traditional pin and safety catch and, later, clutch-back fasteners. Most USAAF badges of World War II are now obsolete, having been superseded by later designs, and further information on them can be found under [[Obsolete badges of the United States military]].

==External links==
*[http://www.af.mil/history/overview.asp Air Force History Overview]
*[https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/PopTopics/chron/contents.htm U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronology 1941 - 1945]
*[http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Air_Power/Air_Force/AP33.htm Air Power:The United States Air Force]
*[http://afhra.maxwell.af.mil/rso/guide_usaf_lineage_honors.html A Guide to United States Air Force Lineage and Honors]
*[https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/PopTopics/AAFaircraft.htm Army Air Forces Aircraft: A Definitive Moment]
*[http://aafcollection.info/index.html AAFCollection.info] Historical Army Air Forces training manuals and class books

==Sources==
* [http://www.armyairforces.com ArmyAirForces.com] &amp;mdash; private site, comprehensive look at the USAAF. Includes searchable databases, histories, dictionary, and forum.
** [http://www.armyairforces.com/dborganization.asp USAAF air force/division/wing histories] History of all USAAF subdivisions.
** [http://www.armyairforces.com/dbterminology.asp USAAF jargon dictionary] &amp;mdash; contains 526 words and abbreviations.
** [http://www.armyairforces.com/dbunitsearch.asp USAAF unit search] &amp;mdash; searchable database of groups, squadrons, squadron codes, stations, and commanders.
** [http://www.armyairforces.com/dbmacr.asp USAAF missing air crew report search] &amp;mdash; searchable database of missing air crew reports (MACRs) by MACR number, date, serial number, and group. 
*[http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/wwii/csppp/ch09.htm United States Army Center of Military History "Green Book" ''Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations.''  Chap. IX: The Movement Toward Air Autonomy]
* [http://www.usaaf.net USAAF.net] &amp;mdash; "Published accounts of the Army Air Forces in World War II available in the public domain."
* [http://paul.rutgers.edu/~mcgrew/wwii/usaf/html/ USAAF in WWII] &amp;mdash; Combat chronology. Available for ZIP download. 
* Maurer, Maurer. ''[http://libraryautomation.com/nymas/usaaf1.html Air Force Combat Units of World War II]''. 1986.
* [http://www.ww2incolor.com/gallery/movies/thunderbolt2 Allied Fighter Combat Footage] - Watch combat footage from Allied fighters
*[http://www.usaf.net/ USAAF 1941-1945]
*[http://www.nightfighter.info/ Night Fighter by J R Smith]
*[http://www.specialforcesroh.com/browse.php?mode=viewc&amp;catid=27 USAAF roll of honour] - 1944-45
*[http://www.specialforcesroh.com/browse.php?mode=viewc&amp;catid=54 USAAF roll of honour] - Postwar

{{airlistbox}}

[[Category:Military history of the United States 1900-1999|Army Air Forces]]
[[Category:United States Air Force|Army Air Forces]]
[[Category:Defunct World War II USAAF Fields]]

{{succession box 
| before=[[United States Army Air Corps]]
| title=[[United States Army Air Forces]]
| years=1941-1947
| after=[[United States Air Force]]}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>U.S. Atlantic Fleet</title>
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      <text bytes="5735" sha1="6psrpfvw1t0ombpou4uji1k7rb3m3kv" xml:space="preserve">The '''United States Fleet Forces Command''' (USFLTFORCOM) of the [[United States Navy]] is the part of the Navy responsible for operations in around the [[Atlantic Ocean]].  Originally formed as '''United States Atlantic Fleet''' (USLANTFLT) in [[1906]], it has been an integral part of the defense of the United States of America for most of the 20th Century.  In [[2002]], the Fleet comprised over 118,000 sailors and Marines serving in 186 ships and 1,300 aircraft, with an area of responsibility ranging over the Atlantic Ocean from the [[North Pole]] to the [[South Pole]], the [[Caribbean Sea]], [[Gulf of Mexico]], and the waters of the [[Pacific Ocean]] along the coasts of [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]] (as far west as the [[Galapagos Islands]]).  Its operational fleet (i.e. the collection of fighting ships) is the [[2nd Fleet]].

==Roosevelt Administration and the Spanish-American War== 

The Atlantic Fleet was established  by President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] in [[1906]], along with the [[U.S. Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]], as protection for new bases in the [[Caribbean]] acquired as a result of the [[Spanish-American War]]. The Fleet was a combination of the [[North Atlantic Squadron]] and the [[South Atlantic Squadron]].

The first commander of the fleet was [[Rear Admiral]] [[Robley D. Evans]], who hoisted his flag in the [[battleship]] [[USS Maine (BB-10)|''Maine'' (BB-10)]] on [[1 January]] 1906.  The following year, he took his 16 battleships, now dubbed the [[Great White Fleet]], on a round-the-world cruise that lasted until [[1909]], a goodwill tour that also served the purpose of advertising the United States' naval strength and reach to all other nations of the globe.

The Atlantic Fleet was reorganized into the [[Scouting Force]] in [[1923]], which was under the [[United States Fleet]] along with the Pacific Fleet.

==World War II==
In [[1 February]] [[1941]], the Atlantic Fleet was resurrected. Along with the Pacific Fleet and [[Asiatic Fleet]], the fleet was to be under the command of a full Admiral, which jumped the fleet's commander [[Ernest J. King]] from a two-star to a four-star. King's [[flagship]] was the [[USS Texas (BB-35)|''Texas'' (BB-35)]].

Subsequently, the headquarters was in a rather odd assortment of ships; the [[USS Augusta (CA-31)|''Augusta'' (CA-31)]], then the old wooden ship [[USS Constellation (1854)|''Constellation'']], [[USS Vixen (PG-53)|''Vixen'' (PG-53)]], and then [[USS Pocono (AGC-16)|''Pocono'' (AGC-16)]].  In [[1948]], the HQ moved into the former naval hospital at [[Norfolk, Virginia]], and has remained there ever since.

==Cold War==
Between [[1947]] and [[1985]], the fleet command was mixed in with the [[United States Atlantic Command]]. The [[Commander-in-Chief]] Atlantic Fleet (CINCLANTFLT) was traditionally a Navy four-star admiral who also then held the positions of Commander-in-Chief [[US Atlantic Command]] (CINCLANT) and [[NATO]]'s [[Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic]] (SACLANT). But after a major reorganization of the U.S. armed forces structure following the [[Goldwater-Nichols Act]] of 1985, CINCLANFLT was separated from the two other billets. The admiral commanding the Atlantic Fleet for a time being was designated as the Deputy Commander in Chief of the Atlantic Command until 1986.

==Present==

On [[October 1]], [[2001]], the [[Chief of Naval Operations]] designated Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet (CINCLANTFLT) as concurrent Commander, '''U.S. Fleet Forces Command''' (COMUSFLTFORCOM). This turned the command a two-hat command.

On [[October 24]], [[2002]], [[Secretary of Defense]] [[Donald Rumsfeld]] directed that the title of "Commander in Chief" be reserved solely for the [[President of the United States]]. In a message to Naval Commanders in Chief, the Chief of Naval Operations directed a change of title to that of "Commander." Accordingly, the title of Commander in Chief was discontinued and the title of Commander, U.S. Atlantic Fleet (COMLANTFLT) was established. The title of Commander in Chief, U.S. Atlantic Fleet was in continuous use from February 1941 through October 2002.

On [[May 23]], [[2006]], the Chief of Naval Operations renamed COMLANTFLT to Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command (COMUSFLTFORCOM), ordered to carry out the missions currently performed by COMFLTFORCOM and serve as primary advocate for fleet personnel, training, requirements, maintenance, and operational issues, reporting administratively directly to the CNO as an Echelon 2 command.   &lt;ref&gt; http://www.cffc.navy.mil/history.htm &lt;/ref&gt;

The unit's command mission is to organize, man, train, and equip Naval Forces for assignment to Combatant Commanders; Deter, detect, and defend against homeland maritime threats; Articulate Fleet warfighting and readiness requirements to the Chief of Naval Operations. &lt;ref&gt; http://www.cffc.navy.mil/mission.htm &lt;/ref&gt;

==Composition==
*[[United States 2nd Fleet|Second Fleet]]
*Naval Surface Force, Atlantic Fleet
*Naval [[Submarine Force U.S. Atlantic Fleet|Submarine Force, Atlantic Fleet]]
*Naval Air Force, Atlantic Fleet
*Commander, US Atlantic Fleet Maritime Homeland Defence (Coast Guard Atlantic Area)

==Notes==
&lt;references/&gt;

==See also==
* [[List of units of the United States Navy]]

==External links==
* [http://www.cffc.navy.mil Fleet Forces Command]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/navy/lantflt.htm More detail about the Atlantic Fleet and its components]
* [http://www.cffc.navy.mil/history.htm The history section of the U.S. Fleet Forces Command website]

{{wikipedia|United States Fleet Forces Command}}

[[Category: United States Navy]]
[[Category:Fleets]]
[[Category:United States Navy organization|Atlantic Fleet]]</text>
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    <title>USS Arizona (BB-39)</title>
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      <text bytes="15539" sha1="d8em7von3pfjm1f1kmgiacez06c7mcs" xml:space="preserve"> {| {{ship table header 01|}} 
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Image:uss arizona.jpg|300px|USS Arizona (BB-39)]]
|-
! align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy;"| Career
! align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy;"| [[Image:US Naval Jack.png|43px|United States Navy Jack]]
|-
| Ordered:
| [[wikipedia:March 4|March 4]] [[1913]]
|-
| Laid down:
| [[wikipedia:March 16|March 16]] [[1914]]
|-
| Launched:
| [[wikipedia:19 June|19 June]] [[1915]]
|-
| Commissioned:
| [[wikipedia:17 October|17 October]] [[1916]]
|-
| Fate:
| sunk, [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]]
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy;"| General Characteristics
|-
| Displacement:
| 31,400 t
|-
| Length:
| 608 ft (185.3 m)
|-
| Beam:
| 97 ft (29.6 m) waterline, &lt;br/&gt;106 ft (32.3 m) extreme
|-
| Draft:
| 28.8 ft (8.8 m)
|-
| Speed:
| 21 knots (39 km/h)
|-
| Complement:
| 1,081 officers and men
|-
| Armament:
| 12 × 14 inch (356 mm) guns, &lt;br/&gt;22 × 5 inch (127 mm) guns, &lt;br/&gt;4 × 3 inch (76 mm) guns, &lt;br/&gt;2 × 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes
|}
[[Image:Uss arizona bb-39 hudson.jpg|thumb|left|The USS Arizona in tow in the Hudson River. Tug hudson is in the lower left corner.]]
The third '''USS Arizona''' was laid down on 16 March 1914 at the New York Navy Yard; launched on 19 June 1915; sponsored by Miss Esther Ross, daughter of a prominent Arizona pioneer citizen, Mr. W. W. Ross of Prescott, Ariz.; and commissioned at her builder's yard on 17 October 1916, Capt. John D. McDonald in command. 

== World War I ==

Arizona departed New York on 16 November 1916 for shakedown training off the Virginia capes and Newport, proceeding thence to [[wikipedia:Guantanamo Bay, Cuba|Guantanamo Bay, Cuba]]. Returning north to Norfolk on 16 December to test fire her battery and to conduct [[torpedo]]-defense exercises in Tangier Sound. The battleship returned to her builders yard the day before [[wikipedia:Christmas|Christmas]] of 1916 for post-shakedown overhaul. Completing these repairs and alterations on 3 April 1917, she cleared the yard on that date for Norfolk, arriving there on the following day to join Battleship Division 8. 

Within days, the United States forsook its tenuous [[wikipedia:Neutral|neutrality]] in the global conflict then raging and entered [[World War I]]. The new battleship operated out of Norfolk throughout the war, serving as a gunnery training ship and patrolling the waters of the eastern seaboard from the Virginia Capes to New York. An oil- burner, she had not been deployed to European waters owning to a scarcity of fuel oil in the British Isles-the base of other American [[battleship]]s sent to aid the [[wikipedia:Grand Fleet|Grand Fleet]]. 

== Inter-war years ==

A week after the [[wikipedia:armistice|armistice]] of 11 November 1918 stilled the guns on the western front, Arizona stood out of Hampton Roads for Portland, England, and reached her destination on 30 November 1918, putting to sea with her division on 12 December to rendezvous with the transport George Washington, the ship carrying President Woodrow Wilson to the [[Paris Peace Conference]]. Arizona, one of the newest and most powerful American [[wikipedia:dreadnought|dreadnought]]s, served as part of the honor escort convoying the American [[wikipedia:President|President]] to Brest, France, on 13 December 1918. 

Embarking 238 homeward-bound veterans in the precursor of a "[[wikipedia:Magic Carpet|Magic Carpet]]" operation of a later war, Arizona sailed from Brest for New York on 14 December, and arrived off Ambrose Light on the afternoon of Christmas Day, 1918. The next day, she passed in review before [[Secretary of the Navy]] [[wikipedia:Josephus Daniels|Josephus Daniels]], who was embarked in the yacht Mayflower off the [[wikipedia:Statue of Liberty|Statue of Liberty]], before entering New York Harbor in a great homecoming celebration. The battleship then sailed for Hampton Roads on 22 January 1919, returning to her base at Norfolk on the following day. Arizona sailed for Guantanamo Bay with the Fleet on 4 February 1919, and arrived on the 8th. After engaging in battle practices and maneuvers there, the battleship sailed for Trinidad on 17 March, arriving there five days later or a three-day port visit. She then returned to Guantanamo Bay on 29 March or a brief period, sailing for Hampton Roads on 9 April. Arriving at her destination on the morning of the 12th, she got underway late that afternoon for Brest, France, ultimately making arrival there on 21 April 1919. 

The battleship stood out of Brest harbor on 3 May, bound for Asia Minor, and arrived at the port of Smyrna eight days later to protect American lives there during the Greek occupation of that port-an occupation resisted by gunfire from Turkish nationals. Arizona provided temporary shelter on board for a party of Greek nationals, while the battleship's marine detachment guarded the American consulate; a number of American citizens also remained on board Arizona until conditions permitted them to return ashore. Departing Smyrna on 9 June for Constantinople, Turkey, the battleship carried the United States consul-at-large, Leland E. Morris, to that port before sailing for New York on 15 June. Proceeding via Gibraltar, Arizona reached her destination on 30 June. 

Entering the New York Navy Yard for upkeep soon thereafter, the battleship cleared that port on 6 January 1920 to join Battleship Division 7 for winter and spring maneuvers in the Caribbean. She operated out of Guantanamo Bay during this period, and also visited Bridgetown, Barbados, in the British West Indies, and Colon, in the Canal Zone, before she sailed north for New York, arriving there on 1 May 1920. Departing New York on 17 May, Arizona operated on the Southern Drill Grounds, and t hen visited Norfolk and Annapolis, before returning to New York on 25 June. Over the next six months, the ship operated locally out of New York. During this time she was given the alphanumeric hull designation, BB-39, on 17 July 1920, and, on 23 Augus t, she became flag ship for Commander Battleship Division 7, Rear Admiral Edward V. Eberle. Sailing from New York on 4 January 1921, Arizona joined the feet as it sailed for Guantanamo Bay and the Panama Canal Zone. Arriving at Colon, on the At lantic side of the isthmian waterway, on 19 January, Arizona transited the [[wikipedia:Panama Canal|Panama Canal]] for the first time on that day, arriving at Panama Bay on the 20th. Underway for Callao, Peru, on the 22d, the fleet arrived there nine days later, on the 3 1st, for a six-day visit. While she was there Arizona was visited by the President of Peru. Under way for Balboa on 5 February 1921, Arizona arrived at he destination on the 14th; transiting the canal again the day after Washington's Birthday, the battleship reached Guantanamo Bay on the 6th. She operated thence until 24 April 1921, when she sailed for New York, steaming via Hampton Roads. 

Arizona reached New York on 29 April, and remained under overhaul there until 15 June. She steamed thence for Hampton Roads on the latter date, and on the 21st steamed off Cape Charles with Army and Navy observers to witness the experimental bombings of the ex-German submarine U-117. Proceeding thence back to New York, the battleship there broke the flag of Vice Admiral John D. McDonald (who, as a captain, had been Arizona's first commanding officer) on 1 July and sailed for Panama an d Peru on 9 July. She arrived at the port of Callao on 22 July as flagship for the [[Battle Force]], [[Atlantic Fleet]], to observe the celebrations accompanying the centennial year of Peruvian independence. On 27 July, Vice Admiral McDonald went ashore and represented the United States at the unveiling of a monument commemorating the accomplishments of San Martin, who had liberated Peru from the Spanish yoke a century before. 

Sailing for Panama Bay on 9 August, Arizona became flagship for Battleship Division 7 when Vice Admiral McDonald transferred his flag to Wyoming (BB-33) and Rear Admiral Josiah S. McKean broke his flag on board as commander of the division on 10 August at Balboa. The following day, the battleship sailed for San Diego arriving there on 21 August 1921. 

Over the next 14 years, Arizona alternately served as flagship for Battleship Divisions 2, 9 or 4. Based at San Pedro, during this period, Arizona operated with the fleet in the operating areas off the coast of southern California or in t he Caribbean during fleet concentrations there. She participated in a succession of fleet problems (the annual maneuvers of the fleet that served as the culmination of the training year), ranging from the Caribbean to the waters off the west coast of central America and the Canal Zone; from the West Indies to the waters between Hawaii and the west coast. 

Following her participation in [[wikipedia:Fleet Problem IX|Fleet Problem IX]] (January 1929), Arizona transited the Panama Canal on 7 February for Guantanamo Bay, whence she operated through April. She then proceeded to Norfolk Navy Yard, entering it on 4 May 1929 to prepare for modernization. 

Placed in reduced commission on 15 July 1929, Arizona remained in yard hands for the next 20 months; tripod masts, surmounted by three-tiered fire control tops, replaced the old cage masts; 5-inch, 25-caliber antiaircraft guns replaced the 3-inc h, 50s with which she had been equipped. She also received additional armor to protect her vitals from the fall of shot and blisters to protect her from torpedo or near-miss damage from bombs. In addition, she received new boilers as well as new main and cruising turbines. Ultimately, she was placed in full commission on 1 March 1931. 

A little over two weeks later, on 19 March 1931, President Herbert C. Hoover embarked on board the recently modernized battleship, and sailed for Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, standing out to sea from Hampton Roads that day. Returning on 29 March, Arizona disembarked the Chief Executive and his party at Hampton Roads, and then proceeded north to Rockland, Maine, to run her post-modernization standardization trials. After a visit to Boston, the battleship dropped down to Norfolk, whence she sailed for San Pedro on 1 August 1931, assigned to Battleship Division 3, Battle Force. 

Over the next decade, Arizona continued to operate with the Battle Fleet, and took part in the succession of fleet problems that took the fleet from the waters of the northern Pacific and Alaska to those surrounding the West Indies, and into the waters east of the lesser Antilles. 

On 17 September 1938, Arizona became the flagship for Battleship Division 1, when Rear Admiral [[Chester W. Nimitz]] (later to become [[Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet]]) broke his flag on board. Detached 27 May 1939 to become Chief of the Bureau of Navigation, Nimitz was relieved on that day by Rear Admiral Russell Willson. 

Arizona's last fleet problem was [[wikipedia:Fleet Problem XXI|XXI]]. At its conclusion, the United States Fleet was retained in Hawaiian waters, based at [[Pearl Harbor]]. She operated in the Hawaiian Operating Area until late that summer, when she returned to Long Beach on 30 September 1940. She was then overhauled at the Puget Sound Navy Yard, Bremerton Wash., into the following year. Her last flag change-of-command occurred on 23 January 1941, when Rear Admiral Wilson was relieved as Commander, Battleship Division 1 by Rear Admiral [[wikipedia:Isaac C. Kidd|Isaac C. Kidd]]. 

The battleship returned to Pearl Harbor on 3 February 1941 to resume the intensive training maintained by the [[Pacific Fleet]]. She made one last visit to the West coast, clearing "Pearl" on 11 June 1941 for Long Beach, ultimately returning to her Hawaiian base on 8 July. Over the next five months, she continued exercises and battle problems of various kinds on type training and tactical exercises in the Hawaiian operating area. She underwent a brief overhaul at the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard commenc ing on 27 October 1941, receiving the foundation for a search radar atop her foremast. She conducted her last training in company with her division mates [[USS Nevada (BB-36)|Nevada (BB-36)]] and [[USS Oklahoma (BB-37)|Oklahoma (BB-37)]], conducting a night firing exercise on the night of 4 December 1941. All three ships moored at quays ("keys") along Ford Island on the 5th. 

Scheduled to receive tender availability, Arizona took the repair ship [[Vestal (AR-4)]] along side on Saturday, the 6th. The two ships were thus moored together on the morning of 7 December; among the men on board Arizona that morning were Rear Admiral Kidd and the battleship's captain, Capt. Franklin van Valkenburgh. 

== Pearl Harbor attack ==
&lt;small&gt; See the main article at [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] &lt;/small&gt;

Shortly before 0800, Japanese aircraft from six [[aircraft carriers|fleet carriers]] struck the Pacific Fleet as it lay in port at Pearl Harbor, and in the ensuing two attack waves, wrought devastation on the Battle Line and on air and military facilities defending Pearl Harbor. 

[[Image:Uss_arizona_position.jpg|thumb|left|The red "X" is the location of the  Arizona.]] On board Arizona, the ship's air raid alarm went off about 0755 and the ship went to [[general quarters]] soon thereafter. Insofar as it could be determined soon after the attack, the ship sustained eight bomb hits; one hit on the forecastle, glancing off the face plate of turret II to penetrating the deck to explode in the [[black powder]] magazine, which in turn set off adjacent [[smokeless powder]] magazines. A cataclysmic explosion ripped through the forward part of the ship, touching off fierce fires that burned for two days; debris showered down on Ford Island in the vicinity. 

Acts of heroism on the part of Arizona's officers and men were many, headed by those of Lt. Comdr. Samuel G. Fuqua, the ship's damage control officer, whose coolness in attempting to quell the fires and get survivors off the ship earned him the [[Medal of Honor]]. Posthumous awards of the Medal of Honor also went to Rear Admiral Isaac Kidd, the first flag officer to be killed in the Pacific war, and to Capt. Van Valkenburgh, who reached the bridge and was attempting to fight his ship when the bomb hit on the magazines destroyed her. 

The blast that destroyed Arizona and sank her at her berth alongside of Ford Island consumed the lives of 1,103 of the 1,400 on board at the time-over half of the casualties suffered by the entire fleet on the "[[Day of Infamy]]." 

Placed "in ordinary" at Pearl Harbor on 29 December 1941, Arizona was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 December 1942. Her wreck was cut down so that very little of the superstructure lay above water; her after main battery turrets and guns were removed to be emplaced as coast defense guns. Arizona's wreck remains at Pearl Harbor, a memorial to the men of her crew lost that December morn in 1941. On 7 March 1950, Admiral Arthur W. Radford, Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet at that time, instituted the raising of colors over Arizona's remains, and legislation during the administrations of Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy designated the wreck a national shrine. A memorial was built; it was dedicated on 30 May 1962. 

Arizona (BB-39) was awarded one [[battle star]] for her service in [[World War II]]. 

== References ==
*DANFS-Vol. IA, pg. 379-81.

{{DANFS}}
[[Category:War]]
[[Category:Naval Ships]]</text>
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|Ship table fate=status
|Draught=us

|Ship image=[[Image:USS Hornet (CV-8).jpg|300px|USS Hornet (CV-8)]]
|Ship caption=The USS ''Hornet'' shortly after completion
|Ship country=
|Ship flag=[[Image:US Naval Jack.svg|48px|United States Navy Jack]]
|Ship ordered=[[wikipedia:30 March|30 March]] [[1939]]
|Ship laid down=[[wikipedia:25 September|25 September]] [[1939]]
|Ship launched=[[wikipedia:14 December|14 December]] [[1940]]
|Ship purchased=
|Ship commissioned=[[wikipedia:20 October|20 October]] [[1941]]
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=Sunk [[wikipedia:27 October|27 October]] [[1942]]
|Ship struck=[[wikipedia:13 January|13 January]] [[1943]]
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship homeport=
|Ship displacement=As built:&lt;br&gt;19,900 tons light&lt;br&gt;25,600 tons full load
|Ship length=As built:&lt;br&gt;761 feet (waterline)&lt;br&gt;824 feet 9 inches (overall)
|Ship beam=As built:&lt;br&gt;83 feet 3 inches (waterline)&lt;br&gt;114 feet (overall)
|Ship draught=28 feet
|Ship propulsion={{Yorktown class aircraft carrier propulsion}}
|Ship speed={{Yorktown class aircraft carrier speed}}
|Ship range={{Yorktown class aircraft carrier range}}
|Ship endurance=
|Ship test depth=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship complement=2,919 officers and enlisted (wartime)
|Ship time to activate=
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament={{Yorktown class aircraft carrier armament}}
|Ship armour={{Yorktown class aircraft carrier armour}}
|Ship aircraft={{Yorktown class aircraft carrier aircraft}}
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=American Defense Service Medal ("A" device) / American Campaign Medal/European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal (1 star) / Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (1 star) / World War II Victory Medal
|}}

The seventh '''USS ''Hornet'' (CV-8)''' of the [[United States Navy]] was a [[Yorktown class aircraft carrier|Yorktown class]] [[aircraft carrier]] of [[World War II]], notable for launching the [[Doolittle Raid]], as a participant in the [[Battle of Midway]], and for action in the [[wikipedia:Solomon Islands|Solomons]] before being irreparably damaged in the [[Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands]].

She was launched [[wikipedia:14 December|14 December]] [[1940]] by [[wikipedia:Northrop Grumman Newport News|Newport News Shipbuilding]] of [[wikipedia:Newport News, Virginia|Newport News, Virginia]], sponsored by [[wikipedia:Annie Reid Knox|Annie Reid Knox]] (wife of [[Secretary of the Navy]] [[wikipedia:Frank M. Knox|Frank M. Knox]]), and commissioned at Norfolk [[wikipedia:20 October|20 October]] [[1941]], Captain [[wikipedia:Marc A. Mitscher|Marc A. Mitscher]] in command. 

== World War II ==

During the uneasy period before the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], ''Hornet'' trained out of [[wikipedia:Naval Station Norfolk|Norfolk]]. A hint of a future mission occurred [[wikipedia:2 February|2 February]] [[1942]] when ''Hornet'' departed Norfolk with two [[United States Army Air Forces|Army Air Force]] [[B-25 Mitchell]] medium [[bomber]]s on deck. Once at sea, the planes were launched to the surprise and amazement of ''Hornet'''s crew. Her men were unaware of the meaning of this experiment, as ''Hornet'' returned to Norfolk, prepared to 
leave for combat, and on [[wikipedia:4 March|4 March]] sailed for the West Coast via the [[wikipedia:Panama Canal|Panama Canal]].

=== [[Doolittle Raid]], April, 1942 ===

''Hornet'' arrived [[wikipedia:San Francisco|San Francisco]] [[wikipedia:20 March|20 March]]. With her own planes on the hangar deck, she loaded 16 Army Air Force B-25 bombers on the flight deck. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel [[wikipedia:Jimmy Doolittle|Jimmy Doolittle]] 70 officers and 64 enlisted men reported aboard. In company of escort ships ''Hornet'' departed San Francisco [[wikipedia:2 April|2 April]] and embarked on her mission under sealed orders. That afternoon Captain Mitscher informed his men of their mission: a bombing raid on [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]]. 

Eleven days later ''Hornet'' joined [[USS Enterprise (CV-6)|''Enterprise'']] (CV-6) off [[wikipedia:Midway Island|Midway]] and [[Task Force 16]] turned toward Japan. With ''Enterprise'' providing combat air cover, ''Hornet'' was to steam deep into enemy waters where Colonel Doolittle would lead the B-25s in a daring strike on [[wikipedia:Tokyo|Tokyo]] and other important Japanese cities. Originally, the task force intended to proceed to within 400 miles of the Japanese coast; however, on the morning of [[wikipedia:18 April|18 April]] a Japanese patrol boat, ''No. 23 Nitto Maru'', sighted the United States task force. The [[cruiser]] [[USS Nashville (CL-43)|''Nashville'']] (CL-43) sank the patrol boat, but it had already contacted other Japanese forces and exposed the presence and location of the American task force. Though some 600 miles from the Japanese coast, confirmation of the patrol boat's warning prompted Admiral [[wikipedia:William F. Halsey|William F. Halsey]] at 08:00 to order the immediate launching of the "Tokyo Raiders". 

As ''Hornet'' swung about and prepared to launch the bombers which had been readied for take-off the previous day, a gale of more than 40 knots churned the sea with 30-foot crests; heavy swells, which caused the ship to pitch violently, shipped sea and spray over the bow, wet the flight deck and drenched the deck crews. The lead plane, commanded by Colonel Doolittle, had but 467 feet of flight deck while the last B-25 hung far out over the fantail. The first of the heavily-laden bombers, timing itself against the rise and fall of the ship's bow, lumbered down the [[wikipedia:flight deck|flight deck]], circled ''Hornet'' after take-off, and set course for Japan. By 09:20 all 16 of the bombers were airborne, heading for the first American air strike against the heart of Japan. 

[[Image:USS Hornet launching a B-25.jpg|216px|thumb|left|A B-25 takes off from the USS Hornet on [[Doolittle Raid]].]]

''Hornet'' brought her own planes on deck and steamed at full speed for Pearl Harbor. Intercepted broadcasts, both in Japanese and English, confirmed at 14:46 the success of the raids. Exactly one week to the hour after launching the B-25s, ''Hornet'' sailed into Pearl Harbor. ''Hornet'''s mission was kept an official secret for a year; until then [[wikipedia:Franklin Delano Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] referred to the origin of the Tokyo raid only as "[[wikipedia:Shangri-La|Shangri-La]]". 

''Hornet'' steamed from Pearl Harbor [[wikipedia:30 April|30 April]], to aid [[USS Yorktown (CV-5)|''Yorktown'']] (CV-5) and [[USS Lexington (CV-2)|''Lexington'']] (CV-2) at the [[Battle of the Coral Sea]]. But that battle was over before she reached the scene. She returned to Hawaii [[wikipedia:26 May|26 May]] and sailed 2 days later with her sister carriers to repulse an expected Japanese fleet assault on Midway.

=== [[Battle of Midway]], June 1942 ===

Japanese carrier-based planes were reported headed for Midway the early morning of [[wikipedia:4 June|4 June]] 1942. ''Hornet'', ''Yorktown'', and ''Enterprise'' launched strikes as the Japanese carriers struck their planes below to prepare for a second strike on Midway. ''Hornet'' [[dive bomber]]s were unable to locate their targets, but 15 planes comprising her [[Torpedo Squadron 8]] found their enemy and pressed home their attacks. They were met by overwhelming fighter opposition about 8 miles from three Japanese carriers and were shot down one by one as they attempted to engage the ships. Ensign [[wikipedia:George Gay|George H. Gay]], USNR, the only survivor of thirty men, reached the surface as his plane sunk. He hid under a rubber seat cushion to avoid strafing, and witnessed the greatest carrier battle in history. The Torpedo Squadron 8 was awarded the [[Presidential Unit Citation (US)|Presidential Unit Citation]] "for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service beyond the call of duty".

Of 41 [[torpedo plane]]s launched by the American carriers, only six returned. Their sacrifices drew enemy fighters away from dive bombers of ''Enterprise'' and ''Yorktown'' who sank three Japanese carriers with an assist from submarine [[USS Nautilus (SS-168)|''Nautilus'']] (SS-168). The fourth Japanese carrier, [[Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryu|''Hiryu'']], was hit late in the afternoon of [[wikipedia:4 June|4 June]] and went down in the early hours of the morning on the following day. ''Yorktown'' was lost to combined aerial and submarine attack. 

''Hornet'' planes attacked the fleeing Japanese fleet [[wikipedia:6 June|6 June]] 1942 to assist in sinking cruiser [[Japanese cruiser Mikuma|''Mikuma'']], damaged a [[destroyer]], and left cruiser [[Japanese cruiser Mogami|''Mogami'']] aflame and heavily damaged. Hits were also made on other ships. ''Hornet's'' attack on ''Mogami'' wrote ''finis'' to one of the decisive battles of history that had far reaching and enduring results on the Pacific War. Midway was saved as an important base for operations into the western Pacific. Likewise saved was Hawaii. Of greatest importance was the crippling of Japan's carrier strength, a severe blow from which she never fully recovered. The four large aircraft carriers sent to the bottom of the sea carried with them some 250 planes along with a high percentage of Japan's most highly trained and battle-experienced carrier pilots. This great victory by ''Hornet'' and the other ships at Midway is widely seen as a turning point in the battle for the Pacific.

=== [[Solomons campaign]], August&amp;ndash;October, [[1942]] ===

Following the [[Battle of Midway]], ''Hornet'' had new [[wikipedia:radar|radar]] installed and trained out of Pearl Harbor. She sailed [[wikipedia:17 August|17 August]] 1942 to guard the sea approach to bitterly-contested [[wikipedia:Guadalcanal|Guadalcanal]] in the [[Solomons]]. Bomb damage to ''Enterprise'' ([[wikipedia:24 August|24 August]]), torpedo damage to [[USS Saratoga (CV-3)|''Saratoga'']] (CV-3) ([[wikipedia:31 August|31 August]]), and loss of [[USS Wasp (CV-7)|''Wasp'']] (CV-7) ([[wikipedia:15 September|15 September]]) reduced carriers in the South Pacific to one: ''Hornet''. The ''Hornet'' bore the brunt of air cover in the Solomons until [[wikipedia:24 October|24 October]] 1942 when it joined ''Enterprise'' northwest of the [[wikipedia:New Hebrides|New Hebrides]] and steamed to intercept a Japanese carrier-battleship force bearing down on Guadalcanal. 

[[Image:USS_Hornet_at_Santa_Cruz-600px.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Hornet under attack at the battle of the Santa Cruz Islands]]

The [[Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands]] took place [[wikipedia:26 October|26 October]] 1942 without contact between surface ships of the opposing forces. That morning ''Enterprise'' planes bombed carrier [[Japanese aircraft carrier Zuiho|''Zuiho'']]. Planes from ''Hornet'' severely damaged carrier [[Japanese aircraft carrier Shokaku|''Shokaku'']], and cruiser [[Japanese cruiser Chikuma|''Chikuma'']]. Two other cruisers were also attacked by ''Hornet'' aircraft. Meanwhile, the ''Hornet'' was attacked by a coordinated [[dive bomber|dive bombing]] and [[torpedo plane]] attack which left the ship so severely damaged that it had to be abandoned. Commented one sailor, awaiting rescue, when asked if he planned to re-enlist, "Dammit, yes&amp;mdash;on the new ''Hornet''!" Captain [[wikipedia:Charles P. Mason|Charles P. Mason]], the last man on board, climbed over the side and survivors were soon picked up by destroyers. 

US forces then attempted to scuttle the abandoned ''Hornet'', which survived nine torpedoes and more than 400 rounds of 5-inch shellfire from destroyers [[USS Mustin (DD-413)|''Mustin'']] (DD-413) and [[USS Anderson (DD-411)|''Anderson'']] (DD-411). Japanese destroyers hastened the inevitable by firing four 24-inch torpedoes at her blazing hull. At 01:35, [[wikipedia:27 October|27 October]] 1942, she finally sank off the [[wikipedia:Santa Cruz Islands|Santa Cruz Islands]]. The carrier's name was struck from the [[wikipedia:Naval Vessel Register|Naval Vessel Register]] [[wikipedia:13 January|13 January]] [[1943]]. 

=== Battle Stars ===

''Hornet'' received four [[battle star]]s for World War II service. 

== See also ==
* [[USS Hornet|USS ''Hornet'']] for other Navy ships of the same name.
* [[List of aircraft carriers]] and [[list of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy]]
* [[List of World War II ships]]

{{Yorktown_class_aircraft_carrier}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-h/cv8.htm Navy photographs of ''Hornet'' (CV-8)]
* [http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/aircraft_carriers/uss_hornet_cv8_page_1.htm Maritimequest USS Hornet CV-8 Photo Gallery]

{{DANFS}}

{{wikipedia|USS Hornet (CV-8)}}

[[Category:Aircraft carriers|Hornet]]
[[Category:Battle of Midway]]
[[Category:United States Navy aircraft carriers|Hornet]]
[[Category:World War II aircraft carriers of the United States|Hornet]]
[[Category:Yorktown class aircraft carriers|Hornet]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Pacific Ocean|Hornet]]</text>
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      <text bytes="17807" sha1="4tmv06v8mo8e3lbtv1pw2l175cm1vzs" xml:space="preserve">'''USS ''Oriskany'' (CV/CVA-34)''' was an [[Essex class aircraft carrier|''Essex''-class]] [[aircraft carrier]] of the [[United States Navy]], named for the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] [[Battle of Oriskany]].

The name [[Oriskany]] was originally assigned to [[USS Wasp (CV-18)|CV-18]], but that hull was renamed [[USS Wasp (CV-18)|''Wasp'']] when the keel was laid in 1942. CV-34 was laid down [[1 May]] [[1944]] by the [[New York Naval Shipyard]], launched [[13 October]] [[1945]], and sponsored by Mrs. Clarence Cannon. Construction was suspended on [[12 August]] [[1947]], when the ship was approximately 85% complete. ''Oriskany'' was redesigned as the prototype for the [[SCB-27]] modernization program. To handle the new generation of carrier aircraft, the flight deck structure was massively reinforced. Stronger elevators, more powerful hydraulic catapults, and new arresting gear were installed. The island structure was rebuilt, the antiaircraft turrets were removed, and the hull was blistered. ''Oriskany'' was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] in the New York Naval Shipyard [[25 September]] [[1950]], Captain Percy H. Lyon in command. 

== 1950 – 1956 ==
''Oriskany'' departed New York [[6 December]] [[1950]] for carrier qualification operations off [[Jacksonville, Florida]], followed by a Christmas call at [[Naval Station Newport|Newport, Rhode Island]]. She resumed operations off Jacksonville through [[11 January]] [[1951]], when she embarked [[Carrier Air Group 1]] for shakedown out of [[Guantánamo Bay, Cuba|Guantanamo Bay]], [[Cuba]]. 

After major modifications at New York Naval Shipyard [[6 March]] through [[2 April]], she embarked [[Carrier Air Group 4]] for training off Jacksonville, then departed Newport [[15 May]] [[1951]] for [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] deployment with the [[6th Fleet]]. 

Having swept from ports of [[Italy]] and [[France]] to those of [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]], thence to the shores of [[Tripoli]], ''Oriskany'' returned to [[Quonset Point, Rhode Island]], on [[4 October]] [[1951]]. She entered [[Gravesend Bay]], New York [[6 November]] [[1951]] to offload ammunition and to have her masts removed to allow passage under the [[East River Bridges]] to the New York Naval Shipyard. Overhaul included the installation of a new flight deck, steering system, and bridge. Work was complete by [[15 May]] [[1952]] and the carrier steamed the next day to take on ammunition at [[Naval Station Norfolk|Norfolk, Virginia]] [[19 May]]–[[22 May]]. She then got underway to join the [[U.S. Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]], steaming via Guantanamo Bay, [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Cape Horn]], [[Valparaíso]], and [[Lima]], arriving [[San Diego, California]], on [[21 July]]. 

Following carrier qualifications for [[Air Group 102]], ''Oriskany'' departed San Diego [[15 September]] [[1952]] to aid [[UN]] forces in [[Korea]]. She arrived [[U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka|Yokosuka]] [[17 October]] and joined [[Fast Carrier Task Force 77]] off the Korean Coast [[31 October]]. Her aircraft struck hard with bombing and strafing attacks against enemy supply lines and coordinated bombing missions with surface gunstrikes along the coast. Her pilots downed two Soviet-built [[MiG-15]] jets and damaged a third, [[18 November]]. 

Strikes continued through [[11 February]], heaping destruction upon enemy artillery positions, troop emplacements, and supply dumps along the main battlefront. Following a brief upkeep period in Japan, ''Oriskany'' returned to combat [[1 March]] [[1953]]. She continued in action until [[29 March]], called at [[Hong Kong]], then resumed air strikes [[8 April]]. She departed the Korean Coast [[22 April]], touched at Yokosuka, and then departed for San Diego [[2 May]], arriving there [[18 May]]. 

''Oriskany'' was used for making the film ''[[The Bridges at Toko-Ri]]'' (1954), adapted from the [[James Michener]] novel. The movie starred [[Grace Kelly]] and [[William Holden]] as a veteran pilot of [[World War II]], who is called to serve again when the conflict in Korea escalates, which takes him away from his wife, Nancy (Grace Kelly), two young children and a successful law practice. Holden's character flies the [[F9F Panther]] jet fighter from the [[VF-192]] Golden Dragons squadron and is shot down and later killed by [[North Korea]]ns after attempting a hopeless and nearly impossible bombing mission on the bridges at Toko-Ri. The film caps off showing the Task Force admiral (not the captain) of the ''Oriskany'', upon contemplating Holden's character's death, asking "Where do we get such men?"  [[Mickey Rooney]] also starred in the film, as a memorable rescue helicopter pilot who dies while attempting to save Holden's character.

''Oriskany'' was also the ship described in [[Tom Wolfe]]'s ''[[The Right Stuff]]'' (1979) where John Mitchell, an [[F2H Banshee]] pilot, crashes his fighter into the "spud locker" of the ship, and surviving. Mitchell was a pilot together with Alan B. Shepard in the night interceptor squadron [[VF-193|VF-193 Ghost Riders]].

Following readiness training along the California coast, ''Oriskany'' departed [[San Francisco]] [[14 September]] to aid the [[7th Fleet]] watching over the uneasy truce in Korea, arriving [[U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka|Yokosuka]] [[15 October]]. Thereafter she cruised the [[Sea of Japan]], the [[East China Sea]], and the area of the [[Philippines]]. After providing air support for Marine amphibious assault exercises at [[Iwo Jima]], the carrier returned to San Diego [[22 April]] [[1954]]. She entered [[San Francisco Naval Shipyard]] for overhaul; completed [[22 October]] when she stood out to sea for the first of a series of coastal operations. 

''Oriskany'' arrived at Yokosuka on April 2nd 1955, and operated with the Fast Carrier Task Force ranging from Japan and Okinawa to the Philippines. This deployment ended September 7th and the carrier arrived [[Alameda, California]] September 21st. 

She cruised the California Coast while qualifying pilots of Air Group 9, then put to sea from Alameda, Febuary 11th 1956, for another rigorous Western Pacific deployment.

== 1957 – 1969 ==
''Oriskany'' returned to San Francisco June 13th and entered the shipyard to undergo the [[SCB-125A]] modernization program on October 1st. She decommissioned there January 2nd 1957. ''Oriskany'' received a new angled [[flight deck]], aft deck edge elevator, enlarged forward elevator, and enclosed [[hurricane bow]]. Powerful new steam catapults replaced the older hydraulic catapults. The wooden flight deck planking was also replaced with aluminum planking.

''Oriskany'' recommissioned at the San Francisco Naval Shipyard, [[7 March]] [[1959]], Capt. James Mahan Wright in command. Four days later, she departed for shakedown out of San Diego with [[Carrier Air Group 14]] embarked. Operations along the west coast continued until [[14 May]] [[1960]], when she again deployed to Westpac, returning to San Diego [[15 December]]. She entered [[San Francisco Naval Shipyard]] March 30th 1961 for a five-month overhaul that included the first aircraft carrier installation of the [[Naval Tactical Data System]] (NTDS). 

''Oriskany'' departed the shipyard September 9th for underway training out of San Diego until June 7th 1962 when she again deployed to the Far East with [[Carrier Air Group 16]] embarked. She returned to San Diego December 17th 1962 for operational readiness training off the west coast. 

The carrier again stood out of San Diego August 1st 1963 for Far Eastern waters, with Carrier Air Group 16 embarked. She arrived [[U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay|Subic Bay]] August 31st 1963; thence to Japan. She stood out of [[Iwakuni]], Japan the morning of October 31st en route the coast of [[South Vietnam]]. There, she stood by for any eventuality as word was received of the coup d'etat taking place in [[Saigon]]. When the crisis abated, the carrier resumed operations from Japanese ports. 

''Oriskany'' returned to San Diego March 10th 1964. After overhaul at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, she steamed for refresher training out of San Diego, followed by qualifications for Carrier Wing 16. During this period, her flight deck was used to test the [[E-2 Hawkeye]], the Navy's new airborne early warning aircraft. She also provided orientation to senior officers of eight allied nations. 

''Oriskany'' departed San Diego 5 April 1965 for Westpac, arriving  at Subic Bay on April 27th. By this time more United States troops had landed in South Vietnam to support Vietnamese troops against increased [[Viet Cong]] pressure. ''Oriskany'' added her weight to the massive American naval strength supporting the freedom of South Vietnam. In combat operations that brought her and embarked Carrier Wing 16 the [[Navy Unit Commendation]] for exceptionally meritorious service between May 10th and December 6th 1965, she carried out over 12,000 combat sorties and delivered nearly 10,000&amp;nbsp;tons of ordnance against enemy forces. She departed Subic Bay November 30th and returned to San Diego December 16th. 

''Oriskany'' again stood out of San Diego for the Far East May 26th 1966, arriving Yokosuka June 14th. She steamed for "[[Dixie Station]]" off South Vietnam June 27th. Wearisome days and nights of combat shifted to "[[Yankee Station]]" in the Gulf of Tonkin July 8th. In the following months there were brief respites for replenishment in Subic Bay. Then, back into the action that saw her launch 7,794 combat sorties. 

The carrier was on station the morning of October 27th, 1966 when a fire erupted on the starboard side of the ship's forward hangar bay and raced through five decks, killing 44 men. Many who lost their lives were veteran combat pilots who had flown raids over Vietnam a few hours earlier. ''Oriskany'' had been put in danger when a magnesium [[parachute flare]] exploded in the forward flare locker of Hangar Bay 1, beneath the carrier's flight deck. Subsequent investigation showed the flare functioned as designed and cause of the fire was user error. Some of her crewmen jettisoned heavy bombs which lay within reach of the flames, while others men wheeled planes out of danger, rescued pilots, and helped quell the blaze throughout the next three hours. Medical assistance was rushed to the carrier from sister aircraft carriers [[USS Constellation (CV-64)|''Constellation'']] (CV-64) and [[USS Franklin D. Roosevelt (CV-42)|''Franklin D. Roosevelt'']] (CV-42). Later investigation by Captain Iarrobino of the Oriskany and analysis by the Naval Ammunition Depot in Crane, Indiana, showed that out of the flares one in every thousand could go off accidentally if jarred. Five crew members were court-martialed as a result of the incident but were later acquitted. After this incident and others, the flare design used by the Navy was changed to a safer design that would be immune to accidental ignition, and crews were increased to stabilize numbers so all activities could be properly supervised &lt;ref&gt;Over the Beach, by Zalin Grant, pages 101-103&lt;/ref&gt;.

''Oriskany'' steamed to Subic Bay October 28th, where victims of the fire were transferred to waiting aircraft for transportation to the United States. A week later, the carrier departed for San Diego, arriving November 26th. San Francisco Bay Naval Shipyard completed repairs March 23rd 1967 and ''Oriskany'', with [[Carrier Air Wing 16]] embarked, underwent training. She then stood out of San Francisco Bay June 16th to take station in waters off Vietnam. Designated flagship of [[Carrier Division 9]] in Subic Bay July 9th, she commenced "Yankee Station" operations July 14th. While on the line, July 26th, she provided medical assistance to the fire-ravaged attack carrier [[USS Forrestal (CV-59)|''Forrestal'']]. 

On October 26th 1967, John McCain flew off of ''Oriskany'' on his 23rd bombing mission of the Vietnam War. He was shot down that day and was a [[Prisoner of War]] until January 1973.

''Oriskany'' returned to [[Naval Air Station Alameda]], January 31st,1968, and entered San Francisco Bay Naval Shipyard Febuary 7th for an eight month overhaul. Upon completion of work, the carrier underwent refresher training and flight qualifications before deploying to the Far East in April 1969.

== 1975 – 2006 ==
Following twenty-five years of service, ''Oriskany'' was decommissioned September 30th, 1976 and laid up for long-term storage in Bremerton, Washington. The ship was maintained as a mobilization asset, for possible future reactivation through the 1980s during the Reagan administration's naval force build-up.  At the end of the Cold War and the subsequent reduction of the U.S. Navy's active force, Oriskany was recognized as being obsolete and was struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 1989. Her hull was stripped of all equipment that could be reused or recycled.  The ship's bell (removed during decommissioning in 1976) is now on display in [[Oriskany, New York]], and various parts were scavenged to support the [[USS Hornet (CV-12)|USS ''Hornet'']] museum in Alameda, California and other navy ship museums.

Proposals were made in the early 1990s to refurbish ex-''Oriskany'' and display her in Tokyo Harbor as part of a planned "City of America" exhibit. Congressional legislation was initiated to transfer ''Oriskany'', but the project failed due to lack of financing.

Oriskany was sold by the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service for scrap on September 9th 1995 to Pegasus International, a start-up company at the former Mare Island Naval Shipyard in Vallejo, CA. The contractor towed the ship from Bremerton to Vallejo, however, the contract was terminated for default on July 30th 1997 due to lack of progress. The Navy retook possession of the ship and after a few years at the former [[Mare Island Navy Yard]], the ship was towed in 1999 to the Maritime Administration's [[Beaumont Reserve Fleet]] in Beaumont, Texas, for storage pending availability of funding for its disposal. While berthed at Mare Island in rusted and decrepit condition, ex-''Oriskany'' was used as a setting for the Robin Williams film, ''What Dreams May Come'' (1998) as part of the representation of Hell. 

The Navy announced April 5th 2004 that it would transfer the former aircraft carrier to the State of Florida for use as an artificial reef. In September 2003, the Navy awarded a contract to Resolve Marine Group / ESCO Marine Joint Venture for the environmental remediation work necessary for sinking the ship as an artificial reef.  The contractor towed the ship to Corpus Christi, TX in January 2004 and completed the environmental preparation work in December 2004.   

Ex-''Oriskany'' was the first warship slated to become an artificial reef, under authority granted by the fiscal 2004 [[National Defense Authorization Act]] (Public Law 108-136). She was originally projected to be sunk with controlled charges 24&amp;nbsp;miles south of [[Pensacola, Florida|Pensacola]] by June 2005. Exhaustive ecological and human health studies were conducted by Navy scientists in consultation with EPA to demonstrate no adverse impact from reefing the ship.  Completion and peer review of a complex Prospective Risk Assessment Model developed in consultation with EPA, the first for any ship reefing project, was necessary to support EPA's February 2006 decision to issue a risk-based PCB disposal approval for the estimated 750 pounds of polychlorinated biphenyls contained in solid form, mostly integral in the insulation layers of the electrical cabling throughout the ship.  Based on EPA's approval, after a public comment period, the ship was towed to Pensacola, FL in March 2006 for final preparations for sinking under a Navy contract.  A team of Navy personnel accomplished the sinking of the ship on [[May 17]], [[2006]], supported by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Escambia County Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Coast Guard, the Pensacola Police Department, and several sheriff departments of Escambia County and surrounding counties.  Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal team from Panama City, FL detonated C-4 explosive charges of approximately 500 total pounds net explosive weight, strategically placed on 22 sea connection pipes in various machinery spaces.  37 minutes after detonation, the ship settled in 210&amp;nbsp;feet (65&amp;nbsp;m) of water in the Gulf of Mexico.

The 2006 Discovery Channel feature ''Sinking of an Aircraft Carrier'' documented the environmental preparation and sinking of the Oriskany.

Senator John McCain (R-AZ), who served on the ship during the [[Vietnam War]], called her a "brave ship" and voiced his hopes of [[Scuba diving|diving]] down to the wreck one day to revisit his old quarters. The flight deck of Oriskany currently lies at a depth of 130&amp;nbsp;feet (40&amp;nbsp;m), and its carrier island rises to 70&amp;nbsp;feet (21&amp;nbsp;m). The island structure is accessible to recreational divers, however, the flight deck is beyond recreational diving range. [http://www.divemightyo.com/]

''Oriskany'' received two [[battle star]]s for [[Korean War]] service and five for [[Vietnam War]] service.

== See also ==
* [[List of aircraft carriers]]
* [[List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy]]

== External links ==
{{Geolinks-US-buildingscale|30.042500|-87.006383}}

* [http://www.ussoriskany.com USS ''Oriskany'' Reunion Association]
* [http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-o/cv34.htm Navy photographs of ''Oriskany'' (CV-34)]
* [http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/o4/oriskany.htm  history.navy.mil/danfs: USS ''Oriskany'' ]
* [http://destinsharks.com/uncategorized/20 1st Hand Photos, Video, and Story of the ''Oriskany'' Sinking]
* [http://www.cougarware.com/cva34 USS Oriskany CVA 34 "In A Class By Herself"]</text>
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    <title>USS Saratoga (CV-3)</title>
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      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Jack Phonix|Jack Phonix]] ([[User_talk:Jack Phonix|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Grievous797|Grievous797]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="26977" sha1="r1wcbr4b593tpyamw1xer36qtdahmyl" xml:space="preserve">{{Ship table|
|Ship table fate=status
|Draught=us

|Ship image=[[Image:USS Saratoga-1942.jpg|300px|USS Saratoga (CV-3)]]
|Ship caption=
|Ship country=
|Ship flag=[[Image:US Naval Jack.jpg|48px|United States Navy Jack]]
|Ship builder=[[wikipedia:New York Shipbuilding Corporation|New York Shipbuilding Corporation]]
|Ship ordered=1917 (as battlecruiser)&lt;br&gt;1922 (as aircraft carrier)
|Ship laid down=[[wikipedia:25 September|25 September]] [[1920]]
|Ship launched=[[wikipedia:7 April|7 April]] [[1925]]
|Ship purchased=
|Ship commissioned=[[wikipedia:16 November|16 November]] [[1927]]
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=
|Ship reclassified=[[wikipedia:1 July|1 July]] [[1922]] battlecruiser to CV
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=Sunk by A-bomb test [[wikipedia:25 July|25 July]] [[1946]]
|Ship struck=[[wikipedia:15 August|15 August]] [[1946]]
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship homeport=
|Ship displacement={{Lexington class aircraft carrier displacement}}
|Ship length={{Lexington class aircraft carrier length}}
|Ship beam={{Lexington class aircraft carrier beam}}
|Ship draught={{Lexington class aircraft carrier draught}}
|Ship propulsion={{Lexington class aircraft carrier propulsion}}; 213,000 reached in service
|Ship speed={{Lexington class aircraft carrier speed}}; 34.99 knots reached in service
|Ship range={{Lexington class aircraft carrier range}}
|Ship endurance=
|Ship test depth=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship complement={{Lexington class aircraft carrier complement}}
|Ship time to activate=
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament={{Lexington class aircraft carrier armament}}
|Ship armour={{Lexington class aircraft carrier armour}}
|Ship aircraft={{Lexington class aircraft carrier aircraft}}
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=American Defense Service Medal ("Fleet" clasp)/American Campaign Medal / Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (8 stars) / World War II Victory Medal
|}}

The fifth '''USS ''Saratoga'' (CV-3)''' was the third [[aircraft carrier]] of the [[United States Navy]].

She was laid down on [[wikipedia:25 September|25 September]] [[1920]], as the [[wikipedia:Lexington class battlecruiser|''Lexington'' class]] Battle Cruiser #3 by the [[wikipedia:New York Shipbuilding Corporation|New York Shipbuilding Corporation]] at [[wikipedia:Camden, New Jersey|Camden, New Jersey]]; ordered converted to an aircraft carrier and reclassified CV-3 on [[wikipedia:1 July|1 July]] [[1922]], in accordance with the [[Washington Naval Treaty]] limiting naval armaments; launched on [[wikipedia:7 April|7 April]] [[1925]]; sponsored by Mrs. [[wikipedia:Curtis D. Wilbur|Curtis D. Wilbur]], wife of the [[Secretary of the Navy]]; and commissioned on [[wikipedia:16 November|16 November]] [[1927]], Captain [[wikipedia:Harry E. Yarnell|Harry E. Yarnell]] in command. 

== Pre-World War II ==
=== 1928 &amp;ndash; 1931 ===

[[Image:USS Saratoga- original carrier config.jpg|thumb|250px|The Saratoga in her original carrier configuration.]]''Saratoga'', the first fast carrier in the Navy, quickly proved the value of her type. She sailed from [[wikipedia:Philadelphia|Philadelphia]] on [[wikipedia:6 January|6 January]] [[1928]], for shakedown, and on [[wikipedia:11 January|11 January]], her air officer, the future World War II hero, [[wikipedia:Marc A. Mitscher|Marc A. Mitscher]], landed the first aircraft on board. In an experiment on [[wikipedia:27 January|27 January]], the rigid [[airship]] [[USS Los Angeles (ZR-3)|''Los Angeles'' (ZR-3)]] moored to ''Saratoga's'' stern and took on fuel and stores. The same day ''Saratoga'' sailed for the [[wikipedia:Pacific|Pacific]] via the [[wikipedia:Panama Canal|Panama Canal]]. She was diverted briefly between [[14 February]] and [[16 February]] to carry Marines to [[wikipedia:Corinto|Corinto]], [[wikipedia:Nicaragua|Nicaragua]], and finally joined the [[Battle Fleet]] at [[wikipedia:San Pedro, California|San Pedro, California]], on [[wikipedia:21 February|21 February]]. The rest of the year was spent in training and final machinery shakedown. 

On [[wikipedia:15 January|15 January]] [[1929]], ''Saratoga'' sailed from [[wikipedia:San Diego|San Diego]] with the Battle Fleet to participate in her first fleet exercise, [[wikipedia:Fleet Problem IX|Fleet Problem IX]]. In a daring move, ''Saratoga'' was detached from the fleet with only a single [[cruiser]] as escort to make a wide sweep to the south and "attack" the Panama Canal, which was defended by the [[Scouting Fleet]] and ''Saratoga'''s sister ship, [[USS Lexington (CV-2)|''Lexington'' (CV-2)]]. She successfully launched her strike on [[wikipedia:26 January|26 January]] and, despite being "sunk" three times later in the day, proved the versatility of a fast task force centered around a carrier. The idea was incorporated into fleet doctrine and reused the following year in [[wikipedia:Fleet Problem X|Fleet Problem X]] in the [[wikipedia:Caribbean|Caribbean]]. This time, however, ''Saratoga'' and the carrier [[USS Langley (CV-1)|''Langley'' (CV-1)]], were "disabled" by a surprise attack from ''Lexington'', showing how quickly air power could swing the balance in a naval action. 

Following the fleet concentration in the Caribbean, ''Saratoga'' took part in the [[wikipedia:Presidential Review|Presidential Review]] at [[wikipedia:Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk, Virginia]], in May and returned to San Pedro on [[wikipedia:21 June|21 June]] [[1930]]. 

=== 1931 &amp;ndash; 1940 ===

During the remaining decade before [[World War II]], ''Saratoga'' exercised in the San Diego-San Pedro area, except for the annual fleet problems and regular overhauls at the [[wikipedia:Bremerton Navy Yard|Bremerton Navy Yard]]. In the fleet problems, ''Saratoga'' continued to assist in the development of fast carrier tactics, and her importance was recognized by the fact that she was always a high priority target for the opposing forces. The fleet problem for [[1932]] was planned for [[wikipedia:Hawaii|Hawaii]] and, by coincidence, occurred during the peak of the furor following the "[[wikipedia:Mukden Incident|Manchurian incident]]," in which [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] started on the road to World War II. ''Saratoga'' exercised in the Hawaii area from [[wikipedia:31 January|31 January]] to [[wikipedia:19 March|19 March]] and returned to Hawaii for fleet exercises the following year between [[wikipedia:23 January|23 January]] and [[wikipedia:28 February|28 February]] [[1933]]. On the return trip to the West Coast, she launched a successful air "attack" on the [[wikipedia:Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] area. 

Exercises in [[1934]] took ''Saratoga'' to the Caribbean and the [[wikipedia:Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] for an extended period, from [[wikipedia:9 April|9 April]] to [[wikipedia:9 November|9 November]], and were followed by equally extensive operations with the [[United States Fleet]] in the Pacific the following year. Between [[wikipedia:27 April|27 April]] and [[wikipedia:6 June|6 June]] [[1936]], she participated in a fleet problem in the [[wikipedia:Panama Canal Zone|Panama Canal Zone]], and she then returned with the fleet to Hawaii for exercises from [[wikipedia:16 April|16 April]] to [[wikipedia:28 May|28 May]] [[1937]]. On [[wikipedia:15 March|15 March]] [[1938]], ''Saratoga'' sailed from San Diego for [[wikipedia:Fleet Problem XIX|Fleet Problem XIX]], again conducted off Hawaii. During the second phase of the problem, ''Saratoga'' launched a surprise air attack on [[Pearl Harbor]] from a point 100 miles off [[wikipedia:Oahu|Oahu]], setting a pattern that the Japanese copied in December [[1941]]. During the return to the west coast, ''Saratoga'' and ''Lexington'' followed this feat with "strikes" on [[wikipedia:Mare Island|Mare Island]] and [[wikipedia:Alameda, California|Alameda]]. ''Saratoga'' was under overhaul during the [[1939]] fleet concentration, but between [[wikipedia:2 April|2 April]] and [[wikipedia:21 June|21 June]] [[1940]], she participated in [[wikipedia:Fleet Problem XXI|Fleet Problem XXI]], the last to be held due to the deepening world crisis.

== World War II ==
=== 1941 ===

Between [[wikipedia:14 October|14 October]] and [[wikipedia:29 October|29 October]] [[1940]], ''Saratoga'' transported a draft of military personnel from San Pedro to Hawaii, and on [[wikipedia:6 January|6 January]] [[1941]], she entered the Bremerton Navy Yard for a long deferred modernization, including widening her flight deck forward, fitting a blister on her starboard side and additional small antiaircraft guns. Departing Bremerton on [[wikipedia:28 April|28 April]] [[1941]], the carrier participated in a landing force exercise in May and made two trips to Hawaii between June and October as the diplomatic crisis with Japan came to a head. 

When the Japanese [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|struck at Pearl Harbor]] on [[wikipedia:7 December|7 December]] [[1941]], ''Saratoga'' was just entering San Diego after an interim drydocking at Bremerton. She hurriedly got underway the following day as the nucleus of a third carrier force (''Lexington'' and [[USS Enterprise (CV-6)|''Enterprise'']] were already at sea), carrying Marine aircraft intended to reinforce the vulnerable garrison on [[wikipedia:Wake Island|Wake Island]]. Presence of these aircraft on board made ''Saratoga'' the logical choice for the actual relief effort. She reached Pearl Harbor on [[wikipedia:15 December|15 December]] and stopped only long enough to fuel. She then rendezvoused with [[USS Tangier (AV-8)|''Tangier'' (AV-8)]], which had relief troops and supplies on board, while ''Lexington'' and ''Enterprise'' provided distant cover for the operation. However, the ''Saratoga'' force was delayed by the low speed of its [[wikipedia:oiler|oiler]] and by a decision to refuel [[destroyer]]s on [[wikipedia:21 December|21 December]]. After receiving reports of Japanese carrier aircraft over the island and Japanese landings on it, the relief force was recalled on [[wikipedia:22 December|22 December]]. Wake fell the next day. 

=== 1942 ===

''Saratoga'' continued operations in the Hawaiian Island region, but on [[wikipedia:11 January|11 January]] [[1942]], when heading towards a rendezvous with ''Enterprise'' 500 miles south-west of Oahu, she was hit without warning by a deep-running [[torpedo]] fired by Japanese [[submarine]] [[Japanese submarine I-16|''I-16'']]. Although six men were killed and three firerooms were flooded, the carrier reached Oahu under her own power. There her 8-inch guns, which were useless against aircraft, were removed for installation in shore defenses, and the carrier proceeded to the Bremerton Navy Yard for permanent repairs and installation of a modern anti-aircraft battery. 

''Saratoga'' departed [[wikipedia:Puget Sound|Puget Sound]] on [[wikipedia:22 May|22 May]] for San Diego. She arrived there on [[wikipedia:25 May|25 May]] and was training her air group when intelligence was received of an impending Japanese assault on [[wikipedia:Midway Island|Midway]]. Due to the need to load planes and stores and to collect escorts, the carrier was unable to sail until [[wikipedia:1 June|1 June]] and arrived at Pearl Harbor on the 6th, after the [[Battle of Midway]] had ended. She departed Pearl Harbor on [[wikipedia:7 June|7 June]] after fueling and, on [[wikipedia:11 June|11 June]], transferred 34 aircraft to [[USS Hornet (CV-8)|''Hornet'']] and ''Enterprise'' to replenish their depleted air groups. The three carriers then turned north to counter Japanese activity reported in the [[wikipedia:Aleutians|Aleutians]], but the operation was canceled, and ''Saratoga'' returned to Pearl Harbor on [[wikipedia:13 June|13 June]]. 

Between [[wikipedia:22 June|22 June]] and [[wikipedia:29 June|29 June]], ''Saratoga'' ferried Marine and Army aircraft to the garrison on Midway. On [[wikipedia:7 July|7 July]], she sailed for the southwest Pacific, and from [[wikipedia:28 July|28 July]] to [[wikipedia:30 July|30 July]], she provided air cover for landing rehearsals in the [[wikipedia:Fiji|Fiji]] Islands in preparation for landings on [[wikipedia:Guadalcanal|Guadalcanal]]. As [[flagship]] of Rear Admiral [[wikipedia:Frank Jack Fletcher|F. J. Fletcher]], ''Saratoga'' opened the [[Battle of Guadalcanal|Guadalcanal assault]] early on [[wikipedia:7 August|7 August]] when she turned into the wind to launch aircraft. She provided air cover for the landings for the next two days. On the first day, a Japanese air attack was repelled before it reached the carriers, but since further attacks were expected, the carrier force withdrew on the afternoon of [[wikipedia:8 August|8 August]] towards a fueling rendezvous. As a result, it was too far away to retaliate after four Allied [[cruiser]]s were sunk that night in the [[Battle of Savo Island]]. The carrier force continued to operate east of the [[wikipedia:Solomons|Solomons]], protecting the sea-lanes to the beachhead and awaiting a Japanese naval counterattack. 

The counterattack began to materialize when a Japanese transport force was detected on [[wikipedia:23 August|23 August]], and ''Saratoga'' launched a strike against it. The aircraft were unable to find the enemy, however, and spent the night on [[wikipedia:Guadalcanal|Guadalcanal]]. As they were returning on board the next day, the first contact report on enemy carriers was received. Two hours later, ''Saratoga'' launched a strike which sent [[Japanese aircraft carrier Ryujo|Japanese carrier ''Ryujo'']] to the bottom. Later in the afternoon, as an enemy strike from other carriers was detected, ''Saratoga'' hastily launched the aircraft on her deck, and these found and damaged [[seaplane tender]] [[Japanese seaplane tender Chitose|''Chitose'']]. Meanwhile, due to cloud cover, ''Saratoga'' escaped detection by the Japanese aircraft, which concentrated their attack on, and damaged, ''Enterprise''. The American force fought back fiercely and weakened enemy air strength so severely that the Japanese recalled their transports before they reached Guadalcanal. 

After landing her returning aircraft at night on [[wikipedia:24 August|24 August]], ''Saratoga'' refueled on the 25th and resumed her patrols east of the Solomons. A week later, a [[destroyer]] reported [[torpedo]] wakes heading toward the carrier, but the 888-foot flattop could not turn quickly enough. A minute later, a torpedo from [[B1 type submarine|B1 type]] Japanese submarine [[Japanese submarine I-26|''I-26'']] slammed into the blister on her starboard side. The torpedo killed no one and only flooded one fireroom, but the impact caused short circuits which damaged ''Saratoga's'' turbo-electric propulsion system and left her dead in the water. Cruiser [[USS Minneapolis (CA-36)|''Minneapolis'']] took the carrier under tow while she flew her aircraft off to shore bases. By early afternoon, ''Saratoga's'' engineers had improvised a circuit out of the burned wreckage of her main control board and had given her a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h). After repairs at [[wikipedia:Tongatabu|Tongatabu]] from [[wikipedia:6 September|6 September]] to [[wikipedia:12 September|12 September]], ''Saratoga'' arrived at Pearl Harbor on [[wikipedia:21 September|21 September]] for permanent repairs.

=== 1943 ===

''Saratoga'' sailed from Pearl Harbor on [[wikipedia:10 November|10 November]], 1942, and proceeded via [[wikipedia:Fiji|Fiji]] to [[wikipedia:Nouméa|Nouméa]], which she reached on [[wikipedia:5 December|5 December]], 1942. She operated in the vicinity of Nouméa for the next twelve months, providing air cover for minor operations and protecting American forces in the [[wikipedia:Eastern Solomons|Eastern Solomons]]. Between [[wikipedia:17 May|17 May]] and [[wikipedia:31 July|31 July]] [[1943]], she was reinforced by the British carrier, [[HMS Victorious (R38)|HMS ''Victorious'']], and on [[wikipedia:20 October|20 October]], she was joined by [[USS Princeton (CVL-23)|''Princeton'' (CVL-23)]]. As troops stormed ashore on [[wikipedia:Bougainville|Bougainville]] on [[wikipedia:1 November|1 November]], ''Saratoga's'' aircraft neutralized nearby Japanese airfields on [[wikipedia:Buka Island|Buka]]. Then, on [[wikipedia:5 November|5 November]], in response to reports of Japanese cruisers concentrating at [[wikipedia:Rabaul|Rabaul]] to counterattack the Allied landing forces, ''Saratoga'' conducted perhaps her most brilliant strike of the war. Her aircraft penetrated the heavily defended port and disabled most of the Japanese cruisers, ending the surface threat to Bougainville. ''Saratoga'' herself escaped unscathed and returned to raid Rabaul again on [[wikipedia:11 November|11 November]]. 

''Saratoga'' and ''Princeton'' were then designated the [[wikipedia:Relief Carrier Group|Relief Carrier Group]] for the offensive in the [[wikipedia:Gilberts|Gilberts]], and after striking [[wikipedia:Nauru|Nauru]] on [[wikipedia:19 November|19 November]], they rendezvoused on [[wikipedia:23 November|23 November]] with the transports carrying garrison troops to [[wikipedia:Makin|Makin]] and [[wikipedia:Tarawa|Tarawa]]. The carriers provided air cover until the transports reached their destinations and then maintained air patrols over Tarawa. By this time, ''Saratoga'' had steamed over a year without repairs, and she was detached on [[wikipedia:30 November|30 November]] to return to the United States. She underwent overhaul at [[wikipedia:San Francisco|San Francisco]] from [[wikipedia:9 December|9 December]] [[1943]] to [[wikipedia:3 January|3 January]] [[1944]], and had her antiaircraft battery augmented for the last time, receiving 60 40-millimeter guns in place of 36 20-millimeter guns.

=== 1944 ===

The carrier arrived at Pearl Harbor on [[wikipedia:7 January|7 January]], and after a brief period of training, sailed from Pearl Harbor on [[wikipedia:19 January|19 January]] with light carriers, [[USS Langley (CVL-27)|''Langley'']] and ''Princeton'', to support the drive in the [[wikipedia:Marshalls|Marshalls]]. Her aircraft struck [[wikipedia:Wotje|Wotje]] and [[wikipedia:Taroa|Taroa]] for three days, from [[wikipedia:29 January|29 January]] to [[wikipedia:31 January|31 January]], and then pounded [[wikipedia:Engebi|Engebi]], the main island at [[wikipedia:Eniwetok|Eniwetok]], the 3rd to the 6th and from the 10th to the 12th of February. Her planes delivered final blows to Japanese defenses on the 16th, the day before the landings, and provided close air support and [[Combat Air Patrol|CAP]] over the island until [[wikipedia:28 February|28 February]]. 

''Saratoga'' then took leave of the main theaters of the Pacific war for almost a year to carry out important but less spectacular assignments elsewhere. Her first task was to help the British initiate their carrier offensive in the Far East. On [[wikipedia:4 March|4 March]], ''Saratoga'' departed [[wikipedia:Majuro|Majuro]] with an escort of three destroyers, and sailed via [[wikipedia:Espiritu Santo|Espiritu Santo]]; [[wikipedia:Hobart|Hobart]], [[wikipedia:Tasmania|Tasmania]]; and [[wikipedia:Fremantle, Western Australia|Fremantle]], [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]], to join the [[British Eastern Fleet]] in the [[wikipedia:Indian Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. She rendezvoused at sea on [[27 March]] with the British force, composed of carrier [[HMS Illustrious (R87)|HMS ''Illustrious'']], and four battleships with escorts, and arrived with them at [[wikipedia:Trincomalee|Trincomalee]], [[wikipedia:Ceylon|Ceylon]], on [[wikipedia:31 March|31 March]]. On [[wikipedia:12 April|12 April]], the French [[battleship]] [[French battleship Richelieu|''Richelieu'']] arrived, adding to the international flavor of the force. During the next two days, the carriers conducted intensive training at sea during which ''Saratoga'''s fliers tried to impart some of their experience to the British pilots. On [[wikipedia:16 April|16 April]], the Eastern Fleet, with ''Saratoga'', sailed from Trincomalee, and on the 19th, the aircraft from the two carriers struck the port of [[wikipedia:Sabang|Sabang]] off the northwest tip of [[wikipedia:Sumatra|Sumatra]]. The Japanese were caught by surprise by the new offensive, and much damage was done to port facilities and oil reserves. The raid was so successful that ''Saratoga'' delayed her departure in order to carry out a second. Sailing again from Ceylon on [[6 May]], the force struck at [[wikipedia:Soerabaja|Soerabaja]], [[wikipedia:Java (island)|Java]], on [[wikipedia:17 May|17 May]] with equally successful results. ''Saratoga'' was detached the following day, and passed down the columns of the Eastern Fleet as the Allied ships rendered honors to and cheered each other. 

''Saratoga'' arrived at [[wikipedia:Bremerton, Washington|Bremerton, Washington]], on [[wikipedia:10 June|10 June]] [[1944]], and was under repair there through the summer. On [[wikipedia:24 September|24 September]], she arrived at Pearl Harbor and commenced her second special assignment, training night fighter squadrons. ''Saratoga'' had experimented with night flying as early as 1931, and many carriers had been forced to land returning aircraft at night during the war, but only in August 1944 did a carrier, [[USS Independence (CVL-22)|''Independence'']], receive an air group specially equipped to operate at night. At the same time, [[Carrier Division 11]], composed of ''Saratoga'' and [[USS Ranger (CV-4)|''Ranger'']] (CV-4), was commissioned at Pearl Harbor to train night pilots and develop night flying doctrine. ''Saratoga'' continued this important training duty for almost four months, but as early as October, her division commander was warned that "while employed primarily for training, ''Saratoga'' is of great value for combat and is to be kept potentially available for combat duty." The call came in January [[1945]]. Light carriers like ''Independence'' had proved too small for safe night operations, and ''Saratoga'' was rushed out of Pearl Harbor on [[wikipedia:29 January|29 January]] [[1945]], to form a night fighter task group with ''Enterprise'' for the [[wikipedia:Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] operation.

=== 1945 ===

[[Image:USS Saratoga-end of WWII.jpg|thumb|250px|The USS Saratoga at the end of [[World War II]].]]
''Saratoga'' arrived at [[wikipedia:Ulithi|Ulithi]] on [[wikipedia:7 February|7 February]] and sailed three days later with ''Enterprise'' and four other carrier task groups. After landing rehearsals with Marines at [[wikipedia:Tinian|Tinian]] on [[wikipedia:12 February|12 February]], the carrier force carried out diversionary strikes on the Japanese home islands on the nights of [[wikipedia:16 February|16 February]] and [[wikipedia:17 February|17 February]], before the [[Battle of Iwo Jima|landings on Iwo Jima]]. ''Saratoga'' was assigned to provide fighter cover while the remaining carriers launched the strikes on Japan, but in the process, her fighters raided two Japanese airfields. The force fueled on [[wikipedia:18 February|18 February]] and [[wikipedia:19 February|19 February]], and on [[wikipedia:21 February|21 February]], ''Saratoga'' was detached with an escort of three destroyers to join the amphibious forces and carry out night patrols over Iwo Jima and night heckler missions over nearby [[wikipedia:Chi-chi Jima|Chi-chi Jima]]. However, as she approached her operating area at 17:00 on the 21st, an air attack developed, and taking advantage of low cloud cover and ''Saratoga's'' insufficient escort, six Japanese planes scored five hits on the carrier in three minutes. ''Saratoga's'' flight deck forward was wrecked, her starboard side was holed twice and large fires were started in her hangar deck, while she lost 123 of her crew dead or missing. Another attack at 19:00 scored an additional bomb hit. By 20:15, the fires were under control, and the carrier was able to recover aircraft, but she was ordered to Eniwetok and then to the West Coast for repairs, arriving at Bremerton on [[wikipedia:16 March|16 March]]. 

On [[wikipedia:22 May|22 May]], ''Saratoga'' departed Puget Sound fully repaired, and she resumed training pilots at Pearl Harbor on [[wikipedia:3 June|3 June]]. She ceased training duty on [[wikipedia:6 September|6 September]] after the Japanese surrender, and sailed from Hawaii on [[wikipedia:9 September|9 September]], transporting 3,712 returning naval veterans home to the United States under [[Operation Magic Carpet]]. By the end of her "Magic Carpet" service, ''Saratoga'' had brought home 29,204 Pacific war veterans, more than any other individual ship. At the time, she also held the record for the greatest number of aircraft landed on a carrier, with a lifetime total of 98,549 landings in 17 years. 

=== Battle Stars ===

''Saratoga'' received seven [[battle star]]s for her World War II service. 

== Decommissioning ==

[[Image:USS_Saratoga_(CV-3)_sinking.jpg|thumb|250px|The sinking Saratoga]]
With the arrival of large numbers of [[Essex class aircraft carrier|''Essex''-class]] carriers, ''Saratoga'' was surplus to postwar requirements, and she was assigned to [[Operation Crossroads]] at [[wikipedia:Bikini Atoll|Bikini Atoll]] to test the effect of the [[atomic bomb]] on naval vessels. She survived the first blast, (Test ABLE) an air burst on [[wikipedia:1 July|1 July]], with only minor damage, but was mortally wounded by the second (Test Baker) on [[wikipedia:25 July|25 July]], an underwater blast which was detonated under a landing craft 500 yards from the carrier. Salvage efforts were prevented by radioactivity, and seven and one-half hours after the blast, with her funnel collapsed across her deck, ''Saratoga'' slipped beneath the surface of the lagoon. She was struck from the [[wikipedia:Navy List|Navy List]] on [[wikipedia:15 August|15 August]] [[1946]]. 

In recent years, the submerged wreck, the top of which is only 40 ft below the surface, has become a [[wikipedia:scuba diving|scuba diving]] destination, one of only two (the other being [[USS Oriskany]]) carrier wrecks accessible to recreational divers.

== ''Saratoga'' in culture ==

The 1931 movie ''[[wikipedia:Hell Divers|Hell Divers]]'', starred Wallace Beery and a young Clark Gable as a pair of competing pilots on the ''Saratoga'', and includes much footage of operations on board.

== See also ==
* [[List of aircraft carriers]]
* [[List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy]]
* [[List of World War II ships]]

== External links ==

* [http://www.uss-saratoga.com USS ''Saratoga'' Association homepage]
* [http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-s/cv3.htm Navy photographs of ''Saratoga'' (CV-3)]
* [http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-s/cc3.htm ''Saratoga'' under construction as a battlecruiser]

{{DANFS}}
{{Wikipedia|USS Saratoga (CV-3)}}

[[Category:Aircraft carriers|USS Saratoga (CV-3)]]
[[Category:Lexington class cruisers|Saratoga(CV-3)]]
[[Category:Lexington class aircraft carriers|Saratoga]]
[[Category:World War II aircraft carriers of the United States|Saratoga]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1636" sha1="ocunpqn09ut9dhtq53ycxqfg39j48ga" xml:space="preserve">'''USS ''South Dakota'' (BB-49)''' was the [[lead ship]] of [[South Dakota class battleship (1920)|her class of battleships]], the
second [[United States Navy]] ship to be named in honor of [[wikipedia:South Dakota|the 40th state]]. Her keel was laid down on [[wikipedia:15 March|15 March]] [[1920]] by the [[wikipedia:New York Navy Yard|New York Navy Yard]]. Her construction was suspended on [[wikipedia:8 February|8 February]] [[1922]] at 38.5 percent complete, and canceled [[wikipedia:17 August|17 August]] [[1923]] in accordance with the provisions of the [[Washington Naval Treaty]]. She was sold to the Steel Scrap Corporation of [[wikipedia:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], on [[wikipedia:25 October|25 October]] [[1923]] for scrapping on the slipway. Her name was struck from the [[Naval Vessel Register]] on [[wikipedia:10 November|10 November]] [[1923]]. Her scrapping was reported completed on [[wikipedia:15 November|15 November]] [[1923]].

==External links==
*[http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/usnshtp/bb/bb49cl.htm South Dakota Class (BB-49 through BB-54)]
*[http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/uss_south_dakota_bb49.htm MaritimeQuest South Dakota BB-49 pages]
*[http://www.navsource.org/archives/01/49.htm NavSource Online: Battleship Photo Archive BB-49 SOUTH DAKOTA]

&lt;!--{{South Dakota class battleship (1920)}}--&gt;

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[[Category:Battleships of the United States]]
[[Category:United States Navy proposed ships]]
[[Category:United States Navy South Dakota-related ships|South Dakota]]

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    <title>United States Army Center of Military History</title>
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|unit_name= United States Army Center of Military History
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|dates= July 1943{{spaced ndash}}present
|country= [[United States of America|United States]]
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|type=Directorate&lt;!--The Center is a Directorate within the [[Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army]]--&gt;
|role= Historical research
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The '''United States Army Center of Military History''' ('''CMH''') is a directorate within the [[Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army]]. The center is responsible for the appropriate use of [[military history|history]] and military records throughout the [[United States Army]]. Traditionally, this mission has meant recording the official history of the army in both peace and war, while advising the army staff on historical matters. CMH is the flagship organization leading the [[Army Historical Program]].

==Mission==
The center traces its lineage back to historians under the [[Secretary of War]] who compiled the [[Official Records of the American Civil War|''Official Records of the Rebellion'']], an extensive history of the Civil War begun in 1874. A similar work on World War I was prepared by the Historical Section of the [[United States Army War College|Army War College]].

The modern organization of the army's historical efforts dates from the creation of the General Staff historical branch in July 1943 and the subsequent gathering of a team of historians, translators, editors, and cartographers to record the official history of World War II. They began publication of the ''[[United States Army in World War II]]'' series, which numbers 78 volumes, in 1946.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Adamczyk|first=Richard D.|title=United States Army in World War II: Reader's Guide|year=1992|publisher=Center of Military History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0160378171|pages=173|url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/011/11-9/CMH_Pub_11-9.pdf|quote=CMH Pub 11-9|oclc= 813914147}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then, the Center has produced detailed series on the Army's role in the [[Korean war|Korean]] and [[Vietnam War]]s and has begun a series on the U.S. Army in the [[Cold War]]. These works are  supplemented by monographs and other publications on a mix of topics.
[[File:Oaa-org.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The Organizational Chart for the OAA, and its subordinate units, including the United States Army Center of Military History]]

Since its formation, the center has provided historical support to the [[Secretary of the Army|Army Secretariat]] and Staff, contributing background information for decision making, staff actions, command information programs, and public statements by army officials. It has expanded its role in the areas of military history education, the management of the army's museum system, and the introduction of automated data-retrieval systems. The center's work with army schools ensures that the study of history is a part of the training of officers and noncommissioned officers. Much of this educational work is performed at field historical offices and in army museums.

==Historical activities==
Under the direction of the chief of military history and his principal adviser, the army’s chief historian, CMH’s staff is involved in some 50 major writing projects. Many of these efforts involve new research that ranges from traditional studies in operational and administrative history to the examination of such areas as procurement, peacekeeping, and the global war on terror. Those works under way and projected are described in the Army Historical Program, an annual report to the Chief of Staff on the Army’s historical activities. All center publications are listed in the catalog ''Publications of the United States Army Center of Military History,'' which explains how to access them.

In addition, army historians maintain the organizational history of army units, allowing the center to provide units of the Regular Army, the Army National Guard, and the Army Reserve with [[lineage and honors certificate|certificates of their lineage and honors]] and other historical material concerning their organizations. The center also determines the official designations for army units and works with the army staff during force reorganizations to preserve units with significant histories, as well as unit properties and related historical artifacts.

CMH also serves as a clearinghouse for the oral history programs in the army at all levels of command. It also conducts and preserves its own oral history collections, including those from the Vietnam War, Desert Storm, and the many recent contingency operations. In addition, the center’s end-of-tour interviews within the Army Secretariat and Staff provide a basis for its annual histories of the Department of the Army.

As tangible representations of the service’s mission, military artifacts and art enhance the soldier’s understanding of the profession of arms. CMH manages a system of more than 120 army museums and their holdings, encompassing some 450,000 artifacts and 15,000 works of military art.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.history.army.mil/html/museums/dir-links.html Directory of Active Army and National Guard Museums]&lt;/ref&gt; The Center also provides professional museum training, staff assistance visits, teams of combat artists such as those deployed under the [[Vietnam Combat Artists Program]], and general museum support throughout the army. Current projects include the establishment of a [[National Army Museum]] at [[Fort Belvoir, Virginia]], and a complementary [[Army Heritage and Educational Center]] at [[Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania]].

The Chief of Military History is responsible for ensuring the appropriate use of military history in the teaching of strategy, tactics, logistics, and administration. This mission includes a requirement that military leaders at all levels be aware of the value of history in advancing military professionalism. To that end, the center holds a biennial history conference and workshop; publishes ''Army History'', a professional bulletin devoted to informing the larger military history education community; and supplies readings for the army school system, including the ROTC community, and texts and other support for the army’s [[staff ride]] program. In this effort, the chief of military history is assisted by a historical advisory committee that includes leading academic historians and representatives of the army school system.

Staff rides enable military leaders to retrace the course of a battle on the ground, deepening their understanding of the recurring fundamentals of military operations. As one of the army’s major teaching devices, staff rides are particularly dependent on a careful knowledge of military history. Center historians lead rides directed by the Secretary of the Army and the Chief of Staff and attended by senior members of the army Staff.

It administers the army’s Command History Program, to provide historical support to army organizations worldwide. In addition, since the first Persian Gulf War, the center has coordinated the deployment of [[military history detachment]]s and the collection of historical data during peacekeeping and wartime operations, including those in northern Iraq, Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq.

==Fellowships and publications==
To stimulate interest in military history in the army and the nation, CMH sponsors professional programs.
* Fellowships: To encourage and support dissertations in military history by graduate students, the center offers up to four dissertation fellowships each academic year. These fellowships carry a $9,000 stipend and access to the center’s facilities and expertise. Although the fellowship program broadly defines the history of war on land, it selects winners with a preference for topics on the history of the U.S. Army. 
* Publications: The center is particularly interested in projects of contemporary interest, such as expeditionary combat, multinational peacekeeping, NATO enlargement, humanitarian relief, nation-building, noncombatant evacuation, antiterrorism, and the management of change. In these areas the center is able to facilitate research, provide graphics and editorial support, and carry manuscripts through to publication.

==Historical services to the public==
CMH’s art and documents collections, library, and reference services are available to private researchers. Official priorities permitting, its historians, curators, and archivists advise researchers on military history and stand ready to share their expertise concerning the location of sources. The Collections Branch of the Museum Division arranges temporary loans of paintings and drawings from the [[Army Art Collection]] to private organizations that agree to display the art publicly in accordance with Army regulations. The army’s museums and historical holdings throughout the country and abroad are generally open to the public, and their curators are available to answer reference questions. 

==Image Gallery==
&lt;center&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
File:VietnamCombatArtCAT01JohnOWehrleLandingZone.jpg|LANDING ZONE by John O. Wehrle, CAT I, 1966
File:VietnamCombatArtCAT02AugustineGAcunaScoutDog.jpg|SCOUT DOG by Augustine G. Acuna, CAT II, 1966–67
File:VietnamCombatArtCAT02TheodoreEDrendelSketchofaSoldierII.jpg|SKETCH OF SOLDIER II by Theodore E. Drendel, CAT II, 1966–67
File:VietnamCombatArtCAT03StephenHSheldonAftertheBattle.jpg|AFTER THE BATTLE by Stephen H. Sheldon CAT III 1967
File:VietnamCombatArtCAT04SamuelEAlexanderAmericanDoctorExaminesVietnameseChild.jpg|AMERICAN DOCTOR EXAMINES VIETNAMESE CHILD by Samuel E. Alexander, CAT IV, 1967
File:VietnamCombatArtCAT05PhilipVGarnerHurt.jpg|HURT by Philip V. Garner, CAT V, 1967–68
File:VietnamCombatArtCAT06JohnDKurtzCavalryTrooper.jpg|CAVALRY TROOPER by John D. Kurtz IV, CAT VI, 1968
File:VietnamCombatArtCAT06RobertTColemanSearchforAmmoCache.jpg|SEARCH FOR AMMO CACHE (11th CAV) by Robert T. Coleman, CAT VI, 1968
File:VietnamCombatArtCAT07BrianHClarkChopPickup.jpg|CHOPPER PICK-UP by Brian H. Clark, CAT VII, 1968
File:VietnamCombatArtCAT07WilliamEFlahertySDMission.jpg|S &amp; D MISSION by William E. Flaherty Jr., CAT VII, 1968
File:VietnamCombatArtProgramCAT01RobertCKnightNursing.jpg|NURSING by Robert C. Knight, CAT I, 1966
File:VietnamCombatArtCAT04JamesPollockOldVietnameseMan.jpg|OLD VIETNAMESE MAN, Ink Wash, by James Pollock, CAT IV, 1967
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/center&gt;

==See also==
* [[Department of Defense Historical Advisory Committee]]
* [[Naval History &amp; Heritage Command]]
* [[United States Marine Corps History Division]]
* historian – former director of the Center

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
The following publications provide additional information about the activities, services, and products of the Center of Military History:
* [http://www.history.army.mil/bookshelves.html U.S. Army History CMH Online Bookshelves]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/hhistory.html History of "History" in the U.S. Army]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/catalog/index.html Publications of the United States Army Center of Military History]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/reference/History/wiley-fm.htm Army Historical Program(by fiscal year) ]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/oral/oral.html Oral History: Techniques and Procedures]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/artphoto.html The U.S. Army Art and Photo Collection ]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/armyhistory/index.html Army History (a professional bulletin) ]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/ohpam.html Organizational History ]

==External links==
{{Commons|Vietnam Combat Artists Program}}
{{ACMH}}
{{wikisource| Category:U.S. Army Center for Military History Documents and images}}
* {{official website|http://www.history.army.mil/}}
* {{cite web|last=Gough|first=Terrence J.|publisher=United States Department of the Army|url=http://www.history.army.mil/reference/History/gough.htm|title=The U.S. Army Center of Military History: A Brief History}}
* {{Wayback|title=United States Army Center of Military History|date=19970607003407|url=http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/}}

{{United States Army history museums}}

{{USMILHIST}}

{{Wikipedia|United States Army Center of Military History}}

[[Category:History centers]]
[[Category:Military history of the United States]]
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|unit_name=U.S. Army Command &amp; General Staff College
|image=[[File:Fort Leavenworth Crest.gif|200px]]
|caption=USACGSC Coat of Arms
|dates=1881 – present
|country=USA
|allegiance=Federal
|branch=
|type=
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|command_structure=
|current_commander=[[Robert B. Brown (Army general)|Robert B. Brown]]
|garrison=[[Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]]
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The '''United States Army Command and General Staff College''' ('''CGSC''' or, obsolete, '''USACGSC''') at [[Fort Leavenworth]], [[Kansas]], is a [[graduate school]] for [[United States Army]] and sister service officers, interagency representatives, and international military officers.  The college was established in 1881 by [[William Tecumseh Sherman]] as the '''School of Application for Infantry and Cavalry''', (later simply the Infantry and Cavalry School), a training school for [[infantry]] and [[cavalry]] officers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Otis |first=E.&amp;nbsp;S. |authorlink=Elwell Stephen Otis |year=1882 |chapter=8.—Report of Col. E.&amp;nbsp;S.&amp;nbsp;Otis |editor=United States War Department |editor-link=United States Department of War |title=Report of the Secretary of War; being part of the message and documents communicated to the two Houses of Congress at the beginning of the second session of the Forty-seventh Congress. In four volumes. |volume=I |location=[[Washington,&amp;nbsp;D.C.|Washington]] |publisher=''GPO'' |pages=173–177 |quote=(p.173): ''As directed by the [[General of the Armies|General of the Army]], in communication of September&amp;nbsp;27, I have the honor to submit the annual report of proceedings and results at the United States infantry and cavalry school here located, or for the period from December&amp;nbsp;1, last, the date of its organization, to the present time.&lt;br/&gt;The school was organized under the provisions of General Orders No.&amp;nbsp;42, War Department, of May&amp;nbsp;7, 1881, which provided that the commanding general of the [[Department of the Missouri]] should, as soon as the requisite number of companies could be assembled at [[Fort Leavenworth]], take measures to establish a school for infantry and cavalry similar to that in operation at [[Fort Monroe]] for the artillery arm of the service.'' |url=http://archive.org/stream/annualreportswa06deptgoog#page/n209/mode/1up |accessdate=11 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1907 it changed its title to the '''School of the Line.''' The curriculum expanded throughout [[World War I]], [[World War II]], the [[Korean War]], and the [[Vietnam War]] and continues to adapt to include lessons learned from current conflicts.

In addition to the main campus at Fort Leavenworth, the college has satellite campuses at [[Fort Belvoir]], [[Virginia]]; [[Fort Lee (Virginia)|Fort Lee]], Virginia; [[Fort Gordon]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]; and [[Redstone Arsenal]], [[Alabama]].  The satellite campuses provide non-residential distance learning opportunities.

==Mission statement==

The United States Army Command and General Staff College (CGSC) educates and develops leaders for full spectrum joint, interagency and multinational operations; acts as lead agent for the Army’s leader development program; and advances the art and science of the profession of arms in support of Army operational requirements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=CGSC |title=CGSC - Command and General Staff College: ''About the Command and General Staff College'' |work=usacac.army.mil |url=http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/about.asp |accessdate=11 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Schools==
[[File:Eisenhower Hall - October 2012.jpg|300px|thumb|Fort Leavenworth's Eisenhower Hall houses the [[Combined Arms Research Library|CGSC Library]].]]

The college consists of four schools:&lt;ref name="CGSS"&gt;{{cite web |author=CGSC |title=CGSC - Command and General Staff College: ''Command and General Staff School'' |work=usacac.army.mil |url=http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/cgss/index.asp |accessdate=11 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

*'''Command and General Staff School''' (CGSS) provides Intermediate Level Education (ILE) for United States Army and sister service officers, interagency representatives, and international military officers.&lt;ref name="CGSS"/&gt; ILE is a ten-month graduate-level program; the curriculum includes instruction on leadership philosophy, military history, and the military planning and decision-making processes.&lt;ref name="cgscfoundation1"&gt;{{cite web |author=CGSC |title=About the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College |work=www.cgscfoundation.org |url=http://www.cgscfoundation.org/about/the-college/ |accessdate=11 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are two ILE classes per year; the first begins in August and ends in June, the second begins in February and ends in December.  Both classes complete the same curriculum.  In addition to the ILE curriculum, students may complete a thesis-level research paper and receive a Master of Military Arts and Sciences (MMAS) degree.  The Masters program is accredited by the [[North Central Association of Colleges and Schools]], the accrediting body for collegiate institutions in the midwestern United States.&lt;ref name="autogeneratedmil"&gt;{{cite web |author=CGSC |title=CGSC - Command and General Staff College: ''CGSC Registrar'' |work=usacac.army.mil |url=http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/doa/registrar/ |accessdate=11 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ILE students are normally mid-career [[Field officer|field-grade officers]] preparing for battalion command or staff positions at the division, brigade, or battalion level.  In addition to CGSS at [[Fort Leavenworth]], the school operates satellite campuses at [[Fort Belvoir]], [[Virginia]]; [[Fort Lee (Virginia)|Fort Lee]], Virginia; [[Fort Gordon]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]; and [[Redstone Arsenal]], [[Alabama]].&lt;ref name="CGSC_SCP"&gt;{{cite web |author=CGSC |title=CGSC - Command and General Staff College: ''Satellite Campus Program'' |work=www.cgsc.edu |url=http://www.cgsc.edu/satellite/index.asp |accessdate=11 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Students at the satellite campuses complete the ILE Common Core, a condensed ninety-day program without the MMAS option, in lieu of the traditional ten-month program.&lt;ref name="CGSC_SCP"/&gt;
*'''[[School of Advanced Military Studies]]''' (SAMS) provides post-ILE instruction on complex military issues at the strategic and operational levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=CGSC |title=CGSC - Command and General Staff College: '''''School of Advanced Military Studies''' - Converting intellectual power into combat power.'' |work=www.cgsc.edu |url=http://www.cgsc.edu/SAMS/about.asp |accessdate=11 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Students who complete the curriculum receive a Master of Military Arts and Sciences (MMAS) and are then assigned as high-level military planners.  The Masters program is accredited by the [[North Central Association of Colleges and Schools]], the accrediting body for collegiate institutions in the midwestern United States.&lt;ref name="autogeneratedmil"/&gt;
*'''School for Command Preparation''' (SCP) provides instruction for colonels, lieutenant colonels, and command sergeants major who have been selected for brigade or battalion command.&lt;ref name="cgscfoundation1"/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=CGSC |title=CGSC - Command and General Staff College: ''School for Command Preparation'' |work=usacac.army.mil |url=http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/scp/index.asp |accessdate=11 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Courses are normally three to four weeks and focus on special topics unique to assumption of command at the levels indicated.
*'''School of Advanced Leadership and Tactics''' (SALT) provides officer continuing education towards developing the Scholar-Warrior-Leader from first lieutenant to selection for major.  The result is mastery of branch-specific technical and tactical skills, staff processes in battalions and brigades, direct leadership and command competencies, and initial broadening opportunities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=CGSC |title=School of Advanced Leadership and Tactics |work=www.cgsc.edu |url=http://www.cgsc.edu/SALT/ |accessdate=11 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notable people==

===Notable alumni===
{{see also|Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

* [[Creighton Abrams]] (1949)
* [[Clara Leach Adams-Ender]] (1976)
* [[Henry H. Arnold]] (1929)
* [[Charles L. Bolte]] (1932)
* [[Omar Bradley]] (1929)
* [[Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr.]] (1928)
* [[Richard E. Cavazos]] (1960)
* [[Mark W. Clark]] (1935)
* [[J. Lawton Collins]] (1933)
* [[William E. DePuy]] (1946)
* [[Jacob L. Devers]] (1925)
* [[Roger Donlon|Roger H.C. Donlon]] (1971)
* [[Robert L. Eichelberger]] (1929)
* [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] (1925–26)
{{col-break}}
* [[James M. Gavin]] (1942)
* [[Andrew Goodpaster]] (1943)
* [[Stuart Heintzelman]] (1916)
* [[Lewis Blaine Hershey]] (1933)
* [[Courtney Hodges]] (1925)
* [[William M. Hoge]] (1928)
* [[Michelle J. Howard]] (1998)
* [[Clarence R. Huebner]] (1925)
* [[Harold Keith Johnson]] (1949)
* [[Robert Kingston]] (1960)
* [[Kirk Lippold]] (1994)
* [[Douglas MacArthur]] (1912)
* [[Raymond S. McLain]] (1938)
{{col-break}}
* [[George Marshall]] (1907)
* [[Troy H. Middleton]] (1924)
* [[Aubrey Newman]] (1943)
* [[Lunsford E. Oliver]] (1928)
* [[John McAuley Palmer (general)|John McAuley Palmer]] (1910)
* [[George S. Patton|George S. Patton Jr.]] (1924)
* [[David Petraeus]] (1983)
* [[Colin Powell]] (1968)
* [[Elwood Richard Quesada]] (1937)
* [[Matthew Ridgway]] (1935)
* [[Bernard W. Rogers]] (1954)
* [[Richard J. Seitz]] (1950)
* [[Walter Bedell Smith]] (1935)
* [[Carl Andrew Spaatz]] (1936)
{{col-break}}
* [[Donn A. Starry]] (1960)
* [[Joseph Stilwell|Joseph Warren Stilwell]] (1926)
* [[Gordon R. Sullivan]] (1969)
* [[Maxwell D. Taylor]] (1935)
* [[Maxwell R. Thurman]] (1967)
* [[Hoyt Vandenberg]] (1936)
* [[James Van Fleet]] (1918)
* [[Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)|Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV]] (1931)
* [[Albert Coady Wedemeyer]] (1936)
{{col-end}}

===Notable foreign alumni===
The college reports that 7,000 international students representing 155 countries have attended CGSC since 1894 and that more than 50 percent of CGSC International Military Student (IMS) graduates attain the rank of general.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=CGSC |date=1 October 2009 |title=International Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony |work=usacac.army.mil |url=http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/Events/IHOF/index20091001.asp |accessdate=11 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Major General [[Edmund E. Dillon]] of [[Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force]]
* General  Rodolfo G. Alvarado of the Philippines
* General [[Do Cao Tri]] of [[South Vietnam]]
* General [[Hau Pei-tsun]] of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
* President [[Paul Kagame]] of Rwanda
* Brig Gen [[Muhoozi Kainerugaba]] son of Ugandan president, 2007–2008.
* General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] of Pakistan
* General [[Rahimuddin Khan]] of Pakistan
* General [[Jehangir Karamat]] of Pakistan
* General [[Ashfaq Parvez Kayani]] of Pakistan
* General [[Eiji Kimizuka]] of Japan
* General [[Hisham Jaber]] of Lebanon
* General [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]] of [[Indian Army]]
* Prime Minister and Brigadier-General [[Lee Hsien Loong]] of Singapore
* General [[Dieudonné Kayembe Mbandakulu]] of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
* President [[Gaafar Nimeiry]] of Sudan
* Lt.Col [[Anastasio Somoza Portocarrero]] of the Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua
* General [[Nguyễn Hợp Đoàn]] of [[South Vietnam]]
* General [[Nguyễn Khánh]] of [[South Vietnam]]
* General [[Phạm Văn Đồng (ARVN general)|Phạm Văn Đồng]] of [[South Vietnam]]
* President and General [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] of Indonesia
* General [[Veljko Kadijević]] of Yugoslavia
* General [[Antonio Domingo Bussi]] of Argentina
* General [[Alfredo M. Santos]] of the Philippines
* General [[Moeen U Ahmed]] of Bangladesh
* General Amer Khammash of Jordan
* General [[Arne Dagfin Dahl]] of Norway
* General [[Gustav Hägglund]] of Finland
* General [[Avigdor Kahalani]] of  Israel
* General [[David Tevzadze]] of Georgia
* Lt. Gen. [[Rafael Ileto]], Secretary of [[Department of National Defense (Philippines)|Department of National Defense]], Philippines
* General [[Moeen U Ahmed]] of [[Bangladesh]]
* Minister of War and Chief of Intelligence Amin Howeidy of [[Egypt]]
* Général d’armée [[René Imbot]], ([[:fr:René Imbot#États-majors et commandements]]) Chief of Staff of the French Army, General Director of [[Directorate-General for External Security|DGSE]], France.
* [[Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa|King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa]] of Bahrain&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=''theguardian.com'' |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/165861 |location=London |publisher=''The Guardian'' |title=US embassy cables: Bahrainis trained by Hezbollah, claims King Hamad |date=15 February 2011 |accessdate=11 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Colonel [[Ahmed Mohammed Ali]]

===Notable faculty and deputy commandants===
*[[Robert Arter]] (Deputy Commandant 1977–79)
*[[Richard E. Cavazos]] (faculty 1970–71)
*[[Roger Donlon|Roger H.C. Donlon]] (1978–81)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Halloran |first1=Richard |last2=Molotsky |first2=Irvin |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/14/us/washington-talk-briefing-a-hero-retires.html |title=Washington Talk: Briefing; A Hero Retires |publisher=''The New York Times'' |date=14 December 1988 |accessdate=11 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Frederick M. Franks, Jr.]] (Deputy commandant 1985–87)
*[[James F. Hamlet]] Chief of the Air Mobility Branch 1968–1969
*[[Glenn K. Otis]] Deputy Chief of Staff 1976–1978
*[[Colin Powell]]  Deputy Commanding General of the Combined Arms Combat Development Activity (1982–83)
*[[Gordon R. Sullivan]] Deputy Commandant 1987–88
*[[Adna R. Chaffee, Jr.]] 1919–20.
*[[Clarence R. Huebner]] (1929–33)
*[[Walter Krueger]] (1901–12)
*[[Lucian Truscott]] 1934–1940

===Commandants===
{{Main|Commandant of the United States Army Command and General Staff College}}

Since 1976, the commandant of the college has been a [[Lieutenant general|Lieutenant General]] [[David Petraeus]] was the commandant between 2005 and 2007, immediately before going to command the [[Multi-National Force – Iraq]].

==Photo gallery==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:International_students,_class_of_1998-99_(United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College,_Fort_Leavensworth,_Kansas).jpg|International Students of Class 1998–99
File:International_students,_class_of_1998-99_(United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College,_Fort_Leavensworth,_Kansas)_on_a_class_trip_to_Burns_&amp;amp;_McDonnell_Engineering.jpg|International Students of Class 1998–99 on a Kansas company visit
File:International_students,_class_of_1998-99_(United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College,_Fort_Leavensworth,_Kansas)_on_a_class_trip_to_Gettysburg.jpg| International Students of Class 1998–99 Gettysburg visit

&lt;/gallery&gt;

==See also==
* [[Battle command]]
* [[Air Command and Staff College]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cgsc.edu/ Official website]
* [http://carl.army.mil/ Command and General Staff College, Combined Arms Research Library]
* [http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/ Command and General Staff College, Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library]

{{United States military academies and colleges}}
{{TRADOC}}
{{Colleges and universities in Kansas}}

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{{Wikipedia|United States Army Command and General Staff College}}

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[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kansas]]
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[[Category:North Central Association of Colleges and Schools]]
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[[Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College|United States Army Command and General Staff College]]
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The '''United States Army War College (USAWC)''' is a [[United States Army]] school located in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on the 500 acre (2&amp;nbsp;km²) campus of the historic [[Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania|Carlisle Barracks]].  It caters to high-level military personnel and civilians and prepares them for strategic leadership responsibilities.

As the Army's most senior military educational institution, it provides a function similar to that of the [[Naval War College]] and [[Air War College]], each an academic institution administered by a sister service of the [[United States Military]], and trains  [[Colonel (United States)|colonels]] or [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonels]] who are board selected for admission.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/Registar/policies.cfm US Army War College]. Carlisle.army.mil. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.&lt;/ref&gt;

The War College is a split-functional institution. While a great deal of emphasis is placed on research, students are also instructed in [[leadership]], [[strategy]], and joint-service/international operations. Approximately 600 students attend at any one time, half in a two-year-long Internet-based program, and the other half in an on-campus program lasting ten months. The college grants its graduates, both civilian and military, a Master's Degree in Strategic Studies.

The Army handpicks most of the students who participate in the residential program, but the student body always includes officers from the other military branches, civilians (from [[United States Department of Defense|the Pentagon]], State Department, and the National Security Agency), and several dozen senior officers from foreign countries.  For example, the residential Class of 2004 included:
*268 officers from the [[United States Army|Army]] (active, [[United States Army Reserve|Reserve]], [[Army National Guard|National Guard]]), [[United States Navy|Navy]] (active, [[United States Navy Reserve|Reserve]]), [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] (active, [[Air Force Reserve Command|Reserve]], [[Air National Guard|National Guard]]), [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] (active, [[United States Marine Corps Reserve|Reserve]]) and [[United States Coast Guard|Coast Guard]];
*30 senior civilian employees of the federal government; and
*42 officers from other countries.

Majors with the specialty of FA59, [[Military strategist|Strategist]], formerly Strategic Plans and Policy, attend their qualification course, [[Basic Strategic Arts Program]] (BSAP), at USAWC. Army applicants must have already completed the [[Command and General Staff College|U.S. Army Command and General Staff College]] (the required US Army [[Professional Military Education]] for Officers in the rank of [[Major (United States)|Major]]).

==Mission==
According to U.S. Army regulation 10–44, the mission of the War College is "To prepare selected military, civilian, and international leaders for the responsibilities of strategic leadership; educate current and future leaders on the development and employment of landpower in a joint, multinational and interagency environment; conduct research and publish on national security and military strategy; and engage in activities in support of the Army’s strategic communication efforts."

[[File:ElihuRoot2.jpg|right|frame|[[Elihu Root]]]]

==History==
Established from the principles learned in the [[Spanish-American War]], the College was founded by [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]], [[Elihu Root]], and formally established by General Order 155 on 27 November 1901. [[Washington Barracks]]&amp;nbsp;— now called [[Fort Lesley J. McNair]]&amp;nbsp;— in Washington, D.C. was chosen as the site. [[Theodore Roosevelt]] attended the Masonic laying of the cornerstone of [[Roosevelt Hall (National War College)|Roosevelt Hall]] on 21 February 1903.

The first president of the Army War College was Major General [[Samuel B. M. Young]]&lt;ref&gt;Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, 1775-2005: Portraits &amp; Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer; William Gardner Bell; Government Printing Office, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; in July 1902 and the first students attended the College in 1904. The College remained at Washington Barracks until the 1940s, when it was closed due to [[World War II]]. It reopened in 1950 at [[Fort Leavenworth]], and moved one year later to its present location.

==Basic Strategic Art Program==
{{Main|Basic Strategic Arts Program}}
The ''Basic Strategic Art Program'' is one of the academic programs taught at the U.S. Army War College. When the program was founded in 2003, its purpose was to provide those officers who had been newly designated into Functional Area 59 (Strategist, formerly Strategic Plans &amp; Policy) an introduction to strategy and to the unique skills, knowledge, and attributes needed as a foundation for their progressive development as army strategists.  FA 59 officers have deployed to combat since the onset of the Global War on Terror in 2001. Since then, graduates of this program served in key positions in [[Iraq]], Afghanistan, all [[Unified Combatant Command|combatant commands]], and at [[the Pentagon]].

==Center for Strategic Leadership==
The Center for Strategic Leadership and Development (CSLD) areas of emphasis are [[experiential education]], Senior Leader education, support to Army Senior Leader research, and support to both US Army War College (USAWC) and Army Senior Leader strategic communication efforts. CSL’s professional staff and Collins Hall facility host, support, develop, and conduct world-class events (workshops, symposia, conferences, games, and exercises) focused on a broad range of strategic leadership and national
security issues and concepts in support of the USAWC, the Army, and the Interagency and Joint Communities.

==Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute==
[[File:Logo PKSOI.gif|thumb|right]]
The Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute (PKSOI) is located at the War College.  The institute's mission is to serve as the U.S. Military’s Center of Excellence for Stability and Peace Operations at the strategic and operational levels in order to improve military, civilian agency, international, and multinational capabilities and execution.

==PKSOI Stability Operations Lessons Learned Information Management System (SOLLIMS)==

SOLLIMS is PKSOI's repository for Observations, Issues and Lessons (Best Practices) emerging from the Stability Operations community. SOLLIMS provides the ability to capture Lessons Learned data from ongoing Exercises, Experiments and real-world SSTR missions and operations. Access to SOLLIMS is provided to OSD, USG agencies, and other NGO, IO and multi-national organizations involved in SSTR operations across the globe.

==Notable alumni==
{{See also|Category:United States Army War College alumni}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* [[John J. Pershing]], Class of 1905
* [[Lyman W.V. Kennon]], Class of 1910
* [[John A. Lejeune]], Class of 1910
* [[Hunter Liggett]], Class of 1910
* [[Ben Hebard Fuller]], Class of 1914
* [[General John Wilson Ruckman|John Wilson Ruckman]], Class of 1915
* [[Walter Krueger]], Class of 1921
* [[Charles H. Corlett]], Class of 1925
* [[Edmund L. Gruber]], Class of 1927
* [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], Class of 1928
* [[Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr.]], Class of 1929
* [[Roy Geiger]], Class of 1929
* [[Oscar Griswold]], Class of 1929
* [[Clarence R. Huebner]], Class of 1929
* [[Lesley J. McNair]], Class of 1929
* [[Troy H. Middleton]], Class of 1929
* [[Franklin C. Sibert]], Class of 1929
* [[Willis D. Crittenberger]], Class of 1930
* [[Robert L. Eichelberger]], Class of 1930
* [[Charles P. Hall]], Class of 1930
* [[Jesse B. Oldendorf]], Class of 1930
* [[Frank Jack Fletcher]], Class of 1931
* [[William R. Schmidt]], Class of 1931
* [[Gilbert R. Cook]], Class of 1932
* [[Leonard T. Gerow]], Class of 1932
* [[Wade H. Haislip]], Class of 1932
{{col-break}}
* [[Thomas Holcomb]], Class of 1932
* [[John P. Lucas]], Class of 1932
* [[Alexander M. Patch]], Class of 1932
* [[George S. Patton Jr.]], Class of 1932
* [[Frank Maxwell Andrews|Frank M. Andrews]], Class of 1933
* [[George Kenney]], Class of 1933
* [[Edward Almond]], Class of 1934
* [[Omar Bradley]], Class of 1934
* [[Ulysses S. Grant III]], Class of 1934
* [[Lewis Blaine Hershey]], Class of 1934
* [[Ernest N. Harmon]], Class of 1934
* [[Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV|Jonathan Wainwright]], Class of 1934
* [[Norman Cota]], Class of 1936
* [[John R. Hodge]], Class of 1936
* [[Richard Marshall (American general)|Richard Marshall]], Class of 1936
* [[Edward H. Brooks]], Class of 1937
* [[Mark W. Clark]], Class of 1937
* [[Matthew Ridgway]], Class of 1937
* [[Walter Bedell Smith]], Class of 1937
* [[J. Lawton Collins]], Class of 1938
* [[Leslie Groves]], Class of 1939
* [[Hoyt Vandenberg]], Class of 1939
* [[Anthony McAuliffe]], Class of 1940
* [[Maxwell D. Taylor]], Class of 1940
* [[Pedro del Valle]], Class of 1940
{{col-break}}
* [[William Westmoreland]], Class of 1951
* [[Bruce Palmer, Jr.]], Class of 1952
* [[Creighton Abrams]], Class of 1953
* [[Earl E. Anderson]], Class of 1960
* [[Bernard W. Rogers]], Class of 1960
* [[Alexander Haig]], Class of 1966
* [[Donn A. Starry]], Class of 1966
* [[Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr.|H. Norman Schwarzkopf]], Class of 1973
* [[Lewis Sorley]], Class of 1973
* [[George Joulwan]], Class of 1978
* [[Gordon R. Sullivan]], Class of 1978
* [[William Hartzog]], Class of 1981
* [[Richard Myers]], Class of 1981
* [[Clara Leach Adams-Ender]], Class of 1982
* [[Donald Fowler]], Class of 1983
* [[Thomas E. White]], Class of 1984
* [[W. Patrick Lang]], Class of 1985
* [[Tommy Franks]], Class of 1985
* [[James Peake]], Class of 1988
* [[Lance L. Smith]], Class of 1990
* [[William G. Boykin]], Class of 1991
* [[John Kimmons]], Class of 1995
* [[Raymond T. Odierno]], Class of 1995
* [[Vijay Kumar Singh]] ([[Indian Army]]), Class of 2001
* [[Frank Corte, Jr.|Frank J. Corte, Jr.]], Class of 2002
* [[Parami Kulatunga]] ([[Sri Lankan Army]]), Class of 2003
* [[Joe Heck]], Class of 2006
* [[Abdul Fatah al-Sisi]], Class of 2006
{{col-end}}

==See also==
*[[Basic Strategic Arts Program]]
*[[Staff College]]
*[[United States Military Academy]]
*[[Command and General Staff College|United States Army Command and General Staff College]]
*[[National War College]]
*[[Naval War College]]
*[[Marine Corps War College]]
*[[Air War College]]
*[[Strategic Studies Institute]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links and sources==
*[http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ U. S. Army War College official website]
*[http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College] – the College's strategic and security research facility
*[http://pksoi.army.mil Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute website]
*[http://www.militarystrategist.org/ US Military Strategists Association]
*[http://www.strategicleader.us Strategic Experiential Education Group] – the College's Strategic Experiential Education Group
*[http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/ The College's quarterly refereed journal] (''[[Parameters (journal)|Parameters]]''), for senior military professionals
*[http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Schools/Army%20War%20College.htm U. S. Army heraldic entitlements] for the War College
*[http://slate.msn.com/id/2101221/ ''What Is the War College, Anyway?''], a May 2004 article from ''Slate''

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      <text bytes="269" sha1="n72gmj2yw9s3en1emljvtcylrnwph9k" xml:space="preserve">'''Vichy France''' or the '''Vichy regime''' was the French Government in South France and Corsica from July 1940 to August 1944, succeeding the Third French Republic. It was a puppet state of [[Nazi Germany]].
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      <text bytes="448" sha1="iaa5trsvh069ajpz9f3mhl2afrq2w1s" xml:space="preserve">The '''Vietnam War''' lasted from 1959 to April 30, 1975. The war was a successful effort by the communist allies of the [[wikipedia:North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] (or North Vietnam) to unite Vietnam into a single communist country. The [[wikipedia:South Vietnam|Republic of Vietnam]] (or South Vietnam) and her capitalist allies were fighting against the unification and communism. 
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'''War''' is an armed conflict between states, organizations, or relatively large groups of people, characterised by lethal violence between combatants or against civilians. Other terms for war, which often serve as euphemisms, include armed conflict, hostilities, and police action (note). War is contrasted with peace, which is usually defined as the absence of war. A common perception of war is a series of military campaigns between at least two opposing sides involving a dispute over sovereignty, territory, resources, religion or a host of other issues. A war to liberate an occupied country is sometimes characterised as a "war of liberation", while a war between internal elements of the same state may constitute a civil war.

== History of War ==
"Warfare is the greatest affair of state, the basis of life and death, the Tao to survival or extinction. It must be thoroughly pondered and analyzed."---The Art of War by Sun Tzu. 
War seems as old as human society, and certainly features prominently in the recorded histories of state-cultures. The earliest city states and empires in Mesopotamia became the first to employ standing armies. Before this, it was typical for the army to consist entirely or mostly of militia. Organization and structure has since been central to warfare, as illustrated by the success of highly disciplined troops of the Roman Empire. As well as organizational change, technology has played a central role in the evolution of warfare. Armies with iron weapons easily defeated armies armed with bronze. Inventions created for warfare play an important role in advances in other fields, but modern technology has greatly increased the potential cost and destruction of war. The study of warfare is known as military history.

== Morality of War ==
Throughout history, war has been the source of serious moral questions. Although many ancient nations and some more modern ones viewed war as noble, over the sweep of history concerns about the morality of war have gradually increased. Today war is generally seen as undesirable and, by some, morally problematic, although many view war, or at least the preparation and readiness and willingness to engage in war, as a necessary precursor to the defense of their country against aggressors. Pacifists believe that war is inherently immoral and that no war should ever be fought. This position was passionately defended by the Indian leader Mahatma Ghandi. The negative view of war has not always been held as widely as it is today. Many thinkers, such as Heinrich von Treitschke saw war as humanity's highest activity where courage, honor, and ability were more necessary than in any other endeavour. At the outbreak of World War I the writer Thomas Mann wrote, "Is not peace an element of civil corruption and war a purification, a liberation, an enormous hope?" This attitude has been embraced by societies from Sparta and Rome in the ancient world to the fascist states of the 1930s. The defeat and repudiation of the fascist states and their militarism in the Second World War, the shock of the first use of nuclear weapons and increased respect for the sanctity of individual life, as enshrined in the concept of human rights, for example, have contributed to the current view of war. Today, some see only just wars as legitimate, and believe that it is the goal of organizations such as the United Nations to unite the world against wars of unjust aggression. Others believe that the United Nations has no more moral advantage than that of a sovereign country.

== Limitations ==
At times throughout history, societies have attempted to limit the cost of war by formalizing it in some way. Limitations on the targeting of civilians, what type of weapons can be used, and when combat is allowed have all fallen under these rules in different conflicts. Total war is the modern term for the targeting of civilians and the mobilization of an entire society; when every member of the society has to contribute to the war effort. While culture, law, and religion have all been factors in causing wars, they have also acted as restraints at times. In some cultures, for example, conflicts have been highly ritualized to limit actual loss of life. In modern times, increasing international attention has been paid to peacefully resolving conflicts which lead to war. The United Nations is the latest and most comprehensive attempt to, as stated in the preamble of the U.N. Charter, "save succeeding generations from the scourge of war." A number of treaties regulate warfare, collectively referred to as the laws of war. The most pervasive of those are the Geneva Conventions, the earliest of which began to take effect in the mid 1800s. Treaty signing has since been a part of international diplomacy, and too many treaties to mention in this scant article have been signed. A couple of examples are: Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference, Geneva, 26 October-29 October 1863 and Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 75 U.N.T.S. 135, entered into force 21 October 1950. It must be noted that in war such treaties are generally thrown to one side if they interfere with the vital interests of either side; some have criticised such conventions as simply providing a fig leaf for the inhuman practice of war. By only illegalising "war against the rules", it is alleged, such treaties and conventions, in effect, sanction certain types of war.
===Redefining "war" for legal reasons===
Sometimes the term "war" is restricted by legal definition to those conflicts where one or both belligerents have formally declared war. This has resulted in wars (in the sense defined in the introduction to this article) without formal declaration and combatants who officially choose terms other than "war," such as:
*"armed conflict"; 
*"state aggression by armed force"; 
*"police action"; 
*"crime against international peace". 
For example, the United States Government referred to the Korean War as a "police action", and the British Government was very careful to use the term "armed conflict" instead of "war" during the Falklands War in 1982 to comply with the letter of international law. Sometimes the term "war" will not be used in order to circumvent national constitutions which restrict the power of the executive to wage war without the agreement of other branches of government.

==Causes of war==
There is great debate over why wars happen, even when most people do not want them to. Representatives of many different academic disciplines have attempted to explain war.
===Historical theories===
Historians tend to be reluctant to look for sweeping explanations for all wars. A. J. P. Taylor famously described wars as being like traffic accidents. There are some conditions and situations that make them more likely but there can be no system for predicting where and when each one will occur. Social scientists criticize this approach arguing that at the beginning of every war some leader makes a conscious decision and that they cannot be seen as purely accidental.
===Psychological theories===
Psychologists such as E.F.M. Durban and John Bowlby have argued that human beings, especially men, are inherently violent. While this violence is repressed in normal society it needs the occasional outlet provided by war. This combines with other notions, such as displacement where a person transfers their grievances into bias and hatred against other ethnic groups, nations, or ideologies. While these theories may have some explanatory value about why wars occur, they do not explain when or how they occur. In addition, they raise the question why there are sometimes long periods of peace and other eras of unending war. If the innate psychology of the human mind is unchanging, these variations are inconsistent. A solution adapted to this problem by militarists such as Franz Alexander is that peace does not really exist. Periods that are seen as peaceful are actually periods of preparation for a later war or when war is suppressed by a state of great power, such as the Pax Britannica. If war is innate to human nature, as is presupposed by many psychological theories, then there is little hope of ever escaping it. One alternative is to argue that war is only, or almost only, a male activity and if human leadership was in female hands wars would not occur. This theory has played an important role in modern feminism. Critics, of course, point to various examples of female political leaders who had no qualms about using military force, such as Margaret Thatcher or Indira Gandhi. Other psychologists have argued that while human temperament allows wars to occur, they only do so when mentally unbalanced men are in control of a nation. This extreme school of thought argues leaders that seek war such as Napoleon, Hitler, and Stalin were mentally abnormal. A distinct branch of the psychological theories of war are the arguments based on evolutionary psychology. This school tends to see war as an extension of animal behaviour, such as territoriality and competition. However, while war has a natural cause, the development of technology has accelerated human destructiveness to a level that is irrational and damaging to the species. We have the same instincts of a chimpanzee but overwhelmingly more power. The earliest advocate of this theory was Konrad Lorenz. These theories have been criticized by scholars such as John G. Kennedy, who argue that the organized, sustained war of humans differs more than just technologically from the territorial fights between animals. In his fictional book Nineteen-Eighty-Four, George Orwell talks about war being used as one of many ways to distract people. War inspires fear and hate among the people of a nation, and gives them a 'legitimate' enemy upon whom they can focus this fear and hate. Thus the people are prevented from seeing that their true enemy is in fact their own repressive government. By this theory, war is another 'opiate of the masses' by which a state controls its people and prevents revolution.
===Anthropological theories===
Several anthropologists take a very different view of war. They see it as fundamentally cultural, learned by nurture rather than nature. Thus if human societies could be reformed, war would disappear. To this school the acceptance of war is inculcated into each of us by the religious, ideological, and nationalistic surroundings in which we live. Many anthropologists also see no links between various forms of violence. They see the fighting of animals, the skirmishes of hunter-gatherer tribes, and the organized warfare of modern societies as distinct phenomena each with their own causes. Theorists such as Ashley Montagu emphasize the top down nature of war, that almost all wars are begun not by popular pressure but by the whims of leaders and that these leaders also work to maintain a system of ideological justifications for war.
===Sociological theories===
Sociology has long been very concerned with the origins of war, and many thousands of theories have been advanced, many of them contradictory. Some use detailed formulas taking into account hundreds of demographic and economic values to predict when and where wars will break out. The statistical analysis of war was pioneered by Lewis Fry Richardson following World War I. More recent databases of wars and armed conflict have been assembled by the Correlates of War Project, Peter Brecke and the Uppsala Department of Peace and Conflict Research. So far none of these formulas have successfully predicted the outbreak of future conflicts. A detailed study by Michael Haas found that no single variable has a strong correlation to the occurrence of wars. One correlation that has found much support is that states that are democracies do not go to war with each other, an idea known as the democratic peace theory. Many sociologists have attempted to divide wars into types to get better correlations, but this has also produced mixed results. Data looked at by R.J. Rummel has found that civil wars and foreign wars are very different in origin, but Jonathan Wilkenfield using different data found just the opposite. Sociology has thus divided into a number of schools. One based on the works of Eckart Kehr and Hans-Ulrich Wehler sees war as the product of domestic conditions, with only the target of aggression being determined by international realities. Thus World War I was not a product of international disputes, secret treaties, or the balance of power but a product of the economic, social, and political situation within each of the states involved. This differs from the traditional approach of Carl von Clausewitz and Leopold von Ranke that argue it is the decisions of statesmen and the geopolitical situation that leads to war.
===Malthusian theories===
Pope Urban in 1095, on the eve of the First Crusade, wrote, "For this land which you now inhabit, shut in on all sides by the sea and the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; it scarcely furnishes food enough for its cultivators. Hence it is that you murder and devour one another, that you wage wars, and that many among you perish in civil strife. Let hatred, therefore, depart from among you; let your quarrels end. Enter upon the road to the Holy Sepulcher; wrest that land from a wicked race, and subject it to yourselves." This is one of the earliest expressions of what has come to be called the Malthusian theory of war, in which wars are caused by expanding populations and limited resources. Thomas Malthus (1766 - 1834) wrote that populations always increase until they are limited by war, disease, or famine. This theory is thought by Malthusians to account for the relative decrease in wars during the past fifty years, especially in the developed world, where advances in agriculture have made it possible to support a much larger population than was formerly the case, and where birth control has dramatically slowed the increase in population.
===Information theories===
A popular new approach is to look at the role of information in the outbreak of wars. This theory, advanced by scholars of international relations such as Geoffrey Blainey, argues that all wars are based on a lack of information. If both sides at the outset knew the result neither would fight, the loser would merely surrender and avoid the cost in lives and infrastructure that a war would cause. This is based on the notion that wars are reciprocal, that all wars require both a decision to attack and also a decision to resist attack. This notion is generally agreed to by almost all scholars of war since Clausewitz. This notion is made harder to accept because it is far more common to study the cause of wars rather than events that failed to cause wars, and wars are far more memorable. However, throughout history there are as many invasions and annexations that did not lead to a war, such as the U.S.-led invasion of Haiti in 1994, the Nazi invasions of Austria and Czechoslovakia preceding the Second World War, and the annexation of the Baltic states by the Soviet Union in 1940. On the other hand, Finland's decision to resist a similar Soviet aggression in 1939 led to the Winter War. The leaders of these nations chose not to resist as they saw the potential benefits being not worth the loss of life and destruction such resistance would cause. Lack of information may not only be to who wins in the immediate future. The Norwegian decision to resist the Nazi invasion was taken with the certain knowledge that Norway would fall. The Norwegians did not know whether the German domination would be permanent and also felt that noble resistance would win them favour with the Allies and a position at the peace settlement in the event of an Allied victory. If in 1940 it had been known with certainty the Germans would dominate central Europe for many decades, it is unlikely the Norwegians would have resisted. If it had been known for certainty that the Third Reich would collapse after only a few years of war, the Nazis would not have launched the invasion at all. This theory is predicated on the notion that the outcome of wars is not randomly determined, but fully determined on factors such as doctrine, economies, and power. While purely random events, such as storms or the right person dying at the right time, might have had some effect on history, these only influence a single battle or slightly alter the outcome of a war, but would not mean the difference between victory and defeat. There are two main objectives in the gathering of intelligence. The first is to find out the ability of an enemy, the second their intent. In theory to have enough information to prevent all wars both need to be fully known. The Argentinean dictatorship knew that the United Kingdom had the ability to defeat them, but their intelligence failed them on the question of whether the British would use their power to resist the annexation of the Falklands. The American decision to enter the Vietnam War was made with the full knowledge that the communist forces would resist them, but did not believe that the guerrillas had the capability to long oppose American forces. One major difficulty is that in a conflict of interests, some deception or at least not telling everything is a standard tactical component on both sides. If you think that you can convince the opponent that you will fight, the opponent might desist. For example, Sweden made efforts to deceive Nazi Germany that it would resist an attack fiercely partly by playing on the myth of Aryan superiority, and by making sure that Hermann Göring only saw elite troops in action, often dressed up as regular soldiers, when he came to visit.
===Marxist theories===
The economic theories also form a part of the Marxist theory of war, which argues that all war grows out of the class war. It sees wars as imperial ventures to enhance the power of the ruling class and divide the proletariat of the world by pitting them against each other for contrived ideals such as nationalism or religion. Wars are a natural outgrowth of the free market and class system, and will not disappear until a world revolution occurs.

== Types of war and warfare ==
Smaller armed conflicts are often called riots, rebellions, coups, etc.

When one country sends armed forces to another, allegedly to restore order or prevent genocide or other crimes against humanity, or to support a legally recognized government against insurgency, that country sometimes refers to it as a police action. This usage is not always recognized as valid, however, particularly by those who do not accept the connotations of the term.

"Conventional warfare" describes either:

*A war between nation-states 
*War where nuclear or biological weapons are not used. 
(Compare with unconventional warfare and nuclear warfare.) 
*A war where the forces in conflict belong to the same country or empire or other political entity is known as a civil war. 

Asymmetrical warfare is a conflict between two populations of drastically different levels of military mechanization. This type of war often results in guerrilla tactics. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is a common example of asymmetrical warfare. Terrorism can be considered an extreme form of asymmetrical warfare. Military action produces a very small percentage of air pollution emissions. Intentional air pollution in combat is one of a collection of techniques collectively called chemical warfare. Poison gas as a chemical weapon was principally used during World War I, and resulted in an estimated 91,198 deaths and 1,205,655 injuries. Various treaties have sought to ban its further use. Non-lethal chemical weapons, such as tear gas and pepper spray, are widely used.
===Geographic Warfare===
The terrain over which a war is fought has a big impact on the type of combat which takes place. This in turn means that soldiers have to be trained to fight in a specific type of terrain. These include:
* Arctic warfare
* Ski warfare
* Desert warfare
* Jungle warfare
* Naval warfare or Aquatic warfare
* Sub-aquatic warfare
* Mountain warfare (sometimes called alpine warfare)
* Urban warfare
* Air warfare
* Space warfare

== External Links ==
*[http://www.warcrimes.info/ Documents and Resources on War, War Crimes and Genocide]
*[http://www.umich.edu/~cowproj/ Correlates of War Project]
*[http://cow2.la.psu.edu/ Correlates of War 2]
*[http://youtube.com/watch?v=kzjf7CO6HKA&amp;search=vietnam%20remember Reality of war. Experience of those who seen it...]
*[http://www.inta.gatech.edu/peter/PSS99_paper.html Article by Peter Brecke]
*[http://www.d-n-i.net/fcs/4th_gen_war_gazette.htm The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation]
*[http://www.pcr.uu.se/ Uppsala Department of Peace and Conflict Research]
*[http://www.unesco.org/shs/human_rights/hrfv.htm 1986 Seville Statement on Violence]
*[http://www.culture-of-peace.info/ssov/title-page.html The Seville Statement on Violence: A Progress Report]
*[http://www.culture-of-peace.info/myth/title-page.html The Myth That War Is Intrinsic to Human Nature Discourages Action for Peace by Young People] 
*[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm Rough estimates of the number of deaths in various wars and conflicts]
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]
*[http://www.warstudiesprimer.org/ War Studies Primer] - an introductory course on the study of war


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[[Image:Yorkshire rose.png|thumb|[[House of York|York]]]]

The '''Wars of the Roses''' ([[1455]] - [[1485]]) were collectively an intermittent [[civil war]] fought over the throne of [[England]] between adherents of the [[House of Lancaster]] and the [[House of York]]. Both houses were branches of the [[Plantagenet]] royal house, tracing their descent from King [[Edward III of England|Edward III]].

The name ''Wars of the Roses'' was not used at the time, but has its origins in the badges associated with the two royal houses, the [[Red Rose of Lancaster]] and the [[White Rose of York]]. The term came into common usage during the sixteenth century from a fictional scene in Shakespeare's play [[Henry VI Part 1]] where the opposing sides pick different-coloured roses at the [[Temple Church]]. Although the roses were occasionally used as symbols during the wars themselves, most of the participants wore badges associated with their immediate feudal lords or protectors. The unofficial system of ''Livery and Maintenance'', by which powerful nobles would offer protection to followers who would sport their colours and badges (''livery'') was one of the effects of the breakdown of royal authority which preceded and partly caused the wars.

The Wars were fought largely by the [[landed property|landed aristocracy]] and armies of [[feudal]] retainers; supporters of each house largely depended upon dynastic marriages with the nobility, feudal titles and tenures.  The Lancastrian patriarch [[John of Gaunt|John of Gaunt's]] first title was [[Earl of Richmond]], the same title which Henry VII later held, whilst the Yorkist [[patriarch]] [[Edmund of Langley|Edmund of Langley's]] first title was [[Earl of Cambridge]]. &lt;!-- and this is relevant because? --&gt;

The Wars of the Roses, with their heavy casualties among the [[nobility]], ushered in a period of great social upheaval in feudal England and led to the fall of the Plantagenet dynasty itself. The period saw the decline of English influence on the Continent, a weakening of the feudal power of the nobles and a corresponding strengthening of the merchant classes, and the growth of a strong, centralized monarchy under the [[Tudors]]. It heralded the end of the medieval period in England and the movement towards the [[Renaissance]].

On the other hand, it has also been suggested that traumatic impact of the wars was exaggerated by [[Henry VII]], to magnify his achievement in quelling them and bringing peace. Certainly, the effect of the wars on the merchant and labouring classes was far less than in the long drawn-out wars of siege and pillage in [[France]] and elsewhere in Europe, carried out by mercenaries who profited from the prolongation of the war. Although there were some lengthy sieges, such as at [[Harlech Castle]] and [[Bamburgh Castle]], these were in remote and sparsely-inhabited regions. In the populated areas, both factions had much to lose by the ruin of the country, and sought quick resolution of the conflict by pitched battle.

{{Campaignbox Wars of the Roses}}

==The disputed succession==
[[Image:Richard2.JPG|left|thumb|100px|Richard II]]
[[Image:Henry4.JPG|right|thumb|100px|Henry IV]]
[[Image:Henry5.JPG|right|thumb|100px|Henry V]]

The antagonism between the two houses started with the overthrow of King [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] by his cousin, [[Henry IV of England|Henry Bolingbroke]], [[Duke of Lancaster]], in [[1399]]. Being the issue of [[Edward III]]'s third son [[John of Gaunt]], Bolingbroke had a very poor claim to the [[throne]]. According to precedent, the crown should have passed to the male descendants of [[Lionel of Antwerp]], Duke of Clarence (1338-1368), Edward III's second son, and in fact, Richard II had named Lionel's grandson, [[Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March]] as [[heir presumptive]]. However, Bolingbroke was crowned as Henry IV. He was tolerated as king since Richard II's government had been highly unpopular. Nevertheless, within a few years of taking the throne, Bolingbroke found himself facing several rebellions in [[Wales]], [[Cheshire]] and [[Northumberland]], which used the Mortimer claim to the throne both as pretext and rallying point. All these revolts were suppressed.

Bolingbroke died in [[1413]]. His son and successor, [[Henry V of England|Henry V]], was a great soldier, and his military success against [[France]] in the [[Hundred Years' War]] bolstered his enormous popularity, enabling him to strengthen the Lancastrian hold on the throne.

Henry V's short reign saw one conspiracy against him, the [[Southampton Plot]] led by [[Richard, Earl of Cambridge]], a son of [[Edmund of Langley]], the fifth son of Edward III. Cambridge was executed in [[1415]] for treason at the start of the campaign leading up to the [[Battle of Agincourt]]. Cambridge's wife, [[Anne Mortimer]], also had a claim to the throne, being the daughter of Roger Mortimer and thus a descendant of Lionel of Antwerp. Henry V died in [[1422]], and [[Richard, Duke of York]], the son of Richard, Earl of Cambridge and Anne Mortimer, grew up to challenge his successor, the feeble King [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]], for the crown.

==Henry VI==
[[Image:HenryVIofEngland.JPG|right|thumb|100px|Henry VI]]

The [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrian]] King [[Henry VI of England]] was surrounded by unpopular regents and advisors. The most notable of these were [[Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset]] and [[William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk]], who were blamed for mismanaging the government and poorly executing the continuing [[Hundred Years' War]] with France. Under Henry VI, virtually all English holdings in France, including the land won by Henry V, were lost. Henry VI was seen as a weak, ineffectual king. In addition, he suffered from episodes of mental illness which he had possibly inherited from his grandfather [[Charles VI of France]]. By the 1450s, many considered Henry incapable. The Lancastrian kings had been plagued by questions of legitimacy, and the [[House of York]] believed that it had a stronger claim to the throne.

The increasing discord at court was mirrored in the country as a whole, where noble families engaged in private feuds and showed increasing disrespect for the royal authority and for the courts. The [[Percy-Neville feud]] was the best-known of these private wars, but others were being conducted freely. In many cases they were fought between old-established families, and formerly minor nobility raised in power and influence by Henry IV in the aftermath of the rebellions against him. The quarrel between the Percies, for long the Dukes of Northumberland, and the comparatively upstart Nevilles was one which followed this pattern; another was the feud between the Courtenays and Bonvilles in [[Cornwall]].

A factor in these feuds was apparently the presence of large numbers of soldiers discharged from the English armies in France. Nobles engaged many of these to mount raids, or to pack courts of justice with their supporters, intimidating suitors, witnesses and judges.

This growing civil discontent, the abundance of feuding nobles with private armies, and corruption in Henry VI's court formed a political climate ripe for civil war.

In [[1453]], Henry suffered the first of several bouts of mental illness, so a Council of Regency was set up, headed by the powerful and popular [[Richard, Duke of York|Richard Plantagenet]], [[Duke of York]] and head of the [[House of York]] as [[Lord Protector]]. Richard soon asserted his power with ever-greater boldness (although there is no proof that he had aspirations to the throne at this early stage). He imprisoned Somerset; and backed his allies, Salisbury and Warwick, in a series of minor conflicts with powerful supporters of Henry, such as the [[Duke of Northumberland|Dukes of Northumberland]]. Henry's recovery in [[1455]] thwarted Richard's ambitions, and the Duke of York was forced out of the royal court by Henry's queen, [[Margaret of Anjou]]. Since Henry was an ineffectual leader, the powerful and aggressive Queen Margaret emerged as the ''de facto'' leader of the Lancastrians. Margaret built up an alliance against Richard and conspired with other nobles to reduce his influence. An increasingly thwarted Richard finally resorted to armed hostilities in [[1455]] at the [[First Battle of St Albans]].

==The initial phase 1455-60==
[[Image:Stalbans-tower.jpg|left|thumb|100px|15th-century clock tower of St Albans]]
Although armed clashes had occurred previously between supporters of Henry and Richard, the principal period of armed conflict in the Wars of the Roses took place between [[1455]] and [[1489]].

[[Richard, Duke of York]] led a small force toward [[London]] and was met by Henry's forces at [[St Albans]], north of London, on [[May 22]] [[1455]]. The relatively small [[First Battle of St Albans]] was the first open conflict of the civil war. Richard's aim was ostensibly to remove "poor advisors" from King Henry's side. The result was a Lancastrian defeat. Several prominent Lancastrian leaders, including [[Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset|Somerset]], were lost. York and his allies regained their position of influence, and for a while both sides seemed shocked that an actual battle had been fought and did their best to reconcile their differences. When Henry suffered another bout of mental illness, York was again appointed Protector, and Margaret was shunted aside, charged with the king's care.

After the first Battle of St Albans, the compromise of 1455 enjoyed some success, with York remaining the dominant voice on the Council even after Henry's recovery. The problems which had caused conflict soon re-emerged, particularly the issue of whether the Duke of York, or Henry and Margaret's infant son, [[Edward of Westminster|Edward]], would succeed to the throne. Margaret refused to accept any solution that would disinherit her son, and it became clear that she would only tolerate the situation for as long as the Duke of York and his allies retained the military ascendancy. Henry went on [[royal progress]] in the Midlands in [[1456]], and Margaret did not allow him to return to London &amp;mdash; the king and queen were popular in the Midlands but becoming ever more unpopular in London where merchants were angry at the decline in trade and widespread disorder. The king's court set up at [[Coventry]]. By then, the new [[Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset|Duke of Somerset]] was emerging as a favourite of the royal court, filling his father's shoes. Margaret also persuaded Henry to dismiss the appointments York had made as Protector, while York himself was made to return to his post in [[Ireland]]. Disorder in the capital and piracy on the south coast were growing, but the king and queen remained intent on protecting their own positions, with the queen introducing [[conscription]] for the first time in England. Meanwhile, York's ally, [[Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick]] (later dubbed "The Kingmaker"), was growing in popularity in London as the champion of the merchant classes.
[[Image:Ludlow Castle gatehouse.jpg|left|thumb|100px|Ludlow Castle]]

Following York's return from Ireland, hostilities resumed on [[September 23]] [[1459]], at the [[Battle of Blore Heath]] in [[Staffordshire]], when a large Lancastrian army failed to prevent a Yorkist force under [[Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]] from marching from [[Middleham Castle]] in [[Yorkshire]] and linking up with York at [[Ludlow Castle]]. After a Lancastrian victory at the [[Battle of Ludford Bridge]], Edward, Earl of March (York's eldest son, later [[Edward IV of England]]), Salisbury, and Warwick fled to [[Calais]]. The Lancastrians were now back in total control, and Somerset was sent off to be Governor of [[Calais]]. His attempts to evict Warwick were easily repulsed, and the Yorkists even began to launch raids on the English coast from Calais in 1459 &amp;ndash; 60, adding to the sense of chaos and disorder.

In [[1460]], Warwick and the others launched an invasion of England, and rapidly established themselves in [[Kent]] and London, where they enjoyed wide support. Backed by a papal emissary who had taken their side, they marched north. Henry led an army south to meet them while Margaret remained in the north with Prince Edward. The [[Battle of Northampton (1460)|Battle of Northampton]], on [[July 10]] [[1460]], proved disastrous for the Lancastrians. The Yorkist army under the Earl of Warwick, aided by treachery in the Lancastrian ranks, was able to capture King Henry and take him prisoner to London.

==The Act of Accord==
In the light of this military success, York now moved to press his claim to the throne based on the illegitimacy of the Lancastrian line. Landing in north [[Wales]], he and his wife [[Cecily Neville|Cecily]] entered London with all the ceremony usually reserved for a monarch. [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] was assembled, and when York entered he made straight for the throne, which he may have been expecting the Lords to encourage him to take for himself as they had Henry IV in [[1399]]. Instead, there was stunned silence. He announced his claim to the throne, but the Lords, even Warwick and Salisbury, were shocked by his presumption; they had no desire at this stage to overthrow King Henry. Their ambition was still limited to the removal of his bad councillors.

The next day, York produced detailed [[genealogy|genealogies]] to support his claim based on his descent from [[Lionel of Antwerp]] and was met with more understanding. Parliament agreed to consider the matter and accepted that York's claim was better; but, by a majority of five, they voted that Henry should remain as king. A compromise was struck in October [[1460]] with the [[Act of Accord]], which recognised York as Henry's successor, disinheriting Henry's six year old son, Edward. York accepted this compromise as the best on offer; it gave him much of what he wanted, particularly since he was also made Protector of the Realm and was able to govern in Henry's name. Margaret was ordered out of London with Prince Edward. The [[Act of Accord]] proved unacceptable to the Lancastrians, who rallied to Margaret, forming a large army in the north.

==Lancastrian counter-attack==
[[Image:SandalCastle pugneys emley.JPG|left|thumb|100px|Ruins of Sandal Castle]]
[[Image:Margaret of Anjou.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Margaret of Anjou (fantasy)]]

The Duke of York left London later that year with Lord Salisbury to consolidate his position in the north against Margaret's army, reported to be massing near the city of [[York]]. Richard took up a defensive position at [[Sandal Castle]] near [[Wakefield]] at Christmas [[1460]]. Although Margaret's army outnumbered Richard's by more than two to one, on [[December 30]] York ordered his forces to leave the castle and mount an attack. His army was dealt a devastating defeat at the [[Battle of Wakefield]]. Richard was slain in the battle, and Salisbury and Richard's 17-year-old son, [[Edmund, Earl of Rutland]], were captured and beheaded. Margaret ordered the heads of all three placed on the gates of York. This event, or the later defeat of [[Richard III of England|Richard III]], later inspired the mnemonic "Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain" for the seven colours of the [[rainbow]].

The [[Act of Accord]] and the events of Wakefield left the 18-year-old [[Edward IV of England|Edward, Earl of March]], York's eldest son, as Duke of York and heir to the throne. Salisbury's death left Warwick, his heir, as the biggest landowner in England. Margaret travelled to [[Scotland]] to negotiate for Scottish assistance. [[Mary of Gueldres|Mary of Gueldres, Queen of Scotland]] agreed to give Margaret an army on condition that she cede the town of Berwick to Scotland and her daughter be betrothed to Prince Edward. Margaret agreed, although she had no funds to pay her army and could only promise booty from the riches of southern England, as long as no looting took place north of the river Trent. She took her army to [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], recruiting more men as she went.
[[Image:Sundogs - New Ulm.JPG|left|thumb|100px|Parhelion at sunset]]

Edward of York, meanwhile, met [[Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford|Pembroke]]'s army, arriving from [[Wales]], and defeated them soundly at the [[Battle of Mortimer's Cross]] in [[Herefordshire]]. He inspired his men with a "vision" of three suns at dawn (a phenomenon known as "[[parhelion]]"), telling them that it was a portent of victory and represented the three surviving York sons &amp;mdash; himself, George and Richard. This led to Edward's later adoption of the sign of the ''sunne in splendour'' as his personal emblem.

Margaret was now moving south, wreaking havoc as she progressed, her army supporting itself by looting as it passed through the prosperous south of England. In London, Warwick used this as propaganda to reinforce Yorkist support throughout the south &amp;mdash; the town of [[Coventry]] switching allegiance to the Yorkists. Warwick failed to start raising an army soon enough and, without Edward's army to reinforce him, was caught off-guard by the Lancastrians' early arrival at St Albans. At the [[Second Battle of St Albans]] the queen won the Lancastrians' most decisive victory yet, and as the Yorkist forces fled they left behind King Henry, who was found unharmed under a tree. Henry knighted thirty Lancastrian soldiers immediately after the battle. As the Lancastrian army advanced southwards, a wave of dread swept London, where rumours were rife about savage Northerners intent on plundering the city. The people of London shut the city gates and refused to supply food to the queen's army, which was looting the surrounding counties of [[Hertfordshire]] and [[Middlesex]].

==Yorkist triumph==
[[Image:Edward4.jpg|left|thumb|Edward IV]]

Meanwhile, Edward was advancing towards London from the west where he had joined forces with Warwick. Coinciding with the northward retreat by the queen to [[Dunstable]], this allowed Edward and Warwick to enter London with their army. They were welcomed with enthusiasm, money and supplies by the largely Yorkist-supporting city. Edward could no longer claim simply to be trying to wrest the king from bad councillors. With his father and brother having been killed at Wakefield, this had become a battle for the crown itself. Edward now needed authority, and this seemed forthcoming when the [[Bishop of London]] asked the people of London their opinion and they replied with shouts of "King Edward". This was quickly confirmed by Parliament and Edward was unofficially crowned in a hastily arranged ceremony at [[Westminster Abbey]] amidst much jubilation. Edward and Warwick thus captured London, although Edward vowed he would not have a formal [[coronation]] until Henry and Margaret were executed or exiled. He also announced that Henry had forfeited his right to the crown by allowing his queen to take up arms against his rightful heirs under the [[Act of Accord]]; though it was by now becoming widely argued that Edward's victory was simply a restoration of the rightful heir to the throne, which neither Henry nor his Lancastrian predecessors had been. It was this argument which Parliament had accepted the year before.

Edward and Warwick marched north, gathering a large army as they went, and met an equally impressive Lancastrian army at Towton. The [[Battle of Towton]], near York, was the biggest battle of the Wars of the Roses thus far. Both sides agreed beforehand that the issue was to be settled that day, with no quarter asked or given. An estimated 40-80,000 men took part with over 20,000 men being killed during (and after) the battle, an enormous number for the time and the greatest recorded single day's loss of life on English soil. Edward and his army won a decisive victory, the Lancastrians were decimated, with most of their leaders slain. Henry and Margaret, who were waiting in York with their son Edward, fled north when they heard of the outcome. Many of the surviving Lancastrian nobles now switched allegiance to King Edward, and those who did not were driven back to the northern border areas and a few castles in Wales. Edward advanced to take York where he was confronted with the rotting heads of his father, his brother and Salisbury, which were soon replaced with those of defeated Lancastrian lords like the notorious Lord Clifford of Skipton-Craven, who had ordered the execution of Edward's brother Edmund, Earl of Rutland, after the Battle of Wakefield.

Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland where they stayed with the court of [[James III of Scotland|James III]], implementing their earlier promise to cede [[Berwick-upon-Tweed|Berwick]] to Scotland and leading an invasion of [[Carlisle]] later in the year. But lacking money, they were easily repulsed by Edward's men who were rooting out the remaining Lancastrian forces in the northern counties.

Edward IV's official [[coronation]] took place in June [[1461]] in London where he received a rapturous welcome from his supporters as the new king of England. Edward was able to rule in relative peace for ten years.

[[Image:SDJ Harlech Castle Gatehouse.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Harlech Castle]]
In the North, Edward could never really claim to have complete control until [[1464]], as apart from rebellions, several castles with their Lancastrian commanders held out for years. [[Dunstanburgh]], [[Alnwick]] (the Percy family seat) and [[Bamburgh]] were some of the last to fall. Last to surrender was the mighty fortress of [[Harlech Castle|Harlech]] (Wales) in [[1468]] after a seven-year-long siege. The deposed King Henry was captured in 1465 and held prisoner at the [[Tower of London]] where, for the time being, he was reasonably well treated.

There were two further Lancastrian revolts in 1464. The first clash was at the [[Battle of Hedgeley Moor]] on [[April 25]] and the second at the [[Battle of Hexham]] on [[May 15]]. Both revolts were put down by Warwick's brother, [[John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu]].

==Resumption of hostilities 1469-71==
The period 1467-70 saw a marked and rapid deterioration in the relationship between King Edward and his former mentor, the powerful [[Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick]] &amp;mdash; "the Kingmaker". This had several causes, but stemmed originally from Edward's decision to marry [[Elizabeth Woodville]] in secret in 1464. Edward later announced that, the news of his marriage as ''fait accompli'', to the considerable embarrassment of Warwick, who had been negotiating a match between Edward and a French bride, convinced as he was of the need for an alliance with France. This embarrassment turned to bitterness when the Woodvilles came to be favoured over the Nevilles at court. Other factors compounded Warwick's disillusionment: Edward's preference for an alliance with [[Burgundy]] (over [[France]]), and Edward's reluctance to allow his brothers [[George, Duke of Clarence]], and [[Richard III of England|Richard, Duke of Gloucester]], to marry Warwick's daughters, [[Isabel Neville]] and [[Anne Neville]], respectively. Furthermore, Edward's general popularity was also on the wane in this period with higher taxes and persistent disruptions of law and order.
[[Image:Middleham Castle.JPG|left|thumb|100px|Middleham Castle]]

By [[1469]] Warwick had formed an alliance with Edward's jealous and treacherous brother George. They raised an army which defeated the King at the [[Battle of Edgecote Moor]], and held Edward at [[Middleham Castle]] in [[Yorkshire]]. Warwick had the queen's father, [[Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers]], executed. He forced Edward to summon a parliament at York at which it was planned that Edward would be declared illegitimate and the crown would thus pass to [[George, Duke of Clarence]] as Edward's heir apparent. However, the country was in turmoil, and Edward was able to call on the loyalty of his brother [[Richard III of England|Richard, Duke of Gloucester]], and the majority of the nobles. Richard arrived at the head of a large force and liberated the king.
[[Image:Louis11-1.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Louis XI]]

Warwick and Clarence were declared traitors and forced to flee to France, where in [[1470]] [[Louis XI of France]] was coming under pressure from the exiled Margaret of Anjou to help her invade England and regain her captive husband's throne. It was King Louis who suggested the idea of an alliance between Warwick and Margaret, a notion which neither of the old enemies would at first entertain but eventually came round to, realising the potential benefits. However, both were undoubtedly hoping for different outcomes: Warwick for a puppet king in the form of Henry or his young son; Margaret to be able to reclaim her family's realm. In any case, a marriage was arranged between Warwick's daughter [[Anne Neville]] and Margaret's son, the former Prince of Wales, [[Edward of Westminster]], and Warwick invaded England in the autumn of 1470.
[[Image:Battle tewkesbury.JPG|left|thumb|100px|Battle of Tewkesbury]]

This time it was Edward IV who was forced to flee the country when [[John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu|John Neville]] changed loyalties to support his brother Warwick. Edward was unprepared for the arrival of Neville's large force from the north and had to order his army to scatter. Edward and Gloucester fled from Doncaster to the coast and thence to [[Holland]] and exile in Burgundy. Warwick had already invaded from France, and his plans to liberate and restore Henry VI to the throne came quickly to fruition. Henry VI was paraded through the streets of London as the restored king in October and Edward and Richard were proclaimed traitors. Warwick's success was short-lived, however. He overreached himself with his plan to invade Burgundy with the king of France, tempted by King Louis' promise of territory in the Netherlands as a reward. This led [[Charles the Bold]] of Burgundy to assist Edward. He provided funds and an army to launch an invasion of England in [[1471]]. Edward defeated Warwick at the [[Battle of Barnet]] in 1471. The remaining Lancastrian forces were destroyed at the [[Battle of Tewkesbury]], and Prince Edward of Westminster, the Lancastrian heir to the throne, was killed. [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] was murdered shortly afterwards ([[May 14]], 1471), to strengthen the Yorkist hold on the throne.

==Richard III==
[[Image:Richiii.jpg|left|thumb|100px|Richard III]]

The restoration of Edward IV in 1471 is sometimes seen as marking the end of the Wars of the Roses. Peace was restored for the remainder of Edward's reign, but when he died suddenly in 1483, political and dynastic turmoil erupted again. Under Edward IV, factions had developed between the Queen's Woodville relatives ([[Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers]] and [[Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset]]) and others who resented the Woodvilles' new-found status at court and saw them as power-hungry upstarts and [[Wiktionary:parvenu|''parvenus'']]. At the time of Edward's premature death, his heir, [[Edward V of England|Edward V]], was only 12 years old. The Woodvilles were in a position to influence the young king's future government, since Edward V had been brought up under the stewardship of Earl Rivers in [[Ludlow]]. This was too much for many of the anti-Woodville faction to stomach, and in the struggle for the protectorship of the young king and control of the council, Edward's brother [[Richard III of England|Richard, Duke of Gloucester]], who had been named by Edward IV on his deathbed as Protector of England, came to be ''de facto'' leader of the anti-Woodville faction.
[[Image:Princes.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Princes in the Tower]]

With the help of [[William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings|William Hastings]] and [[Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham|Henry Stafford]], Gloucester captured the young king from the Woodvilles at [[Stony Stratford]] in [[Buckinghamshire]]. Thereafter Edward V was kept under Gloucester's custody in the [[Tower of London]], where he was later joined by his younger brother, the 9-year-old [[Richard, Duke of York (Prince in the Tower)|Richard, Duke of York]]. Having secured the boys, Richard then alleged that Edward IV's marriage to [[Elizabeth Woodville]] had been illegal, and that the two boys were therefore illegitimate. Parliament agreed and enacted the [[Titulus Regius]], which officially named Gloucester as [[Richard III of England|King Richard III]]. The two imprisoned boys, known as the "[[Princes in the Tower]]", disappeared and were possibly murdered; by whom and under whose orders remains one of the most controversial subjects in English history.

Since Richard was the finest general on the Yorkist side, many accepted him as a ruler better able to keep the Yorkists in power than a boy who would have had to rule through a committee of [[regent]]s. Lancastrian hopes, on the other hand, now centred on [[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor]], whose father, [[Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond]], had been an illegitimate half-brother of Henry VI. However, Henry's claim to the throne was through his mother, [[Margaret Beaufort]], a descendant of Edward III, derived from [[John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset|John Beaufort]], a grandson of Edward III's as the illegitimate son of [[John of Gaunt]] (at birth though later legitimated on the marriage of his parents).

==Henry Tudor==
[[Image:Henry7England.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Henry VII]]
[[Image:Elizabeth of York.JPG|left|thumb|100px|Elizabeth of York]]
[[Image:Tudor Rose.jpg|right|thumb|[[Tudor Rose]]]]

Henry Tudor's forces defeated Richard's at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]] in [[1485]] and Henry Tudor became King [[Henry VII of England]]. Henry then strengthened his position by marrying [[Elizabeth of York]], daughter of Edward IV and the best surviving Yorkist claimant. He thus reunited the two royal houses, merging the rival symbols of the red and white roses into the new emblem of the red and white [[Tudor Rose]]. Henry shored up his position by executing all other possible claimants whenever he could lay hands on them, a policy his son, [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], continued.

Many historians consider the accession of Henry VII to mark the end of the Wars of the Roses. Others argue that the Wars of the Roses concluded only with the [[Battle of Stoke]] in [[1487]], which arose from the appearance of a [[pretender]] to the throne, a boy named [[Lambert Simnel]] who bore a close physical resemblance to the young [[Edward, Earl of Warwick|Earl of Warwick]], the best surviving male claimant of the House of York. The pretender's plan was doomed from the start, because the young earl was still alive and in King Henry's custody, so no one could seriously doubt Simnel was anything but an imposter. At Stoke, Henry defeated forces led by [[John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln]] &amp;mdash; who had been named by Richard III as his heir, but had been reconciled with Henry after Bosworth &amp;mdash; thus effectively removing the remaining Yorkist opposition. Simnel was pardoned for his part in the rebellion and sent to work in the royal kitchens. Henry's throne was again challenged with the appearance of the pretender [[Perkin Warbeck]] who, in [[1491]] claimed to be Richard, Duke of York. Henry consolidated his power in [[1499]] with the capture and execution of Warbeck.

==Aftermath==
Although historians still debate the true extent of the conflict's impact on medieval English life, there is little doubt that the Wars of the Roses resulted in massive political upheaval and huge changes to the established balance of power. The most obvious effect was the collapse of the Plantagenet dynasty and its replacement with the new [[Tudor]] rulers who were to change England dramatically over the following years. In the following Henrician and post-Henrician times the remnant Plantagenet factions with no direct line to the throne were disabused of their independent positions, as monarchs continually played them off against each other.

The war was disastrous for England's already declining influence in France, and by the end of the struggle few of the gains made over the course of the [[Hundred Years' War]] remained, apart from Calais which eventually fell during the reign of Queen Mary. Although later English rulers would continue to campaign on the continent, England's territories were never reclaimed. Indeed, various duchies and kingdoms in Europe played a pivotal role in the outcome of the war; in particular the kings of France and the dukes of Burgundy played the two factions off each other, pledging military and financial aid and offering asylum to defeated nobles to prevent a strong and unified England making war on them.

The post-war period was also the death knell for the large standing baronial armies, which had helped fuel the conflict. Henry, wary of any further fighting, kept the barons on a very tight leash, removing their right to raise, arm, and supply armies of retainers so that they could not make war on each other or the king. England would not see another standing army until Cromwell's [[New Model Army]]. As a result the military power of individual barons declined, and the Tudor court became a place where baronial squabbles were decided with the influence of the monarch.

==In fiction==
[[Shakespeare]]'s plays on [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]], parts [[Henry VI, part 1|1]], [[Henry VI, part 2|2]], and [[Henry VI, part 3|3]], and his [[Richard III (play)|''Richard III'']] cover the period of the wars.  ''[[Henry VI, part 1]] includes a scene the Temple church where the dispute between the two houses begins, giving the conflict its modern name:

{{cquote|
"And here I prophesy: this brawl today,&lt;br&gt;
Grown to this faction in the Temple garden,&lt;br&gt;
Shall send, between the Red Rose and the White,&lt;br&gt;
A thousand souls to death and deadly night."&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp; — ''Warwick, Henry VI, Part One''}}

* [[Walter Scott|Sir Walter Scott's]] ''[[Anne of Geierstein]]'' concerns exiled English Lancastrians in 15th century [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]] and [[Switzerland]]
* [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s [[The Black Arrow]] is set during the war; the hero is a young Yorkist nobleman
* Historical-romantic novel 'The Sunne in Splendour', by [[Sharon Kay Penman]]. This book of more than 900 pages gives a detailed account of the whole war in a historically and chronologically accurate way. The author has made additions and minor adjustments to enrich the story, though
* A rich and highly praised account of the Wars of the Roses appears in a recently published multiple-award-winning novel, 'The Rose of York: Love &amp; War' by [[Sandra Worth]]. The book has been noted for its meticulous research by the Richard III Society
* In "The Warrior Heir" by Cinda WIlliams Chima the main character, Jack, is brought into a battle between modern day Roses: guilds of wizards pitting the lives of Magical Warriors (of which Jack is one) in battle to claim a throne of leader ship over the other Roses
* In the PS2 game "Yugioh: Duelists of the Roses" the characters of the popular Yugioh series embark on either sides of the red or white roses in a historically accurate quest
* George R.R. Martin's [[A Song of Ice and Fire]], particularly its first book, is loosely based on the War of the Roses. Martin's Lannister family represents the Lancastrians while the Starks represent the Yorkists
* In the Playstation game [[Final Fantasy Tactics]] the plot revolves around the Lion War, a war of succession modelled after the Wars of the Roses

==Key figures==
The following is a simplified family tree including [[Kings of England family tree|members of the English royal family]].&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:WarRosesFamilyTree.png]]

;Articles
* [[List of British monarchs|Kings of England]]
** [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] (Lancastrian)
** [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]] (Yorkist)
** [[Edward V of England|Edward V]] (Yorkist)
** [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] (Yorkist)
** [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] (Tudor)
* Prominent antagonists 1455-1487
** [[House of York|Yorkist]]
*** [[Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York]]
*** [[Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick]] ('The Kingmaker')
*** [[Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury]]
*** [[John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu]]
*** [[William Neville, 1st Earl of Kent]]
*** [[Bastard of Fauconberg]]
** [[House of Lancaster|Lancastrian]]
*** [[Margaret of Anjou]] Queen to Henry VI
*** [[Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland|Sir Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland]]
*** [[Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland]]
*** [[Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick]] ('The Kingmaker')
*** [[Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset]]
*** [[Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset]]
* [[Earl of Pembroke]]
** [[Baron de Clifford|Lord Clifford]]

==Battles==
* [[First Battle of St Albans]] - May 22, 1455 (Yorkist victory)
* [[Battle of Blore Heath]] - September 23, 1459 (Yorkist victory)
* [[Battle of Ludford Bridge]] - October 12, 1459 (Lancastrian victory)
* [[Battle of Northampton (1460)]] - July 10, 1460 (Yorkist victory)
* [[Battle of Wakefield]] - December 30, 1460 (Lancastrian victory)
* [[Battle of Mortimer's Cross]] - February 2, 1461 (Yorkist victory)
* [[Second Battle of St Albans]] - February 22, 1461 (Lancastrian victory)
* [[Battle of Ferrybridge]] - March 28, 1461 (Indecisive)
* [[Battle of Towton]] - March 29, 1461 (Yorkist victory)
* [[Battle of Hedgeley Moor]] - April 25, 1464 (Yorkist victory)
* [[Battle of Hexham]] - May 15, 1464 (Yorkist victory)
* [[Battle of Edgecote Moor]] - July 26, 1469 (Lancastrian victory)
* [[Battle of Lose-coat Field]] - March 12, 1470 (Yorkist victory)
* [[Battle of Barnet]] - April 14, 1471 (Yorkist victory)
* [[Battle of Tewkesbury]] - May 4, 1471 (Yorkist victory)
* [[Battle of Bosworth Field]] - August 22, 1485 (Lancastrian victory)
* [[Battle of Stoke Field]] - June 16, 1487 (Lancastrian victory)

==See also==
* [[Percy-Neville feud]]
* [[:Image:Map- Wars of the Roses.jpg|Map showing important locations in the Wars of the Roses]]

==References==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;
* Haigh, Philip A (1995) ''The Military Campaigns of the Wars of the Roses''. ISBN 0-7509-0904-8
* Wagner, John A. "Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses." (ABC-Clio, 2001). ISBN 1-85109-358-3
* Worth, Sandra (2003) "The Rose of York: Love &amp; War" ISBN 0-9751264-0-7 A richly portrayed and extremely readable novelized account of the Wars of the Roses. See [[Sandra Worth]]
* Weir, Alison (1998) ''Lancaster and York: the Wars of the Roses''. ISBN 0-7126-6674-5
&lt;/div&gt;

==External links==
* [http://www.wars-of-the-roses.com/ The Wars of the Roses] Has a large article on 'Soldiers and Warfare during the Wars of the Roses' with interesting information on the fighting and tactics of the day, plus battles and people
* [http://www.warsoftheroses.com/ warsoftheroses.com] includes a map, timeline, info on major players and summaries of each battle
* A complicated but comprehensive [http://www.threetwoone.org/diagrams/war-of-roses.gif diagram of the Wars of the Roses] can be found at threetwoone.org
* An extensive chronological account can be found at [http://www.warsoftheroses.co.uk/ Wars Of The Roses]. The historical interpretation which accompanies it is the personal view of the author

{{Wikipedia|Wars of the Roses}}

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      <text bytes="35976" sha1="1khj3ml2srttknaod2pktezgo2mgzzb" xml:space="preserve">During [[World War II]], the '''Western Front''' was the theater of fighting west of [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]], encompassing the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[wikipedia:France|France]], [[wikipedia:Belgium|Belgium]], the [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[wikipedia:Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], and [[wikipedia:Denmark|Denmark]].
{{Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)}}
== 1939 &amp;ndash; 1941 ==
{{main|Battle of France}}
Fighting on the Western Front was preceded by the [[Phony War]]. Fighting began with [[Operation Weserübung|Operation ''Weserübung'']], the German invasion of [[wikipedia:Denmark|Denmark]] and [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]], in April, [[1940]]. The next month, the Germans launched the [[Battle of France]]. The Western Allies &amp;mdash; primarily the French and British &amp;mdash; soon collapsed under the onslaught of the German ''[[blitzkrieg]]''. The British escaped [[Battle of Dunkirk|at Dunkirk]], while the French Army surrendered with 90,000 dead and 200,000 wounded. Fighting along the Front ended, and the German army began preparations to [[Operation Sealion|invade England]]. 

Following the ''[[Luftwaffe]]''’s defeat in the [[Battle of Britain]], the invasion of England was cancelled. While the majority of the German army was mustered for the [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of the Soviet Union]], construction began on the [[Atlantic Wall]] &amp;mdash; a series of defensive [[wikipedia:fortification|fortification]]s along the French coast of the [[wikipedia:English channel|English channel]]. These were built in anticipation of a cross-channel British invasion of France.


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== 1942 &amp;ndash; 1943 ==
[[Image:Dieppe pebble beach.jpg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Dieppe, France|Dieppe]]'s pebble beach and cliff immediately following the raid on [[wikipedia:August 19|August 19]], [[1942]]. A [[wikipedia:Daimler Dingo|scout car]] has been abandoned.]]
Because of the massive logistical obstacles a cross-channel invasion would face, Allied high command decided to conduct a practice attack against the French coast. On [[wikipedia:August 19|August 19]], [[1942]], the Allies began the [[Dieppe Raid]], an attack on [[wikipedia:Dieppe, France|Dieppe]]. Most of the troops were Canadian, with an American and some British contingents. The raid was a disaster, and almost two-thirds of the attacking force became casualties. However, much was learned as a result of the operation &amp;mdash; these lessons would be put to good use later in subsequent invasions.

For almost two years, there was no land-fighting on the Western Front with the exception of [[commando]] raids and the [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] actions of the [[resistance movement|resistance]] aided by the [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] and [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]]. However, in the meantime, the Allies took the war to Germany, with a [[Strategic Bombing During World War II|strategic bombing campaign]] the US [[Eighth Air Force]] bombing Germany by day and the [[RAF Bomber Command]] bombing by night.

== 1944 &amp;ndash; 1945 ==
===1944: Liberation of most of France and Belgium===
[[Image:D-day allied assault routes.jpg|right|thumbnail|250px|Routes taken by the D-Day invasion]] 

On [[wikipedia:June 6|June 6]], [[1944]], the Allies began [[Operation Overlord]] (also known as "D-Day") &amp;mdash; the long-awaited liberation of France. The deception operation had the Germans convinced that the invasion would occur at the [[wikipedia:Pas-de-Calais|Pas-de-Calais]], while the real target was [[wikipedia:Normandy|Normandy]]. Following two months of slow fighting in [[wikipedia:hedgerow|hedgerow]] country, [[Operation Cobra]] allowed the Americans to break out at the western end of the [[wikipedia:lodgement|lodgement]]. Soon after, the Allies were racing across France. They circled around and trapped 250,000 Germans in the [[Falaise pocket]]. As so often happened on the [[Eastern Front (WWII)|Eastern Front]] Hitler refused to allow a strategic withdrawal until it was too late. 100,000 Germans managed to escape through the ''[[wikipedia:Falaise, Calvados|Falaise]] Gap'' but they left behind most of their equipment and 150,000 were taken prisoner. On [[wikipedia:August 15|August 15]], in an effort to aid their operations in Normandy, the Allies launched [[Operation Dragoon]] &amp;mdash; the invasion of Southern France between [[wikipedia:Toulon|Toulon]] and [[wikipedia:Cannes|Cannes]].  The Allies rapidly consolidated this [[wikipedia:beachhead|beachhead]] and liberated southern France in two weeks, their advance only slowing down as they encountered regrouped and entrenched German troops in the [[wikipedia:Vosges Mountains|Vosges Mountains]].

The Germans were now faced by three powerful Allied army groups, In the North [[wikipedia:British 21st Army Group|British 21st Army Group]] commanded by Field Marshal Sir [[wikipedia:Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Montgomery]], In the middle the [[wikipedia:American 12th Army Group|American 12th Army Group]] commanded by General [[wikipedia:Omar Bradley|Omar Bradley]] and in the South the [[wikipedia:US 6th Army Group|US 6th Army Group]] commanded by Lieutenant General [[wikipedia:Jacob L. Devers|Jacob L. Devers]]. They were all under the command of the Supreme Allied Commander (American) General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] at [[SHAEF]] (Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Forces).

Under the onslaught in both the North and South of France, the German Army fell back. The [[French Resistance]] organised a general uprising and the [[liberation of Paris]] took place on [[wikipedia:August 25|August 25]] when general [[wikipedia:Dietrich von Choltitz|Dietrich von Choltitz]] surrendered ignoring orders from Hitler that Paris should be held to the last and to destroy the city. 

The liberation of northern France and the [[wikipedia:Benelux|Benelux]] countries was of special significance for the inhabitants of London and the south east of England, because it denied the Germans launch zones for their mobile [[wikipedia:V-1 flying bomb|V-1]] and [[wikipedia:V-2 rocket|V-2]] ''Vergeltungswaffen'' (reprisal weapons).

Unfortunately for the Allies, the Germans took special care to thoroughly wreck all port facilities before the Allies could capture them. As the Allies advanced across France, their supply lines stretched to the breaking point. The [[Red Ball Express]], the allied trucking effort, was simply unable to transport enough supplies from the port facilities in Normandy all the way to the front lines, which by September, were close to the German border. 

The Allies had been arguing about whether to advance on a broad-front or a narrow-front from before D-Day. If the British had broken out of the Normandy bridge-head around [[wikipedia:Caen|Caen]] when they launched [[Operation Goodwood]] and pushed along the coast, facts on the ground might have turned the argument in favour of a narrow front. But as the breakout took place during ''Operation Cobra'' at the western end of the bridge-head and as the U.S. armies swung east they rapidly fanned out into a broad front. As this was the strategy favoured by supreme Allied commander Eisenhower and most of the rest of the American high command this was the strategy which was adopted.

===Market-Garden===
The British Field-Marshal Montgomery persuaded Allied High Command to launch a bold attack, [[Operation Market Garden]] which he hoped would get the Allies across the Rhine and create the narrow-front he favoured. Paratroopers would fly in from England and take [[wikipedia:bridge|bridge]]s over the main [[wikipedia:river|river]]s of the [[wikipedia:Germany|German]]-occupied [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]]. British XXX (30) Corps would punch through the German lines and link up with the paratroopers. If all went well, the Allies would capture the port facilities in [[wikipedia:Antwerp|Antwerp]] and advance into [[Germany]] without any remaining major obstacles. British XXX Corps was able to link up with six of the seven paratrooper-held bridges, but was unable to link up with the troops holding the bridge over the [[wikipedia:Rhine|Rhine]] at [[wikipedia:Arnhem|Arnhem]]. The result was the destruction of the [[wikipedia:British 1st Airborne Division|British 1st Airborne Division]]. These events were summarised by Lt Gen. [[wikipedia:Frederick Browning|Frederick Browning]] as "[[A Bridge Too Far|a bridge too far]]".  The offensive ended with Arnhem in German hands and the Allies holding an extended salient from the Belgian border to the area between [[wikipedia:Nijmegen|Nijmegen]] and Arnhem.

===Siegfried Line and eastern France===
Fighting on the Western front seemed to stabilize, and the Allied advance stalled in front of the [[Siegfried Line#Clashes on the Siegfried Line|Siegfried Line]] (''Westwall'') and the southern reaches of the Rhine. Starting in early September, the Americans began slow and bloody fighting through the [[Battle of Hurtgen Forest|Hurtgen Forest]] ("''[[Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele]] with tree bursts''" -- [[wikipedia:Ernest Hemingway|Hemingway]]) to breach the Line. 

The port of [[wikipedia:Antwerp|Antwerp]] was liberated on [[wikipedia:September 4|September 4]] by [[wikipedia:British 11th Armoured Division|British 11th Armoured Division]]. However, it lay at the end of a long [[wikipedia:Scheldt Estuary|Scheldt Estuary]], and so it could not be used until its approaches were clear of heavily fortified German positions. The [[Breskens pocket]] on the southern bank of the [[wikipedia:Scheldt|Scheldt]] was cleared with heavy casualties by Canadian and Polish forces in [[Operation Switchback]], during the [[Battle of the Scheldt]]. This was followed by a tedious campaign to clear a peninsula dominating the estuary, and finally, the amphibious assault on [[wikipedia:Walcheren|Walcheren]] Island in November.  The campaign to clear the Scheldt Estuary was a decisive victory for the [[wikipedia:Canadian First Army|Canadian First Army]] and the Allies, as it allowed greatly improved delivery of supplies directly from the port of Antwerp, which was far closer to the front than the beaches of Normandy.

In October the Americans decided that they could not just invest [[wikipedia:Aachen|Aachen]] and let it fall in a slow siege, because it threatened the flanks of the [[wikipedia:U.S. Ninth Army|U.S. Ninth Army]]. As it was the first major German city to face invasion, Hitler ordered that the city be held at all costs. In the resulting [[battle of Aachen]], after a very hard fight, the city was taken, at a cost of 5,000 casualties on both sides, with an additional 5,600 prisoners on the German side.

South of the [[wikipedia:Ardennes|Ardennes]], U.S. forces fought from September until mid-December to push the Germans out of Lorraine and behind the Siegfried Line.  The crossing of the [[wikipedia:Moselle River|Moselle River]] and the capture of the fortress of [[wikipedia:Metz|Metz]] proved difficult for the U.S. troops in the face of German reinforcements, supply shortages, and unfavorable weather. During September and October, the Allied 6th Army Group ([[wikipedia:U.S. Seventh Army|U.S. Seventh Army]] and [[wikipedia:French First Army|French First Army]]) fought a difficult campaign through the Vosges Mountains that was marked by dogged German resistance and slow advances.  In November, however, the German front snapped under the pressure, resulting in sudden Allied advances that liberated [[wikipedia:Belfort|Belfort]], [[wikipedia:Mulhouse|Mulhouse]], and [[wikipedia:Strasbourg|Strasbourg]], and placed Allied forces along the [[wikipedia:Rhine River|Rhine River]].  The Germans managed to hold a large bridgehead ([[Colmar Pocket]]) on the western bank of the Rhine centered around the city of [[wikipedia:Colmar|Colmar]].

===Battle of the Bulge===
[[Image:Battle of the Bulge.jpg|right|thumb|American soldiers taking up defensive positions in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge.]]
The Germans had been preparing a massive counter-attack in the West since the Allied breakout from Normandy. The plan called ''Wacht am Rhein ("Watch on the Rhine")'' was to attack through the [[wikipedia:Ardennes|Ardennes]] and swing North. The attack started on [[wikipedia:December 16|December 16]] in what became known as the [[Battle of the Bulge]]. Defending the Ardennes were troops of the U.S. First Army.  After initial successes in bad weather, which gave them cover from the Allied air forces, the Germans' vanguard almost reach the [[wikipedia:Meuse River|Meuse River]]. the Germans were eventually pushed back to their starting points by [[wikipedia:January 15|January 15]], 1945.

===1945: The Battle for Alsace===
The Germans launched a second, smaller offensive ([[Operation Nordwind|''Nordwind'']]) into [[wikipedia:Alsace|Alsace]] on New Year's Day, 1945.  Aiming to recapture Strasbourg, the Germans attacked the 6th Army Group at multiple points.  Because Allied lines had become severely stretched in response to the crisis in the Ardennes, holding and throwing back the ''Nordwind'' offensive was a costly affair that lasted almost four weeks.  The culmination of Allied counter-attacks restored the front line to the area of the German border and collapsed the Colmar Pocket.

===Invasion of Germany===
The pincer movement of the [[wikipedia:Canadian First Army|Canadian First Army]] in [[Operation Veritable]] advancing from Nijmegen area of the [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]] and the [[wikipedia:U.S. Ninth Army|U.S. Ninth Army]] crossing the [[wikipedia:Rur|Rur]] (Roer) in [[Operation Grenade]] was planned to start on [[wikipedia:February 8|February 8]] [[1945]], but it was delayed by two weeks when the Germans flooded the river valley by destroying the dam gates upstream. During the two weeks that the river was flooded Hitler would not allow Field Marshal [[wikipedia:Gerd von Rundstedt|Gerd von Rundstedt]] to withdraw East behind the Rhine arguing that it would only delay the inevitable fight. Hitler ordered him to fight where his forces stood.

By the time the water had subsided and the U.S. Ninth Army was able to cross the Roer on [[wikipedia:February 23|February 23]], other Allied forces were also close to the Rhine's west bank. Rundstedt's divisions which had remained on the west bank of the Rhine were cut to pieces in the [[Rhineland Campaign &lt;!-- until a better link--&gt;|battle of the Rhineland]] and 290,000 men were taken prisoner.

The crossing of the [[wikipedia:Rhine|Rhine]] was achieved at four points: One was an opportunity taken by U.S. forces when the Germans failed to blow up the [[wikipedia:Ludendorff Bridge|Ludendorff bridge]] at [[wikipedia:Remagen|Remagen]], one crossing was a hasty assault, and two crossings were planned.
*General Omar Bradley's US forces aggressive pursuit of the disintegrating German troops resulted in the capture of the Ludendorff bridge across the Rhine River at [[wikipedia:Remagen|Remagen]] by the [[wikipedia:U.S. First Army|U.S. First Army]]. Bradley and his subordinates quickly exploited the crossing made on [[wikipedia:March 7|March 7]] and expanded the bridgehead into a full scale crossing.
*Bradley told General Patton whose [[wikipedia:U.S. Third Army|U.S. Third Army]] had been fighting through the [[wikipedia:Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]], to "take the Rhine on the run". The Third Army did just that on the night of [[wikipedia:March 22|March 22]] crossing the river with a hasty assault south of [[wikipedia:Mainz|Mainz]] at [[wikipedia:Oppenheim|Oppenheim]].
* In the North [[Operation Plunder]] was the crossing of the Rhine river at [[wikipedia:Rees|Rees]] and [[wikipedia:Wesel|Wesel]] by the British 21st Army Group on the night of [[wikipedia:March 23|March 23]]. It included the largest airborne operation in history codenamed [[Operation Varsity]]. At the point the British crossed the Rhine, it is twice as wide, with a far higher volume of water, than the points where the Americans crossed and Montgomery decided it could only be crossed safely with a carefully planned operation.
* In the Allied 6th Army Group area, the [[wikipedia:U.S. Seventh Army|U.S. Seventh Army]] assaulted across the Rhine in the area between [[wikipedia:Mannheim|Mannheim]] and [[wikipedia:Worms|Worms]] on [[wikipedia:March 26|March 26]].  A fifth crossing on a much smaller scale was later achieved by the French First Army at [[wikipedia:Speyer|Speyer]].

Once the Allies had crossed the Rhine, the British fanned out Northeast towards [[wikipedia:Hamburg|Hamburg]] crossing the river Elbe and on towards Denmark and the Baltic. The [[wikipedia:U.S. Ninth Army|U.S. Ninth Army]], which had remained under British command since the battle of the Bulge went south as the northern pincer of the [[wikipedia:Ruhr|Ruhr]] encirclement. British and Canadian paratroopers reached the Baltic city of [[wikipedia:Wismar|Wismar]] just ahead of Soviet forces on [[wikipedia:May 2|May 2]].

The U.S. 12th Army Group fanned out, the First Army went north as the southern pincer of the Ruhr encirclement. On April 4 the encirclement was completed and the Ninth Army reverted to the command of Bradley's 12th Army Group. German [[wikipedia:Army Group B|Army Group B]] commanded by Field Marshal [[wikipedia:Walther Model|Walther Model]] was trapped in the [[Ruhr Pocket]] and 300,000 soldiers became POWs. The Ninth and First American armies then turned east and pushed to the [[wikipedia:Elbe River|Elbe River]] by mid-April. During the push east, the cities of [[wikipedia:Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt am Main]], [[wikipedia:Kassel|Kassel]], [[wikipedia:Magdeburg|Magdeburg]], [[wikipedia:Halle|Halle]], and [[wikipedia:Leipzig|Leipzig]] were strongly defended by ad hoc German garrisons made up of regular troops, [[wikipedia:Flak|Flak]] units, [[Volkssturm]], and armed [[Nazi]] Party auxiliaries.  Generals Eisenhower and Bradley concluded that pushing beyond the Elbe made no sense since eastern Germany was destined in any case to be occupied by the [[wikipedia:Red Army|Red Army]]. The Ninth and First Armies stopped along the Elbe and [[wikipedia:Mulde|Mulde]] Rivers, making contact with Soviet forces near the River Elbe in late April. [[wikipedia:U.S. Third Army|U.S. Third Army]] had fanned out to the East into western [[wikipedia:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]], and Southeast into eastern [[wikipedia:Bavaria|Bavaria]] and northern [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]]. By V-E Day, the U.S. 12th Army Group was a force of four armies (First, Third, Ninth, and [[wikipedia:U.S. Fifteenth Army|Fifteenth]]) that numbered over 1.3 million men.

===Allied victory in Europe===
The U.S. 6th Army Group fanned out to the Southwest passing to the east of Switzerland through Bavaria into Austria and North Italy. The [[wikipedia:Black Forest|Black Forest]] and [[wikipedia:Baden|Baden]] were overrun by the [[wikipedia:French First Army|French First Army]].  Determined stands were made in April by German forces at [[wikipedia:Heilbronn|Heilbronn]] , [[wikipedia:Nuremburg|Nuremburg]], and [[wikipedia:Munich|Munich]] but were overcome after battles that lasted several days.  Elements of the [[wikipedia:US 3rd Infantry Division|US 3rd Infantry Division]] were the first Allied troops to arrive at [[wikipedia:Berchtesgaden|Berchtesgaden]], which they secured along with the [[wikipedia:Berghof (Hitler)|Berghof]] (Hitler's Alpine residence). German Army Group G surrendered to U.S. forces at Haar, in [[wikipedia:Bavaria|Bavaria]], Germany on [[wikipedia:May 5|May 5]], [[1945]]. Field Marshal Montgomery took the German military surrender of all German forces in Holland, Northwest Germany and Denmark on [[wikipedia:Lüneburg Heath|Lüneburg Heath]] an area between the cities of [[Hamburg]], [[wikipedia:Hanover|Hanover]] and [[wikipedia:Bremen (city)|Bremen]], on the [[wikipedia:May 4|May 4]] [[1945]]. As the operational commander of some of these forces was Grand Admiral [[wikipedia:Karl Dönitz|Karl Dönitz]], the new [[Reichspräsident]] (head of state) of the [[Third Reich]] this signaled that the [[end of World War II in Europe|European war was over]].

On [[wikipedia:May 7|May 7]] at his headquarters in [[wikipedia:Rheims|Rheims]], Eisenhower took the unconditional surrender of all German forces to the western Allies and the Soviet Union, from the German Chief-of-Staff, General [[wikipedia:Alfred Jodl|Alfred Jodl]], who signed the surrender document at 0241 hours. General [[wikipedia:Franz Böhme|Franz Böhme]] announced the unconditional surrender of German troops in Norway. Operations ceased at 2301 hours Central European time (CET) on [[wikipedia:May 8|May 8]].

===The 1944 &amp;ndash; 1945 campaign in hindsight===

While the unconditional surrender of Germany represented a resounding Allied success, the path to this outcome was influenced by the strategic decisions of both sides.  In retrospect, it is clear that particular factors and choices strongly affected the pace and course of the campaign.

* The Allied deception as to where the D-Day landings would take place was very successful, with the majority of the German command convinced the landings would take place at [[wikipedia:Calais|Calais]].  For their part, the Germans underestimated Allied willingness to risk an amphibious assault over a route longer than the shortest path across the [[wikipedia:English Channel|English Channel]].  While the Allies meticulously planned the landings, they failed to assess the countryside immediately beyond the beaches&lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 52-53.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;, which resulted in the Germans very successfully using the hedgerow country ([[wikipedia:Bocage|Bocage]]) as a system of natural defensive works that took the Allies two months to clear at a staggering cost in infantry casualties.&lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", page 370.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;  Historians have also asserted the U.S. Army should have landed on the eastern end of the Normandy beaches and formed the northern wing of Allied forces in Northwest Europe.&lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 350, 355, and 687-688.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", page 422.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;  The primary argument in support of this is that the mobility of American forces could have been better used in the more open terrain and most direct route to Berlin that the northern approach offered.  As it was, the pre-invasion basing of troops in England determined the arrangement of the landing forces.

* While the Germans had reason to occasionally doubt Allied military proficiency&lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", pages 58-59, 67, 69, 78-79, and 80-81.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;, it is clear the Germans too often underestimated Allied competency.  In its most damaging expression, this habit of underestimation led to the rejection of any notion that the Allies might have broken German military [[wikipedia:ciphers|ciphers]], most famously the [[Enigma]] code.  The ability to monitor German military communications was an Allied strategic asset of the highest order.  Less dramatically, the Germans often underestimated Allied troop proficiency, a habit that resulted in occasional sharp defeats for overconfident German units.&lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", page 68.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 337-343.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Manpower strongly affected the course of the campaign.  The German ability to form a cohesive defensive line (the so-called "Miracle in the West") after the disaster their forces endured in Normandy was due almost entirely to the ability of the German ''Ersatzheer'' (Replacement Army) to quickly deploy large numbers of new troops.  These inexperienced troops were paired with seasoned cadres who swiftly transformed the replacements into combat units sufficiently competent to defend fortified positions. Thus, while the Allies took large numbers of German prisoners during their advance from Normandy to the German border, they underestimated the ability of the Germans to reconstitute their forces under very disadvantageous circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", pages 15-16, 22, 32, 57, and 61.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;  The Allies also seriously underestimated the infantry casualties their forces would suffer in Northwestern Europe and the number of divisions that would be required to win the campaign.  British manpower shortages became so grave that two infantry divisions had to be disbanded, while the Americans were forced to shake excess personnel out of their logistical and Army Air Force units in order to bring rifle units up to strength.&lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", pages 33, 152, and 185-186.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 350-351, 354-355, 373, 659, and 663.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;  Shortages of American manpower were strongly aggravated by a tendency to attack head-on regardless of circumstances,&lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 368-369 and 728-729.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt; a habit that was particularly in evidence during the months of fighting in the [[wikipedia:Hurtgen Forest|Huertgen Forest]].&lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 368-369, 370, 415-416, and 420.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", pages 179, 189, and 193.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;  The Allied logistical crisis that dominated their operations from September through December had the further pernicious effect of limiting the number of divisions in England that could be moved onto the continent to reinforce the front, since the Allies were only able to supply a limited number of divisions east of the [[wikipedia:Seine River|Seine River]].  After the Allies mastered the logistical crisis, the Americans diverted divisions bound for the [[Pacific Theater]] to Europe in a belated realization that more divisions were needed for operations in Europe.

* While the Germans achieved strategic surprise with their offensive in the Ardennes, the [[Panzer]] divisions that had been so painstakingly rebuilt could have been more profitably used to defend the Siegfried Line and the Rhineland, or perhaps, in the defense of Berlin against the Red Army.&lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", page 236.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;  The German thrust failed to shatter their enemies' alliance and cost Germany high casualities and equipment losses it could ill-afford.  This folly was repeated in Alsace in January, but with the added disadvantage this time that the Allies were expecting the attack.

* The Allies made serious errors and questionable uses of their forces several times during the course of operations in 1944-45.

:* Upon breaking out of Normandy in August, the Americans committed two armored divisions to operations in [[wikipedia:Brittany|Brittany]] when armored units were direly needed for the pursuit of the German army across France.  While the port of [[wikipedia:Brest, France|Brest]] was ultimately captured by the Americans, it consumed the operations of an American corps for an entire month and ultimately did little for the Allied effort because the Germans so thoroughly destroyed the port before it was captured.&lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", page 285.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;

:* Out of fear that two wings of their forces might collide, the Allies failed to definitively close the [[Falaise Gap]] in August, allowing trapped German forces an escape route to the east.&lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 201-209.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;  Although the operations around Falaise trapped a considerable number of German prisoners, experienced German leadership cadres evaded Allied forces and were available to reconstitute a cohesive front line along the Siegfried Line.

:* Although British forces conducted a brilliant pursuit across northern France that resulted in the liberation of the critically important port of Antwerp in early September, they failed to promptly clear the Scheldt Estuary of Germans.&lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 293, and 350-354.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", page 19.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;  The Germans immediately grasped the significance of the Scheldt Estuary and moved in troops to conduct a lengthy defense.&lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 293, and 351.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", page 19-20.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;  The Allied failure to swiftly clear the Scheldt Estuary meant the port of Antwerp could not be used until [[wikipedia:November 28|November 28]], and strongly contributed to the lengthy logistical crisis that hamstrung Allied operations for four months.  Operation Market-Garden was a double failure in the sense that the resources used for it would have been more profitably committed to clearing the Scheldt Estuary instead of carving out an extended salient that did nothing but extend an already over-extended Allied front line.&lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", pages 61 and 134.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;

:* Despite grave shortages of riflemen, American operations in front of the Siegfried Line, particulary in U.S. First Army's area, were characterized by bloody frontal assaults.&lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 368-369 and 728-729.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;  Stubbornness and misplaced notions that the U.S. Army could not allow itself to abandon unprofitable operations&lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", page 285.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", page 68.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; saw five infantry divisions shredded in the Huertgen Forest fighting, with the attack being abandoned only in December after the Germans attacked into the Ardennes.  The concentration of divisions in the Huertgen Forest-Aachen area also forced a corresponding lack of concentration along the Ardennes front, with the result that only four U.S. divisions were initially available in the Ardennes to parry a German offensive that was 26 divisions strong.

:* When, in November, the Allies enjoyed significant success in 6th Army Group's area, General Eisenhower refused to reinforce the success and even forbade his commanders in the south to attempt to assault across the Rhine in the area of Strasbourg while the German defenses were in shambles.&lt;ref&gt;Clarke, Jeffrey J., and Smith, Robert Ross: "Riviera to the Rhine", pages 437-445.  Government Printing Office, 1993.&lt;/ref&gt;  This lack of bold enterprise&lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", pages 29-30, 65, 93, and 193.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; was a by-product of General Eisenhower's decision to conduct limited-objective attacks on a broad front even though the Allies lacked a sufficient number of divisions to both man a broad front and concentrate enough combat power in chosen areas to achieve breakthroughs.&lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", pages 148-149.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 375 and 659.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt; (On other instances of cautious Allied generalship: &lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", pages 71-72, 235, 366, and 423.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 286, 668-669, and 729.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;)

:* After crossing the Rhine, Allied force deployments were tainted by misplaced priorities&lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", pages 24 and 418.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 673-674, 677-678, 680, 688, 699, and 716.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;, lack of firm direction from supreme political echelons&lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", pages 420-421, and 424.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", page 687.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;, and to some extent, by exaggerated fears of German capabilities.&lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", pages 340 and 425.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 698-699 and 716.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;  When American troops reached the Elbe River in mid-April, General Eisenhower unilaterally decided that [[wikipedia:Berlin|Berlin]] was no longer a significant military objective&lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 684-685.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt; and ordered U.S. forces to halt along the Elbe and Mulde Rivers.  Thus, these spearheads were practically immobilized while the war raged on for three more weeks.  Simultaneously, General Bradley considered the Germans trapped in the Ruhr Pocket to be the most significant threat and committed suprisingly large numbers of U.S. troops to collapse (as opposed to containing) the pocket instead of reinforcing his troops at the Elbe River.&lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", page 674.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;  As a consequence of Eisenhower's decision, British 21st Army Group was ordered to drive northeast in the direction of [[wikipedia:Hamburg|Hamburg]] instead of proceeding due east in the direction of Berlin.  Finally, the Allies proved curiously gullible about German propaganda claiming the existence of a "National Redoubt" in the Alpine hinterlands of Bavaria and Austria.&lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", page 716.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;  Fearing a large-scale last stand by the Nazis in this so-called redoubt, General Eisenhower directed no less than three field armies to clear southern Germany at a time when the largest groups of German forces stood to the east, not the south, of General Eisenhower's troops.  Fortunately for the Allies, the German Army of April 1945 was in no position to exploit troop concentrations and movements of questionable merit.

Thus, while the Allies enjoyed a great victory, it is equally obvious that their prosecution of the campaign was not flawless, and that on occasion it afforded their German adversaries opportunities that prolonged the fighting unnecessarily.&lt;ref&gt;Hastings, Max: "Armageddon", pages 63, 65, and 72.  Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Weigley, Russell F.: "Eisenhower's Lieutenants", pages 729-730.  Indiana University Press, 1981.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
* Clarke, Jeffrey J., and Smith, Robert Ross: "Riviera to the Rhine" , Government Printing Office, 1993.
* Hastings, Max., (2004).  "Armageddon The Battle for Germany, 1944-1945".  New York: Alfred A. Knopf.  ISBN 0-375-41433-9.
* Weigley, Russell F., (1981).  "Eisenhower's Lieutenants".  Bloomington: Indiana University Press.  ISBN 0-253-13333-5.
 
==Further Reading==
* Ellis, L. F., (1968).  "Victory in the West" (Volume II).  London: HMSO.  
* Kurowski, Franz., (2005).  "Endkampf um das Reich 1944-1945".  Erlangen: Karl Müller Verlag.  ISBN 3-86070-855-4.
* World Almanac of World War II, editor: Peter Young; St. Martin's Press

==Footnotes==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{WWIITheatre}}

{{wikipedia|Western Front (World War II)}}

[[Category:World War II|Western Front (World War II)]]</text>
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|conflict=Winter War
|partof=[[World War II]]
|image=[[Image:Winter war.jpg|300px|]]
|caption=Finnish machine gun team during the Winter War.
|date=[[wikipedia:November 30|November 30]], [[1939]] - [[wikipedia:March 13|March 13]], [[1940]]
|place=Eastern [[Finland]]
|result=[[Interim Peace]] 
|territory=[[Moscow Peace Treaty]] 
|combatant1=&lt;center&gt;[[Image:Flag of Finland.svg|75px|border]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Finland]]
|combatant2=&lt;center&gt;[[Image:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg|75px|border]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Soviet Union]]
|commander1=[[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] 
|commander2=[[Kliment Voroshilov]], later  [[Semyon Timoshenko]]
|strength1= 250,000 men&lt;br / &gt; 30 tanks&lt;br /&gt; 130 aircraft&lt;ref name="Virrankoski"&gt;Pentti Virrankoski, ''Suomen Historia 2'', 2001, ISBN 951-746-342-1, SKS&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Käkelä"&gt;Erkki Käkelä, ''Laguksen miehet, marskin nyrkki: Suomalainen panssariyhtymä 1941-1944'', 1992, ISBN 952-90-3858-5, Panssarikilta&lt;/ref&gt;
|strength2=1,000,000 men &lt;br /&gt; 3,000 tanks &lt;br /&gt; 3,800 aircraft&lt;ref name="Ries"&gt;Tomas Ries, ''Cold Will - The Defense of Finland'', 1988, ISBN 0-08-033592-6, Potomac Books&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Manninen"&gt;Ohto Manninen, ''Talvisodan salatut taustat'', 1994, ISBN 952-90-5251-0, Kirjaneuvos, using declassified Soviet archive material, Manninen found 12 previously unrecognized infantry divisions ordered to Finnish front&lt;/ref&gt;
|casualties1=26,662 dead&lt;br&gt;39,886 wounded&lt;br /&gt;1,000 captured&lt;ref name="tappiot"&gt;Finnish Defence College, ''Talvisodan historia 4'', p.406, 1991, ISBN 951-0-17566-8, WSOY, The dead includes 3,671 badly wounded who died after the war without leaving the hospital, some several years after the war.&lt;/ref&gt;
||casualties2=126,875 dead or missing&lt;br /&gt;264,908 wounded&lt;br&gt;5,600 captured&lt;ref name="Krivosheev"&gt;G.F. Krivosheev, ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century'', 1997, ISBN 1-85367-280-7, Greenhill Books&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{Campaignbox Winter War}}
The '''Winter War''' ([[Finnish language|Finnish]]: ''Talvisota,'' [[Swedish language|Swedish]]: ''Vinterkriget,'' [[Russian language|Russian]]: ''Зимняя война'', also known as the '''Soviet-Finnish War''' or the '''Russo-Finnish War'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761559416/Russo-Finnish_War.html
| title = Russo-Finnish War
| work = [[Encarta]]
| accessdate = 2006-07-11
}}&lt;/ref&gt;) began when the [[Soviet Union]] attacked [[Finland]] on [[wikipedia:November 30|November 30]], [[1939]], three months after the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union that started [[World War II]]. Because the attack was judged as illegal, the Soviet Union was expelled from the [[League of Nations]] on [[wikipedia:December 14|December 14]]. Soviet leader [[Josef Stalin]] had expected to conquer the whole country by the end of 1939, but Finnish resistance frustrated the Soviet forces, who outnumbered the Finns 4:1 in men, 100:1 in tanks and 30:1 in aircraft&lt;ref name="Ries"/&gt;. Finland held out until March 1940, when the [[Moscow Peace Treaty]] was signed ceding about 10% of Finland's territory ([[Evacuation of Finnish Karelia|excluding its population]]) and 20% of its industrial capacity to the Soviet Union. 

The results of the war were mixed. Soviet losses on the front were tremendous, and the country's international standing suffered, especially following its earlier [[Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)|attack on Poland]]. Even worse, the fighting ability of the [[Red Army]] was put into question, a fact that contributed to [[Adolf Hitler]]'s decision to launch [[Operation Barbarossa]]. Finally, the Soviet forces did not accomplish their primary objective of conquest of Finland but gained only a secession of territory along [[Lake Ladoga]]. The Finns retained their [[sovereignty]] and gained considerable international goodwill.

The [[wikipedia:March 15|March 15]] peace treaty thwarted Franco-British preparations to send support to Finland through northern [[Scandinavia]] (the [[Allied campaign in Norway]]) which would also have hindered [[Nazi Germany|German]] access to [[Swedish iron ore (WWII)|northern Sweden's iron ore]]. Germany's [[Operation Weserübung|invasion of Denmark and Norway]] on [[wikipedia:April 9|April 9]] [[1940]], diverted the attention of the world to the struggle for possession of Norway. 
The Winter War was a military disaster for the Soviet Union. However, Stalin did learn from this fiasco and realized that political control over the Red Army was no longer feasible. After the Winter War, [[the Kremlin]] initiated the process of reinstating qualified officers and modernizing its forces, a crucial decision that enabled the Soviets to eventually resist the German invasion.

==Background==
[[Image:Mannerheim-line.png|thumb|left|300px|The [[Mannerheim Line]] saw some of the fiercest fighting of the Winter War]]
===Pre-World War I===
Finland had long been part of the [[wikipedia:Sweden|Swedish kingdom]] when it was [[Right of conquest|conquered]] by [[Imperial Russia]] in 1809 and turned into an [[Autonomous entity|autonomous]] [[buffer state]] to protect the [[Saint Petersburg|Russian capital]]. 

Western [[Karelia]] had a different history from the rest of Finland. Most of the area paid tribute to the Russian Novgorod feudal republic and was the arena of [[Swedish-Novgorodian Wars]]. The southwestern area, from the River Sestra to the River Vuoksi and Lake Saimaa (including [[Viborg]]) was annexed by Sweden at the same time as the rest of Finland, and the border was defined between Sweden and Novgorod at the [[Treaty of Nöteborg]] in 1323. In 1617, the rest of the Western Karelia was captured by Sweden. During the Swedish sovereignty this region lost all of its Russian ecclesiastical and bourgeois inhabitants and much of its [[Russian Orthodox]] Karelian population, with much of it moving to the [[Tver]] region. In 1721, as a result of the [[Northern War]], the Karelian isthmus, the Ladoga Karelia, and later in 1743 the southern Karelia, was captured by Russia. In 1812, Russian emperor Alexander incorporated this region into the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]].

===World War I era===
Following the [[October Revolution]] that brought the Communists to power in Russia, Finland was offered independence.  [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]] declared itself [[Finland's declaration of independence|independent]] on [[wikipedia:December 6|December 6]], [[1917]]. Strong ties between Finland and Germany began when [[German Empire|Imperial Germany]] supported Finland's underground independence movement during the [[World War I|First World War]]. In the subsequent [[Finnish Civil War]], German-trained [[Finnish Jäger troops]] and regular German troops played a crucial role. Only Germany's defeat in World War I hindered the establishment of a Germany-dependent [[monarchy]] under [[Frederick Charles of Hesse]] as [[King of Finland]]. Following the war, German&amp;ndash;Finnish ties remained close, although Finnish sympathy for the [[Nazism|National Socialist]]s was very sparse.

===Interwar period===
The relationship between the Soviet Union and Finland had been tense&amp;mdash;the two periods of forced [[Russification of Finland|Russification]] at the turn of the century and the legacy of the failed Soviet backed [[Finnish Civil War|socialist rebellion in Finland]] and two Finnish military expeditions ([[Viena expedition]], 1918 and [[Aunus expedition]], 1919), when the Finnish volunteers tried to win Russian East Karelia which had never been a part of the Swedish-Finnish state or the Great Duchy of Finland, contributed to a strong mutual distrust. Stalin feared that Nazi Germany would eventually attack, and with the Soviet-Finnish border crossing the Karelian isthmus just 32 kilometres (20&amp;nbsp;mi) away from [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], Finnish territory would have provided an excellent base for the attack.  In 1932, the Soviet Union signed a [[non-aggression pact]] with Finland. The agreement was reaffirmed in 1934 for ten years. However, the Soviet Union violated the [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish)|Treaty of Tartu]] in 1937 by blockading Finnish merchant ships navigating between [[Lake Ladoga]] and the [[Gulf of Finland]].

In April 1938 or possibly earlier, the Soviet Union began diplomatic negotiations with Finland, trying to improve their mutual defence against Germany. The Soviets were mainly concerned that Germany would use Finland as a [[bridgehead]] for an attack on [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], and demanded concessions of large areas. More than a year passed without considerable progress, and the political situation in Europe worsened. 

===Beginning of World War II===
The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany &lt;!-- the state and/or government, not the country, hence "Nazi Germany" or possibly "the Third Reich" --&gt; signed a mutual non-aggression pact, the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], on [[August 23]], [[1939]]. The pact also included a secret clause allocating the countries of [[Eastern Europe]] between the two signatories. Finland was consigned to the Soviet "[[sphere of influence]]". The [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|German attack on Poland]] on [[wikipedia:September 1|September 1]] was followed by a Soviet invasion from the east. Within a few weeks, they had divided the country between them.

In the autumn of 1939, the Soviet Union demanded that Finland agree to move the border 25 kilometres (16&amp;nbsp;mi) back from Leningrad. It also demanded that Finland lease the [[Hanko Peninsula]] to the USSR for 30 years for the creation of a naval base there. In exchange, the Soviet Union offered Finland a large part of Karelia ("two pounds of dirt for one pound of gold").

The Finnish government refused the Soviet demands. The Soviet General Staff under [[Boris Shaposhnikov]] and [[Alexander Vasilevsky]] was already drawing up plans for an offensive. On [[wikipedia:November 26|November 26]], the Soviets staged the [[shelling of Mainila]], an incident in which Soviet artillery shelled areas near the Russian village of Mainila, then announced that a Finnish artillery attack had killed Soviet troops.&lt;ref name="Tanner"&gt;[[Väinö Tanner|Tanner, Väinö]], ''The Winter War'', 1957, Stanford University Press&lt;/ref&gt; The Soviet Union demanded that Finns apologise for the incident and move their forces 20-25 kilometres from the border. The Finns denied any responsibility for the attack and refused to give in. The Soviet Union used it as an excuse to withdraw from the non-aggression pact. On [[wikipedia:November 30|November 30]], Soviet forces attacked with 23 divisions, totalling 450,000 men, which quickly reached the [[Mannerheim Line]].

The Terijoki Government, a Soviet [[puppet regime]] created in the occupied Finnish border town of [[Terijoki]] (now Zelenogorsk) on [[wikipedia:December 1|December 1]], [[1939]], was also called the [[Finnish Democratic Republic]].  It was headed by [[Otto Ville Kuusinen]] and was used for both diplomatic purposes (it was immediately recognized by the Soviet Union) and for military ones (they hoped it would encourage [[socialist]]s in Finland's Army to [[defector|defect]]). This republic was not particularly successful but lasted until [[wikipedia:March 12|March 12]], [[1940]], and was eventually incorporated into the Russian [[Karelo-Finnish SSR]].

==Hostilities==
[[Image:Winter-War-Overview.png|thumb|right|Attack directions of the [[Red Army]] and the major formations of both sides.]]
[[Image:Finn ski troops.jpg|thumb|400px|left|Finnish ski troops in Northern Finland on [[wikipedia:January 12|January 12]], [[1940]].]]
Initially, Finland had a mobilized army of only 180,000 men, but these troops turned out to be fierce adversaries employing small-unit surrounding "[[Salients, re-entrants and pockets#Motti|motti]]" tactics, fast-moving [[wikipedia:skiing|ski]] troops in white [[camouflage]] suits, and local knowledge. Many had spent most of their lives in the forest; the vast majority of Finns were rural dwellers until the 1950s. The conditions of the winter of 1939-40 were harsh; temperatures of -40°C (-40°F) were not unusual{{Fact|date=June 2007}}, and the Finns were able to use this to their advantage. Often, they opted not to engage the enemy in conventional warfare, instead targeting field kitchens (which were crucial for survival in the cold weather) and picking off Soviet troops huddled around camp fires.

At the beginning of the war, only those Finnish soldiers who had received basic training had uniforms and weapons. The rest had to make do with their own clothing, which was their normal winter clothing in many instances, with a semblance of an insignia added. These mismatched "uniforms" were nicknamed "Model Cajander" after the Prime Minister [[Aimo Cajander]]. The Finns alleviated their shortages by making extensive use of equipment, weapons and ammunition captured from the enemy. The army had not changed the [[calibre]] of its weapons after independence and was able to use Soviet ammunition. The deployment of poorly trained and badly led Soviet troops gave the advantage to the Finns, allowing the latter ample opportunities to capture war booty. Though the Finns had few anti-tank weapons, they had the ''[[Molotov cocktail]]'', an improvised petrol bomb adapted from the [[Spanish Civil War]], which was used with great success in destroying around 2,000 Soviet tanks.

The Soviets attacked in regimental strength, with their dark uniforms easily visible against the white snow, so they were easily targeted by the Finns' [[sniper]]s and machine guns. Corporal [[Simo Häyhä]] was credited with more than 500 known kills. When the Red Army tried to use their own snipers, the Finns countered with the [[Sniper#Counter-sniper tactics|"Kylmä-Kalle"]] (Cold Charlie) tactic. A mannequin or other doll was dressed as a tempting target, such as an officer sloppily covering himself. Soviet snipers usually were unable to resist the target. Once the Finns determined the angle from whence came the shot, a heavy-calibre gun, such as a "[[Lahti L-39|Norsupyssy]]" ("Elephant rifle") [[anti-tank rifle]], was fired in the Soviet sniper's direction to kill him. 

[[Image:Russian political officer (during winter war).jpg|thumb|200px|left|Soviet commissar during Winter War.]]
Soviet ignorance and incompetence were important factors in the Finnish success during the war. The attackers were not expecting much resistance; General [[Kirill Meretskov]] estimated it would take only 10 to 12 days for his 26 well equipped 14,000 man divisions to reach [[Helsinki]]. Their [[propaganda]] had been so convincing that it was felt that the Finns would be waving flags and welcoming the Red Army with open arms. 

Because of [[Great Purge|Stalin's purges]], the commanders of the Red Army had suffered 80% peacetime losses{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. These were commonly replaced by people less competent but more "loyal" to their superiors, since Stalin had supervised his commanders with [[Commissar]] or political officers. Tactics which were obsolete by World War I were sometimes employed. Tactics were strictly "by the book," because failed initiative carried a high risk of execution. Many Soviet troops were lost because commanders refused to retreat; commissars disallowed them from doing so and often executed commanders that disobeyed.

[[Image:Bt5 10.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Soviet troops trying to maintain their tanks in severe sub-zero temperatures.]]

The Soviet army was poorly prepared for winter warfare, particularly in forests, and heavily used vulnerable motorized vehicles. These vehicles were kept running continuously so their fuel would not freeze, which led to increased breakdowns and aggravated fuel shortages. One of the most remarkable losses in military history is the so-called "[[Raatteentie Incident]]," during the month-long [[Battle of Suomussalmi]]. The Soviet 44th Infantry Division (c. 25,000 troops) was almost completely destroyed after marching on a forest road straight into an ambush of the Finnish "Kontula detachment" (a unit of 300 men). This small unit blocked the advance of the Soviet Division, while Finnish colonel [[Hjalmar Siilasvuo]] and his 9th Division (c. 6,000 troops) cut off the Soviet retreat route, divided the enemy force into smaller units and then destroyed it in detail. The Soviet casualties amounted to up to 23,000 men, while the Finnish lost around 800 men. In addition, the Finnish troops captured 43 tanks, 71 field and anti-aircraft cannons, 29 anti-tank cannons, AFVs, tractors, 260 trucks, 1,170 horses, infantry weapons, ammunition, medical and communication materiel. 

The Soviet commander, Vinogradov, and two of his chief officers survived the battle. When they reached the Soviet lines four days later they were [[court martial]]ed, found guilty and sentenced to death; the executions were carried out immediately. The charge was losing 55 field kitchens to the enemy.

The Soviets failed to take advantage of their numerical superiority at the start of the war. Finland massed 130,000 men and 500 guns in the [[Karelian isthmus]], the main theater of the war; the Soviets attacked with only 200,000 men and 900 guns. 1,000 tanks were ineffectively used and took massive losses.

[[Image:Finnish soldiers during the Winter War.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Finnish soldiers.]]
[[Image:1930s gas mask.jpg|thumb|149px|Finnish Civilian gas mask from 1939.]]

===Aerial===
In [[aerial warfare|air combat]], Finland used the "finger four" formation (four planes, split into two units of two planes, one unit flying low and the other high, with each plane fighting independently of the others yet supporting their wingman in combat), which was superior to the Russian tactic of three fighters flying in a [[delta formation]]. This formation and the credo of Finnish pilots to always attack, no matter the odds, contributed to the failure of Russian bombers to inflict substantial damage against Finnish positions, cities or population reserves.

===Other considerations===
The vast bulk of the Red Army's troops that fought in the Winter War were taken from the southern regions of the Soviet Union. It was Stalin's opinion that Soviet troops from the area immediately bordering Finland could not be trusted to fight against the Finns. These southern Red Army soldiers had no experience with Arctic winter conditions and virtually no forest survival skills. Not only were they up against the Finns who were experts in winter warfare and knew the land, the weather during the war was one of the three worst winters in Finland in the 20th century[http://www.fmi.fi/saa/tilastot_67.html].

To the surprise of both the Soviets and the Finns, it turned out that the majority of the Finnish Socialists did not support the Soviet invasion but fought alongside their compatriots against the common enemy. Many Finnish Communists had moved to the Soviet Union in the 1930s to "build Socialism," only to end up as victims of Stalin's Great Purges, which led to widespread disillusionment and even open hatred of the Soviet regime among Socialists in Finland. 

Another factor was the advancement of Finnish society and laws after the civil war that helped to decrease the gap between different classes of society. This healing of the wounds and rifts of the [[Finnish Civil War]] ([[1918]]) and from [[Finland's language strife]] and the coming together of different factions of society is still referred to as "the [[Spirit of the Winter War]]". The [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]] between the Soviet Union and Germany had shaken the world views of both the bourgeois as well as the working class Finns. Many Finns had believed that Germany would eventually aid Finland against the Soviet Union as Imperial Germany had in 1917. In similar fashion the ordinary workers had believed that Soviet Union was a guarantee for peace and force against Nazi Germany. After the signing, Germany was in pact with Soviet Union against Finland. The workers had witnessed the Soviet Union invading Poland instead of fighting the Nazis. On the eve of war there was very little trust for any foreign power&amp;mdash;be it socialist internationalism, German military, League of Nations or western powers. Nonetheless, some communists were not allowed to fight in Finland's [[Conscription|conscripted]] army because of their political background.

== Foreign support ==
World opinion at large supported the Finnish cause. The World War had not yet begun in earnest and was known to the public as the [[Phony War]]; at that time, the Winter War was the only real fighting besides the German and Soviet invasion of Poland, and thus held major world interest. The Soviet aggression was generally deemed unjustified. Various foreign organizations sent material aid, such as medical supplies. Finnish immigrants in the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] and [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]] returned home, and many volunteers (one of them future actor [[wikipedia:Christopher Lee|Christopher Lee]]) travelled to Finland to join Finland's forces: 1,010 [[wikipedia:Denmark|Danes]], 895 [[wikipedia:Norway|Norwegians]], 372 [[Ingria]]ns, 346 Finnish [[expatriate]]s, 346 [[Hungarian Volunteers in the Winter War|Hungarians]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=6299 Tapani Kossila: Foreign volunteers in the Winter War]&lt;/ref&gt; and 210 volunteers of other nationalities made it to Finland before the war was over. Foreign correspondents in Helsinki wrote, and even greatly exaggerated, reports of Finnish ingenuity and successes in combat.

[[wikipedia:Pope|Pope]] [[wikipedia:Pius XII|Pius XII]] condemned the Soviet attack on [[wikipedia:December 26|December 26]] [[1939]], in a speech at the [[wikipedia:Holy See|Vatican]] and later donated a signed and sealed prayer on behalf of Finland. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mil.fi/perustietoa/talvisota_eng/timer-30.html Finnish Defence Forces - The Winter War 1939-1940] Retrieved 9-5-2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Norway===
In addition to those 895 that volunteered to fight for Finland, amongst whom were later war heroes such as [[Max Manus]] and [[Leif Larsen|Leif "Shetland" Larsen]], there were numerous nationwide collections campaigns of supplies and money in Norway to help the Finns. This included a special Finnish day held at the [[Holmenkollen ski jump|Holmenkollen skiing games]] in [[wikipedia:Oslo|Oslo]] to collect money for the Finnish cause [http://www.mil.fi/perustietoa/talvisota_eng/timer-51.html]. In all 50,000 pairs of shoes, 100,000 backpacks filled with supplies and 16,000 blankets were shipped off. Collections of rifles (mostly [[Krag-Jørgensen]] models) and home knitted shooting gloves also took place, and the Norwegian government secretly sold the Finns numerous old field guns and allowed the transfer of aircraft to Finland via [[Sola Air Station]]. [[Sigrid Undset]], Norwegian author and Nobel laureate, donated her [[wikipedia:Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel medal]] to Finland on [[wikipedia:January 25|January 25]], [[1940]] [http://www.mil.fi/perustietoa/talvisota_eng/timer-60.html]. The [[North Norway|North-Norwegian]] county of [[Finnmark]] received over 1,000 Finnish refugees from [[Petsamo]] by [[wikipedia:February 6|February 6]] [[1940]] [http://www.mil.fi/perustietoa/talvisota_eng/timer-72.html], as the Red Army advanced through that lightly defended area Finnish civilians sought shelter on the Norwegian side of the [[Paatsjoki|Pasvik/Paatsjoki River]].

===Sweden===
{{main|Sweden and the Winter War}}
Sweden, which had declared itself to be a [[non-belligerent]] rather than a [[neutral country]] (as in the war between Nazi Germany and the Western Powers) contributed military supplies, cash, credits, humanitarian aid and some 8,700 Swedish volunteers prepared to fight for Finland. Perhaps most significant was the [[Swedish Voluntary Air Force (Winter War)|Swedish Voluntary Air Force]], in action from [[wikipedia:January 7|January 7]], with 12 fighters, 5 bombers, and 8 other planes, amounting to one-third of the Swedish Air Force of that time. Volunteer pilots and mechanics were drawn from the ranks. The renowned aviator Count [[Carl Gustav von Rosen]], related to [[Hermann Göring]], volunteered independently. There was also a volunteer work force, of about 900 workers and engineers.

The [[Swedish Volunteer Corps (Winter War)|Swedish Volunteer Corps]] with 8,402 men in Finland &amp;mdash; the only common volunteers who had finished training before the war ended &amp;mdash; began relieving five Finnish [[battalion]]s at [[Märkäjärvi]] in mid-February. Together with three remaining Finnish battalions, the corps faced two Soviet divisions and were preparing for an attack by mid-March but were inhibited by the peace agreement. Thirty-three men died in action, among them the commander of the first relieving unit, [[Army officer ranks|Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Magnus Dyrssen]]. 

The Swedish volunteers remain a source of dissonance between Swedes and Finns. The domestic debate in Finland had in the years immediately before the war given common Finns hope of considerably more support from Sweden, such as a large force of regular troops, that could have had a significant impact on the outcome of the war &amp;mdash; or possibly caused the Russians not to attack at all.

However the help from volunteers, especially the Scandinavian ones, was appreciated by the Finns. This is shown by the fact that during the [[Norwegian campaign]] against the [[German invasion of Norway|German invasion in April 1940]] a Finnish group of volunteers formed an ambulance unit and helped the defenders until forced to return home because of the success of the German armed forces. A group of Swedish and Finnish volunteers fought along Norwegian soldiers against the German invaders near Os, on May 2 as well.

==Franco-British plans for a Scandinavian theatre==
Within a month, the Soviet leadership began to consider abandoning the operation, and Finland's government was approached with preliminary peace feelers (via Sweden's government), first on [[wikipedia:January 29|January 29]]. Until then, Finland had fought for its existence as an independent and democratic country. When credible rumours of this reached the governments in Paris and London, the incentives for military support were dramatically changed.

[[Image:Lapland1940.png|right|frame|Franco-British support was offered on the condition it was given free passage through [[neutral country|neutral]] [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]] and [[wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]] instead of taking the road from [[Petsamo]]. The reason was a wish to occupy the [[Swedish iron ore (WWII)|iron ore districts]] in [[Kiruna]] and [[Malmberget]].&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Borders as of 1920&amp;ndash;1940.)&lt;/small&gt;]]
In February 1940, the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] offered to help: the Allied plan, approved on [[February 5]] by the [[Allied High Command]], consisted of 100,000 British and 35,000 French troops that were to disembark at the Norwegian port of [[wikipedia:Narvik|Narvik]] and  support Finland via Sweden while securing the supply routes along the way. The plan was agreed to be launched on [[wikipedia:March 20|March 20]] under the condition that the Finns plead for help. On [[wikipedia:March 2|March 2]], transit rights were officially requested from the governments of Norway and Sweden. It was hoped this would eventually bring the two still neutral Nordic countries, Norway and Sweden, to the Allied side by strengthening their positions against Germany &amp;mdash; although Hitler had by December declared to the Swedish government that Western troops on Swedish soil would immediately provoke a German invasion, which in practice meant that Nazi Germany would take the populated southern part of Scandinavia while France and Britain would fight in the furthest north. 

However, only a small fraction of the Western troops were intended for Finland. Proposals to enter Finland directly, via the ice-free harbour of [[wikipedia:Petsamo|Petsamo]], had been dismissed. There were suspicions that the objective of the operation was to occupy the Norwegian shipping harbour of Narvik and the vast mountainous areas of the north-Swedish iron ore fields, from which the Third Reich received a large share of its iron ore, critical to war production. If Franco-British troops moved to halt export to Germany, the area could become a significant battleground between the Allies and the Germans. As a consequence, Norway and Sweden denied transit. Despite the Allies' pretense of mounting a defense for Finland against the Soviets, after WWII it became known that the commander of the Allied expedition forces had been ordered not to engage Soviet forces once his troops were in Finland.

The Franco-British plan initially hoped to secure all of Scandinavia north of a line [[wikipedia:Stockholm|Stockholm]]&amp;ndash;[[wikipedia:Gothenburg|Gothenburg]] or Stockholm&amp;ndash;[[wikipedia:Oslo|Oslo]], i.e. the British concept of ''the Lake line'' following the lakes of [[wikipedia:Mälaren|Mälaren]], [[wikipedia:Hjälmaren|Hjälmaren]], and [[wikipedia:Vänern|Vänern]], which would contribute with good natural defence some 1,700&amp;ndash;1,900 kilometres (1,000-1,200&amp;nbsp;miles) south for Narvik. The expected frontier, the ''Lake line,'' involved not only Sweden's two largest cities, but its consequence was that the homes of the vast majority of the Swedes would be either Nazi-occupied or in the war zone. Later, the ambition was lowered to only the northern half of Sweden and the rather narrow adjacent Norwegian coast.

The Swedish government, headed by Prime Minister [[Per Albin Hansson]], declined to allow transit of armed troops through Swedish territory. Although Sweden had not declared itself neutral in the Winter War, it was neutral in the war involving France, Britain, and Germany. Granting transit rights to a Franco-British corps was at that time considered too great a departure from international laws on neutrality.

The Swedish Cabinet also [[Sweden and the Winter War|decided to reject]] repeated pleas from the Finns for regular Swedish troops to be deployed in Finland, and in the end the Swedes also made it clear that their present support in arms and munitions could not be maintained for much longer. Diplomatically, Finland was squeezed between Allied hopes for a prolonged war and Swedish and Norwegian fears that the Allies and Germans might soon be fighting each other on Swedish and Norwegian terrain.  In addition, Norway and Sweden feared an influx of Finnish refugees should Finland lose to the Soviets.  Also, [[Hermann Göring]] was through his private channels in Sweden offering distinct advice for peace and concessions &amp;mdash; Göring suggested that concessions "could always later be mended."

While Germany and Sweden pressured Finland to accept peace on bad conditions, Britain and France had the opposite objective. Different plans and figures were presented for the Finns. To start with, France and Britain promised to send 20,000 men to arrive by the end of February, although under the implicit condition that on their way to Finland they were given opportunity to occupy North-Scandinavia.

By the end of February, Finland's [[Commander-in-Chief]], [[Field Marshal (Finland)|Field Marshal]] [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim|Mannerheim]], was pessimistic about the military situation. Therefore, on [[February 29]] the government decided to start peace negotiations. That same day, the Soviets commenced an attack against [[Vyborg|Viipuri]].

When France and Britain realized that Finland was considering a peace treaty, they gave a new offer for help: 50,000 men were to be sent, if Finland asked for help before [[March 12]]. Only 6,000 of these would have actually been destined for Finland. The rest were intended to secure harbours, roads and iron ore fields on the way.

Despite the feeble forces that would have reached Finland, intelligence about the plans reached the Soviet Union and contributed heavily to their decision to sign the [[armistice]] ending the war. It is argued that without the threat of Allied intervention, nothing would have eventually stopped the Soviets from conquering the entirety of Finland because of the Soviet Union's large number of troop reserves.

==Armistice==
By the end of the winter, it became clear that the Russian forces were becoming exhausted, and German representatives suggested that Finland should negotiate with the Soviet Union. Russian casualties had been high, and the situation was a source of political embarrassment for the Soviet regime. With the spring thaw approaching, the Russian forces risked becoming bogged down in the forests, and a draft of peace terms was presented to Finland on [[February 12]]. Both the Germans and the Swedes were keen to see an end to the Winter War; the latter feared the collapse of its neighbor. As Finland's Cabinet hesitated in face of the harsh Soviet conditions, Sweden's King [[Gustav V of Sweden|Gustaf V]] made a [[statsrådsdiktamen by Gustaf V|public statement]], in which he confirmed having declined Finnish pleas for support from Swedish troops.

By the end of February, the Finns had depleted their ammunition supplies. Also, the Soviet Union had finally succeeded in breaking through the [[Mannerheim Line]]. On [[wikipedia:February 29|February 29]], the Finnish government agreed to start negotiations. By [[wikipedia:March 5|March 5]], the Soviet army had advanced 10&amp;ndash;15 kilometres past the Mannerheim Line and had entered the suburbs of Viipuri. The Finns proposed an armistice on the same day, but the Soviets wanted to keep the pressure on and declined the offer the next day. Indeed, the fighting continued up to the day the peace treaty was signed. 

After the war, the situation of the Finnish army at Karelian Isthmus at the end of the war had created significant discussion. The orders were already given to prepare a retreat to the next line of defence in the Taipale sector. The estimates of how long the enemy could have been held in these kinds of retreat-and-stand operations varied from a few days&lt;ref name="Laaksonen"&gt;[[Lasse Laaksonen|Laaksonen, Lasse]], ''Todellisuus ja harhat'', 2005, ISBN 951-20-6911-3, Gummerus&lt;/ref&gt; to a couple of months&lt;ref name="Halsti"&gt;Wolf H. Halsti, ''Talvisota 1939-1940'', 1955, Otava&lt;/ref&gt;, most averaging around a few weeks&lt;ref name "Paasikivi"&gt;[[Juho Kusti Paasikivi|Paasikivi, J.K.]], ''Toimintani Moskovassa'', 1959, WSOY&lt;/ref&gt;, too little time for any foreign help to make a difference.

It is speculated that Stalin had practically wiped out his intelligence apparatus during the purges, thus damaging the effectiveness of spies in Finland and other countries, as well as cowing operatives into writing the kind of reports they thought Stalin wanted to read.  Thus he was not aware the real situation in Finland and amongst the Western Allies&lt;ref name="vanDyke"&gt; C. Van Dyke, ''The Soviet Invasion of Finland 1939–40'', 1997, London: Frank Cass&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Rentola"&gt;Rentola, Kimmo, ''[http://www.ennenjanyt.net/4-02/rentola.htm Residenttimme ilmoittaa...]'', Suomen Historiallinen Seura, 2002&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Image:KaatuneitaNeuvostosotilaita.jpg|thumb|Fallen soldiers of the Red Army|250px]]

Soviet intelligence sources were informing their leadership of the Allied plans to intervene in the war, but not of the details or the actual unpreparedness of the Allies. Therefore, the Soviets felt forced to seek a premature end to the war before the Allies intervened and declared war on the Soviet Union.

During four months of fighting, the Soviet Army suffered huge losses. One Red Army General remarked that "we have won enough ground to bury our dead." Casualty estimates vary widely &amp;mdash; from 48,000 killed, died from wounds, and missing in action, as quoted by Soviet officials immediately after the war, to 391,800 according to some recent research&lt;ref&gt;A.E.Taras, ''Soviet-Finland 1939-1940 war'', Minsk, 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;  According to [[Nikita Khrushchev]], 1.5 million men were sent to Finland and one million of them were killed, while 1,000 aircraft, 2,300 tanks and armored cars and an enormous amount of other war materials were lost. [http://www.kaiku.com/winterwar.html] The most reliable{{Fact|date=June 2007}} current estimate puts the figure at 126,875&lt;ref name="Krivosheev"/&gt;. Finland's losses were limited to around 22,830 men&lt;ref name="WinterWarCom"&gt;Winter War Website, [http://www.winterwar.com]&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Peace of Moscow==
[[Image:Finnish areas ceded in 1940.png|thumb|300px|right|Winter War: Finland's Concessions]]
In the [[Moscow Peace Treaty (1940)|Moscow Peace Treaty]] of [[wikipedia:March 12|March 12]], Finland was forced to cede the Finnish part of Karelia. The land included the city of Viipuri (the country's second largest), much of Finland's industrialized territory, and significant parts still held by Finland's army: nearly 10% of pre-war Finland. Some 422,000 Karelians&amp;mdash;12% of Finland's population&amp;mdash;lost their homes. Military troops and remaining civilians were hastily evacuated in accordance with the terms of the treaty; only a few score civilians chose to remain under Soviet governance.

Finland also had to cede a part of the [[Salla]] area, the [[Kalastajansaarento peninsula]] in the [[Barents Sea]] and four islands in the [[Gulf of Finland]]. The [[Hanko Peninsula]] was also leased to the Soviet Union as a military base for 30 years. While the Soviet troops had captured Petsamo during the war, they returned it to Finland according to the treaty.

As a whole, the peace terms were harsh for Finland. Russia received the city of Vyborg, in addition to their pre-war demands. Sympathy from the League of Nations, Western Allies, and from the Swedes in particular, did not prove to be of much help.

Only a year later, hostilities were resumed in the '''[[Continuation War]]'''.
[[Image:Rouwkruis van het Vrijheidskruis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Mourning Cross]]
The 25,000 widows, eldest daughters or mothers of the fallen Finnish soldiers were given the Mourning Cross of the [[Order of the Cross of Liberty]]. The next of kin of the civilian casualties were given a medal on a black ribbon.

===Post-Soviet demands for return of territory===
{{main|Karelian question in Finnish politics}}
After the war, Karelian local governments, parishes and provincial organizations established [[Karjalan Liitto]] in order to defend the rights and interests of Karelian evacuees and to find a solution for returning Karelia. During the [[Cold War]], President [[Urho Kaleva Kekkonen|Urho Kekkonen]] tried several times to get the territories back by negotiating with the Soviet leadership, but did not succeed. No one openly demanded return. After the [[breakup of the Soviet Union]], disputes were revived. Some minor groups in Finland have been actively demanding the peaceful return to Finland of the ceded territories. The most active group in this field is [[wikipedia:ProKarelia|ProKarelia]]. In the latest polls, these demands have met with 26&amp;ndash; 38% support in Finland.&lt;ref&gt;Karjala-lehti and MC-Info Oy 2005 (36 % vs. 52 %), Karjalan Liitto and Taloustutkimus 5.- 7.4. 2005 (26 % vs. 57 %)[http://www.karjalanliitto.fi/3/taloustutkimus.html], HS-Gallup: Selvä enemmistö ei halua Karjalaa takaisin 21.8.2005 (30 % vs. 62 %)[http://www.hs.fi/uutiset/tuoreet/artikkeli/1101980677358], STT / Suomen Gallup 2.7. 2004 (38 % vs. 57 %)&lt;/ref&gt; Although the peaceful return of Karelia has always been on its agenda, [[wikipedia:Karjalan Liitto|Karjalan Liitto]] has, for the most part, stayed away from these demands.

==Film==
In 1989, the Finnish movie ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0098437/ Talvisota]'' was released.  This film tells the story of a Finnish platoon of reservists from [[Kauhava]]. The platoon belongs to the infantry regiment "Jr23", which consists almost solely of men from [[Southern Ostrobothnia]].

==See also==
*[[Finnish Army (1939)]]
*[[Continuation War]]
*[[Interim Peace]]
*[[Finlandization]]
*[[Spirit of the Winter War]]
*[[List of Finnish wars]]
*[[Lotta Svärd]]
*[[Mannerheim Line]]
*[[Carl Gustav von Rosen]]
*[[Antti Johannes Rantamaa]]
*[[Simo Häyhä]]
*[[Sweden and the Winter War]]
*[[Hungarian Volunteers in the Winter War]]
*[[Brewster Buffalo]]

==Notes==
&lt;div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-width:2; column-width:2;" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==References==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;
* Engle, Eloise; Paananen, Lauri (1992). ''The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939-1940''. Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-2433-6.
* [[wikipedia:Jakobson, Max|Jakobson]] (1961). ''The Diplomacy of the Winter War: An Account of the Russo-Finnish War, 1939-1940''. Cambridge, MA: Harward University Press.
* [[wikipedia:Harald Öhquist|Öhquist, Harald]] (1949). ''Talvisota minun näkökulmastani''. Helsinki: WSOY. (in Finnish) 
* Ries, Tomas (1988). ''Cold Will: Defence of Finland''. Brassey's. ISBN 0-08-033592-6.
* Schwartz, Andrew J. (1960). America and the Russo-Finnish War. Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press.
* [[wikipedia:William R. Trotter|Trotter, William R]] (1991). ''A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939-1940'' (also published as ''The Winter War''). Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. ISBN 1-56512-249-6.
* Van Dyke, Carl (1997). ''The Soviet Invasion of Finland, 1939-40''. Frank Cass Publishers. ISBN 0-7146-4314-9.
* Vehviläinen, Olli (2002). ''Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia''. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 0-333-80149-0.
&lt;/div&gt;

==External links==
*[http://www.sixthscalebattle.com/custom4.html Furious Front Across Finland]
* [http://www.letton.ch/lvx_39sdn.htm USSR expulsion from League of Nations] from the League of Nations' Official Journal 
*[http://www.hkkk.fi/~yrjola/war/finland/intel/ Finnish Radio Intelligence during World War II] by Matti Yrjölä 
*[http://www.winterwar.com/ The Battles of the Winter War] comprehensively covered by Sami H. E. Korhonen
*[http://www.frontmuseum.fi The Front Museum on the Hanko Peninsula], documenting the lease of Hanko to the USSR
*[http://www.kevos4.com Finnish wartime photos and history website] Stories by veterans, historians, and wartime pictures.
*[http://www.engdahl.oilgeopolitics.net/History/MacKinder/mackinder.html Halford Mackinder's Necessary War] An essay describing the Winter War in a larger strategic context of World War II
*[http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/finska.htm Winter War] {{sr icon}}

{{World War II}}

[[Category:World War II]]</text>
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      <text bytes="118584" sha1="86cdmdzx5yzame7lbpfcfyrpj0lz4w3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Military Conflict 
|conflict    = World War I
|partof      = 
|image       = [[Image:WW1 TitlePicture For Wikipedia Article.jpg|300px]] 
|caption     = '''Clockwise from top''': [[Trench warfare|Trenches]] on the [[Western Front]]; a [[wikipedia:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Mark IV (tank)|Mark IV tank]] crossing a trench; [[Royal Navy]] [[battleship]] [[HMS Irresistible (1898)|HMS ''Irresistible'']] sinking after striking a [[Naval mine|mine]] at the [[Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign|Battle of the Dardanelles]]; a [[Vickers machine gun]] crew with [[gas mask]]s; and a [[Sopwith Camel]] [[biplane]] 
|date        = [[wikipedia:July 28|28 July]] [[1914]] &amp;ndash; [[wikipedia:November 11|11 November]] [[1918]]
|place       = [[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]], [[wikipedia:Africa|Africa]] and the [[wikipedia:Middle East|Middle East]] (briefly in [[wikipedia:China|China]] and the [[wikipedia:Pacific Islands|Pacific Islands]])
|casus       = [[Assassination in Sarajevo|Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] (28 June) followed by Austrian declaration of war on Serbia (28 July) and Russian mobilization against Austria-Hungary (29 July).
|result      = Allied victory. End of the [[wikipedia:German Empire|German Empire]], the [[wikipedia:Russian Empire|Russian Empire]], the [[wikipedia:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]], and [[wikipedia:Austria-Hungary|Austria-Hungary]]. Creation of many new countries in [[wikipedia:Eastern Europe|Eastern Europe]].   
|combatant1  = [[Allies of World War I|'''Allied Powers''']]:&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:British Empire|British Empire]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:French Third Republic|France]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]] (entered in 1915)]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Russian Empire 1914 17.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Russian Empire|Russia]] (defeated in 1917)&lt;br&gt;[[Image:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:United States|United States]](entered in 1917)&lt;br&gt; [[Allies of World War I|''et al.'']]
|combatant2  = [[Central Powers|'''Central Powers''']]:&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of Austria-Hungary.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Austria-Hungary|Austria-Hungary]](defeated in 1917)&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Bg-1913.gif|20px]] [[History of Independent Bulgaria#World War I|Bulgaria]] (entered in 1915, defeated in 1917)&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of the German Empire.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:German Empire|Germany]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Ottoman Flag.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] (entered in late 1914, defeated in 1918)
|commander1  = [[Image:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Ferdinand Foch|Ferdinand Foch]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Georges Clemenceau|Georges Clemenceau]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Joseph Joffre|Joseph Joffre]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]]&lt;br&gt; [[Image:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Luigi Cadorna|Luigi Cadorna]]&lt;br&gt; [[Image:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Armando Diaz|Armando Diaz]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Russian Empire 1914 17.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Russian Empire 1914 17.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Aleksei Brusilov|Aleksei Brusilov]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Herbert Henry Asquith|Herbert Henry Asquith]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Douglas Haig]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe|John Jellicoe]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:John Pershing|John Pershing]]
|commander2  =
[[Image:Flag of the German Empire.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:William II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]]&lt;br&gt;[[Image:Flag of the German Empire.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Paul von Hindenburg|Paul von Hindenburg]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Flag of the German Empire.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Reinhard Scheer|Reinhard Scheer]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Flag of Austria-Hungary.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Josef I]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Flag of Austria-Hungary.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Conrad von Hötzendorf|Conrad von Hötzendorf]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Bg-1913.gif|20px]] [[wikipedia:Ferdinand I of Bulgaria|Ferdinand I]]&lt;br&gt; 
[[Image:Ottoman Flag.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Mehmed V|Mehmed V]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Ottoman Flag.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:Mustafa Kemal|Mustafa Kemal]]&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Ottoman Flag.svg|20px]] [[wikipedia:İsmail Enver|İsmail Enver]]
|casualties1 = '''Military dead:''' &lt;br&gt; 5,520,000 &lt;br&gt;'''Military wounded:''' 12,831,000 &lt;br&gt;'''Military missing:''' 4,121,000&lt;ref name=Evans&gt;Evans, David. Teach yourself, the First World War, Hodder Arnold, 2004.p.188&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;
|casualties2 = '''Military dead:''' &lt;br&gt; 4,386,000 &lt;br&gt;'''Military wounded''': 8,388,000 &lt;br&gt;'''Military missing:''' 3,629,000&lt;ref name=Evans/&gt;&lt;br&gt;
}}
{{Campaignbox World War I}}
'''World War I''' (abbreviated '''WWI'''), also known as the '''First World War''', the '''Great War''' and "'''The War to End All Wars'''" was a [[World war|global]] [[war|military conflict]] that took place mostly in Europe between [[1914]] and [[1918]]. It was a [[total war]] which left millions dead and helped to shape the modern world.

The [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]], led by [[wikipedia:French Third Republic|France]], [[wikipedia:Russian Empire|Russia]], the [[wikipedia:British Empire|British Empire]], and later [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]] and the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]], defeated the [[Central Powers]]: [[wikipedia:Austria-Hungary|Austria-Hungary]], the [[wikipedia:German Empire|German Empire]], [[History of Independent Bulgaria#World War I|Bulgaria]] and the [[wikipedia:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]].

Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by an empty space between the trenches called the "[[no man's land]]") running from the [[wikipedia:North Sea|North Sea]] to the border of [[wikipedia:Switzerland|Switzerland]]. On the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]], the vast eastern plains and limited rail network prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing, although the scale of the conflict was just as large. Hostilities also occurred on and under the sea and &amp;mdash; for the first time &amp;mdash; from the air. More than nine million soldiers died on the various battlefields, and millions more civilians perished.

The war caused the disintegration of four empires: the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian. Germany lost its [[wikipedia:German Colonial Empire|overseas empire]], and new states such as [[wikipedia:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]], [[wikipedia:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[wikipedia:Latvia|Latvia]], [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]] and [[wikipedia:Estonia|Estonia]] were created, or in the case of [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], recreated.

World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the [[Napoleonic Wars]], which was modified by the mid-19th century’s [[wikipedia:Nationalism|nationalistic]] revolutions. The outcomes of World War I would be important factors in the development of [[World War II]] 21 years later.

==Causes==
{{main|Causes of World War I}}

On [[wikipedia:June 28|June 28]] [[1914]], [[wikipedia:Gavrilo Princip|Gavrilo Princip]] shot and killed [[wikipedia:Archduke Franz Ferdinand|Archduke Franz Ferdinand]], the heir to the [[wikipedia:Austria-Hungary|Austrian]] throne, and his [[wikipedia:Sophie Chotek|wife]], in [[wikipedia:Sarajevo|Sarajevo]]. Princip was a member of [[wikipedia:Young Bosnia|Young Bosnia]], a group whose aims included the unification of the South Slavs and independence from [[wikipedia:Austria-Hungary|Austria-Hungary]] (see also: the [[wikipedia:Black Hand|Black Hand]]). The [[assassination in Sarajevo]] set into motion a series of [[World War I#July crisis and declarations of war|fast-moving events]] that escalated into a full-scale war. However, the ''ultimate'' causes of the conflict were multiple and complex.

===Arms races===
The naval [[arms race]] that developed between Britain and Germany was intensified by the 1906 launch of [[HMS Dreadnought (1906)|HMS ''Dreadnought'']], a revolutionary warship that rendered all previous battleships obsolete. (Britain maintained a large lead over Germany in all categories of warship.) [[wikipedia:Paul Kennedy|Paul Kennedy]] has pointed out that both nations believed in [[wikipedia:Alfred Thayer Mahan|Alfred Thayer Mahan]]'s thesis that [[command of the sea]] was vital to a great nation. 

[[wikipedia:David Stevenson (WW1 historian)|David Stevenson]] described the armaments race as "a self-reinforcing cycle of heightened military preparedness", while [[wikipedia:David Herrman|David Herrman]] viewed the shipbuilding rivalry as part of a general movement towards war. However, [[wikipedia:Niall Ferguson|Niall Ferguson]] argues that Britain’s ability to maintain an overall advantage signifies that change within this realm was insignificant and therefore not a factor in the movement towards war.

{| class="wikitable" 
|-
! colspan=4 | The naval strength of the powers in 1914
|-
! Country
! Personnel
! Large
Naval
Vessels
! Tonnage
|-
| Russia
| style="text-align: right" | 54,000
| style="text-align: center" | 4
| style="text-align: right" | 328,000
|-
| France
| style="text-align: right" | 68,000
| style="text-align: center" | 10
| style="text-align: right" | 731,000
|-
| Britain
| style="text-align: right" | 209,000
| style="text-align: center" |29
| style="text-align: right" | 2,205,000
|-
| style="text-align: right" | '''TOTAL'''
| style="text-align: right" | '''331,000'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''43'''
| style="text-align: right" | '''3,264,000'''
|-
| Germany
| style="text-align: right" | 79,000
| style="text-align: center" | 17
| style="text-align: right" | 1,019,000
|-llllh
| Austria-Hungary
| style="text-align: right" | 16,000
| style="text-align: center" | 3
| style="text-align: right" | 249,000 
|-
| style="text-align: right" | '''TOTAL'''
| style="text-align: right" | '''95,000'''
| style="text-align: center" | '''20'''
| style="text-align: right" | '''1,268,000'''
|-hhhl
| colspan=4 | Source: Ferguson 1999 p 85
|}

===Plans, distrust and mobilization===
Closely related is the thesis adopted by many [[wikipedia:List of political scientists|political scientists]] that the war plans of Germany, France and Russia automatically escalated the conflict. [[wikipedia:Fritz Fischer|Fritz Fischer]] and his followers have emphasized the inherently aggressive nature of the [[wikipedia:Schlieffen Plan|Schlieffen Plan]], which outlined German strategy if at war with both France and Russia. Conflict on two fronts meant Germany had to eliminate one opponent quickly before taking on the other, relying on a strict timetable. It called for a strong right [[wikipedia:Flanking maneuver|flank attack]], to seize Belgium and cripple the [[wikipedia:French Army|French army]] by preempting its mobilization.

After the attack, the [[wikipedia:German Army|German army]] would then rush to the eastern front by railroad and quickly destroy the more slowly mobilizing military of Russia.

In a greater context, France's own [[Plan XVII]] called for an offensive thrust into Germany’s industrial [[wikipedia:Ruhr Valley|Ruhr Valley]] which would cripple Germany’s ability to wage war.

Russia’s revised [[Plan XIX]] implied a mobilization of its armies against both Austria-Hungary and Germany. 

All three created an atmosphere where generals and planning staffs were anxious to take the initiative and seize decisive victories. Elaborate mobilization plans with precise timetables had been prepared. Once the mobilization orders were issued, it was understood by both generals and statesmen alike that there was little or no possibility of turning back or a key advantage would be sacrificed. Furthermore, the problem of communications in 1914 should not be underestimated; all nations still used [[wikipedia:telegraphy|telegraphy]] and ambassadors as the main form of communication, which resulted in delays from hours to even days.

===Militarism and autocracy===
[[wikipedia:President of the United States|President of the United States]] [[wikipedia:Woodrow Wilson|Woodrow Wilson]] and other observers blamed the war on [[wikipedia:militarism|militarism]].&lt;ref&gt; [[wikipedia:October 30|October 30]], [[1918]] in [[wikipedia:Herbert Hoover|Herbert Hoover]], ''Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson'' p. 47 &lt;/ref&gt; The idea was that [[wikipedia:aristocrat|aristocrat]]s and military elites had too much control over Germany, Russia and Austria, and the war was a consequence of their desire for [[Armed forces|military power]] and disdain for [[wikipedia:democracy|democracy]]. This was a theme that figured prominently in [[wikipedia:anti-German|anti-German]] propaganda, which cast Kaiser [[wikipedia:Wilhelm II|Wilhelm II]] and Prussian [[military tradition]] in a negative light. Consequently, supporters of this theory called for the abdication of such rulers, the end of the aristocratic system and the end of militarism — all of which justified American entry into the war once Czarist Russia dropped out of the Allied camp.

Wilson hoped the [[wikipedia:League of Nations|League of Nations]] and universal [[disarmament]] would secure a lasting peace. He also acknowledged variations of militarism that, in his opinion, existed within the British and French [[wikipedia:political system|political system]]s.

===Economic imperialism===
[[wikipedia:Vladimir Lenin|Vladimir Lenin]] asserted that the worldwide system of [[wikipedia:imperialism|imperialism]] was responsible for the war. In this, he drew upon the [[wikipedia:Economics|economic theories]] of [[wikipedia:Karl Marx|Karl Marx]] and English economist [[wikipedia:John A. Hobson|John A. Hobson]], who had earlier predicted the outcome of economic imperialism, or unlimited competition for expanding markets, would lead to a global military conflict.&lt;ref&gt;“Imperialism" (1902)[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1902hobson.html fordham.edu website]&lt;/ref&gt; This argument proved popular in the immediate wake of the war and assisted in the rise of [[wikipedia:Marxism|Marxism]] and [[wikipedia:Communism|Communism]]. Lenin argued that large banking interests in the various capitalist-imperialist powers had pulled the strings in the various governments and led them into the war.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/ 1917 pamphlet “Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism”]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Trade barriers===

[[wikipedia:Cordell Hull|Cordell Hull]] believed that [[trade barrier]]s were the [[root cause]] of both World War I and World War II, and designed the [[wikipedia:Bretton Woods system|Bretton Woods Agreements]] to reduce trade barriers, and thus eliminate what he saw as the root cause of the two world wars.

International bond and [[wikipedia:financial market|financial market]]s entered severe crises in late July and early August; this reflected worry about the financial consequences of war.

===Culmination of European history===
A localized war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia was considered inevitable due to Austria-Hungary’s deteriorating world position and the [[wikipedia:Pan-Slavism|Pan-Slavic]] separatist movement in the [[wikipedia:Balkans|Balkans]].  The expansion of such ethnic sentiments coincided with the growth of [[wikipedia:Serbia|Serbia]] and the decline of the [[wikipedia:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]], as the latter had formerly held sway over much of the region. Imperial Russia also supported the Pan-Slavic movement, motivated by ethnic loyalties, dissatisfaction with Austria (dating back to the [[Crimean War]]) and a century-old dream of a [[wikipedia:warm water port|warm water port]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.mit.edu/mun/bosmun/RussianUpdate.pdf Web reference] &lt;/ref&gt; For Germany, their location in the center of Europe led to the decision for an active defense, culminating in the Schlieffen Plan.&lt;ref&gt;At the same time, the transfer of the contested [[wikipedia:Alsace|]] and [[wikipedia:Moselle|Lorraine]] territories and defeat in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] influenced France’s policy, characterized by [[wikipedia:revanchism|]]. The French formed an alliance with Russia and a [[two-front war]] became a distinct possibility for Germany.&lt;/ref&gt;
{{seealso|Powder keg of Europe}}
[[Image:WWI.png|right|thumb|250px|Map of the world with the [[Participants in World War I]]. The [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] are depicted in green, the [[Central Powers]] in orange and neutral countries in grey.]]

==Opposition to the war ==
{{main|Opposition to World War I}}
The [[wikipedia:trade union|trade union]] and [[wikipedia:socialism|socialist]] movements had declared before the war their determined opposition to a war which they said could only mean workers killing each other in the millions in the interests of their capitalist employers. Once the war was declared, however, the vast majority of socialist and trade union bodies decided to back the government of their respective countries and support the war. The few exceptions were the Russian [[wikipedia:Bolshevik|Bolshevik]]s, the [[wikipedia:Italian Socialist Party|Italian Socialist Party]], [[wikipedia:Karl Liebknecht|Karl Liebknecht]], [[wikipedia:Rosa Luxemburg|Rosa Luxemburg]] and their followers in Germany, and very small groups in Britain and France. Other opposition came from [[wikipedia:conscientious objector|conscientious objector]]s - some socialist, some religious - who refused to fight in the war.

==July crisis and declarations of war==

After the assassination of [[wikipedia:June 28|June 28]], Austria-Hungary waited for 3 weeks before deciding on a course of action, obtaining first a "blank check" from Germany that promised support for whatever it decided. The Austro-Hungarian government, once assured of support, moved to crush Serbia.  On [[wikipedia:July 23|July 23]] Austro-Hungary issued the [[July Ultimatum]] to Serbia, demanding among other things that Austrian agents be allowed to take part in the investigation of the assassination, and that Serbia should take responsibility for it.&lt;ref&gt;Strachen (2001) 1:75-81, 88&lt;/ref&gt; 

The Serbian government accepted all the terms of the ultimatum, with the exception of those relating to the participation of the Austrian agents in the inquiry, which Serbia regarded as a violation of its sovereignty. Breaking [[wikipedia:Diplomacy|diplomatic relations]], Austria Hungary [[Declaration of war|declared war]] on Serbia on [[wikipedia:July 28|July 28]] and proceeded to bombard Belgrade with artillery on [[wikipedia:July 29|July 29]]. On [[wikipedia:July 30|July 30]], both Austria-Hungary and Russia ordered general mobilizations of their armies.

Having pledged its support to Austria-Hungary, Germany issued Russia an ultimatum on [[wikipedia:July 31|July 31]], demanding a halt to mobilization within 12 hours. On [[wikipedia:August 1|August 1]], with the ultimatum expired, the German ambassador to Russia formally declared war. 

On [[wikipedia:August 2|August 2]], [[German occupation of Luxembourg in World War I|Germany occupied Luxembourg]], as a preliminary step to the invasion of Belgium and implementation of the [[Schlieffen Plan]] (which was rapidly going awry, as the Germans had not intended to be at war with a mobilised Russia this quickly). 

Yet another ultimatum was delivered to Belgium on August 2, requesting free passage for the German army on the way to France. The Belgians refused. At the very last moment, the Kaiser [[wikipedia:Wilhelm II of Germany|Wilhelm II]] asked [[wikipedia:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger|Moltke]], the German Chief of General Staff, to cancel the invasion of France in the hope this would keep Britain out of the war. Moltke refused on the grounds that it would be impossible to change the rail schedule—“once settled, it cannot be altered”.&lt;ref&gt;Moltke quoted in Tuchman’s ''The Guns of August'', page xxx  The question of whether such a radical change in Germany’s plans would have indeed been possible has been the subject of much dispute. When Moltke’s reply was revealed after the war to General von Staab, Germany’s Chief of the Railway Division, he saw it as an affront to the capabilities of his unit, and proceeded to write a book proving such a change was indeed possible. General von Staab quoted in Tuchman, ''The Guns of August'', p464; [[Matthias Erzberger]], the Reichstag deputy, later testified that six months after the outbreak of war, Moltke admitted that attacking France first was a mistake and that “the larger part of our army ought first to have been sent to the East to smash the Russian steamroller” Quoted in Tuchman ''The Guns of August'', p464&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[wikipedia:August 3|August 3]], Germany declared war on France and invaded Belgium on [[wikipedia:August 4|August 4]]. This act violated Belgian neutrality, to which status Germany, France, and Britain were all committed by treaty.  It was inconceivable that Great Britain would remain neutral if Germany declared war on France; German violation of Belgian neutrality provided the ''[[wikipedia:casus belli|casus belli]]'' that the British government sought. German Chancellor [[wikipedia:Bethmann Hollweg|Bethmann Hollweg]] told the [[wikipedia:Reichstag|Reichstag]] that the German invasions of Belgium and Luxemburg was in violation of international law, but argued that Germany was "in a state of necessity, and necessity knows no law."  Later that same day, in a conversation with the British ambassador [[wikipedia:Edward Goschen|Sir Edward Goschen]], Bethmann expressed astonishment that the British would go to war with Germany over the [[Treaty of London, 1839|1839 treaty]] guaranteeing the neutrality of Belgium, referring to the treaty dismissively as a "scrap of paper," a statement that outraged public opinion in Britain and the United States.&lt;ref&gt;Sally Marks, ''The Ebbing of European Ascendancy: An International History of the World 1914-1945'' (2002) p. 30; Francis Anthony Boyle, ''Foundations of World Order: The Legalist Approach to International Relations (1898-1922)'' Duke University Press, 1999, p 134; Tuchman, ''The Guns of August,'' page 153.&lt;/ref&gt; Britain's guarantee to Belgium prompted Britain, which had been neutral, to declare war on Germany on [[August 4]]. The British government expected a limited war, in which it would primarily use its great naval strength.&lt;ref&gt;Strachen, ''The First World War'' (2001) 1:97-98&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opening hostilities ==
[[Image:Europe 1914.png|left|thumb|250px|European military alliances in 1914. The [[Central Powers]] are depicted in puce, the [[Allies of World War I|Entente Powers]] in grey, and neutral countries in yellow]]

=== Europe ===
In Europe, the Central Powers—the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire—suffered from mutual miscommunication and lack of intelligence regarding the intentions of each other’s army. Germany had originally guaranteed to support Austria-Hungary’s invasion of Serbia but practical interpretation of this idea differed. Austro-Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover the northern flank against Russia. Germany, however, had planned for Austria-Hungary to focus the majority of its troops on Russia while Germany dealt with France on the Western Front. This confusion forced the [[wikipedia:Austro-Hungarian army|Austro-Hungarian army]] to split its troop concentrations.  Somewhat more than half of the army went to fight the Russians on their border, and the remainder was allocated to invade and conquer Serbia.

=== Serbian Campaign ===
{{main|Serbian Campaign (World War I)}} 
The Serbian army fought a defensive battle against the invading Austrian army (called the [[Battle of Cer]]) starting on [[wikipedia:August 12|August 12]]. The Serbians occupied defensive positions on the south side of the [[wikipedia:Drina|Drina]] and Sava rivers. Over the next two weeks Austrian attacks were thrown back with heavy losses. This marked the first major Allied victory of the war. Austrian expectations of a swift victory over Serbia were not realized and as a result, Austria had to keep a very sizable force on  the Serbian front, which weakened their armies facing Russia.

[[Image:Guetteur au poste de l'écluse 26.jpg|right|thumb|175px|[[wikipedia:Haut-Rhin|Haut-Rhin]], France, 1917. A complete set of these images can be found at [http://www.worldwaronecolorphotos.com World War One Color Photos] ]]

=== German forces in Belgium and France ===

Initially, the Germans had great successes in the [[Battle of the Frontiers]] ([[wikipedia:August 14|August 14]]&amp;ndash;[[wikipedia:August 24|August 24]]). However, Russia attacked in [[wikipedia:East Prussia|East Prussia]] and diverted German forces intended for the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. Germany defeated Russia in a series of battles collectively known as the Second [[Battle of Tannenberg (1914)|Battle of Tannenberg]] ([[wikipedia:August 17|August 17]]&amp;ndash;[[wikipedia:September 2|September 2]]). This diversion exacerbated problems of insufficient speed of advance from railheads not allowed for by the German [[General Staff]]. Originally, the Schlieffen Plan called for the right flank of the German advance to pass to the west of Paris. However, the capacity and low speed of horse-drawn transport hampered the German supply train, allowing French and British forces to finally halt the German advance east of Paris at the [[First Battle of the Marne]] (September 5&amp;ndash;12), thereby denying the Central Powers a quick victory over France and forcing them to fight a war on two fronts. The German army had fought its way into a good defensive position inside France and had permanently incapacitated 230,000 more French and British troops than it had lost itself in the months of August and September. Yet communications problems and questionable command decisions (such as [[wikipedia:Moltke the Younger|Moltke]] transferring troops from the right to protect [[wikipedia:Sedan, France|Sedan]]) cost Germany the chance for an early victory over France with its very ambitious war plan.

=== Africa and Pacific ===
In August 1914, French and British Empire forces invaded the German protectorate of [[wikipedia:Togoland|Togoland]] in [[wikipedia:West Africa|West Africa]]. Shortly thereafter, on [[August 10]], German forces based in [[wikipedia:Namibia|South-West Africa]] attacked [[wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]]. An Anglo-Indian army was raised, which landed in [[wikipedia:Basra|Basra]] in November 1914. [[wikipedia:New Zealand|New Zealand]] occupied [[wikipedia:Western Samoa|German Samoa]] (later Western Samoa) on [[wikipedia:August 30|August 30]]. On [[wikipedia:September 11|September 11]], the [[wikipedia:Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force|Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force]] landed on the island of [[wikipedia:New Britain|Neu Pommern]] (later New Britain), which formed part of [[wikipedia:German New Guinea|German New Guinea]]. [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] seized Germany’s [[wikipedia:Micronesia|Micronesia]]n colonies and the German coaling port of [[wikipedia:Qingdao|Qingdao]], in the Chinese [[wikipedia:Shandong|Shandong]] peninsula. Within a few months, the Allied forces had seized all the German territories in the Pacific. However, sporadic and fierce fighting continued in East Africa for the remainder of the war, as German forces recruited native soldiers and evaded capture.
{{seealso|Participants in World War I}}

==Early stages==
[[Image:Australian infantry small box respirators Ypres 1917.jpg|right|thumb|190px|In the trenches: Infantry with [[gas mask]]s, [[wikipedia:Ypres|Ypres]], 1917.]]
===Trench warfare begins===
{{main|Western Front (World War I)}}
Military tactics in the early part of World War I failed to keep pace with advances in military technology.  These new technologies allowed the construction of formidable static defenses, which obsolete attack strategies could not penetrate.  [[Barbed wire]] was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances; [[artillery]], now vastly more lethal than in the 1870s, coupled with [[machine gun]]s, made crossing open ground a nightmarish prospect. Germans introduced [[Poison gas in World War I|poison gas]] in 1915, at the first battle of Ypres, which soon became a weapon used by both sides. Poisonous gas never won a battle; however, its effects were brutally horrific, causing slow and painfully greusome deaths which made life even more miserable in the trenches. It became one of the most feared and longest remembered horrors of the war.  Tacticians on both sides failed to develop tactics capable of breaking through entrenched positions without massive casualties until technology began to yield new offensive weapons. The war saw the invention of [[tank]]s as another attempt to break the trench warfare stalemate.  They were primarily used by the British and French, though the Germans used captured Allied tanks and a small number of their own design.

After the [[First Battle of the Marne]], both Entente and German forces began a series of outflanking maneuvers to try to force the other to retreat, in the so-called [[Race to the Sea]]. Britain and France soon found themselves facing entrenched German positions from [[wikipedia:Lorraine (province)|Lorraine]] to Belgium’s [[wikipedia:Flanders|Flemish]] coast. Britain and France sought to take the offensive, while Germany defended occupied territories. One consequence was that German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy: Anglo-French trenches were only intended to be “temporary” before their forces broke through German defenses. Some hoped to break the stalemate by utilizing science and technology. In April 1915, the Germans used [[chlorine gas]], for the first time, which opened a 6&amp;nbsp;kilometer (4&amp;nbsp;mi) wide hole in the Allied lines when French colonial troops retreated before it. This breach was closed by allied soldiers at the [[Second Battle of Ypres]] (where over 5,000 mainly [[wikipedia:Canadian|Canadian]] soldiers were gassed to death) and [[Third Battle of Ypres]], where [[wikipedia:Canadian|Canadian]] forces took the village of [[wikipedia:Passchendaele|Passchendaele]].

On [[wikipedia:July 1|July 1]], [[1916]], the [[first day on the Somme|first day]] of the [[Battle of the Somme (1916)|Battle of the Somme]], the [[wikipedia:British Army|British Army]] saw the bloodiest day in its history, suffering 57,470 casualties and 19,240 dead. 

Neither side proved able to deliver a decisive blow for the next two years, though protracted German action at [[Battle of Verdun|Verdun]] throughout 1916, and the Entente’s failure at the [[Battle of the Somme|Somme]], in the summer of 1916, brought the exhausted French army to the brink of collapse. Futile attempts at frontal assault—with a rigid adherence to unimaginative maneuver—came at a high price for both the British and the French [[wikipedia:poilu|poilu]] (infantry) and led to widespread mutinies especially during the time of the [[Nivelle Offensive]] in the spring of 1917. News of the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] gave a new incentive to socialist sentiments among the troops, with its seemingly inherent promise of peace. Red flags were hoisted, and the [[wikipedia:Internationale|Internationale]] was sung on several occasions. At the height of the mutiny, 30,000 to 40,000 French soldiers participated.
[[Image:Canadian tank and soldiers Vimy 1917.jpg||left|thumb|200px|[[wikipedia:Canadian|Canadian]] troops advancing behind a Canadian [[Mark I tank#Mark II|Mark II tank]] at the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]].]]

Throughout 1915&amp;ndash;17, the British Empire and France suffered far more casualties than Germany. However, while the Germans only mounted a single main offensive at [[wikipedia:Verdun|Verdun]], each failed attempt by the Entente to break through German lines was met with an equally fierce German counteroffensive to recapture lost positions. Around 800,000 soldiers from the British Empire were on the Western Front at any one time. 1,000 battalions, each occupying a sector of the line from the [[wikipedia:North Sea|North Sea]] to the [[wikipedia:Orne River (Lorraine)|Orne River]], operated on a month-long four-stage rotation system, unless an offensive was underway. The front contained over 9,600&amp;nbsp;kilometers (6,000&amp;nbsp;mi) of trenches. Each battalion held its sector for about a week before moving back to support lines and then further back to the reserve lines before a week out-of-line, often in the [[wikipedia:Poperinge|Poperinge]] or [[wikipedia:Amiens|Amiens]] areas.

In the British-led [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Battle of Arras]] during the 1917 campaign, the only military success was the capture of [[wikipedia:Vimy Ridge|Vimy Ridge]] by the Canadian forces under [[wikipedia:Sir Arthur Currie|Sir Arthur Currie]] and [[wikipedia:Julian Byng|Julian Byng]]. It provided the British allies with great military advantage that had a lasting impact on the war and is considered by many historians as the [[wikipedia:founding myth|founding myth]] of Canada.

==Naval War==

''Main article: [[Naval Warfare in World War I]]''

At the start of the war, the German Empire had [[cruiser]]s scattered across the globe that they subsequently used to attack Allied merchant shipping. The British [[wikipedia:Royal Navy|Royal Navy]] thereafter systematically hunted them down: at the [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]] in December 1914, for example, Germany lost a fleet of 2 armoured cruisers, 2 light cruisers, and 2 transports.  

Soon after the war began, Britain initiated a Naval [[Blockade]] of Germany, preventing supply ships from reaching German ports. This strategy proved extremely effective, cutting off vital supplies from the German army and devastating Germany's economy in the homefront, leading to mass famine and starvation across the country. Furthermore, due to Britain's control of the sea, they were able to carry out their blockade often without firing a shot by simply boarding the ships, confiscating their cargo, and then letting the ship go afterwards. This strategy minimized casualties from ships belonging to nations not involved in the war. As a result, none of the neutral nations ever made a serious demand to end the blockade.

The 1916 [[Battle of Jutland]] (German: ''Skagerrakschlacht'', or "Battle of the Skagerrak") developed into the largest naval battle of the war, and - remarkably - the only full-scale clash of battleships between the two sides. The Battle of Jutland was fought on [[wikipedia:May 31|May 31]]–[[wikipedia:June 1|June 1]], [[1916]], in the [[wikipedia:North Sea|North Sea]] off [[wikipedia:Jutland|Jutland]], the mainland of Denmark. The combatants were the Kaiserliche Marine's High Seas Fleet commanded by Vice Admiral [[wikipedia:Reinhard Scheer|Reinhard Scheer]] and the Royal Navy's Grand Fleet commanded by Admiral Sir [[wikipedia:John Jellicoe|John Jellicoe]]. The battle was a standoff as the Germans, outmaneuvered by the larger British fleet, managed to escape to base. Strategically, the British demonstrated their control of the seas, and the German navy thereafter remained largely confined to port, where disgruntled sailors eventually mutinied in October 1918.

German [[U-boats]] threatened to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain. Due to the need to maintain positional secrecy, attacks came without warning, giving the crews of the targeted ships little chance to escape. The United States protested, and Germany modified its rules of engagement and - after the infamous sinking of the passenger ship [[RMS Lusitania|RMS ''Lusitania'']] in 1915 - it promised not to sink passenger liners. Britain armed its merchant ships. Finally, in early 1917 Germany decided on a policy of [[unrestricted submarine warfare]], realising the Americans would enter the war. Germany gambled that it would be able to strangle the Allied supply line before the Americans could train and transport a large army. 

The U-boat threat was solved in 1917 by herding merchants ships into [[wikipedia:convoy|convoy]]s escorted by destroyers. This tactic made it much harder for U-boats to find targets, and the destroyers made it likely the slower submarines would be sunk by a highly effective new weapon, the [[depth charge]]. The losses to submarine attacks became quite small, but the convoy system slowed the flow of supplies, because the convoy travelled at the speed of the slowest ship, and ships had to wait to be assembled and wait again to be unloaded. The solution to the delays was a massive program of building new freighters. Troop ships were too fast for the submarines and did not travel the North Atlantic in convoys.

The First World War also saw the first use of [[aircraft carriers]] in combat, with [[HMS Furious (47)|HMS ''Furious'']] launching [[wikipedia:Sopwith Camels|Sopwith Camels]] in a successful raid against the [[Zeppelin]] hangars at [[wikipedia:Tondern|Tondern]] in July 1918.

==Southern theatres==
===Ottoman Empire===
{{main|Middle Eastern theatre of World War I}} 
The [[wikipedia:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] joined the Central Powers in October and November 1914, because of the secret [[wikipedia:Ottoman-German Alliance|Ottoman-German Alliance]], by [[wikipedia:three Pashas|three Pashas]], which was signed in August 1914. It threatened Russia’s [[wikipedia:Caucasus|Caucasian]] territories and Britain’s communications with [[wikipedia:India|India]] and the East via the [[wikipedia:Suez canal|Suez canal]]. The British and French opened another front in the South with the [[Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]] (1915) and [[Mesopotamian Campaign|Mesopotamian]] campaigns. In Gallipoli, the [[wikipedia:Turkey|Turks]] were successful in repelling the British, French, and [[wikipedia:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps|Australian and New Zealand Army Corps]] (ANZACs) and forced their eventual withdrawal and evacuation. In [[wikipedia:Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]], by contrast, after the disastrous [[Siege of Kut]] (1915&amp;ndash;16), British Empire forces reorganized and captured [[Baghdad]] in March 1917. Further to the west in the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]], initial British failures were overcome when [[wikipedia:Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] was captured in December 1917, and the [[wikipedia:Egyptian Expeditionary Force|Egyptian Expeditionary Force]], under Field Marshal [[wikipedia:Edmund Allenby|Edmund Allenby]], broke the Ottoman forces at the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]] in September 1918.

Russian armies generally had the best of it in the [[wikipedia:Caucasus|Caucasus]].
''Vice-Generalissimo'' [[wikipedia:Enver Pasha|Enver Pasha]], supreme commander of the Turkish armed forces, was a very [[wikipedia:Ambition|ambitious]] man with a dream to conquer [[wikipedia:central Asia|central Asia]]. He was not, however, a practical soldier. He launched an offensive with 100,000 troops against the Russians in the Caucasus in December of 1914. Insisting on a frontal attack against Russian positions in the mountains in the heart of winter, Enver lost 86% of his force at the [[Battle of Sarikamis]]. 

The Russian commander from 1915 to 1916, General [[wikipedia:Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich|Yudenich]], with a string of victories over the Ottoman forces, drove the Turks out of much of the southern Caucasus. 

In 1917, Russian [[wikipedia:Grand Duke Nicholas|Grand Duke Nicholas]] assumed senior control over the Caucasus front. Nicholas tried to have a railway built from [[wikipedia:Georgia (country)|Russian Georgia]] to the conquered territories with a view to bringing up more supplies for a new offensive in 1917. But, in March of 1917 (February in the pre-revolutionary Russian calendar), the Czar was overthrown in the [[February Revolution]] and the Russian army began to slowly fall apart.

===Italian participation===
{{main|Italian Campaign (World War I)}}
[[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]] had been allied to the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires since 1882.  However, Italy had its own designs against Austrian territory in the [[wikipedia:Trentino|Trentino]], [[wikipedia:Istria|Istria]] and [[wikipedia:Dalmatia|Dalmatia]], and maintained a secret 1902 understanding with France, which effectively nullified its alliance commitments. Italy refused to join Germany and Austria-Hungary at the beginning of the war because their alliance (the "[[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]]") was defensive, while Austria-Hungary was the attacker.  The Austrian government started negotiations to obtain Italian neutrality in exchange for French territories ([[wikipedia:Tunisia|Tunisia]]), but Italy joined the [[Triple Entente|Entente]] by signing the [[London Pact]] in April and declaring war on Austria-Hungary in May 1915; it declared war against Germany fifteen months later.

In general, the Italians had numerical superiority but this advantage was squandered (along with the later increase in the size and quality of artillery which by 1917 rivalled the British and French gun parks) by the obstinacy with which Italian [[Generalissimo]] [[wikipedia:Luigi Cadorna|Luigi Cadorna]] insisted on attacking the [[Isonzo Front]].  Cadorna, a staunch proponent of the frontal assault, had dreams of breaking into the Slovenian plateau, taking [[wikipedia:Ljubljana|Ljubljana]] and then threatening [[wikipedia:Vienna|Vienna]] itself; it was a [[wikipedia:Napoleonic|Napoleonic]] plan which had no realistic chance in the age of barbed wire and machine guns. Cadorna unleashed 11 offensives ([[Isonzo Battles]]) with total disregard for his men's lives.  The Italians went on the offensive to relieve pressure on the other Allied fronts and achieve their territorial goals.  In the [[wikipedia:Trentino-South Tyrol|Trentino]] front, the Austro-Hungarian defense took advantage of the elevation of their bases in the mostly [[wikipedia:mountainous|mountainous]] terrain, which was not suitable for military offensives.  After an initial Austro-Hungaric strategic retreat to better positions, the front remained mostly unchanged, while Austrian [[wikipedia:Kaiserschützen|Kaiserschützen]] and [[wikipedia:Standschützen|Standschützen]] and Italian [[wikipedia:Alpini Corps|Alpini]] fought bitter close combat battles during summer and tried to survive during winter in the high mountains.  The Austro-Hungarians counterattacked in the [[wikipedia:Asiago|Altopiano of Asiago]] towards Verona and Padua in the spring of 1916 (''Strafexpedition''), but they also made little progress.

Beginning in 1915, the Italians mounted 11 major offensives along the [[wikipedia:Soča River|Isonzo River]] north of [[wikipedia:Trieste|Trieste]], known collectively as the [[Battle of the Isonzo]].  These eleven battles were repelled by the Austro-Hungarians who had the higher ground. In the summer of 1916, the Italians captured the town of [[wikipedia:Gorizia|Gorizia]].  After this minor victory, the front remained practically stable for over a year, despite several Italian offensives.  In the fall of 1917, thanks to the improving situation on the Eastern front, the Austrians received large reinforcements, including German assault troops.  The Central Powers launched a crushing offensive on [[wikipedia:October 26|October 26]] that was spearheaded by German troops and supported by the Austrians and Hungarians.  The attack resulted in the victory at [[Battle of Caporetto|Caporetto]]: the Italian army was routed, but after retreating more than 100 km, it was able to reorganise and hold at the [[Battle of the Piave River|Piave River]].  In 1918, the Austrians repeatedly failed to break the Italian line in battles such as the battle on the [[wikipedia:Asiago Plateau|Asiago Plateau]] and, decisively defeated in the [[Battle of Vittorio Veneto]], surrendered to the Entente powers in November.

===War in the Balkans===
{{main|Balkans Campaign (World War I)|Serbian Campaign (World War I)|Macedonian front (World War I)}}
Faced with the Russian threat, Austria-Hungary could spare only one third of its army for [[wikipedia:Serbia|Serbia]]. After suffering tremendous losses, the Austrians briefly captured the Serbian capital, but Serb counterattacks succeeded in expelling the invaders from the country by the end of 1914.  For the first 10 months of 1915, Austria used most of its spare armies to fight Italy. However, German and Austrian diplomats scored a great coup by convincing [[wikipedia:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] to join in a new attack on Serbia.

The conquest of Serbia was finally accomplished in a little more than a month, starting on [[wikipedia:October 7|October 7]], when the Austrians and Germans attacked from the north. Four days later the Bulgarians attacked from the east. The Serbian army, attacked from two directions and facing certain defeat, retreated east and south into [[wikipedia:Albania|Albania]], stopping only once to make a stand against the Bulgarians, near modern day Gjilan, Kosovo, where they again suffered defeat. From Albania they went by ship to [[wikipedia:Greece|Greece]].

In late 1915, a Franco-British force landed at [[wikipedia:Salonica|Salonica]] in Greece to offer assistance and to pressure the Greek government into war against the Central Powers. Unfortunately for the Allies, the pro-Allied Greek government of [[wikipedia:Eleftherios Venizelos|Eleftherios Venizelos]] was dismissed, by the pro-German [[wikipedia:Constantine I of Greece|King Constantine I]], before the allied expeditionary force had even arrived. 

The Salonica Front proved entirely immobile, so much so that it was joked that Salonica was the largest German [[prisoner of war]] camp. Only at the very end of the war were the Entente powers able to make a breakthrough, which was after most of the German and Austro-Hungarian troops had been removed, leaving the Front held by the Bulgarians alone. This led to Bulgaria’s signing an [[armistice]] on [[wikipedia:September 29|September 29]], [[1918]].

==Eastern Front==
===Initial actions===
[[Image:GermanTrenchNearTheMazuricLakesOnTheEasternFront.jpg|thumb|right|235px|A German trench in the swamp area near the Mazuric Lakes on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]], February 1915, just before the German winter offensive in heavy snowstorms.]]
{{main|Eastern Front (World War I)}}

While the Western Front had reached stalemate in the trenches, the war continued in the east. The Russian initial plans for war had called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian [[wikipedia:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] and German [[wikipedia:East Prussia|East Prussia]]. Although Russia’s initial advance into Galicia was largely successful, they were driven back from East Prussia by the victories of the German generals [[wikipedia:Paul von Hindenburg|Hindenburg]] and [[wikipedia:Erich Ludendorff|Ludendorff]] at [[Battle of Tannenberg (1914)|Tannenberg]] and the [[First Battle of the Masurian Lakes|Masurian Lakes]] in August and September 1914. Russia’s less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership was instrumental in the events that unfolded. By the spring of 1915, the Russians were driven back in Galicia, and in May, the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]]’s southern fringes, capturing [[wikipedia:Warsaw|Warsaw]] on [[wikipedia:August 5|August 5]] and forcing the Russians to withdraw from all of Poland. This became known as the “Great Retreat” by the Russian Empire and the “Great Advance” by Germany.

===Russian Revolution===
{{main|Russian Revolution of 1917}}
Dissatisfaction with the Russian government’s conduct of the war grew despite the success of the June 1916 [[Brusilov offensive]] in eastern [[wikipedia:Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] against the Austrians.  The Russian success was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces in support of the victorious sector commander. Allied and Russian forces revived only temporarily with [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]]’s entry into the war on [[wikipedia:August 27|August 27]]: German forces came to the aid of embattled Austrian units in [[wikipedia:Transylvania|Transylvania]], and [[wikipedia:Bucharest|Bucharest]] fell to the Central Powers on [[wikipedia:December 6|December 6]]. Meanwhile, internal unrest grew in Russia as the [[wikipedia:Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar]] remained out of touch at the front. [[wikipedia:Alexandra of Hesse|Empress Alexandra]]’s increasingly incompetent rule drew protests from all segments of Russian political life and resulted in the murder of Alexandra’s favorite [[wikipedia:Grigori Rasputin|Rasputin]] by conservative noblemen at the end of 1916.

[[Image:Lenin.WWI.JPG|thumb|left|180px|[[wikipedia:Vladimir Lenin|Vladimir Lenin]]]]

In March 1917, demonstrations in [[wikipedia:Saint Petersburg, Russia|St. Petersburg]] culminated in the abdication of [[wikipedia:Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]] and the appointment of a weak [[wikipedia:Russian Provisional Government, 1917|Provisional Government]], which shared power with the socialists of the [[wikipedia:Petrograd Soviet|Petrograd Soviet]]. This division of power led to confusion and chaos both on the front and at home, and the army became increasingly ineffective.

The war, and the government, became more and more unpopular, and the discontent led to a rise in popularity of the [[wikipedia:Bolshevik|Bolshevik]] [[wikipedia:political party|party]], led by [[wikipedia:Vladimir Lenin|Vladimir Lenin]], who promised pulling Russia out of the war and were able to gain power. The [[October Revolution|triumph of the Bolsheviks]] in November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany. At first, the Bolsheviks refused to agree to the harsh German terms, but when Germany resumed the war and marched with impunity across [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukraine]], the new government acceded to the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] on [[wikipedia:March 3|March 3]], [[1918]], which took Russia out of the war and ceded vast territories, including [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]], the [[wikipedia:Baltic states|Baltic provinces]], parts of [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]] and [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukraine]] to the Central Powers.

The publication by the new Bolshevik government of the secret treaties signed by the tsar was hailed across the world either as a great step forward for the respect of the will of the people, or as a dreadful catastrophe which could destabilize the world. The existence of a new type of government in Russia led to the reinforcement in many countries of Communist parties. 

After the Russians dropped out of the war, the Entente no longer existed. The Allied powers led a small-scale invasion of Russia. The invasion was made with intent primarily to stop Germany from exploiting Russian resources and, to a lesser extent, to support the Whites in the Russian Revolution. Troops landed in [[wikipedia:Arkhangelsk|Archangel]] (see [[North Russia Campaign]]) and in [[wikipedia:Vladivostok|Vladivostok]].

==1917&amp;ndash;18==
[[Image:Royal Irish Rifles ration party Somme July 1916.jpg|right|thumb|235px|In the [[trench]]es: [[wikipedia:Royal Irish Rifles|Royal Irish Rifles]] in a communications trench on the [[first day on the Somme]], [[wikipedia:1916-07-01|1916-07-01]]]]

Events of 1917 would prove decisive in ending the war, although their effects would not be fully felt until 1918. The British naval blockade of Germany began to have a serious impact on morale and productivity on the German home front. In response, in February 1917, the German General Staff ([[Oberste Heeresleitung|OHL]]) was able to convince [[Chancellor]] [[wikipedia:Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg|Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg]] to declare unrestricted submarine warfare with the goal of starving Britain out of the war. Tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February until July, peaking at 860,000 tons in April. After July, the reintroduced [[wikipedia:convoy|convoy]] system was extremely effective in neutralizing the [[U-boat]] threat. Britain was safe from the threat of starvation, and the German war industry remained deprived materially. 

The decisive victory of Austria-Hungary and Germany at the [[Battle of Caporetto]] led to the Allied decision at the [[Rapallo Conference]] to form the [[Supreme Allied Council]] at [[wikipedia:Versailles|Versailles]] to coordinate plans and action. Previously British and French armies had operated under separate command systems.

In December, the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia, thereby releasing troops from the eastern front for use in the west. Ironically, German troop transfers could have been greater if their territorial acquisitions had not been so dramatic. With both German reinforcements and new [[wikipedia:United States|American]] troops pouring into the Western Front, the final outcome of the war was to be decided in that front. The Central Powers knew that they could not win a protracted war now that American forces were certain to be arriving in increasing numbers, but they held high hopes for a rapid offensive in the West. Using freshly rested troops to reinforced, mainly Australian and Canadian shock troops, and new infantry tactics devised by Australian Sir General Monash, led the Allies to Victory. Furthermore, the rulers of both the Central Powers and the Allies became more fearful of the threat first raised by [[wikipedia:Ivan Bloch|Ivan Bloch]] in 1899, that protracted industrialized war threatened social collapse and revolution throughout Europe. Both sides urgently sought a decisive, rapid victory on the Western Front because they were both fearful of collapse or stalemate.

===Entry of the United States===
{{main|American Expeditionary Force}}
[[Image:Wilson announcing the break in the official relations with Germany.jpg|thumb|235px|President Wilson before Congress, announcing the break in official relations with Germany on [[wikipedia:February 3|February 3]], [[1917]].]]
America’s policy of insisting on neutral rights while also trying to broker a peace resulted in tensions with both Berlin and London. When a German U-boat sank the [[RMS Lusitania|Lusitania]] in 1915, a large passenger liner with 128 Americans aboard, Wilson vowed "America was too proud to fight," and demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships. Germany complied. Wilson tried to mediate a compromise settlement; yet no compromise was discovered.  Wilson also repeatedly warned that America would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare because it violated America's rights. Wilson was under great pressure from former president Teddy Roosevelt, who denounced German "piracy" and Wilson's cowardice. In January 1917 the Germans announced they would resume unrestricted submarine warfare. Berlin's proposal to [[wikipedia:Mexico|Mexico]] to join the war as Germany's ally against the U.S. was exposed in February, angering American opinion. (see [[Zimmermann Telegram]]). After German submarines attacked several American merchant ships, sinking three, Wilson requested that Congress declare war on Germany, which it did on [[wikipedia:April 6|April 6]], [[1917]].&lt;ref&gt;(see: ''[[wikisource:Woodrow Wilson declares war on Germany|Woodrow Wilson declares war on Germany]]'' on [[wikipedia:Wikisource|]]).&lt;/ref&gt; The [[wikipedia:U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] approved the war resolution 373-50, the [[wikipedia:U.S. Senate|U.S. Senate]] 82-6, with opposition coming especially from [[wikipedia:German American|German American]] districts such as Wisconsin.  The U.S. declared war on [[wikipedia:Austria-Hungary|Austria-Hungary]] in December 1917.

The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but an “Associated Power”. Significant numbers of fresh American troops arrived in Europe in the summer of 1918, and they started arriving at 10,000 per day. Germany miscalculated that it would be many more months before large numbers of American troops could be sent to Europe, and that, in any event, the U-boat offensive would prevent their arrival.  In fact, not a single American infantryman lost his life due to German U-boat activity.

The [[wikipedia:United States Navy|United States Navy]] sent a battleship group to [[wikipedia:Scapa Flow|Scapa Flow]] to join with the [[wikipedia:British Grand Fleet|British Grand Fleet]], several [[destroyers]] to [[wikipedia:Cobh|Queenstown]], Ireland, and several [[submarines]] to the [[wikipedia:Azores|Azores]] and to [[wikipedia:Bantry Bay|Bantry Bay]], Ireland, to help guard [[wikipedia:convoy|convoy]]s. Several regiments of [[wikipedia:U.S. Marines|U.S. Marines]] were also dispatched to France. However, it would be some time before the United States would be able to contribute significant personnel to the Western and Italian fronts.

The British and French wanted the United States to send its infantry to reinforce their troops already on the battlelines, and not use scarce shipping to bring over supplies. Thus the Americans primarily used British and French artillery, aircraft and tanks. However, General [[wikipedia:John J. Pershing|John J. Pershing]], [[wikipedia:American Expeditionary Force|American Expeditionary Force]] (AEF) commander, refused to break up American units to be used as reinforcements for British Empire and French units (though he did allow [[wikipedia:African American|African American]] combat units to be used by the French). Pershing ordered the use of frontal assaults, which had been discarded by that time by British Empire and French commanders because of the large loss of life sustained throughout the war.

===German Spring Offensive of 1918===
[[Image:trencheswwi2.jpg|right|thumb|235px|For most of World War I, Allied forces were stalled at trenches on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]]]
{{main|Spring Offensive}}

German General [[wikipedia:Erich Ludendorff|Erich Ludendorff]] drew up plans ([[Code name|codenamed]] [[Operation Michael]]) for a 1918 general offensive along the [[Western Front]]. This [[Spring Offensive]] sought to divide the British and French armies in a series of feints and advances. The German leadership hoped to strike a decisive blow against the enemy before significant United States forces could be deployed.

Operation Michael opened on [[wikipedia:March 21|March 21]], [[1918]],  with an attack against British forces near the rail junction at [[wikipedia:Amiens|Amiens]]. Ludendorff’s intention was to split the British and French armies at this point. German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometers (40 mi). For the first time since 1914, maneuvering was achieved on the battlefield.

British and French trenches were defeated using novel [[infiltration tactics]], also called ''Hutier'' tactics after General [[wikipedia:Oskar von Hutier|Oskar von Hutier]]. Up to this time, attacks had been characterized by long artillery bombardments and continuous-front mass assaults. However, in the Spring Offensive, the German Army used artillery briefly and infiltrated small groups of infantry at weak points, attacking command and logistics areas and surrounding points of serious resistance. These isolated positions were then destroyed by more heavily armed infantry. German success relied greatly on this tactic.

The front line had now moved to within 120&amp;nbsp;kilometers (75&amp;nbsp;mi) of [[wikipedia:Paris|Paris]]. Three super-heavy [[wikipedia:Krupp|Krupp]] [[railway gun]]s advanced and fired 183 shells on Paris, which caused many Parisians to flee the city. The initial stages of the offensive were so successful that German [[wikipedia:Wilhelm II of Germany|Kaiser Wilhelm II]] declared [[wikipedia:March 24|March 24]] a national holiday. Many Germans thought victory was close; however, after heavy fighting, the German offensive was halted. Infiltration tactics had worked very well, but the Germans, lacking tanks or motorized artillery, were unable to consolidate their positions. The British and French learned that if they fell back a few miles, the Germans would be disorganized and vulnerable to counterattack.

American divisions, which Pershing had sought to field as an independent force, were assigned to the depleted French and British Empire commands on [[wikipedia:March 28|March 28]]. A supreme command of Allied forces was created at the Doullens Conference, in which British Field Marshal [[wikipedia:Douglas Haig|Douglas Haig]] handed control of his forces over to [[wikipedia:Ferdinand Foch|Ferdinand Foch]].

Following Operation Michael, Germany launched [[Operation Georgette]] to the north against the [[wikipedia:English channel|Channel]] ports. This was halted by the Allies with less significant territorial gains to Germany. [[Third Battle of the Aisne|Operations Blücher and Yorck]] were then conducted by the German Army to the south, broadly towards Paris. Next, Operation Marne was launched on [[wikipedia:July 15|July 15]] as an attempt to encircle [[wikipedia:Reims|Reims]], beginning the [[Second Battle of the Marne]]. The resulting Allied counterattack marked their first successful offensive of the war. By [[wikipedia:July 20|July 20]], the Germans were back at their Kaiserschlacht starting lines, having achieved nothing. Following this last phase of the ground war in the West, the German Army never again held the initiative. German casualties between March and April 1918 were 270,000, including many of the highly trained stormtroopers. Their best soldiers were gone just as the Americans started arriving.

Meanwhile, Germany was crumbling internally as well. Anti-war marches were a frequent occurrence and morale within the army was at low levels. Industrial output had fallen 53% from 1913.

===Allied victory: summer and autumn 1918===
[[Image:Battle of St. Mihiel 03.jpg|right|thumb|235px|American engineers returning from the front during the [[Battle of Saint-Mihiel]] in September 1918]]
{{main|Hundred Days Offensive|Weimar Republic}}

The Allied counteroffensive, known as the [[Hundred Days Offensive]] began on [[wikipedia:August 8|August 8]], [[1918]]. The [[Battle of Amiens]] developed with III Corps [[wikipedia:British Fourth Army|Fourth British Army]] on the left, the [[wikipedia:French First Army|First French Army]] on the right, and the [[wikipedia:Australian Corps|Australian Corps]] and [[wikipedia:Canadian Corps|Canadians]] spearheading the offensive in the centre. It involved 414 [[tank]]s of the [[Mark I (tank)|Mark IV]] and [[Mark V (tank)#Mark V Series|Mark V]] type, and 120,000 men. They advanced as far as 12&amp;nbsp;kilometers (7&amp;nbsp;mi) into German-held territory in just seven hours. [[wikipedia:Erich Ludendorff|Erich Ludendorff]] referred to this day as “the Black Day of the German army”.

The offensive slowed and lost momentum due to supply problems.  British units had encountered problems with all but seven tanks and trucks running out of fuel. On [[wikipedia:August 15|August 15]], General Haig called a halt and began planning a new offensive in [[wikipedia:Albert, Somme|Albert]]. This [[Second Battle of the Somme (1918)|Second Battle of the Somme]] began on [[wikipedia:August 21|August 21]]. Some 130,000 United States troops were involved, along with soldiers from [[wikipedia:British Third Army|Third]] and [[wikipedia:British Fourth Army|Fourth]] British Armies. It was an overwhelming success for the Allies. The [[wikipedia:German Second Army|Second German Army]] was pushed back over a 55&amp;nbsp;kilometer (34&amp;nbsp;mi) front, and by September 2, the Germans were back to the [[Hindenburg Line]], which was their starting point in 1914.

The Allied attempt to take the Hindenburg Line (the [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive]]) began [[wikipedia:September 26|September 26]], as 260,000 American soldiers went “over the top”. All divisions were successful in capturing their initial objectives, except the [[wikipedia:U.S. 79th Infantry Division|U.S. 79th Infantry Division]], which met stiff resistance at [[wikipedia:Montfaucon|Montfaucon]] and took an extra day to capture the objective. Then the US Army stalled because of supply problems as its inexperienced headquarters had to cope with large units and the difficult landscape (hilly and forested, with few roads).

At the same time, French units broke through Champagne and closed on the Belgian frontier. The most significant advance came from Commonwealth units as they entered Belgium (liberation of Ghent). The German army had to shorten its front so used the Dutch frontier as an anchor and chose to fight rear-guard actions. This probably saved the army from disintegration but was devastating for morale.

By the start of October, it was evident that Germany could no longer mount a successful defense, let alone a counterattack. Numerically on the frontline they were increasingly outnumbered, with the few new recruits too young or too old to be of much help. Rations were cut for men and horses because the food supply was critical. Ludendorff had decided, by [[wikipedia:October 1|October 1]], that Germany had two ways out of the War—total annihilation or an armistice. He recommended the latter to senior German officials at a summit on that very same day. During October, the Allied pressure did not let up until the end of the war.

Meanwhile, news of Germany’s impending military defeat had spread throughout the German Armed forces. The threat of general mutiny was rife. Naval commander Admiral [[wikipedia:Reinhard Scheer|Reinhard Scheer]] and Ludendorff decided to launch a last ditch attempt to restore the “valor” of the German Navy. Knowing any such action would be vetoed by the government of [[wikipedia:Prince Maximilian of Baden|Max von Baden]], Ludendorff decided not to inform him. Nonetheless, word of the impending assault reached sailors at [[wikipedia:Kiel|Kiel]]. Many rebelled and were arrested, refusing to be part of a naval offensive which they believed to be nothing more than a suicide bid. It was Ludendorff who took the blame for this—the Kaiser dismissed him on [[wikipedia:October 26|October 26]]. The collapse of the Balkans meant that Germany was about to lose its main supplies of oil and food. The reserves had been used up, but the Americans kept arriving at the rate of 10,000 a day.&lt;ref&gt; Stevenson, ''Cataclysm'' (2004) p 383.&lt;/ref&gt;

With power coming into the hands of new men in Berlin, further fighting became impossible. With 6 million German casualties, Germany moved toward peace. [[wikipedia:Prince Maximilian of Baden|Prince Max von Baden]] took charge of the new German government. Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately, in the vain hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French. Instead Wilson insisted on his [[wikipedia:Fourteen Points|Fourteen Points]] and demanded the abdication of the Kaiser. German soldiers were despondent.  The civilian leadership was stunned to discover that Ludendorff had deluded them all along and there was no hope whatever for military success or even stalemate. Thus there was no resistance when the [[wikipedia:Social Democratic|social democrat]] [[wikipedia:Philipp Scheidemann|Philipp Scheidemann]] on [[wikipedia:November 9|November 9]] declared Germany to be a republic. Von Baden then announced that the Kaiser was to abdicate, along with all other princes in the [[wikipedia:Reich|Reich]]. Imperial Germany was dead; a new Germany had been born: the [[wikipedia:Weimar Republic|Weimar Republic]].&lt;ref&gt; Stevenson, ''Cataclysm'' (2004) ch 17.&lt;/ref&gt;

==End of war==
[[Image:NYTimes-Page1-11-11-1918.jpg|thumb|Front page of the ''[[wikipedia:New York Times|New York Times]]'' on Armistice Day, [[wikipedia:November 11|November 11]], [[1918]].]]

The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly. Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice on [[wikipedia:September 29|September 29]], [[1918]]. On [[wikipedia:October 30|October 30]], the Ottoman Empire capitulated. 

On [[October 24]] the Italians began a push which rapidly recovered their territory a year after they lost it during the [[Battle of Caporetto]]. This push culminated in the [[Battle of Vittorio Veneto]], which heralded the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force. The push also triggered the disintegration of [[wikipedia:Austria-Hungary|Austria-Hungary]]: during the last week of October declarations were made in Budapest, Prague and Zagreb, proclaiming the independence of their respective parts of the old empire. On [[wikipedia:October 29|October 29]] the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice, but the Italians continued advancing reaching Trento, Udine and Trieste. On [[wikipedia:November 3|November 3]] Austria-Hungary sent a flag of truce to the Italian Commander to ask again for an [[Armistice]] and terms of peace. The terms were arranged by telegraph with the Allied Authorities in Paris, were communicated to the Austrian Commander, and were accepted. The [[Armistice with Austria]] was signed in the Villa Giusti, near [[wikipedia:Padua|Padua]], on [[wikipedia:November 3|November 3]], and it was granted to take effect on [[wikipedia:November 4|November 4]], at three o’clock in the afternoon. Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the [[wikipedia:Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg monarchy]] and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Following the outbreak of the [[wikipedia:German Revolution|German Revolution]], a republic was proclaimed on [[wikipedia:November 9|November 9]], marking the end of the monarchy. The Kaiser fled the next day to the neutral Netherlands, which granted him political asylum (see [[wikipedia:Weimar Republic|Weimar Republic]] for details). On [[wikipedia:November 11|November 11]], [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|an armistice with Germany]] was signed in a railroad carriage at [[wikipedia:Compiègne|Compiègne]] in France where Germans had previously dictated terms to France, ending the [[Franco-Prussian War]] in 1871.
At 11:00am on [[wikipedia:November 11|November 11]], [[1918]] &amp;mdash; the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month &amp;mdash; a ceasefire came into effect and the opposing armies on the Western Front began to withdraw from their positions. Canadian [[wikipedia:George Lawrence Price|George Lawrence Price]] is traditionally regarded as the last soldier killed in the Great War: he was shot by a German sniper and died at 10:58.

A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months until it was finally ended by the signing of the [[Treaty of Versailles]] on [[wikipedia:June 28|June 28]], [[1919]] with Germany, and the following treaties with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and The Ottoman Empire signed at [[Treaty of St. Germain|St. Germain]], [[Treaty of Trianon|Trianon]], [[Treaty of Neuilly|Neuilly]] and [[Treaty of Sèvres|Sèvres]]. However, the latter treaty with the Ottoman Empire was followed by strife (the [[Turkish Independence War]]) and a final peace treaty was signed between the Allied Powers and the country that would shortly become the [[wikipedia:Republic of Turkey|Republic of Turkey]], at [[Treaty of Lausanne|Lausanne]] on [[wikipedia:July 24|July 24]], [[1923]].

Some [[war memorial]]s date the end of the war as being when the Versailles treaty was signed in 1919; by contrast, most commemorations of the war’s end concentrate on the armistice of [[wikipedia:November 11|November 11]], [[1918]]. Legally the last formal peace treaties were not signed until 1923. Some also treat the Versailles treaty as the prelude to World War 2. 

{{further|[[World War I casualties]]}}

==War crimes==
{{main|Armenian Genocide}}
The [[wikipedia:ethnic cleansing|ethnic cleansing]] of [[wikipedia:Armenians|Armenians]] during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is widely considered a [[wikipedia:genocide|genocide]].  With World War I in progress, the Turks accused the [[wikipedia:Armenian Apostolic Church|(Christian)]] Armenians of preparing (or at any rate having the potential desire) to ally themselves with Russia, and used it as a pretext to deal with the entire Armenian population as an enemy within their empire. The exact numbers of deaths in the latter period is hard to establish. It is estimated by many sources that close to a million perished in camps, which excludes Armenians who may have died in other ways. Most estimates place the total number of deaths between 800,000 and 1.5 million. Turkish governments since that time have consistently rejected charges of genocide, typically arguing either that those Armenians who died were simply in the way of a war or that killings of Armenians were justified by their individual or collective support for the enemies of the Ottoman Empire.

==Economics and manpower issues==
[[wikipedia:Gross Domestic Product|Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP) increased for three Allies (Britain, Italy, and U.S.), but decreased in France and Russia, in neutral Netherlands, and in the main three Central Powers. The shrinkage in GDP in Austria, Russia, France, and the Ottoman Empire reached 30 to 40%. In Austria, for example, most of the pigs were slaughtered and, at war’s end, there was no meat.

All nations had increases in the government’s share of GDP, surpassing fifty percent in both Germany and France and nearly reaching fifty percent in Britain. To pay for purchases in the United States, Britain cashed in its massive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily on Wall Street. President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916, but with war imminent with Germany, he allowed a massive increase in U.S. government lending to the Allies. After 1919, the U.S. demanded repayment of these loans, which, in part, were funded by German reparations, which, in turn, were supported by American loans to Germany. This circular system collapsed in 1931 and the loans were never repaid.

One of the most dramatic effects was the expansion of governmental powers and responsibilities in Britain, France, the United States, and the [[Dominions]] of the British Empire. In order to harness all the power of their societies, new government ministries and powers were created. New taxes were levied and laws enacted, all of which were designed to bolster the war effort; many of which have lasted to this day.

At the same time, the war strained the abilities of the formerly large and bureaucratized governments such as in Austria-Hungary and Germany. Here, however, the long term effects were clouded by the defeat of these governments.

Families were altered by the departure of many men. With the death or absence of the primary wage earner, women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers. At the same time, industry needed to replace the lost laborers sent to war. This aided the struggle for [[wikipedia:suffragette|voting rights for women]].

As the war slowly turned into a war of attrition, [[wikipedia:conscription|conscription]] was implemented in some countries. This issue was particularly explosive in [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]] and opened a political gap between the French-Canadians—who claimed their true loyalty was to Canada and not the British Empire—and the English-speaking majority who saw the war as a duty to both Britain and Canada, and a way of demonstrating leadership and high contribution to the British Empire. Prime Minister [[wikipedia:Sir Robert Borden|Sir Robert Borden]] pushed through a [[Military Service Act]] that caused the [[Conscription Crisis of 1917]].

In Britain, rationing was finally imposed in early 1918 and was limited to meat, sugar and fats (butter and [[wikipedia:oleo|oleo]]), but not bread. The new system worked smoothly. From 1914 to 1918 trade union membership doubled, from a little over four million to a little over eight million. Work stoppages and strikes became frequent in 1917-18 as the unions expressed grievances regarding prices, liquor control, pay disputes, “dilution”, fatigue from overtime and from Sunday work, and inadequate housing. Conscription put into uniform nearly every physically fit man, six million out of ten million eligible in Britain. Of these, about 750,000 lost their lives and 1,700,000 were wounded. Most deaths were to young unmarried men; however, 160,000 wives lost husbands and 300,000 children lost fathers. [Havighurst p 134&amp;ndash;5]

==Technology==
[[Image:Nieuport.jpg|right|thumb|250px|French [[Nieuport 17|Nieuport 17 C.1 fighter]], 1917]]
{{seealso|Technology during World War I}}

The First World War began as a clash of 20th-century [[wikipedia:technology]] with 19th-century [[military tactics|tactics]] and the inevitable appalling casualties.  By the end of 1917, however, the major armies &amp;mdash; now numbering millions of men &amp;mdash; had modernized significantly and were making use of such technology as wireless communication, armored cars, tanks, and tactical aircraft. The infantry was reorganized such that 100-man companies were no longer the main unit of manoeuver, in favor of the squad of 10 or so men under the command of a junior NCO. Artillery also had undergone a revolution; in 1914, cannons were positioned on the front lines and fired using open sights directly at their targets; by 1917, indirect fire with guns (as well as mortars and even machine guns) was responsible for the majority of casualties inflicted, and counter-battery artillery missions became commonplace, using new techniques for spotting and ranging enemy artillery.  

Much of the war’s combat involved [[trench warfare]], where hundreds often died for each yard of land gained. Many of the deadliest battles in history occurred during the First World War. Such battles include [[Battle of Ypres|Ypres]], [[wikipedia:Vimy Ridge|Vimy Ridge]], [[Battle of the Marne|Marne]], [[Battle of Cambrai|Cambrai]], [[Battle of the Somme (1916)|Somme]], [[Battle of Verdun|Verdun]], and [[Battle of Gallipoli|Gallipoli]]. During the war, the [[wikipedia:Haber process|Haber process]] of nitrogen fixation was employed to provide the German forces with a continuing supply of powder for the ongoing conflict in the face of British naval control over the trade routes for naturally occurring nitrates.  Artillery was responsible for the largest number of casualties during the First World War, which consumed vast quantities of explosives. The large number of headwounds caused by exploding shells and [[wikipedia:shrapnel|shrapnel]] forced the combatant nations to develop the modern steel [[wikipedia:helmet|helmet]]. This effort was led by the French, who introduced the [[wikipedia:Adrian helmet|Adrian helmet]] in 1915. It was quickly followed by the [[wikipedia:Brodie helmet|Brodie helmet]], worn by British Commonwealth and American troops, and in 1916 by the German ''[[wikipedia:Stahlhelm|Stahlhelm]]'', the distinctive steel helmet that with improvements continued in use throughout [[World War II]].  

There was [[chemical warfare]] and aerial bombardment, both of which had been outlawed under the 1907 [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Hague Convention]], and both of which had extremely limited effects in tactical terms.

Chemical warfare was [[Use of poison gas in World War I|a major distinguishing factor of the war]]. Gases used included [[wikipedia:chlorine|chlorine]], [[wikipedia:mustard gas|mustard gas]], and [[wikipedia:phosgene|phosgene]]. Only a small proportion of total war casualties were caused by gas, but it achieved harassment and psychological effects by masking speech and slowing movement. Effective countermeasures to gas were quickly created in [[gas mask]]s. Even as the use of gas increased, its effectiveness in creating casualties was quite limited.

The most powerful land weapons of the Great War were naval guns weighing hundreds of tons apiece (nicknamed Big Berthas by the British); they could be moved on land only by railroad.  The largest U.S., British, and French [[railway gun|rail gun]]s were severely outranged by the German [[wikipedia:Krupp|Krupp]], Max E, and [[Paris Gun]]s.

[[Fixed-wing aircraft]] were [[World War I Aviation|first used militarily during the First World War]]. Initial uses consisted of [[wikipedia:reconnaissance|reconnaissance]] and [[Close air support|ground attack]]. To shoot down enemy planes, anti-aircraft machine guns were used, and, more effectively, fast [[fighter aircraft]].  [[Strategic bombing]] aircraft were created principally by the Germans and British, though the former used [[Zeppelin]]s to this end as well.  

Towards the end of the war, [[aircraft carriers]] were used in combat for the first time, with [[HMS Furious (47)|HMS ''Furious'']] launching [[Sopwith Camels]] in a raid against the Zepplin hangars at [[wikipedia:Tondern|Tondern]] in 1918.

German [[U-boat]]s ([[submarines]]) were used in combat shortly after the war began. Alternating between restricted and unrestricted submarine warfare during the [[First Battle of the Atlantic]], they were employed by the [[wikipedia:Kaiserliche Marine|Kaiserliche Marine]] in a strategy of defeating the British Empire through a tonnage war. The deaths of British merchantmen and the invulnerability of U-boats led to the development of several countermeasures: [[depth charges]] (1916), [[wikipedia:hydrophones|hydrophones]] (passive [[wikipedia:sonar|sonar]], 1917), [[wikipedia:blimp|blimp]]s, [[wikipedia:hunter-killer|hunter-killer]] submarines (HMS ''R-1'', 1917), [[ahead-throwing weapons]], and dipping hydrophones (both abandoned in 1918). To extend their operations, the Germans proposed supply submarines (1916). Most of these would be forgotten in the interwar period until World War II revived the need.

Trenches, the [[machine gun]], air reconnaissance, barbed wire, and modern artillery with [[wikipedia:shrapnel shell|fragmentation shell]]s helped bring the battle lines of World War I to a stalemate by making massed infantry attacks deadly for the attacker. The infantry was armed mostly with [[wikipedia:bolt action|bolt-action]] magazine rifles, but the machine gun, with the ability to fire hundreds of rounds per minute, blunted infantry attacks as an offensive doctrine. The British sought a solution and created the tank, and with it [[mechanized warfare]]. The [[Mark I (tank)|first tanks]] were used during the [[Battle of the Somme]] on [[wikipedia:September 15|September 15]], [[1916]]; mechanical reliability issues hampered their mobility, but the experiment proved its worth as protection against enemy weapons, particularly the machine gun.  Within a year, the British were fielding tanks by the hundreds and showed their potential during the [[Battle of Cambrai]] in November 1917 by breaking the Hindenburg Line, while combined arms teams captured 8000 enemy soldiers and 100 guns. Light automatic weapons also were introduced, such as the [[wikipedia:Lewis Gun|Lewis Gun]] and [[wikipedia:Browning Automatic Rifle|Browning automatic rifle]], combining the firepower of the machine gun with the portability of the rifle. 

Manned observation balloons floating high above the trenches were used as stationary reconnaissance points on the front lines, reporting enemy troop positions and directing artillery fire. Balloons commonly had a crew of two personnel equipped with [[parachute]]s; upon an enemy air attack on the flammable balloon, the balloon crew would parachute to safety.  At the time, parachutes were too bulky to be used by pilots in aircraft, and smaller versions would not be developed until the end of the war. Recognized for their value as observer platforms, observation balloons were important targets of enemy aircraft.  To defend against air attack, they were heavily protected by large concentrations antiaircraft guns and patrolled by friendly aircraft. Blimps and balloons helped contribute to the stalemate of trench warfare in World War I, and the balloons contributed to air-to-air combat among aircraft defending the skies and maintaining air superiority because of the balloons' significant reconnaissance value. The Germans conducted air raids on England and London during 1915 and 1916 using airships intending to damage British morale and will to fight, and to cause aircraft to be reassigned away from the front lines.

Another new weapon sprayed jets of burning fuel: [[wikipedia:flamethrowers|flamethrowers]].  First used in war by the German army, and later adopted by other powers during WWI (it was invented prior to this, and simple models have existed since ancient times). Although not of high tactical value, they were a powerful, demoralizing weapon and caused much terror on the battlefield. It was a dangerous weapon to wield as their heavy weight made operators vulnerable targets, and the fuel on their backs was highly flammable.

==Aftermath==
{{main|Aftermath of World War I}}
The direct consequences of World War I brought many old regimes crashing to the ground, and ultimately, would lead to the end of 300 years of European hegemony in the world.

[[Image:Beaumont hamel newfoundland memorial.jpg|thumbnail|left|200px|The [[wikipedia:Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] Memorial at [[wikipedia:Beaumont Hamel|Beaumont Hamel]].]]
No other war had changed the map of Europe so dramatically—four empires disappeared: the [[wikipedia:German Empire|German]], [[wikipedia:Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]],  [[wikipedia:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and the [[wikipedia:Imperial Russia|Russian]].  Four defunct dynasties, the [[wikipedia:Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]]s, the [[wikipedia:Habsburg|Habsburg]], [[wikipedia:Romanov|Romanov]]s and the [[wikipedia:Ottoman Dynasty|Ottomans]] together with all their ancillary aristocracies, all fell during the war. [[wikipedia:France|France]] was badly damaged, with 1.4 million soldiers dead, not counting other casualties. In addition, a major flu epidemic that started in Western Europe  in the latter months of the war killed millions of people in Europe and then spread elsewhere around the world.
===Treaty of Versailles ===
Immediately after the war, the victors met in Paris and negotiated the [[Versailles Treaty]].  Germany was kept under a food blockade until it signed the treaty, which declared that Germany (and Austria) were guilty of starting the war and therefore had to pay all its costs. The treaty required Germany to pay enormous annual cash reparations, based on factors including the value of a soldier's life, which it did by borrowing from the United States, until reparations were suspended in 1931. The “[[Guilt Thesis]]” became controversial in Britain and the United States. It caused enormous bitterness in Germany, which nationalist movements, especially the [[Nazi]]s, exploited in the 1920s. (See [[Dolchstosslegende]]).

===New national identities===
[[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]] reemerged as an independent country, after more than a century. [[wikipedia:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and [[wikipedia:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]] were entirely new creations.  [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]] became the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] and lost several regions such as [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]], [[wikipedia:Estonia|Estonia]], [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]] and [[wikipedia:Latvia|Latvia]] which became independent countries.  The old Ottoman Empire was soon replaced by [[wikipedia:Turkey|Turkey]] and several other countries in the following years in the Middle East.

In the British Empire the war unleashed new forms of nationalism. In [[wikipedia:Australian|Australian]] and [[wikipedia:New Zealand|New Zealand]] popular minds, the First World War, specifically [[wikipedia:Gallipoli|Gallipoli]] became known as the nations' “Baptism of Fire”, as it was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought, and it is one of the first cases in which Australian troops fought as Australians, not just subjects of the [[wikipedia:British Crown|British Crown]]. [[wikipedia:Anzac Day|Anzac Day]] commemorating the Australia New Zealand Army Corps is a defining moment. 

Similarly, Anglo-Canadians believe that they proved they were their own country and not just subjects of the British Empire. Indeed, many Canadians refer to their country as a nation “forged from fire,” as [[wikipedia:Canada|Canadian]]s were respected internationally as an independent nation from the conflagrations of war and bravery. Canadians commemorate the war dead on [[wikipedia:Remembrance Day|Remembrance Day]].  However the French Canadians did not see it that way, creating a permanent chasm that continues to split the country. See [[Conscription Crisis of 1917]] for more details.

===Social trauma===
The experiences of the war led to a sort of collective national trauma afterwards for all the participating countries. The optimism of the 1900s was entirely gone, and those who fought in the war became what is known as “the [[wikipedia:Lost Generation|Lost Generation]]” because they never fully recovered from their experiences. For the next few years, much of Europe began its mourning; memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns. The soldiers returning home from World War I suffered greatly, since the horrors witnessed in that war had never been seen before in history. Although it was then commonly called ''shell shock'', it is now known that many returning soldiers suffered from [[wikipedia:Post Traumatic Stress Disorder|Post Traumatic Stress Disorder]]. 

This social trauma manifested itself in many different ways. Some people were revolted by [[wikipedia:nationalism|nationalism]] and what it had supposedly caused and began to work toward a more [[wikipedia:internationalism (politics)|internationalist]] world, supporting organizations such as the [[wikipedia:League of Nations|League of Nations]]. [[wikipedia:Pacifism|Pacifism]] became increasingly popular. Others had the opposite reaction, feeling that only strength and [[wikipedia:militarism|military might]] could be relied upon for protection in a chaotic and inhumane world that did not respect hypothetical notions of civilization. “[[wikipedia:anti-modernism|Anti-modernist]]” views were a reaction against the many changes taking place within society. The rise of [[Nazism]] and [[wikipedia:fascism|fascism]] included a revival of the nationalistic spirit of the prewar years and, on principle, a rejection of many postwar changes. Similarly, the popularity of the ''[[Dolchstosslegende]]'' was a testament to the psychological state of the defeated, as acceptance of the scapegoat mythos signified a rejection of the “lessons” of the war and therefore, a rejection of its popular resulting perspective. Certainly a sense of [[wikipedia:disillusionment|disillusionment]] and [[wikipedia:cynicism|cynicism]] became pronounced, with [[wikipedia:nihilism|nihilism]] growing in popularity. This disillusionment towards humanity found a cultural climax with the [[wikipedia:Dada|Dada]]ist artistic movement. Many people believed that the war heralded the end of the world as they had known it, including the collapse of [[wikipedia:capitalism|capitalism]] and [[wikipedia:imperialism|imperialism]]. [[wikipedia:Communist|Communist]] and [[wikipedia:socialist|socialist]] movements around the world drew strength from this theory and enjoyed a level of popularity they had never known before. These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or particularly harshly affected by the war, especially within Europe.
[[Image:JohnMcCraeportrait.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[wikipedia:Canadian|Canadian]] Lt. Col. [[wikipedia:John McCrae|John McCrae]], who wrote the poem ''[[wikipedia:In Flanders Fields|In Flanders Fields]]'', died in 1918 of [[wikipedia:pneumonia|pneumonia]].]]
In 1915, John McCrae, (a lieutenant colonel from the [[wikipedia:Canadian Army|Canadian army]]), wrote the memorable ''[[wikipedia:In Flanders Fields|In Flanders Fields]]'' as a salute to those who perished in the Great War. Its song is still played today, especially on [[wikipedia:Remembrance Day|Remembrance]] and [[wikipedia:Memorial Day|Memorial]] Day.

==Other names==
World War I has also been called “The Great War” (a title previously used to refer to the [[Napoleonic Wars]]) or sometimes “the [[war to end all wars]]” until [[World War II]].&lt;span class="reference"&gt;&lt;sup id="fn_4_back"&gt;[[#fn_4|4]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; “War of the Nations” and “War in Europe” were commonly employed as descriptions during the war itself and in the 1920s.  In France and Belgium it was also sometimes referred to as ''La Guerre du Droit'' ('the War for Justice') or ''La Guerre Pour la Civilisation'' / ''de Oorlog tot de Beschaving'' ("the War to Preserve Civilisation"), especially on medals and commemorative monuments. The term used by official histories of the war in Britain and Canada is ''First World War'', while American histories use the term ''World War I''. 

In many European countries, it appears that the current usage is tending back towards calling it "the Great War" / ''la Grande Guerre'' / ''de Grote Oorlog'' / ''der Grosse Krieg'', due to the growing historical awareness that, of the two 20th-century world wars, the 1914-1918 conflict was the more momentous in causing social and political change and upheaval, as well as being prime cause of the Second World War.

==Movies, novels, poetry, etc.==
&lt;!-- in chronological order --&gt;
''See main article [[Literature of World War I]]''
====Poetry and songs====
* ''[[wikipedia:On Receiving News of the War|On Receiving News of the War]]'', (1914) poem by [[wikipedia:Isaac Rosenberg|Isaac Rosenberg]]
*''[[wikipedia:In Flanders Fields|In Flanders Fields]]'', (1915) poem by [[wikipedia:John McCrae|John McCrae]] [http://www.english.emory.edu/LostPoets/McCrae.html]
* ''[[wikipedia:Anthem for Doomed Youth|Anthem for Doomed Youth]]'', (1917) poem by [[wikipedia:Wilfred Owen|Wilfred Owen]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Dulce et Decorum Est|Dulce et Decorum Est]]'',(1917) poem by [[wikipedia:Wilfred Owen|Wilfred Owen]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Disabled (poem)|Disabled]]'',(1917) poem by [[wikipedia:Wilfred Owen|Wilfred Owen]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Base details|Base details]]'',(1918) poem by [[wikipedia:Siegfried Sassoon|Siegfried Sassoon]]
* ''[[wikipedia:They (poem)|They]]'', (1918) poem by [[wikipedia:Siegfried Sassoon|Siegfried Sassoon]]
* ''[[wikipedia:And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda|And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda]]'', (1972) song by [[wikipedia:Eric Bogle|Eric Bogle]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Over There|Over There]]'', (1917) theme song of the war by [[wikipedia:George M. Cohan|George M. Cohan]]

====Books and novels====
* ''[[wikipedia:Le Feu (Under Fire)|Le Feu]]'', (1916) novel by [[wikipedia:Henri Barbusse|Henri Barbusse]]
* ''[[wikipedia:The Storm of Steel|Storm of Steel]]'', autobiography of [[wikipedia:Ernst Jünger|Ernst Jünger]]. First published 1920 and revised several times through 1961
* ''[[wikipedia:Rilla of Ingleside|Rilla of Ingleside]]'' (1920), novel by [[wikipedia:L.M. Montgomery|L.M. Montgomery]], an account of the war as experienced by Canadian women of the time.
* ''[[wikipedia:Three Soldiers|Three Soldiers]]'' (1921) novel by [[wikipedia:John Dos Passos|John Dos Passos]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Seven Pillars of Wisdom|Seven Pillars of Wisdom]]'' (1922) by [[wikipedia:T. E. Lawrence|T. E. Lawrence]]
* ''[[wikipedia:The Good Soldier Švejk|The Good Soldier Švejk]]'' (1923) satirical novel by [[wikipedia:Jaroslav Hašek|Jaroslav Hašek]]
* ''[[wikipedia:All Quiet on the Western Front|All Quiet on the Western Front]]'' (1929), novel written by [[wikipedia:Erich Maria Remarque|Erich Maria Remarque]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Death of a Hero|Death of a Hero]]'' (1929) novel by [[wikipedia:Richard Aldington|Richard Aldington]]
* ''[[wikipedia:A Farewell to Arms|A Farewell to Arms]]'', (1929) novel by [[wikipedia:Ernest Hemingway|Ernest Hemingway]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Goodbye to All That|Goodbye to All That]]'', (1929) autobiography of [[wikipedia:Robert Graves|Robert Graves]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Memoirs of an Infantry Officer|Memoirs of an Infantry Officer]]'',(1930) novel by [[wikipedia:Siegfried Sassoon|Siegfried Sassoon]] 
* ''[[wikipedia:Testament of Youth|Testament of Youth]]'', (1933) memoir by [[wikipedia:Vera Brittain|Vera Brittain]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Johnny Got His Gun]]'', (1939) novel by [[wikipedia:Dalton Trumbo|Dalton Trumbo]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Joe's War: Memoirs of a Doughboy|Joe's War: Memoirs of a Doughboy]]'' (1983), autobiography by Joseph N. Rizzi
* ''[[wikipedia:Regeneration (novel)|Regeneration]]'', (1991), ''[[wikipedia:The Eye in the Door|The Eye in the Door]]'', 1993; ''[[wikipedia:The Ghost Road|The Ghost Road]]'' novels by [[wikipedia:Pat Barker|Pat Barker]]
* ''[[wikipedia:The Great Gatsby|The Great Gatsby]]'' Fitzgerald
* ''[[wikipedia:Birdsong (novel)|Birdsong]]'' (1993), novel by [[Sebastian Faulks]]
* ''No Graves As Yet'', (2003), first volume of a trilogy of novels by [[wikipedia:Anne Perry|Anne Perry]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Deafening|Deafening]]'' (2003), book written by [[wikipedia:Francis Itani|Francis Itani]]
* ''A Long, Long Way'' (2005), novel by  [[wikipedia:Sebastian Barry|Sebastian Barry]]
* ''[[wikipedia:To the Last Man|To the Last Man]]'' (2005), novel by [[wikipedia:Jeff Shaara|Jeff Shaara]]
* ''Turn Right at Istanbul'' novel by Tony Wright
* ''A World Undone'' (2006), novel by  G. J. Meyer

====Films, plays, television series and mini-series====
* ''[[wikipedia:Gallipoli (1981 film)|Gallipoli]]'' (1981), movie directed by Peter Weir
* ''[[wikipedia:The Lighthorsemen|The Lighthorsemen]]'' (1987), movie directed by Simon Wincer
* ''[[wikipedia:The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (film)|The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse]]'' (1921), movie directed by [[wikipedia:Rex Ingram (director)|Rex Ingram]], based on a novel by [[wikipedia:Vicente Blasco Ibáñez|Vicente Blasco Ibáñez]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Mare Nostrum (film)|Mare Nostrum]]'' (1926), movie directed by Rex Ingram, based on a novel by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez
* ''[[wikipedia:Wings (film)|Wings]]'' (1927), directed by [[wikipedia:William A. Wellman|William A. Wellman]] tells the story about two fighter pilots, only silent movie to win the Academy Oscar.
* ''[[wikipedia:Journey's End|Journey's End]]'' (1928), play written by [[wikipedia:R. C. Sherriff|R. C. Sherriff]]
* ''[[wikipedia:All Quiet on the Western Front (film)|All Quiet on the Western Front]]'' (1930), movie directed by [[wikipedia:Lewis Milestone|Lewis Milestone]], based on the novel by [[wikipedia:Erich Maria Remarque|Erich Maria Remarque]] (1929)
* ''[[wikipedia:Hell's Angels (film)|Hell's Angels]]'' (1930), movie directed by [[wikipedia:Howard Hughes|Howard Hughes]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Grand Illusion (film)|Grand Illusion]]'' (1937), directed by [[wikipedia:Jean Renoir|Jean Renoir]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Sergeant York|Sergeant York]]'' (1941), movie directed by [[wikipedia:Howard Hawks|Howard Hawks]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Yankee Doodle Dandy|Yankee Doodle Dandy]]'' (1942), directed by [[wikipedia:Michael Curtiz|Michael Curtiz]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Paths of Glory|Paths of Glory]]'' (1957), movie directed by [[wikipedia:Stanley Kubrick|Stanley Kubrick]], based on the novel by [[wikipedia:Humphrey Cobb|Humphrey Cobb]] (1935)
*''[[wikipedia:Marš na Drinu|Marš na Drinu]]'' (1961), Serbian war film about a Serbian artillery battalion in the [[Battle of Cer]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Lawrence of Arabia|Lawrence of Arabia]]'' (1962), movie covering events surrounding [[wikipedia:T. E. Lawrence|T. E. Lawrence]] in the pan-Arabian Theater, starring [[wikipedia:Peter O'Toole|Peter O'Toole]], [[wikipedia:Alec Guinness|Alec Guinness]], [[wikipedia:Anthony Quinn|Anthony Quinn]], and [[wikipedia:Omar Sharif|Omar Sharif]] and directed by [[David Lean]]
* ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057801/ World War I]'' (1964), [[wikipedia:CBS News|CBS News]] documentary narrated by [[wikipedia:Robert Ryan|Robert Ryan]]
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057753/ The Great War] (1964) TV series by Correlli Barnett and others of [http://www.bbc.co.uk/ BBC]
*''[[wikipedia:Doctor Zhivago (1965 film)|Doctor Zhivago]]'' (1965), movie by [[wikipedia:David Lean|David Lean]], based on the novel by [[wikipedia:Boris Pasternak|Boris Pasternak]], deals with Russia's involvement in the war and how it led to that country's Revolution.
* ''[[wikipedia:The Blue Max|The Blue Max]]'' (1966), movie directed by John Guillermin, titled after the Prussian military award, or [[Pour le Mérite]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Oh! What a Lovely War|Oh! What a Lovely War]]''(1969), movie directed by [[wikipedia:Richard Attenborough|Richard Attenborough]], from the 1963 musical play by [[wikipedia:Joan Littlewood|Joan Littlewood]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Johnny Got His Gun|Johnny Got His Gun]]'' (1971), movie directed by Dalton Trumbo
* ''[[wikipedia:Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme|Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme]]'', (1985), play by Frank McGuinness
* ''[[wikipedia:Blackadder Goes Forth|Blackadder Goes Forth]]'' (1989), TV series by [[wikipedia:Richard Curtis|Richard Curtis]] and [[wikipedia:Ben Elton|Ben Elton]]
* ''[[wikipedia:Regeneration (novel)|Regeneration]]'' (1997), movie directed by Gillies MacKinnon, based on the novel by [[wikipedia:Pat Barker|Pat Barker]] (1991)
* ''[[wikipedia:Lost Battalion|The Lost Battalion]]'' (2001), movie and screenplay directed by [[wikipedia:Russell Mulcahy|Russell Mulcahy]]
* ''[[wikipedia:A Very Long Engagement|A Very Long Engagement]]'' (2004), movie directed by [[wikipedia:Jean-Pierre Jeunet|Jean-Pierre Jeunet]], based on the novel by [[wikipedia:Sebastien Japrisot|Sebastien Japrisot]] (1991)
* ''[[wikipedia:Joyeux Noël|Joyeux Noël]]'' (2005), Based on the 1914 [[Christmas truce]].
* ''[[wikipedia:Passchendaele (film)|Passchendaele]]'' (2006), movie directed by and starring [[wikipedia:Paul Gross|Paul Gross]]
*''[[wikipedia:Flyboys|Flyboys]]'' (2006), Movie directed by [[wikipedia:Tony Bill|Tony Bill]], tells the story of American pilots who volunteered for the French military before America entered World War I.

== Footnotes ==

&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;
&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

==References==
===Reference books===
* Ellis, John and Mike Cox. ''The World War I Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants'' (2002)
* Esposito, Vincent J. ''The West Point Atlas of American Wars: 1900-1918'' (1997) despite the title covers entire war; [http://www.dean.usma.edu/history/web03/atlases/great%20war/great%20war%20index.htm online maps from this atlas]
* Higham, Robin and Dennis E. Showalter, eds. ''Researching World War I: A Handbook'' (2003), historiography, stressing military themes
* Pope, Stephen and Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, eds. ''The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War'' (1995)
* Tucker, Spencer, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (5 vol 2005), online at eBook.com
* Tucker, Spencer, ed. ''European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia'' (1999)
* Winter, Jay, and Antoine Prost. ''The Great War in History'' (2005), historiography, stress on social and economic themes
===Overviews===
* Carver, Michael, Field Marshal Sir. ''War Lords''. (1976) Includes brief bios of Hamilton, Foch, Haig, von Falkenhayn
* Cruttwell, C. R. M. F. ''A History of the Great War, 1914-1918'' (1934), general military history
* Evans, David. ''Teach yourself&amp;mdash; the First World War''. (Hodder Arnold, 2004)
* Falls, Cyril. ''The Great War'' (1960), general military history
* Halpern, Paul G. ''A Naval History of World War I''(1995) 
* Herwig, Holger H. ''The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918'' (1996)
* Howard, Michael. ''The First World War'' (2002), short (175 pp) general military history
* Hubatsch, Walther. ''Germany and the Central Powers in the World War, 1914-1918'' (1963)
* [[wikipedia:John Keegan|Keegan, John]]. ''The First World War'' (1999). general military history
* Lincoln, W. Bruce. ''Passage Through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution, 1914-1918'' (1986)
* Lyons, Michael J. ''World War I: A Short History'' (2nd Edition), Prentice Hall, 1999.
* Morrow Jr., John H.. ''The Great War: An Imperial History'' (2003), covers British Empire
* Robbins, Keith. ''The First World War'' (1993), short overview
* [[wikipedia:David Stevenson (WW1 historian)|Stevenson, David]]. ''Cataclysm: The First World War As Political Tragedy'' (2004) major reinterpretation, 560pp
* Stokesbury, James. ''A Short History of World War I'' (1981)
* [[wikipedia:Hew Strachan|Strachan, Hew]]. ''The First World War: Volume I: To Arms'' (2004): the major scholarly synthesis. Thorough coverage of 1914; Also: ''The First World War'' (2004): a 385pp version of his multivolume history
* Winter, J. M. ''The Experience of World War I'' (2nd ed 2005), topical essays; well illustrated

===Causes and diplomacy===
* Evans, R. J. W., and Hartmut Pogge Von Strandman, eds. ''The Coming of the First World War'' (1990), essays by scholars from both sides
* Gilpin, Robert. ''War and Change in World Politics'' Cambridge University Press, New York: 1981.
* Hamilton, Richard F. and Holger H. Herwig. ''Decisions for War, 1914-1917'' (2004)
* Henig, Ruth ''The Origins of the First World War'' (2002)
* Joll, James. ''The Origins of the First World War'' (1984)
* Kennedy, Paul M. (ed.). ''The War Plans of the Great Powers, 1880-1914.'' (1979)
* Kennedy, Paul M. ''The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860-1914'' (1981)
* Knutsen, Torbjørn L. ''The Rise and Fall of World Orders'' Manchester University Press, 1999.
* Lee, Dwight E. ed. ''The Outbreak of the First World War: Who Was Responsible?'' (1958), readings from multiple points of view
* Ponting, Clive. ''Thirteen Days: Diplomacy and Disaster - The Countdown to the Great War'' (2002)
* [[wikipedia:David Stevenson (WW1 historian)|Stevenson, David]]. ''The First World War and International Politics'' (2005)

=== Intelligence===
* Beesly, Patrick. ''Room 40'' London: Hamish Hamilton, 1982. Covers the breaking of German codes by RN intelligence, Zimmermann telegram, and confusion at Jutland.
* Kahn, David. ''The Codebreakers'' Scribners, 1996. Covers the breaking of Russian codes and the victory at Tannenberg.
* David Kahn ''The Reader of Gentlemen's Mail: Herbert O. Yardley and the Birth of American Codebreaking'' (2004)
* Tuchman, Barbara W. ''The Zimmermann Telegram'' (1966)

=== USA and Canada at war===
* Beaver, Daniel R. ''Newton D. Baker and the American War Effort, 1917-1919'' (1966)
* Chambers, John W., II. ''To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America'' (1987)
* Coffman, Edward M. ''The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I'' (1998)
* Hallas, James H. ''Doughboy War: The American Expeditionary Force in World War I'' (2000)
* Howarth, Stephen. ''To Shining Sea: A History of the United States Navy, 1775-1991'' (1991)
* Kennedy, David M. ''Over Here: The First World War and American Society'' (1982), covers politics &amp; economics &amp; society
* Koistinen, Paul. ''Mobilizing for Modern War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1865-1919''
* Slosson, Preston William. ''The Great Crusade and after, 1914-1928'' (1930). U.S. social history
* Trask, David F. ''The United States in the Supreme War Council: American War Aims and Inter-Allied Strategy, 1917-1918'' (1961)
* Venzon, Anne ed. ''The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia'' (1995)
* Milner, Marc, Prof. ''Canadian Military History''. Toronto: Copp Clark Putnam, 1993. Includes problems of Canadian recruiting and the 1917 draft crisis (with its problems over Quebec)
* Morton, Desmond, and J. L. Granatstein ''Marching to Armageddon: Canadians and the Great War 1914-1919'' (1989)
* Wade, Mason. ''The French Canadians, 1760-1945'' (1955), ch 12

===Europe, economic and social===
* Broadberry, Stephen and Mark Harrison, eds. ''The Economics of World War I'' (2005) ISBN 0-521-85212-9. Covers France, UK, USA, Russia, Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Netherlands
* Ferguson, Niall ''The Pity of War'' (1999), cultural and economic themes
* Hardach, Gerd. ''The First World War 1914-1918'' (1977), economics
* Eric Osborne. ''Britain's Economic Blockade of Germany, 1914-1919'' (2004)
* Stubbs, Kevin D. ''Race to the Front: The Materiel Foundations of Coalition Strategy in the Great War'' (2002)
* Shotwell, James T. ''Economic and Social History of the World War'' (1924)
* Turner, John, ed. ''Britain and the First World War'' (1988)
* Winter, J. M. ''The Experience of World War I'' (2nd ed 2005)
* Winter, J. M. ''Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin, 1914-1919'' (1999)

=== Infantry and specialty military topics===
* Bidwell, Shelford, and Dominick Graham. ''Firepower: British Army Weapons and Theories of War, 1904-1945'' (1992)
* Gudmundsson, Bruce I. ''Stormtroop Tactics: Innovation in the German Army, 1914-1918'' (1989)
* [http://www.stratnet.ucalgary.ca/publications/pdf/herwig_operation-michael_nov2001.pdf Herwig, Holger H. ''Operation Michael: The “Last Card”'' 2001] German Spring Offensive in 1918
* [http://www.vlib.us/medical/casucalc/warcasuTC.htm Albert G. Love, ''War Casualties'' (1931) online] statistics and how compiled for U.S. Army
* Messenger, Charles. ''Call To Arms: The British Army 1914-1918'' (2005) (ISBN 0-297-84695-7), recruitment, training, supplying of officers &amp; men
* Sheffield, G. D. ''Leadership in the Trenches: Officer-Man Relations, Morale and Discipline in the British Army in the Era of the First World War'' (2000)
* Smith, Leonard V. ''Between Mutiny and Obedience. The Case of the French Fifth Infantry Division during World War I'' (1994)
* Tuchman, Barbara. ''[[wikipedia:The Guns of August|The Guns of August]]'', tells of the opening diplomatic and military manoeuvres

=== New weapons, air, tank, gas, submarine===
====Air War====
* Holley, I. B. ''Ideas and Weapons: Exploitation of the Aerial Weapon by the United States During World War I''(1983) 
* Hurley, Alfred F. ''Billy Mitchell, Crusader for Air Power'' (1975)
* Lawson, Eric and Jane Lawson. ''The First Air Campaign, August 1914-November 1918'' (1996)
* Kennett, Lee B. ''The First Air War, 1914-1918'' (1992)
* Morrow, John. ''German Air Power in World War I''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1982. Contains design and production figures, as well as economic influences.
* Winter, Denis. ''First of the Few''. London: Allen Lane/Penguin, 1982. Coverage of the British air war, with extensive bibliographical notes.

====Gas====
* Haber, L. F. ''The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War'' (1986);
* Palazzo, Albert. ''Seeking Victory on the Western Front: The British Army and Chemical Warfare in World War I'' (2000)
====Submarines====
* John Abbatiello. ''Anti-Submarine Warfare in World War I: British Naval Aviation and the Defeat of the U-Boats'' (2005)
* Gray, Edwyn A. ''The U-Boat War, 1914-1918'' (1994)
* van der Vat, Dan. ''The Atlantic Campaign.'' (1988). Connects submarine and antisubmarine operations between wars, and suggests a continuous war.

====Tanks====
* [[wikipedia:Fuller, J.F.C.|Fuller]] ''Tanks in the Great War'' 1920.
* [[wikipedia:Guderian, Heinz|Guderian]]. ''Achtung! Panzer'' (1937)
* Wilson, Dale E. ''Treat'Em Rough!: The Birth of American Armor, 1917-20'' (1989)

=== Popular histories and documentaries===
* Keegan, John. ''The First World War'' (1999)
* [[wikipedia:A.J.P. Taylor|Taylor, A. J. P.]] ''The First World War: An Illustrated History'', Hamish Hamilton, 1963
* Editors of ''American Heritage''. ''History of WWI''. Simon &amp; Schuster, 1964. popular
* ''[[wikipedia:Johnny Got His Gun|Johnny Got His Gun]]'' (1939) by [[wikipedia:Dalton Trumbo|Dalton Trumbo]]
* [[wikipedia:Hew Strachan|Strachan, Hew]] ed. ''The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War'', a collection of chapters from various scholars
* Toland, John. ''No Man's Land. 1918 - The Last Year of the Great War'' (1980)
* ''The Great War'', television documentary by the [[wikipedia:BBC|BBC]].
* ''Aces: A Story of the First Air War'', written by George Pearson, historical advice by Brereton Greenhous and Philip Markham, [[wikipedia:NFB|NFB]], 1993. Argues aircraft created trench stalemate
===Cultural, literary, artistic, memorial===
* Cruickshank, John. ''Variations on Catastrophe: Some French Responses to the Great War'' (1982)
* Eksteins, Modris, ''Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age'' (1989).
*{{cite book
  | last = Fussell
  | first = Paul
  | authorlink = 
  | title = The Great War and Modern Memory
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | date = November 6, 1975
  | location = New York
  | pages = 363 p.
  | id = ISBN 0-19-501918-0 }}, [http://www.whscms.org.uk/index.php?category_id=1994 classic study of WWI literature]
* [[wikipedia:Bruce Bairnsfather|Bairnsfather, Bruce]] ''Bullets &amp; Billets'' (1916) . Cartoons. 
* Hynes, Samuel. ''A War Imagined: The First World War in English Culture'' (1987)
*Mosse, George L. ''Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars'' (1991)
* Parfitt, George. ''Fiction of the First World War: A Study'' (London: Faber 1990). 
*Raitt, Suzanne and Trudi Tateeds. ''Women's Fiction and the Great War'' (1997)
*Remarque, Erich Maria. ''All Quiet On the Western Front''
*Robb, George. ''British Culture And The First World War'' (2002)
*Roshwald, Aviel. ''European Culture in the Great War : The Arts, Entertainment and Propaganda, 1914-1918'' (2002)
*Silkin, Jon. ed. ''The Penguin Book of First World War Poetry'' (2nd ed. 1997)
*Stallworthy Jon. ''Great Poets of World War I: Poetry from the Great War'' (2002), brief
*Vance, Jonathan F. ''Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning, and the First World War'' (1997)
*Verhey, Jeffrey. ''The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany'' (2000)
* Viney, Nigel. ''Images of Wartime: British Art and Artists of World War I'' (1991)
* Watson, Janet S. K. ''Fighting Different Wars: Experience, Memory, and the First World War in Britain'' (2004).
* Winter, Jay. ''Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History'' (1995), 
*Wood, Richard and David Culbert. ''Film and Propaganda in America: A Documentary History: World War I - Vol. 1'' (1990)

==See also==
* [[List of World War I veterans]]
* [[Surviving Veterans of the First World War]]
* [[British military rifles]]
* [[List of Canadian divisions in WWI]]
* [[War memorials]]

===Main articles===
* [[World War II]]
{{WWITheatre}}
{{World War I}}

==External links==
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/wwi/wwi.html A Guide to World War I Materials at the Library of Congress]
* [http://www.badley.info/history/World-War,-1st.general.html Chronology World War I World History Database]
* [http://www.firstworldwar.com/ A multimedia history of World War I]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/world_war_i/198172.stm The War to End All Wars on BBC]
* [http://www.greatwar.nl/ “The Heritage of the Great War”] with numerous pictures (many in color!)
* [http://www.remuseum.org.uk/rem_his_history.htm Royal Engineers Museum] The Royal Engineers and the First World War
* [http://www.genealogybuff.com/il/il-ww1-casualties.htm GenealogyBuff.com — World War I Casualty Reports for the U.S. Army 1918]
* [http://www.1914-1918.net/ The British Army in the Great War]
* [http://www.ppu.org.uk/learn/infodocs/cos/st_co_wwone.html A history of opposition to the war in Britain]
* [http://www.chtimiste.com/ The French Army in the Great War]
* [http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/W/WW1.html World War I — Wars And Battles]
* [http://donswaim.com/doughboypage.html Fighting the Hun in the Great War]
* [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWW.htm Encyclopedia of the First World War]
* [http://www.worldwar1.com/ Trenches on the Web]
* [http://www.militaryindexes.com/worldwarone/ Online World War I Records &amp; Indexes]
* [http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/ World War I Document Archive]
* [http://www.vlib.us/medical/ The Medical Front WWI]
* [http://worldwar1.co.uk/ World War I Naval Combat]
* [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/GE_P3_1_EN.html Wanted! 500&amp;nbsp;000 Canadians for WWI] — Illustrated Historical Essay
* [http://www.archive.org/details/memogw/ Memoirs of the Great War] — A personal account in diary format of one man’s experiences throughout the Great War
* [http://www.first-world-war.co.uk/ War diaries of TF Littler] A personal account, war postcards and propaganda comic postcards
* [http://www.mediatheque-patrimoine.culture.gouv.fr/fr/archives_photo/visites_guidees/autochromes.html Mediatheque Autochromes] — French site with many color photographs from WWI
* [http://www.nvr.org/ww1films/ The World War I Years] — NVR’s Film &amp; Discussion Series in Public Libraries
* [http://vlib.iue.it/history/mil/ww1.html WWW-VL: Military History: The Great War 1914-1918]
* [http://www.wfa-usa.org/new/links.cfm WWI links]
* [http://www.chailey1914-1918.net/ Chailey 1914-1918] - A Sussex community's response to the First World War
* [http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/mediawiki-1.5.5/index.php?title=First_World_War canadiansoldiers.com]
*[http://digital.library.unt.edu/search.tkl?type=collection&amp;q=WWI World War I Poster Collection] hosted by the Universtity of North Texas Libraries' [http://digital.library.unt.edu/ Digital Collections]
*[http://historisches-zentrum.de/index.php?id=410 German submarine industries WWI]
*[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ww1.htm Documents of World War One]
*[http://firstworldwar.cloudworth.com/ First World War in the News]
*[http://www.greatwardifferent.com/ The Great War in a Different Light] Photographs, illustrations, postcards, artists, period newspaper and magazine articles/excerpts, complete war-time books. Material in English, French, Dutch, German, Spanish

{{Wikipedia|World War I}}

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'''World War II''' (abbreviated to '''WWII'''), or the '''Second World War''', was a worldwide conflict fought between the Allied Powers from [[1939]] until [[1945]]. [[Armed forces]] from [[Participants in World War II|over seventy nations]] engaged in [[aerial warfare|aerial]], [[naval warfare|naval]] and [[land warfare|ground-based]] combat. Spanning much of the globe, World War II resulted in the deaths of over [[World War II casualties|100 million people]], making it the deadliest conflict in [[human history]]. The war ended with an Allied victory.

==Overview==
===War in Europe===
{{main|European Theatre of World War II}}
[[Image:Second world war europe animation small.gif|left|thumb|WW II Europe. Red countries are Allied or Allied-controlled, Blue denotes Axis or Axis controlled countries, and the Soviet Union is colored Green prior to joining the Allies in 1941]]
On [[Wikipedia:September 1|September I]], [[1939]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], led by [[Wikipedia:Adolf Hitler|Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]], [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invaded Poland]] according to [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact|a secret agreement]] with the [[Wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]. 

On [[Wikipedia:September 3|September 3]] at 11:15 GMT, the [[Wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[Wikipedia:Australia|Australia]], [[Wikipedia:New Zealand|New Zealand]], followed six hours later by [[Wikipedia:France|France]], responded by [[Wikipedia:Declaration of war|declaring war]] on Germany, initiating a widespread naval war. [[Wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]] ([[Wikipedia:September 6|September 6]]) and [[Wikipedia:Canada|Canada]] ([[Wikipedia:September 10|September 10]]) followed suit. 

The Soviet Union [[Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)|joined the invasion]] of Poland on [[Wikipedia:September 17|September 17]].

Germany rapidly overran [[Wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], then [[Wikipedia:Norway|Norway]], the [[Wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[Wikipedia:Belgium|Belgium]] and France in 1940, and [[Wikipedia:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] and [[Wikipedia:Greece|Greece]] in 1941. [[Wikipedia:Italy|Italian]] and later German troops attacked [[Wikipedia:British Armed Forces|British forces]] in [[Wikipedia:North Africa|North Africa]]. By summer of 1941, Germany had [[Battle of France|conquered France]] and most of [[Wikipedia:Western Europe|Western Europe]], but it [[Battle of Britain|failed to subdue the United Kingdom]] thanks to the resistance of the [[Wikipedia:Royal Air Force|Royal Air Force]] and [[Wikipedia:Royal Navy|Royal Navy]].

Adolf Hitler then turned on the [[Wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]], launching a [[Eastern Front (WWII)|surprise attack]] ([[codename|codenamed]] [[Operation Barbarossa]]) on [[Wikipedia:June 22|June 22]], [[1941]]. Despite enormous gains, the invasion [[Battle of Moscow|stalled]] on the outskirts of [[Wikipedia:Moscow|Moscow]] in late 1941, as the winter weather made further advances difficult. The Germans initiated another major offensive the following summer, but the attack bogged down in vicious urban [[Battle of Stalingrad|fighting in Stalingrad]]. The Soviets later launched a massive encircling counterattack to force the surrender of the [[Wikipedia:German Sixth Army|German Sixth Army]] at the [[Battle of Stalingrad|Battle of Stalingrad]] (1942–43), decisively defeated the Axis at the [[Battle of Kursk]], and broke the [[Siege of Leningrad|Siege of Leningrad]]. The [[Wikipedia:Soviet Army|Red Army]] then pursued the retreating ''[[Wehrmacht]]'' to [[Wikipedia:Berlin|Berlin]], and won the [[Urban warfare|street-by-street]] [[Battle of Berlin|Battle of Berlin]], as [[Death of Adolf Hitler|Hitler committed suicide]] in his [[Führerbunker|underground bunker]] on [[Wikipedia:April 30|April 30]], [[1945]].

Meanwhile, the [[Western Allies|Western Allies]] successfully defended [[North African campaign|North Africa]] (1940–43), [[Allied invasion of Italy|invaded Italy]] (1943), and then [[Liberation of Paris|liberated France]] (1944), following amphibious landings in [[Battle of Normandy|Normandy]]. After repulsing a German counterattack at the [[Battle of the Bulge|Battle of the Bulge]] that December, the Western Allies crossed the [[Wikipedia:Rhine|Rhine]] River to link up with their Soviet counterparts at the [[Wikipedia:Elbe|Elbe]] River in central Germany.

During the war in Europe, some 6 million [[Wikipedia:Jew|Jews]], along with another 5 to 6 million people — [[Wikipedia:Porajmos|Roma (Gypsies)]], [[Wikipedia:Slavic peoples|Slavs]], [[Wikipedia:Communism|Communists]], [[Wikipedia:Homosexuality|homosexuals]], the [[Wikipedia:Disability|disabled]] and several other groups — were murdered by Germany in a state-sponsored [[Wikipedia:genocide|genocide]] that came to be known as [[Wikipedia:The Holocaust|the Holocaust]].

===War in Asia and the Pacific===
{{main|Second Sino-Japanese war|Pacific War}}
[[Image:Japanese Empire2.png|right|thumb|Territory of the Empire of Japan at its peak.]]
The [[wikipedia:Empire of Japan|Empire of Japan]], already in [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]] since 1931, [[Second Sino-Japanese war|invaded China]] on [[wikipedia:July 7|July 7]], [[1937]]. Australia and then the United States, in [[1940]], responded with embargoes on [[wikipedia:iron|iron]] exports to Japan. On [[wikipedia:September 27|September 27]], [[1940]] Japan signed the [[Tripartite Pact]] with Germany and Italy. After fruitless negotiations with the United States concerning withdrawal from China, excluding [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]], Japan attacked [[Vichy France|Vichy French]]-controlled [[wikipedia:French Indochina|Indochina]] on [[wikipedia:July 24|July 24]], 1941. This caused the United States, United Kingdom and Netherlands to block Japan's access to [[wikipedia:petroleum|oil]], such as that in the [[wikipedia:Dutch East Indies|Dutch East Indies]] and British colonies in [[wikipedia:Borneo|Borneo]].

Japan launched nearly simultaneous surprise attacks against the major [[United States Navy|U. S. Navy]] base at [[Pearl Harbor]], on [[wikipedia:Thailand|Thailand]] and on the British territories of [[wikipedia:Malaya|Malaya]] and [[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]. Though it was significant to the [[US Navy]], most Americans had never heard of [[Pearl Harbor]]. The attacks occurred on [[wikipedia:December 7|December 7]], [[1941]] in western international time zones and on [[wikipedia:December 8|December 8]] in the east. Later on December 8, Japan attacked [[wikipedia:The Philippines|The Philippines]], which was politically controlled by the United States at the time and quickly fell to Japanese forces. On December 11, Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States. Japanese forces commenced assaults on British and Dutch territory in Borneo on December 15. From their major prewar base at [[wikipedia:Truk Lagoon|Truk]] in the South Pacific, Japanese forces began to attack and occupy neighboring Allied territories.

Japan's campaign in China lasted from 1937 to the end of the war, during which the [[wikipedia:Republic of China|Republic of China]] faced 80% of Japanese troops and relieved the Soviet Union under Stalin from fighting a [[two-front war]]. In the war against Japan, China lost more than 3 million soldiers and more than 17 million civilians. Many others were tortured, forced into slavery or raped, which resulted in charges of [[Japanese war crimes]].

Japan won victory after victory in South East Asia and the Pacific, including the capture of 130,000 Allied prisoners in Malaya and at the [[Battle of Singapore|fall of Singapore]] on February 15, 1942. Much of [[wikipedia:Burma|Burma]], the Netherlands East Indies, the Australian [[wikipedia:Territory of New Guinea|Territory of New Guinea]], and the [[wikipedia:Solomon Islands|British Solomon Islands]] also fell to Japanese forces.

The Japanese advance was checked at the [[Battle of the Coral Sea]] and their invasion fleet turned away from [[wikipedia:New Guinea|New Guinea]] after Allied naval forces clashed in the first battle in which the opposing fleets never made visual contact. A month later a Japanese invasion fleet was decisively defeated at the [[Battle of Midway]] in which they lost four fleet [[aircraft carrier]]s attempting to engage U.S. Navy forces (the U.S. Navy lost one carrier). On land they were defeated at the [[Battle of Milne Bay]], were pushed out of Papua New Guinea by predominantly [[wikipedia:AIF|Australian]] forces through the [[Kokoda Trail]] and finally withdrew from [[Battle of Guadalcanal]] as the Allies took the initiative in the [[wikipedia:Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]] and began an [[Island hopping|"Island Hopping"]] campaign to push back Japanese holdings in the Pacific. U.S. and Australian forces then [[Operation Cartwheel|isolated Japan's major base]] at [[wikipedia:Rabaul|Rabaul]] before advancing from one island to another in the [[Pacific Ocean theater of World War II|Central Pacific]] invading some and isolating others. The Japanese were defeated in a series of great [[naval battle]]s, at the [[Battle of the Philippine Sea]] and the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]] in 1944 in which the Allies further advanced towards the Japanese homeland by invading the [[wikipedia:Marianas|Marianas]] and then the [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]], setting up bases from which Japan could be bombed by strategic bombers like the [[B-29]]. 1945 saw invasions of key islands such as [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] and [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa]]. In the meantime, Allied submarines gradually cut off the supply of oil and other raw materials to Japan.

In the last year of the war US air forces conducted a strategic [[firebombing]] campaign against the Japanese homeland. On [[wikipedia:August 6|August 6]], [[1945]], the U.S. [[bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima]], and on [[wikipedia:August 9|August 9]] another was dropped on [[wikipedia:Nagasaki|Nagasaki]].  On the same day the Soviets [[Operation August Storm|joined]] the Pacific campaign in [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]], quickly defeating the Japanese [[Kwantung Army]] there.  Japan surrendered on [[wikipedia:August 14|August 14]], [[1945]].

===Aftermath===
About 62 million people, or 2.5% of the world population, died in the war, though [[World War II casualties|estimates]] vary widely (see [[World War II casualties]]).  Large swaths of Europe and Asia were devastated and took years to recover.  The war had political, sociological and economic repercussions that persist to this day.

==Causes==
[[Image:Hitlermusso.jpg|thumb|right|[[Benito Mussolini]] of [[Fascist Italy]] (left) and [[Adolf Hitler]] of [[Nazi Germany]].]] {{main|Causes of World War II|Events preceding World War II in Europe|Events preceding World War II in Asia}}

The immediate causes of World War II are generally held to be the German [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]], as well as the Japanese attacks on [[wikipedia:China|China]], the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]], and the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|British]] and [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Dutch]] colonies. All of the attacks resulted from the leadership of authoritarian ruling elites in Germany and Japan. World War II began after these acts of aggression were met with an official [[declaration of war]] or armed resistance.

===Cause of war in Europe===
Germany and France had been struggling for dominance in Continental Europe for fifty years, and fought two previous wars, the [[Franco-Prussian War]], and [[World War I]].  Meanwhile the power of the Soviet Union threatened to eclipse them both as industrialization spread to this massive country.  World War I had been a preemptive war by Germany against the precursor to the Soviet Union, the [[Russian Empire]],&lt;ref&gt; Fromkin, David. 2005. Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914? (Paperback) Vintage; Reprint edition (March 8, 2005) ISBN 978-0375725753 &lt;/ref&gt; but it ended in catastrophe for the Germans, with millions dead, the loss of some peripheral territory, and economic hardships.    

[[Image:MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg|thumb|right|[[wikipedia:Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov]] signs the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]] in [[wikipedia:Moscow|Moscow]]. Behind him are [[wikipedia:Shaposhnikov|Shaposhnikov]], [[wikipedia:Ribbentrop|Ribbentrop]], and [[wikipedia:Stalin|Stalin]].]]

In the six years preceding World War II, [[Adolf Hitler]], leading the Nazi Party, took power in Germany and eliminated its democratic government, the [[wikipedia:Weimar Republic|Weimar Republic]].  As stated in ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', an autobiographical book outlining his plans for the future, Hitler's goal was to invade and conquer lands around Germany, and to make them German.  He railed against Communists and ethnic minorities, such as [[wikipedia:Jews|Jews]].  After taking power, he prepared Germany for another war with large political rallies and speeches.   

During the late 1930s Hitler abrogated the [[Treaty of Versailles]], which had brought peace after WWI.  He remilitarized the [[Remilitarization of the Rhineland|Rhineland]], and increased the size of the German army, navy, and air force.  

The British and French governments followed a policy of [[wikipedia:appeasement|appeasement]] in order to avoid a new European war, out of concern for perceived war-weariness of their populations due to the huge death tolls of the first World War. This policy culminated in the [[Munich Agreement]] in 1938, in which the seemingly inevitable outbreak of the war was averted when the United Kingdom and France agreed to Germany's annexation and immediate occupation of the [[wikipedia:Sudetenland|German-speaking regions]] of [[wikipedia:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]].  In exchange for this, Hitler gave his word that Germany would make no further territorial claims in Europe.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~pv/munich/czdoc09.html Chamberlain's radio broadcast], 27 September 1938&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Churchill, Winston S. ''The Second World War''. (6 volumes). (1948-1953). ISBN 978-0395416853&lt;/ref&gt; [[wikipedia:Neville Chamberlain|Chamberlain]] declared that the agreement represented "peace for our time." In March 1939, Germany invaded the rest of [[wikipedia:Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]], effectively killing any notions of appeasement.

[[Image:Tojo3.jpg|right|thumb|[[wikipedia:Hideki Tojo|Hideki Tojo]] of [[wikipedia:Imperial Japan|Imperial Japan]].]]

The failure of the [[Munich Agreement]] showed that negotiations with Hitler could not be trusted, as his aspirations for dominance in Europe went beyond anything that the United Kingdom and France would tolerate. Poland and France pledged on [[wikipedia:May 19|May 19]], [[1939]] to provide each other with military assistance in the event either was attacked. The British had already offered support to Poland in March. 

On [[wikipedia:August 23|August 23]], [[1939]], Germany and the Soviet Union signed the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]]. The Pact included a secret protocol that would divide [[wikipedia:Central Europe|Central Europe]] into German and Soviet areas of interest, including a provision to partition Poland. Each country agreed to allow the other a free hand in its area of influence, including [[military occupation]]. The deal provided for sales of oil and food from the Soviets to Germany, thus reducing the danger of a British blockade such as the one that had nearly starved Germany in World War I. Hitler was then ready to go to war with Poland and, if necessary, with the United Kingdom and France. He claimed there were German grievances relating to the issues of the [[wikipedia:Free City of Danzig|Free City of Danzig]] and the [[Polish Corridor]], but he planned to conquer all Polish territory to incorporate it into the [[wikipedia:Deutsches Reich|German Reich]]. The signing of a new alliance between the United Kingdom and Poland on [[wikipedia:August 25|August 25]] did not significantly alter his plans.

On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland, causing France and the United Kingdom to declare war.  The United Kingdom brought with it the huge [[wikipedia:British Empire|British Empire]], and most members of the [[wikipedia:British Commonwealth|British Commonwealth]] joined the war soon after.

===Cause of war in Asia===
''Main articles : ''[[wikipedia:Showa Era|Showa Era]],'' [[wikipedia:Militarism-Socialism in Showa Japan|Militarism-Socialism in Showa Japan]]'', ''[[wikipedia:Japanese nationalism|Japanese nationalism]]''

Following the policies adopted after the [[Treaty of Versailles]] by occidental powers toward the  recognition of Japan as a colonial power, many politicians and militarist leaders such as [[wikipedia:Fumimaro Konoe|Fumimaro Konoe]] and [[wikipedia:Sadao Araki|Sadao Araki]] brought back the concept of [[wikipedia:hakko ichiu|hakko ichiu]] and promoted the right of Japan to conquer Asia and unify it under the rule of [[wikipedia:emperor Showa|emperor Showa]], the offspring of [[wikipedia:Amaterasu Omikami|Amaterasu Omikami]]. 

Japan [[Mukden Incident|invaded Manchuria]] in 1931 and [[Second Sino-Japanese War|China]] in 1937 to bolster its meager stock of natural resources, to relieve Japan from [[wikipedia:overpopulation|population pressures]] and to extend its colonial realm to a wider area. This invasion became a "holy war" (''seisen'') and was followed by a harsh occupation with many atrocities against civillians ( [[Nanking massacre]], [[sanko sakusen]]). The [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] and the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] reacted by making loans to [[wikipedia:Republic of China|China]], providing [[Flying Tigers|covert military assistance]], pilots and fighter aircraft to the Chinese  [[wikipedia:Kuomintang|Kuomintang]] and instituting after 1940 broad natural resource embargoes against Japan. The embargoes could have ultimately forced Japan to give up its newly conquered possessions in China or find new sources of oil and other resources. 

Japan was faced with the choice of withdrawing from China, negotiating some compromise, developing new sources of supply, buying what they needed somewhere else, or going to war to conquer the territories that contained oil, [[wikipedia:bauxite|bauxite]] and other resources in the [[wikipedia:Dutch East Indies|Dutch East Indies]], Malay and the [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]]. Japan's leaders believed that the French, Dutch, Soviet and British governments were preoccupied with the war in Europe, and that the United States could not be war-ready for years and would compromise before waging full-scale war. Japan thus proceeded with its plans for the [[Greater East Asia War in the Pacific|war in the Pacific]], and invaded and conquered nations and colonial possessions throughout Asia and the Pacific.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm&lt;/ref&gt; 

For propaganda purposes, Japan's leaders stated that the goal of its military campaigns was to create the [[wikipedia:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere|Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]]. This, they claimed, would be a co-operative league of Asian nations, freed by Japan from European imperialist domination, and liberated to achieve autonomy and self-determination. In practice, occupied countries and peoples were completely subordinate to Japanese authority. 

The direct cause of the United States' entry into the war with Japan was the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] on December 7, 1941. Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, 1941.

==Chronology==

{{see also|Timeline of World War II}}
===War breaks out in Asia (July 1937 – September 1939)===
{{main|Second Sino-Japanese War|Battle of Lake Khasan|Battle of Khalkhin Gol}}

The [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] began in 1937, when [[wikipedia:Imperial Japan|Japan]] attacked deep into [[wikipedia:China|China]] from its foothold in [[wikipedia:Manchuria|Manchuria]] ([[wikipedia:Northeast China|Northeast China]]). On [[wikipedia:July 7|July 7]], [[1937]], Japan, after occupying Manchuria since 1931, [[Marco Polo Bridge Incident|launched another attack]] against China near [[wikipedia:Beijing|Beijing]]. The [[wikipedia:Empire of Japan|Japanese]] made initial advances but were stalled in the [[Battle of Shanghai]]. The city eventually fell to the Japanese in December 1937, and the capital city [[wikipedia:Nanjing|Nanjing]] also fell. As a result, the Chinese Nationalist government moved its seat to [[wikipedia:Chongqing|Chongqing]] for the remainder of the war. The Japanese forces committed [[Japanese war crimes|brutal atrocities]] against [[wikipedia:civilian|civilian]]s and [[prisoners of war]] in the [[Nanking Massacre|Rape of Nanking]], slaughtering as many as 300,000 civilians within a month. Neither Japan or China officially declared war, for a similar reason—fearing declaration of war would alienate Europe and the United States.

In Spring 1939, Soviet and Japanese forces clashed in [[wikipedia:Mongolia|Mongolia]].  The growing Japanese presence in the Far East was seen as a major strategic threat by the Soviet Union, and Soviet fear of having to fight a [[Two-front war|two front war]] was a primary reason for the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]] with the Nazis (other historians mention [[Munich Agreement]] as a supposition to this pact).  The Japanese invasion of Mongolia was repulsed by Soviet units under [[General]] [[wikipedia:Georgiy Zhukov|Georgiy Zhukov]]. Following this battle, the Soviet Union and Japan were at peace until 1945. Japan looked south to expand its empire, leading to conflict with the United States over the [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]] and control of shipping lanes to the [[wikipedia:Dutch East Indies|Dutch East Indies]]. The Soviet Union focused on the west, leaving only minimal troops to guard the frontier with Japan.

===War breaks out in Europe (September 1939 – May 1940)===
{{main|Invasion of Poland (1939)|Winter War|Norwegian Campaign|Occupation of Baltic Republics}}
[[Image:Polish infantry.jpg|thumb|right|[[wikipedia:Polish|Polish]] infantry during the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]], September 1939.]]

On [[wikipedia:September 1|September 1]], 1939, [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]] [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invaded Poland]], using the false pretext of a faked "[[Gleiwitz incident|Polish attack]]" on a German border post. The United Kingdom and France gave Germany two days to withdraw from Poland. Once the deadline passed on September 3, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand declared war on Germany, followed quickly by France, South Africa, Canada and Nepal.  Immediately, Great Britain began seizing German ships and implementing a blockade.

Despite the [[Franco-Polish Military Alliance|French]] and [[Polish-British Common Defence Pact|British]] treaty obligations and promises to the Polish government, both France and Great Britain were unwilling politically to launch a land invasion of Germany. The French mobilized slowly and then mounted only a short [[Saar Offensive|a token offensive]] in the [[wikipedia:Saar|Saar]]; neither did the British send land forces in time to support the Poles (see [[Western betrayal]]).  Meanwhile, on [[wikipedia:September 8|September 8]], the Germans [[siege of Warsaw|reached Warsaw]], having slashed through the Polish defenses.

On [[wikipedia:September 17|September 17]], the [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]], pursuant to its [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|secret agreement with Germany]], [[Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)|invaded Poland from the east]], throwing Polish defenses into chaos by opening the second front. A day later, both the Polish president and commander-in-chief fled to [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]]. On [[wikipedia:October 1|October 1]], hostile forces, after a one-month [[siege of Warsaw]], entered the city. The [[Battle of Kock (1939)|last Polish units surrendered]] on [[wikipedia:October 6|October 6]]. Poland, however, never officially surrendered to the Germans. Some Polish troops [[Romanian Bridgehead|evacuated to neighboring countries]]. In the aftermath of the September Campaign, [[History of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied Poland]] managed to create a powerful [[Polish Secret State|resistance movement]] and [[Polish contribution to World War II|contributed significant military forces to the Allies]] for the duration of World War II.

After Poland fell, Germany paused to regroup during the winter of 1939–1940 until April 1940, while the British and French stayed on the defensive. The period was referred to by journalists as “the [[Phony War]]” or the ''“Sitzkrieg”'' because so little ground combat took place. During this period Soviet Union attacked [[wikipedia:Finland|Finland]] on [[wikipedia:November 30|November 30]], [[1939]], which started the [[Winter War]]. Despite outnumbering Finnish troops by 4 to 1, the Red Army found the attack embarrassingly difficult, and the Finnish defence prevented an all-out invasion. Finally, however, the Soviets prevailed and the [[Moscow Peace Treaty|peace treaty]] saw Finland cede strategically important border areas near [[wikipedia:Leningrad|Leningrad]].

Germany invaded [[wikipedia:Denmark|Denmark]] and [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]] on [[wikipedia:April 9|April 9]], [[1940]], in ''[[Operation Weserübung]]''. Denmark did not resist, but Norway fought back.  The Norwegian defense was undermined by the collaboration of [[wikipedia:Vidkun Quisling|Vidkun Quisling]], whose name is now synonymous with "traitor".  The [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], whose own invasion was ready to launch, landed in the north. By late June, the Allies were defeated and withdrew, [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]] controlled most of [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]], and the [[wikipedia:Norwegian Army|Norwegian Army]] had surrendered, while the [[wikipedia:The Royal Family|Norwegian Royal Family]] escaped to [[wikipedia:London|London]]. [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]] used [[wikipedia:Norway|Norway]] as a base for air and naval attacks on [[Arctic convoys of World War II|Arctic convoys]] headed to the Soviet Union. Norwegian partisans would continue to fight against the German occupation throughout the war.

===The Western Front (May 1940 – September 1940)===
{{main|Battle of France|Battle of Britain}}
The Germans ended the Phony War on [[wikipedia:May 10|May 10]], [[1940]] when they invaded [[wikipedia:Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], [[wikipedia:Belgium|Belgium]], the [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]], and [[wikipedia:France|France]].  The Netherlands was quickly overwhelmed and the [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Dutch]] city of [[Bombing of Rotterdam|Rotterdam]] was destroyed in a bombing raid.  The [[wikipedia:British Expeditionary Force|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF) and the [[wikipedia:French Army|French Army]] advanced into [[wikipedia:Flanders|northern Belgium]] and planned to fight a mobile war in the north, while maintaining a static continuous front along the [[Maginot Line]] further south. The Allied plans were immediately smashed by the most classic example in history of ''[[Blitzkrieg]]''. 
[[Image:Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png|thumb|left|Germans parading in the deserted [[wikipedia:Champs-Élysées|Champs-Élysées]] avenue, [[wikipedia:Paris|Paris]], June 1940.]]

In the first phase of the invasion, ''[[Fall Gelb]]'', the Wehrmacht's ''Panzergruppe von Kleist'', raced through the [[wikipedia:Ardennes|Ardennes]], a heavily forested region which the Allies had thought impenetrable for a modern, mechanized army.  The Germans broke the French line at [[Sedan]], held by reservists rather than first-line troops, then drove west across northern France to the English Channel, splitting the Allies in two.

The BEF and [[wikipedia:Military of France|French forces]], encircled in the north, were evacuated from [[wikipedia:Dunkirk|Dunkirk]] in [[Operation Dynamo]].  The operation was one of the biggest military evacuations in history, as 338,000 British and French troops were transported across the [[wikipedia:English Channel|English Channel]] on warships and civilian boats.

On [[wikipedia:June 10|June 10]], Italy joined the war, attacking France in the south. German forces then continued the conquest of France with ''Fall Rot'' (Case Red). France signed an armistice with Germany on [[wikipedia:June 22|June 22]] [[1940]], leading to the direct German occupation of Paris and two-thirds of France, and the establishment of a German [[puppet state]] headquartered in [[wikipedia:Vichy, France|southeastern France]] known as [[Vichy France]].

[[Image:Heinkel He III over London 7 Sep 1940.jpg|thumb|right|[[Heinkel He 111]] bomber over London on 7 Sep. 1940.]]

Germany had begun preparations in the summer of 1940 to invade the United Kingdom in [[Operation Sealion|Operation Sea Lion]]. Most of the British Army's heavy weapons and supplies had been lost at Dunkirk.  The Germans had no hope of overpowering the [[Royal Navy]], but they did think they had a chance of success, if they could gain [[air superiority]].  To do that, they first had to deal with the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF). The ensuing contest in the late Summer of 1940 between the two air forces became known as the [[Battle of Britain]]. The [[Luftwaffe]] initially targeted [[RAF Fighter Command]] aerodromes and radar stations. Hitler, angered by retaliatory bombing raids on Berlin, switched his attentions towards the bombing of London, in an operation known as [[The Blitz]]. The Luftwaffe was eventually beaten back by [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricanes]] and [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfires]], while the Royal Navy remained in control of the English Channel. Thus, the invasion plans were postponed indefinitely.

After France had fallen in 1940, the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] was out of money. [[wikipedia:Franklin Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] persuaded the [[wikipedia:United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] to pass the [[wikipedia:Lend-Lease|Lend-Lease act]] on [[wikipedia:March 11|March 11]] [[1941]], which provided the United Kingdom and 37 other countries with US$50 billion dollars in [[Military technology and equipment|military equipment]] and other supplies, US$31.4 billion of it going to the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. Canada operated a similar program that sent $4.7 billion in supplies to the United Kingdom.

===The Mediterranean (April 1940 – May 1943)===
{{main|Balkan Campaign|Battle of the Mediterranean|North African campaign|Yugoslavian Front (WWII)}}

[[Image:Panzer(Afrika).jpg|thumb|right|[[Afrika Korps]] tanks advance during the North African campaign.]]

Control of [[wikipedia:Southern Europe|Southern Europe]], the [[wikipedia:Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] and [[wikipedia:North Africa|North Africa]] was important because the British Empire depended on shipping through the [[wikipedia:Suez Canal|Suez Canal]].  If the canal fell into Axis hands or if the Royal Navy lost control of the Mediterranean, then transport between the United Kingdom, India, and Australia would have to go around the [[wikipedia:Cape of Good Hope|Cape of Good Hope]], an increase of several thousand miles.  

Following the French surrender, the British [[Attack on Mers-el-Kébir|attacked]] the French Navy anchored in North Africa in July 1940, out of fear that it might fall into German hands.  This contributed to a souring of British-French relations for the next few years.  With the French fleet destroyed, the Royal Navy battled the Italian fleet for supremacy in the Mediterranean from their strong bases at [[wikipedia:Gibraltar|Gibraltar]], [[wikipedia:Malta|Malta]], and [[wikipedia:Alexandria|Alexandria]], Egypt. 

[[Greco-Italian War|Italy invaded Greece]] on [[wikipedia:October 28|October 28]], [[1940]], from Italian occupied [[wikipedia:Albania|Albania]], but was quickly repulsed. By mid-December, the [[wikipedia:Hellenic Army|Greek army]] advanced into southern Albania, tying down 530,000 Italian troops.  Meanwhile, in fulfillment of Britain's guarantee to Greece the Royal Navy [[Battle of Taranto|struck]] the Italian fleet on [[wikipedia:November 11|November 11]], [[1940]]. [[Torpedo bomber]]s from British aircraft carriers attacked the Italian fleet in the southern port of [[wikipedia:Taranto|Taranto]]. One battleship was sunk and several other ships were put temporarily out of action. The success of aerial torpedoes at Taranto was noted with interest by Japan's naval chief, Yamamoto, who was considering ways of neutralizing the [[U.S. Pacific Fleet]]. Mainland Greece eventually fell to a German invasion from the East, through [[wikipedia:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]].

[[Image:Bernard Law Montgomery.jpg|thumb|left|[[Field Marshal (UK)|Field Marshal]] [[wikipedia:Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Law Montgomery]], Commander of the [[British 8th Army]].]]

Italian troops crossed into [[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]] from [[wikipedia:Libya|Libya]] to attack British bases in September 1940, thus beginning the [[North African Campaign]]. The aim was to capture the [[wikipedia:Suez Canal|Suez Canal]]. British, [[British Indian Army|Indian]] and [[Australian Army|Australian]] forces [[counterattack]]ed in [[Operation Compass]], which stopped in 1941 after numerous Australian and [[wikipedia:New Zealand|New Zealand]] (ANZAC) forces were transferred to Greece to defend it from German attack. German forces (known later as the [[Afrika Korps]]) under General [[wikipedia:Erwin Rommel|Erwin Rommel]] landed in Libya in February 1941 to renew the assault on Egypt.

Germany also [[Battle of Crete|invaded Crete]], significant for the large-scale use of German paratroopers. Crete was defended by about 11,000 Greek and 28,000 ANZAC troops, who had just escaped Greece without their artillery or vehicles. The Germans attacked the three main airfields of the island of [[wikipedia:Maleme|Maleme]], [[wikipedia:Rethimnon|Rethimnon]], and [[wikipedia:Heraklion|Heraklion]]. After one day of fighting, none of the objectives were reached and the Germans had suffered appalling casualties. German plans were in disarray and the German commander, [[General]] [[wikipedia:Kurt Student|Kurt Student]], was contemplating suicide. During the next day, through miscommunication and failure of Allied commanders to comprehend the situation, Maleme airfield in western Crete fell to the Germans. The loss of Maleme enabled the Germans to fly in heavy reinforcements and overwhelm the Allied forces on the island. In light of the heavy casualties suffered by the parachutists, however, Hitler forbade further airborne operations.

In North Africa, Rommel's forces advanced rapidly eastward, laying siege to the vital seaport of [[wikipedia:Tobruk|Tobruk]]. Two Allied attempts to relieve Tobruk were defeated, but a larger offensive at the end of the year ([[Operation Crusader]]) repelled Rommel's forces after heavy fighting.

The war between the Allied and Italian navies swung decisively in favor of the Allies on [[wikipedia:March 28|March 28]], 1941, when Admiral Cunningham's ships encountered the main Italian fleet south of [[Battle of Cape Matapan|Cape Matapan]], at the southern extremity of the Greek mainland. At the cost of a couple of aircraft shot down, the Allies sank five Italian cruisers and three destroyers, and damaged the modern [[battleship]] [[Italian battleship Vittorio Veneto|''Vittorio Veneto'']]. The [[Regia Marina|Italian Navy]] was emasculated as a fighting force, and the Allied task of moving troops across the Mediterranean to Greece was eased.

On [[wikipedia:April 6|April 6]], 1941, German, Italian, Hungarian, and Bulgarian forces invaded [[wikipedia:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], ending with the surrender of the Yugoslav army on [[wikipedia:April 17|April 17]], and the creation of client states in [[wikipedia:Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]] and [[wikipedia:Nedić's Serbia|Serbia]].  Also on [[wikipedia:April 6|April 6]], Germany invaded Greece from Bulgaria. The Greek army defending the [[Metaxas Line]] was outnumbered and outmaneuvered by the rapid German advance through Yugoslavia and collapsed.  Athens fell on [[wikipedia:April 27|April 27]], yet the United Kingdom managed to evacuate over 50,000 troops.

Resistance broke out in Yugoslavia in mid-1941, centered around two movements: the Communist-led [[wikipedia:Partisans (Yugoslavia)|Partisans]], commanded by [[wikipedia:Tito|Tito]], and the [[wikipedia:Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland|royalist Chetniks]] led by [[wikipedia:Draža Mihailović|Draža Mihailović]]. The two paramilitaries [[wikipedia:Republic of Užice|briefly cooperated]] in [[1941]] but soon fell out, with the Chetniks assuming a more ambivalent role, frequently siding with the occupying forces against the communists.

In April-May 1941, there was a short [[Anglo-Iraqi War|war]] in [[wikipedia:Iraq|Iraq]] that resulted in a renewal of British occupation. In June, Allied forces [[Syria-Lebanon campaign|invaded Syria and Lebanon]], and captured [[wikipedia:Damascus|Damascus]] on [[wikipedia:June 17|June 17]]. Later, in August, UK and Red Army troops [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|occupied neutral Iran]], securing its oil and a southern [[Military Supply Chain Management|supply line]] to the Soviet Union.

[[Image:El Alamein 1942 - British infantry.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the [[9th Division (Australia)|9th Australian Infantry Division]] in a posed photograph during the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]]. (Photographer: Len Chetwyn.)]]

At the beginning of 1942, the Allied forces in North Africa were weakened by detachments to the Far East. Rommel once again recaptured [[wikipedia:Benghazi|Benghazi]]. He then defeated the Allies at the [[Battle of Gazala]], and captured Tobruk along with several thousand prisoners and large quantities of supplies, before drivng deeper into Egypt.

The [[First Battle of El Alamein]] took place in July 1942. Allied forces had retreated to the last defensible point before [[wikipedia:Alexandria|Alexandria]] and the [[Suez Canal]]. The ''[[Afrika Korps]]'', however, had outrun its supplies, and the defenders stopped its thrusts. The [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] occurred between [[wikipedia:October 23|October 23]] and [[wikipedia:November 3|November 3]]. [[Lieutenant-General]] [[wikipedia:Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein|Bernard Montgomery]] was in command of Allied forces known as the [[wikipedia:Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]]. The Allies took the offensive and, despite initially stiff German resistance, were ultimately triumphant. After the German defeat at El Alamein, the Axis forces made a successful strategic withdrawal to [[wikipedia:Tunisia|Tunisia]].

[[Operation Torch]] was launched by the U.S., British and Free French forces on [[wikipedia:November 8|November 8]], [[1942]], to gain control of North Africa through simultaneous landings at [[wikipedia:Casablanca|Casablanca]], [[wikipedia:Oran|Oran]] and Algiers, followed a few days later by a landing at [[wikipedia:Annaba|Bône]], the gateway to Tunisia.  The local forces of [[Vichy France]] put up minimal resistance before submitting to the authority of [[Free French Forces|Free French]] General [[wikipedia:Henri Giraud|Henri Giraud]]. In retaliation, Hitler invaded and occupied Vichy France.  The German and Italian forces in Tunisia were caught in the pincers of Allied advances from Algeria in the west and Libya in the east. Rommel's tactical victory against inexperienced American forces at the [[Battle of the Kasserine Pass]] only postponed the eventual surrender of the Axis forces in North Africa in May 1943.

In 1943 the Axis almost succeeded in wiping out Yugoslav Partisan resistance. From January to April, the guerillas were forced to flee eastwards in winter conditions over the rough terrain of [[wikipedia:Bosnia|Bosnia]], suffering heavy losses, eventually [[Battle of Neretva|crossing the Neretva river]] and securing their command and the hospital.  They continued eastwards, incapacitating the Chetnik forces in the area, and fell into a near-fatal German [[Sutjeska offensive|encirclement in the Sutjeska valley]] in late May.

===Sub-Saharan Africa (July 1940 – September 1943)===
[[Image:Italianeastafricamap.jpeg|thumb|200px|Map showing [[wikipedia:Italian East Africa|Italian East Africa]] and the route of the Allied offensive to capture the [[wikipedia:Horn of Africa|Horn of Africa]].]]

{{main|East African Campaign (World War II)|West Africa Campaign (World War II)|Battle of Madagascar}}
Italy had gained control of [[wikipedia:Eritrea|Eritrea]] and [[wikipedia:Italian Somaliland|Italian Somaliland]] during the colonial [[Scramble for Africa]], and had taken [[wikipedia:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] prior to the outbreak of World War II during the [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]] (1935–1936). These three colonies were reorganized into the dominion of [[wikipedia:Italian East Africa|Italian East Africa]].

During early [[1940]], Italian colonial forces consisted of 80,000 Italian troops and 200,000 native troops, while British forces in all of [[wikipedia:British Somaliland|British Somaliland]], [[wikipedia:Kenya|Kenya]] and [[wikipedia:Sudan|Sudan]] only amounted to 17,000.&lt;ref name=CS-EVENTS-OF-1940&gt;{{cite web
|title=Comando Supremo: Events of 1940
|url=http://www.comandosupremo.com/1940.html
|accessdate=2007-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The Italians first amassed in preparation of taking [[wikipedia:French Somaliland|French Somaliland]] (now known as [[wikipedia:Djibouti|Djibouti]]). This attack was called off with the collapse of the French army and the installation of the neutral government of [[Vichy France]]. In [[wikipedia:July|July]], Sudanese border towns of [[wikipedia:Kassala|Kassala]] and [[wikipedia:Gallabat|Gallabat]] were occupied by an Italian force of 50,000,&lt;ref name=WWII-IN-AFRICA-JULY-1940&gt;{{cite web
|title=World War II in Africa Timeline: July 1940
|url=http://africanhistory.about.com/od/wwiichronology/ss/WWIIJul40_3.htm
|accessdate=2007-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in [[wikipedia:August 1940|August 1940]], the Italian colonial army attacked and took [[wikipedia:British Somaliland|British Somaliland]] using a force of 25,000. This gave Italy control of nearly all of the [[wikipedia:Horn of Africa|Horn of Africa]].

In [[wikipedia:September 1940|September 1940]], Allied forces failed during the [[Battle of Dakar]] to take the capital of [[wikipedia:Senegal|Senegal]] from the Vichy French troops defending it; [[wikipedia:French West Africa|French West Africa]] remained Vichy until the [[Operation Torch]] landings in North Africa in [[wikipedia:November 1942|November 1942]]. Yet in [[November 1940|November]], the Allies succeeded in the [[Battle of Gabon]], solidifying control over [[wikipedia:French Equatorial Africa|French Equatorial Africa]] for the [[Free French Forces]].

Also in [[wikipedia:November 1940|November 1940]], the British began a counteroffensive from Sudan against Italian-held [[wikipedia:Gallabat|Gallabat]] with only 7,000 troops, which was unable to make much headway.&lt;ref name=CS-EVENTS-OF-1940&gt;{{cite web
|title=Comando Supremo: Events of 1940
|url=http://www.comandosupremo.com/1940.html
|accessdate=2007-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; However in [[wikipedia:January 1941|January 1941]], the Italian army withdrew its forces in the Sudanese border towns to more defensible terrain to the east of Kassala.&lt;ref name=CS-EVENTS-OF-1941&gt;{{cite web
|title=Comando Supremo: Events of 1941
|url=http://www.comandosupremo.com/1941.html
|accessdate=2007-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; With additional reinforcements from the [[wikipedia:British Indian Army|British Indian Army]] and [[wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]], the campaign began to make progress. British Somaliland was retaken in March, and [[wikipedia:Addis Ababa|Addis Ababa]], capital of Ethiopia, was captured on [[wikipedia:April 6|April 6]]. Emperor [[wikipedia:Haile Selassie I|Haile Selassie I]] returned to the city on [[wikipedia:May 5|May 5]]. However, a force of Italians continued to fight a [[guerrilla war]] in Ethiopia until the Italian surrender of [[wikipedia:September 1943|September 1943]].

[[wikipedia:Madagascar|Madagascar]], as a French colony, was considered enemy territory by the British after the creation of the collaborationist Vichy regime. It was also the suggested land to which European Jews should be deported, in an anti-Semitic proposition known as the "[[Madagascar Plan]]." While the British still controlled Egypt and the [[wikipedia:Suez Canal|Suez Canal]], such German plans were impossible, and eventually they were shelved in favor of a genocidal campaign, which was termed the "[[Final Solution]]." With the advent of the [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]]ese entrance to the war in [[wikipedia:December 1941|December 1941]], and the [[Battle of Singapore|surrender of Singapore]] in [[wikipedia:February 1942|February 1942]], the Allies became increasingly worried Madagascar would fall to the Axis. Therefore, they conducted an invasion known as [[Operation Ironclad]] in [[May 1942]]. Fighting lasted there against the Vichy French defenders until November, who were backed by several Japanese submarines. In December, French Somaliland was also taken by the British.

After the landings of [[Operation Torch]], the remainder of Vichy territories in Africa came under the control of the Allies. With the southern continent generally secure, apart from the Italian insurgency in Ethiopia, the Allies turned their attention to other theatres.

===The Eastern Front (April 1941 – January 1942)===
{{main|Eastern Front (World War II)|Invasion of Yugoslavia|Battle of Greece|Operation Barbarossa|Battle of Moscow}}

{{Cquote2|''We have only to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down.''|[[Adolf Hitler]]}}

[[Image:Eastern Front 1941-06 to 1941-12.png|left|thumb
|The eastern front at the time of the Battle of Moscow:
{{legend|#fff8d5|Initial Wehrmacht advance - to 9 July 1941}}
{{legend|#ffd2b9|Subsequent advances - to 1 September 1941}}
{{legend|#ebd7ff|Encirclement and battle of Kiev - to 9 September 1941}}
{{legend|#ccffcd|Final Wehrmacht advance - to 5 December 1941}}
]]
 
The [[battle of Greece]] and the [[invasion of Yugoslavia]] delayed the German invasion of the Soviet Union by a critical six weeks.

Three German Army Groups along with various other Axis military units who in total numbered over 4.3 million men, 3,3 million Germans and 1 million Axis, launched the invasion of the Soviet Union on [[wikipedia:June 22|June 22]], 1941. [[wikipedia:Army Group North|Army Group North]] was deployed in [[wikipedia:East Prussia|East Prussia]] and was composed of [[wikipedia:Eighteenth Army (Germany)|18th]] and [[wikipedia:Sixteenth Army (Germany)|16th]] infantry armies and a Panzer Army, the [[wikipedia:Fourth Panzer Army (Germany)|4th]]. Its main objectives were to secure the Baltic states and seize Leningrad. Opposite Army Group North were 2 Soviet Armies. The Germans threw their 600 Tanks at the junction of the two Soviet Armies in that sector. The [[wikipedia:Fourth Panzer Army (Germany)|4th Panzer Army]]'s objective was to cross the River Neman and [[wikipedia:Dvina River|River Dvina]] which were the two largest obstacles in route to [[wikipedia:Leningrad|Leningrad]]. On the first day, the Tanks crossed River Neman and penetrated 50 miles. Near Rasienai, the Panzers were counterattacked by 300 Soviet Tanks. It took 4 Days for the Germans to encircle and destroy the Soviet Tanks.  The Panzers then crossed the River Dvina near [[wikipedia:Dvinsk|Dvinsk]]. The Germans were now in striking distance of Leningrad; however, Hitler ordered the Panzers to hold their position while the Infantry Armies caught up. The orders to hold would last over a week, giving plenty of time to the Russians to shore up defenses around Leningrad. 

[[wikipedia:Army Group Center|Army Group Center]] was deployed in Poland and comprised [[wikipedia:Ninth Army (Germany)|9th]], [[wikipedia:Fourth Army (Germany)|4th Army]], and two Panzer Armies, the [[wikipedia:Second Panzer Army (Germany)|2nd]] and the [[wikipedia:Third Panzer Army (Germany)|3rd]]. Its main objective was to capture Moscow. Opposite Army Group Center were 4 Soviet Armies. The Russians occupied a salient which jutted into German territory with its center at [[Bialystok]]. Beyond, Bialystok was [[wikipedia:Minsk|Minsk]] which was a key railway junction and guardian of the main highway to Moscow. [[wikipedia:Third Panzer Army (Germany)|3rd Panzer Army]] punched through the junction of the two Soviet Armies from the North and crossed the [[wikipedia:Neman River|River Neman]], and [[wikipedia:Second Panzer Army (Germany)|2nd Panzer Army]] crossed the [[wikipedia:River Bug|River Bug]] from the south. While the Panzers attacked, the Infantry armies struck at the Salient and encircled Russian troops at Bialystok. The Panzer Armies' objective was to meet at Minsk and prevent any Russian withdrawal. On June 27, 2nd and 3rd Panzer Armies met up at Minsk advancing 200 miles into Soviet Territory. In the vast pocket between Minsk and the Polish border, 32 Soviet Infantry and 8 Tank Divisions were encircled and were mercilessly [[Battle of Białystok-Minsk|attacked]]. Russian soldiers numbering 290,000 were captured, while 250,000 Russians managed to escape.

[[wikipedia:Army Group South|Army Group South]] was deployed in Southern Poland and Romania and was composed of [[wikipedia:Sixth Army (Germany)|6th]], [[wikipedia:Eleventh Army (Germany)|11th]], and [[wikipedia:Seventeenth Army (Germany)|17th]] armies and a Panzer Army, the [[wikipedia:First Panzer Army (Germany)|1st]] along with two Romanian Armies and several Italian, Slovakian and Hungarian Divisions. Its objective was to secure the oil fields of the Caucasus. In the South, the Russian Commanders had quickly reacted to the German attack and whose Tank forces vastly outnumbered the Germans. Opposite the Germans in the South were 3 Soviet Armies. The German struck at the junctions of the 3 Soviet Armies but [[wikipedia:First Panzer Army (Germany)|1st Panzer Army]] struck right through the Soviet Army with the objective of capturing [[wikipedia:Brody|Brody]]. On June 26, 5 Soviet Mechanized Corps with over 1,000 Tanks mounted a massive [[Battle of Brody (1941)|counterattack]] on 1st Panzer Army.  The Battle was among the fiercest of the invasion lasting over 4 days. In the end the Germans prevailed but the Russians inflicted heavy losses on the 1st Panzer Army. With the failure of the Soviet Armored offensive, the last substantial Soviet tank forces in the south were now spent. 

[[Image:Moscowbattleparade.jpg|thumb|left|The [[October Revolution]] military parade on November 7, 1941, in Red Square was not cancelled despite German troops on the outskirts of Moscow.]]
On July 3, Hitler finally gave the go-ahead for the Panzers to resume their drive east after the infantry armies had caught up. The next objective of Army Group Center was the city of [[Smolensk]] which commanded the road to Moscow. Facing the Germans was an old Russian defensive line where the Soviets had deployed 6 Armies. On July 6, the Soviets launched an attack with 700 Tanks against the 3rd Panzer Army. The Germans, using their overwhelming air superiority, wiped out the Soviet tanks. The 2nd Panzer Army crossed the River Dneiper and closed on Smolensk from the south while 3rd Panzer Army after defeating the Soviet counter attack approached Smolensk from the north. Trapped between their pincers were 3 Soviet Armies. On July 26, the Panzers closed the gap and then began to [[Battle of Smolensk (1941)|eliminate]] the pocket which yielded over 300,000 Russian prisoners but 200,000 evaded capture. Hitler by now had lost faith in battles of encirclement and wanted to defeat the Soviets by inflicting severe economic damage which meant seizing the oil fields in the south and Leningrad in the North. Tanks from Army Group Center were diverted to Army Group North and South to aid them. Hitler's generals vehemently opposed this as Moscow was only 200 miles away from Army Group Center and the bulk of the Red Army was deployed in that sector and only an attack there could hope to end the war quickly. But Hitler was adamant and the Tanks from Army Group Center arrived and reinforced the [[wikipedia:Fourth Panzer Army (Germany)|4th Panzer Army]] in the north which made it breakthrough the Soviet defenses on August 8 and by the end of August was only 30 miles from Leningrad. Meanwhile the Finns had pushed South East on both sides of [[wikipedia:Lake Ladoga|Lake Ladoga]] reaching the old Finnish Soviet frontier.

In the South by mid-July below the [[wikipedia:Pinsk Marshes|Pinsk Marshes]], the Germans had reached to a few miles of [[wikipedia:Kiev|Kiev]]. The 1st Panzer Army then went South while the German 17th Army which was on 1st Panzer Army's southern flank struck east and in between the Germans trapped 3 Soviet Armies near [[Battle of Uman|Uman]]. As the Germans eliminated the pocket, the tanks turned north and crossed the Dneiper meanwhile 2nd Panzer Army which was diverted from Army Group Center on Hitler's orders had crossed the River Desna with [[wikipedia:Second Army (Germany)|2nd Army]] on its right flank. The two Panzer armies now trapped 4 Soviet Armies and parts of two others. The encirclement of Soviet forces in Kiev was achieved on September 16. The encircled Soviets did not give up easily, a [[Battle of Kiev (1941)|savage battle]] now ensued lasting for 10 days after which the Germans claimed over 600,000 Russian soldiers captured. Hitler called it the greatest battle in history. After Kiev, the Red Army no longer outnumbered the Germans and there were no more reserves. To defend Moscow, Stalin had only 800,000 men left.

On September 9, Army Group North reached to about 7 miles from Leningrad but Hitler ordered Leningrad to besieged. The Russians had mounted an increasing number of attacks against Army Group Center but lacking its tanks, it was in no position to go on the offensive. Hitler had changed his mind and decided that tanks will be send back to Army Group Center for its all out drive on Moscow. [[Operation Typhoon]], the drive on Moscow began on October 2. In front of Army Group Center was a series of elaborate defense lines. The Germans easily penetrated the first defense line as 2nd Panzer Army returning from the south took [[wikipedia:Orel|Orel]] which was 75 miles behind the Russian first defense line. The Germans then pushed in and the vast pocket yielded 663,000 Russian prisoners. The Russians now had only 90,000 men and 1,500 tanks left for the defense for Moscow. 
[[Image:WW2 MoscowBattle russian soldiers.jpg|thumb|right|Soviet Siberian soldiers fighting during the [[Battle of Moscow]].]]

Almost from the beginning of Operation Typhoon the weather had deteriorated steadily, slowing the German advance on Moscow to as little as 2 miles a day. On October 31, the Germany Army High Command ordered a halt on Operation Typhoon as the armies were re-organized. The pause gave the Soviets time to build up new armies and bring in the Soviet troops from the east as the [[Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact|neutrality pact]] signed by the Soviets and Japanese in April, 1941 assured Stalin that there was no longer a threat from the Japanese. 

On November 15, the Germans once again began the attack on Moscow. Facing the Germans were 6 Soviet Armies. The Germans intended to let the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies cross the [[wikipedia:Moscow Canal|Moscow Canal]] and envelop Moscow from the North East. The 2nd Panzer Army would attack [[wikipedia:Tula|Tula]] and then close in on Moscow from the South and the 4th Army would smash in the center. However, on November 22, Soviet Siberian Troops were unleashed on the 2nd Panzer Army in the South which inflicted a shocking defeat on the Germans. The 4th Panzer Army succeeded in crossing the Moscow canal and on December 2 had penetrated to 15 miles of the Kremlin. But by then the first blizzards of the winter began and the Wehrmacht was not equipped for winter warfare. Frostbite and disease had caused more casualties than combat; dead and wounded had already reached 155,000 in 3 weeks. Strength of divisions were now at 50% and the bitter cold had caused severe problems for guns and equipment. Weather conditions grounded the [[Luftwaffe]]. Newly built up Soviet troops near Moscow now numbered over 500,000 men and Zhukov on December 5 launched a massive counter attack which pushed the Germans back over 200 miles but no decisive breakthrough was achieved. The invasion of the Soviet Union had so far cost the Germans over 250,000 dead, 500,000 wounded and most of their tanks.

===The Pacific (April 1941 – June 1943)===
{{main|Pacific Ocean theater of World War II|South West Pacific theatre of World War II}}

{{Cquote2|''I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve.''|[[wikipedia:Isoroku Yamamoto|Isoroku Yamamoto]]}}

[[Image:Burning ships at Pearl Harbor.jpg|thumb|right|The American battleships [[USS West Virginia (BB-48)|''West Virginia'']] and [[USS Tennessee (BB-43)|''Tennessee'']] under attack at [[Pearl Harbor]].]]

Hitler kept his plan to invade the USSR secret from the Japanese.  The USSR, fearing a [[two-front war]], decided to make peace with Japan.  On [[wikipedia:April 13|April 13]], [[1941]], the USSR and Japan signed the [[Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact]], thus allowing the Japanese to concentrate their attention to the upcoming war in Asia-Pacific.

In the summer of 1941, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands began an oil embargo against Japan, threatening its  ability to fight a major war at sea or in the air. However, Japanese forces continued to advance into China. Japan planned an attack on [[Pearl Harbor]] to cripple the [[United States Pacific Fleet|U.S. Pacific Fleet]], then seize [[wikipedia:oil field|oil field]]s in the [[wikipedia:Dutch East Indies|Dutch East Indies]].

On [[wikipedia:December 7|December 7]], Japan launched virtually simultaneous surprise attacks against Pearl Harbor, [[wikipedia:Thailand|Thailand]] and on the British territories of [[wikipedia:Malaya|Malaya]] and [[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]].  A [[Imperial Japanese Navy#Aircraft carriers|Japanese carrier fleet]] launched an unexpected air attack on Pearl Harbor. The raid destroyed most of the American aircraft on the island and knocked the main American [[Battle Fleet|battle fleet]] out of action (three battleships were sunk, and five more were heavily damaged, though only [[USS Arizona (BB-39)|USS ''Arizona'']] and [[USS Oklahoma (BB-37)|USS ''Oklahoma'']] were permanently lost, the other six battleships were repaired and eventually returned to service). However, the four American aircraft carriers that had been the intended main target of the Japanese attack were off at sea. At Pearl Harbor, the main dock, supply, and repair facilities were quickly repaired.  Furthermore, the base's fuel storage facilities, whose destruction could have crippled the Pacific fleet, were untouched. The attack united American public opinion to demand vengeance against Japan. The following day, [[wikipedia:December 8|December 8]], the [[Declaration of war by the United States|United States declared war]] on Japan.
[[Image:Yamamoto-Isoroku-improvedContrast.jpg|thumb|left|Admiral [[wikipedia:Isoroku Yamamoto|Isoroku Yamamoto]], [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]], 1939–43.]]

Simultaneously with the attack on Hawaii, the Japanese attacked [[Battle of Wake Island|Wake Island]], an American territory in the central Pacific.  The initial landing attempt was repulsed by the garrison of [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]], and fierce resistance continued until December 23.  The Japanese sent heavy reinforcements, and the garrison surrendered when it became clear that no American relief force was coming.

Japan also [[Battle of the Philippines (1941-42)|invaded the Philippines]], a U.S. Commonwealth, on December 8.  American and Filipino forces, under [[General of the Army (United States)|General]] [[wikipedia:Douglas MacArthur|Douglas MacArthur]], were forced to retreat to the [[Battle of Bataan|Bataan Peninsula]].  Dogged resistance continued until April, buying precious time for the Allies.  Following their surrender, the survivors were led on the [[Bataan Death March]].  Allied resistance continued for an additional month on the island fortress of [[Battle of Corregidor|Corregidor]], until it too surrendered.  General MacArthur, who had been ordered to retreat to Australia, vowed, "I shall return."

Disaster struck the British on December 10, as they lost two major battleships, [[HMS Prince of Wales (1939)|HMS ''Prince of Wales'']] and [[HMS Repulse (1916)|HMS ''Repulse'']]. Both ships had been attacked by 85 Japanese bombers and torpedo planes based in [[wikipedia:Saigon|Saigon]], and 840 UK sailors perished. [[wikipedia:Winston Churchill|Churchill]] was to say of the event, "In all of the war I have never received a more direct shock."

Germany declared war on the United States on [[wikipedia:December 11|December 11]], even though it was not obliged to do so under the [[Tripartite Pact]]. Hitler hoped that Japan would support Germany by attacking the Soviet Union. Japan did not do so because it had signed a non-aggression treaty, preferring instead to focus on expanding its empire in China, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific. Rather than opening a second front on the USSR, the effect of Germany's declaration of war was to remove any significant opposition within the United States to joining the fight in the European Theater.

[[Image:Guadalcanal1.jpg|thumb|right|U.S. Marines rest in the field on Guadalcanal, August-December 1942.]]

The Allies were officially formed in the [[Declaration by United Nations]] on [[wikipedia:January 1|January 1]], [[1942]]. Soon afterwards, the [[American-British-Dutch-Australian Command]] (ABDACOM) was formed to unite Allied forces in South East Asia. It was the first Allied supreme command of the war.
     
ABDACOM naval forces were all but destroyed in the [[Battle of the Java Sea]]—the largest  naval battle of the war up that point—on February 28 through March 1. The joint command was wound up shortly afterwards, to be replaced by three Allied supreme commands in southern Asia and the Pacific.

In April, the [[Doolittle Raid]], the first Allied air raid on Tokyo, boosted morale in the United States and caused Japan to shift resources to homeland defense, but did little physical damage.

In early May, the Japanese implemented ''[[Operation Mo|Mo Sakusen]]'' (Operation Mo), a plan to take [[wikipedia:Port Moresby|Port Moresby]], [[wikipedia:New Guinea|New Guinea]]. The first stage was thwarted by the [[United States Navy|U.S.]] and [[Royal Australian Navy|Australian navies]] in the [[Battle of the Coral Sea]]. This was both the first battle fought between aircraft carriers, and the first battle where the opposing fleets never made direct visual contact. The American [[aircraft carrier]] [[USS Lexington (CV-2)|''Lexington'']] was sunk and the [[USS Yorktown (CV-5)|''Yorktown'']] was severely damaged, while the Japanese lost the light carrier [[Japanese aircraft carrier Shōhō|''Shōhō'']] and the large carrier [[Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku|''Shōkaku'']] suffered moderate damage. [[Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku|''Zuikaku'']] lost half of her air complement, and along with ''Shōkaku'', was unable to participate in the upcoming battle at Midway. The battle was a tactical victory for the Japanese, as they inflicted heavier losses on the American fleet, but it was a strategic American victory, as the Japanese attack on Port Moresby was deflected.

In the six months after Pearl Harbor the Japanese had achieved nearly all of their naval objectives.  Their fleet of eleven battleships, ten carriers, eighteen heavy and twenty light cruisers remained relatively intact.  They had seriously damaged or sunk all U.S. battleships in the Pacific.  The British and Dutch Far Eastern fleets had been destroyed, and the Royal Australian Navy had been driven back to port.&lt;ref&gt;Keegan, John.  The Second World War. 1989. p267.&lt;/ref&gt;  Their ring of conquests settled on a defensive perimeter of their choosing, extending from the Central Pacific to New Guinea to Burma.

Opposing this, the only significant strategic force remaining to the Allies was the naval base at Pearl Harbor, including the U.S. Pacific Fleet's three aircraft carriers. Both sides viewed a decisive battle between aircraft carriers as inevitable, and the Japanese were confident in that they held a numerical advantage in heavy carriers of 10:3.&lt;ref&gt;Keegan, John. The Second World War. p268.&lt;/ref&gt;  They also had an excellent carrier-based aircraft in the [[A6M Zero|Zero]]. The Japanese sent a task force towards Midway Island, an outlier of the Hawaiian Islands, with the goal of drawing the remainder of the American fleet to battle. On [[wikipedia:June 5|June 5]], American carrier-based dive-bombers sighted the Japanese force and sank four of Japan's best aircraft carriers in the [[Battle of Midway]], at the cost of the carrier ''Yorktown''.  This was a major victory for the United States, and marked the turning point of the war in the Pacific.  American shipbuilding and aircraft production vastly outpaced the Japanese, and the Japanese fleet would never again enjoy such numerical superiority. 

In July, the Japanese attempted to take Port Moresby by land, [[Kokoda Track campaign|along the Kokoda Track]], a rugged, single-file path through the jungle and mountains. An outnumbered, untrained and ill-equipped Australian battalion—awaiting the return of regular units from North Africa and the U.S. Army—waged a fighting retreat against a 5,000-strong Japanese force. 

On [[wikipedia:August 7|August 7]], [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] began the [[Battle of Guadalcanal]]. For the next six months, U.S. forces fought Japanese forces for control of the island. Meanwhile, several naval encounters raged in the nearby waters, including the [[Battle of Savo Island]], [[Battle of Cape Esperance]], [[Naval Battle of Guadalcanal]], and [[Battle of Tassafaronga]].

In late August and early September, while battle raged on the Kokoda Track and Guadalcanal, an attack by [[Special Naval Landing Forces|Japanese marines]] at the eastern tip of New Guinea was defeated by Australian forces, in the [[Battle of Milne Bay]]. This was the first defeat for Japanese land forces during the Pacific War.

On [[wikipedia:January 22|January 22]], after [[Battle of Buna-Gona|a bitter battle at Gona and Buna]], Australian and U.S. forces took back the major Japanese beachheads in eastern New Guinea.

American authorities declared Guadalcanal secure on February 9. U.S., New Zealand, Australian and Pacific Island forces undertook the prolonged campaign to retake the occupied parts of the [[wikipedia:Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]], New Guinea, and the Dutch East Indies, experiencing some of the toughest resistance of the war. The rest of the Solomon Islands were retaken in 1943.

===China and South-East Asia (September 1941 – March 1944)===
{{main|Battle of Singapore|Battle of Changde}}
[[Image:Singaporesurrender.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lieutenant-General]] [[wikipedia:Arthur Percival|Arthur Percival]], led by a Japanese officer, marches under a [[flag of truce]] to negotiate the capitulation of Allied forces in Singapore, on [[wikipedia:February 15|February 15]], [[1942]]. It was the worst defeat in British history.]]
By 1940, the war had reached a stalemate with both sides making minimal gains.  The United States provided heavy financial support for China and set up the [[Flying Tigers]] air unit to bolster Chinese air forces.

Japanese forces invaded northern parts of French Indo-China on September 22.  Japanese relations with the west had deteriorated steadily in recent years and United States, having renounced the U.S.-Japanese [[Trade pact|trade treaty]] of 1911, placed embargoes on exports to Japan of war and other materials.

Less than 24 hours after the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan invaded [[wikipedia:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]. The Philippines and the [[wikipedia:British Empire|British colonies]] of [[wikipedia:Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]], [[wikipedia:Borneo|Borneo]], and [[wikipedia:Myanmar|Burma]] soon followed, with Japan's intention of seizing the oilfields of the Dutch East Indies. Despite fierce resistance by Philippine, Australian, New Zealand, [[wikipedia:British Army|British]], [[wikipedia:Canadian Forces Land Force Command|Canadian]], [[wikipedia:Indian Army|Indian]], and [[Military of the United States|American forces]], all these territories capitulated to the Japanese in a matter of months. [[Battle of Singapore|Singapore fell to the Japanese]] on February 15. Approximately 80,000 British Commonwealth personnel (along with 50,000 taken in Malaya), went into Japanese POW camps, representing the largest-ever surrender of British-led personnel. Churchill considered the British defeat at Singapore as one of the most humiliating British defeats of all time.
&lt;br clear="all"/&gt;

[[Image:Changde battle.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Battle of Changde]], called the Stalingrad of the East. China and Japan lost a combined total of 100,000 men in this battle.]]

Japan launched a major offensive in China following the attack on Pearl Harbor. The aim of the offensive was to take the strategically important city of [[Changsha]], which the Japanese had failed to capture on two previous occasions. For the attack, the Japanese massed 120,000 soldiers under four divisions. The Chinese responded with 300,000 men, and soon the Japanese army was encircled and had to retreat.

The Chinese Nationalist [[wikipedia:Kuomintang|Kuomintang]] Army, under [[wikipedia:Chiang Kai-shek|Chiang Kai-shek]], and the [[wikipedia:Communist Party of China|Communist]] [[wikipedia:Chinese Army|Chinese Army]], under [[wikipedia:Mao Zedong|Mao Zedong]], both opposed the Japanese occupation of China, but never truly allied against the Japanese. Conflict between Nationalist and Communist forces emerged long before the war; it continued after and, to an extent, even during the war, though less openly. 

The Japanese had captured most of [[Burma Campaign|Burma]], severing the [[wikipedia:Burma Road|Burma Road]] by which the Western Allies had been supplying the Chinese Nationalists. This loss forced the Allies to create a large sustained airlift from India, known as "flying [[wikipedia:the Hump|the Hump]]". Under the American General [[wikipedia:Joseph Stilwell|Joseph Stilwell]], [[Northern Combat Area Command|Chinese forces in India]] were retrained and re-equipped, while preparations were made to drive the [[wikipedia:Ledo Road|Ledo Road]] from India to replace the Burma Road. This effort was to prove an enormous engineering task.

===The Atlantic (September 1939 - May 1945)===
{{main|Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)}}

{{Cquote2|''The only thing that ever really frightened me during the War was the U-boat peril.''|[[wikipedia:Winston Churchill|Winston Churchill]]}}

In the [[wikipedia:North Atlantic|North Atlantic]], German [[U-boat]]s attempted to cut supply lines to the United Kingdom by sinking merchant ships.  In the first four months of the war they sank more than 110 vessels.  In addition to supply ships, the U-boats occasionally attacked British warships.  One U-boat sank the British [[aircraft carrier|carrier]] [[HMS Courageous (50)|HMS ''Courageous'']], while another managed to sink the [[battleship]] [[HMS Royal Oak (1914)|HMS ''Royal Oak'']] in her home anchorage of [[wikipedia:Scapa Flow|Scapa Flow]].

In addition to U-boats, surface raiders posed a threat to Allied shipping.  In the [[wikipedia:South Atlantic|South Atlantic]], the German pocket battleship [[German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee|''Admiral Graf Spee'']] sank nine British [[British Merchant Navy|Merchant Navy]] vessels. She was tracked down off the coast of South America, then engaged by the [[cruiser]]s [[HMS Ajax (22)|HMS ''Ajax'']], [[HMS Exeter (68)|HMS ''Exeter'']], and [[HMNZS Achilles (70)|HMNZS ''Achilles'']] in the [[Battle of the River Plate]], and forced into [[Montevideo|Montevideo Harbor]]. Rather than face battle again, [[wikipedia:Captain Langsdorff|Captain Langsdorff]] made for sea and [[wikipedia:Scuttling|scuttled]] his battleship just outside the harbor.

On May 24, 1941,  the German battleship ''[[German battleship Bismarck|Bismarck]]'' left port, threatening to break out into the Atlantic.  She sank [[HMS Hood|HMS ''Hood'']], one of the finest battlecruisers in the Royal Navy.  A massive hunt ensued, in which the German battleship was sunk after a 1,700-mile (2,700 kilometer) chase, during which the British employed eight battleships and battle cruisers, two aircraft carriers, 11 cruisers, 21 destroyers, and six submarines.  [[Fairey Swordfish]] torpedo bombers from aircraft carrier [[HMS Ark Royal|HMS ''Ark Royal'']] struck the ''Bismarck'', causing her [[wikipedia:rudder|rudder]] to jam and allowing the pursuing Royal Navy squadrons to sink her.

In the summer of 1941, the Soviet Union entered the war on the side of the Allies.  While they had tremendous reserves in manpower, they had lost much of their equipment and manufacturing base in the first few weeks following the German invasion.  The Western Allies attempted to remedy this by sending [[Arctic convoys of World War II|Arctic convoys]], which travelled from the United Kingdom and the United States to the northern ports of the Soviet Union - Archangel and Murmansk.  The treacherous route around the [[wikipedia:North Cape, Norway|North Cape]] of Norway was the site of many battles as the Germans continually tried to disrupt the convoys using U-boats, bombers, and surface ships.

Following the entry of the United States into the war in December 1941, U-boats sank shipping along the [[wikipedia:East Coast of the United States|East Coast of the United States]] and [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]], the waters around [[wikipedia:Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], the [[wikipedia:Caribbean Sea|Caribbean Sea]], and the [[wikipedia:Gulf of Mexico|Gulf of Mexico]].  They were initially so successful that this became known among U-boat crews as the [[wikipedia:Second happy time|Second happy time]].  Eventually, the institution of shore [[Blackout (wartime)|blackouts]] and an interlocking convoy system resulted in a drop in attacks and U-boats shifted their operations back to the mid-Atlantic.


On [[wikipedia:May 9|May 9]], 1942 the destroyer [[HMS Bulldog|HMS ''Bulldog'']] captured a German U-Boat and recovered a complete, intact [[Enigma Machine]], an encryption device.  The machine was taken to [[wikipedia:Bletchley Park|Bletchley Park]], England, where it was used to break the German [[History of cryptography#World War II cryptography|code]].  Thereafter the Allies enjoyed an advantage in that they could intercept and understand some German radio communications, directing naval forces to where they would be most effective.

In December 1943, the last major sea battle between the [[Royal Navy]] and the [[Kriegsmarine|German Navy]] took place. At the [[Battle of North Cape]], Germany's last battlecruiser, the ''[[Scharnhorst]]'', was sunk by [[HMS Duke of York|HMS ''Duke of York'']], [[HMS Belfast|HMS ''Belfast'']], and several destroyers.

The turning point of the [[Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)|Battle of the Atlantic]] took place in early 1943 as the Allies refined their [[naval tactics]], effectively making use of new technology to counter the U-Boats.  The Allies produced ships faster than they were sunk, and lost fewer ships by adopting the [[wikipedia:convoy|convoy]] system.  Improved [[anti-submarine warfare]] meant that the [[wikipedia:life expectancy|life expectancy]] of a typical U-boat crew would be measured in months. The vastly improved [[German Type XXI submarine|Type 21 U-boat]] appeared as the war was ending, but too late to affect the outcome.

===The Eastern Front (January 1942 - February 1943)===
{{main|Operation Blue|Battle of Stalingrad|Battle of the Caucasus}}
[[Image:Eastern Front 1942-05 to 1942-11.png|thumb|right|Operation Blau: German advances from [[wikipedia:7 May|7 May]] [[1942]] to [[wikipedia:18 November|18 November]] [[1942]]:
{{legend|#fff8d5|to [[7 July]] [[1942]]}}
{{legend|#ffd2b9|to [[22 July]] [[1942]]}}
{{legend|#ebd7ff|to [[1 August]] [[1942]]}}
{{legend|#ccffcd|to [[18 November]] [[1942]]}}]]
On January 6, 1942, Stalin, confident of his earlier victory, ordered a general [[Toropets-Kholm Operation|counter-offensive]]. Initially the attacks made good ground as Soviet pincers closed around Demyansk and Vyazma and threatening attacks were made towards Smolensk and Bryansk. But despite these successes the Soviet offensive soon ran out of steam. By March, the Germans had recovered and stabilized their line and secured the neck of the Vyazma Pocket. Only at [[Demyansk Pocket|Demyansk]] was there any serious prospect of a major Soviet victory. Here a large part of the [[wikipedia:Sixteenth Army (Germany)|German 16th Army]] had been surrounded. Hitler ordered no withdrawal and the 92,000 men trapped in the pocket were to hold their ground while they were re-supplied by air. For 10 weeks they held out until April when a land corridor was opened to the west. The German forces retained Demyansk until they were permitted to withdraw in February 1943. 

With the spring both sides decided to resume the offensive. While the German high command decided to stabilize the front at [[wikipedia:Kharkov|Kharkov]], the Soviets unknowingly decided to attack in the same sector to maintain pressure in the south. The Soviets had attacked in Kharkov sector in January and had established a salient on the West Bank of the [[wikipedia:Seversky Donets|River Donets]]. On May 12, the Soviets opened with concentric attacks on either side of Kharkov and in both sides the Soviets broke through German lines and a serious threat to the city emerged. In response, the Germans accelerated the plans for their own offensive and launching it 5 days later.

The [[wikipedia:Sixth Army (Germany)|German 6th Army]] struck at the salient from the south and encircled the entire Soviet army assaulting Kharkov. In the last days of May, the Germans destroyed the forces inside the pocket. Of the Soviet troops inside the pocket, 70,000 were killed, 200,000 captured and only 22,000 managed to escape. The Germans did not realize the scale of the victory they had achieved, and unknown to the Germans, by early June the wide steppes of the Caucuses lay virtually undefended.

Hitler had by now realized that his Armies were too weak to carry out an offensive on all sectors of the Eastern Front. But if the Germans could seize the oil and fertile rich area of Southern Russia this would give the Germans the means to continue with the war. In April, Hitler outlined his plans for the main campaign in Russia codenamed [[Operation Blue]]. The overall objective of Operation Blue would be the destruction of the Red Army's southern front, consildation of the [[wikipedia:Ukraine|Ukraine]] west of the [[wikipedia:River Volga|River Volga]], and the capture of the Caucaus oil fields. The Germans reinforced Army Group South by transferring divisions from other sectors and getting divisions from Axis allies. By late June, Hitler had 74 Divisions ready to go on the offensive, 54 of them were German.

The German plan was a three pronged attack in Southern Russia. The 4th Panzer Army (transferred from Army Group North) and the 2nd Army supported by the 2nd Hungarian Army would attack from [[wikipedia:Kursk|Kursk]] to [[wikipedia:Voronezh|Voronezh]] and afterwhich they will continue to attack and anchor their left wing around the River Volga. The 6th Army would attack from [[wikipedia:Kharkov|Kharkov]] and move in parallel with 4th Panzer Army to reach the River Volga. The 1st Panzer Army would strike towards the lower Don River, flanked on its right by the 17th Army. These movements were expected to result in a series of great encirclements of Soviet troops. The Soviets did not know where the main German offensive of 1942 would come. Stalin was convinced that the German objective of 1942 would be Moscow and over 50% of all Red Army troops were deployed in the Moscow region. Only 10% of Russian troops were deployed in Southern Russia.

On June 28, 1942, the German offensive began. Everywhere the Russians fell back as the Germans sliced through the Russian defenses. By July 5, forward elements of 4th Panzer Army reached the River Don near [[wikipedia:Voronezh|Voronezh]] and got embroiled in a bitter battle to capture the city. The Russians, by tying down 4th Panzer Army gained vital time to reinforce their defenses. The Russians for the first time in the war were not fighting to hold hopelessly exposed positions but were retreating in good order. As German pincers closed in they only found stragglers and rear guards. Angered by the delays, Hitler re-organized Army Group South to two smaller Army Groups, [[wikipedia:Army Group A|Army Group A]] which now included the 17th Army, 1st Panzer Army and 4th Panzer Army. Army Group B included 2nd Army, 6th Army and two Italian and Hungarian Armies. The bulk of the Armored forces were now concentrated with Army Group A which was ordered to attack towards the Caucasus oil fields while Army Group B was ordered to capture Stalingrad and guard against any Soviet counter attacks. The transfer of 4th Panzer Army away from 6th Army to help the 1st Panzer Army cross the lower region of the Don River reduced 6th Army's advance to a march giving further time to the Russians to consolidate their positions. 

By July 23, the German 6th Army had taken [[wikipedia:Rostov|Rostov]] but Russians fought a skillful rearguard action which embroiled the Germans in heavy urban fighting to take the city. This also allowed the main Russian formations to escape encirclements. With the River Don's crossing secured in the south and with the 6th Army's advance flagging, Hitler send the 4th Panzer Army back to join up with 6th Army. In late July, 6th Army resumed its offensive and by August 10, 6th Army cleared Russian presence from the west bank of the River Don but Russians held out in some areas further delaying 6th Army's march east. In contrast, Army Group A after crossing the River Don on July 25 had fanned out on a broad front. The German 17th Army swung west towards the Black Sea, the 1st Panzer Army attacked towards the south and east sweeping through country largely abandoned by the Russians. On August 9, 1st Panzer Army reached the foothills of the Caucasus mountains, advancing more than 300 miles.

[[Image:Stalingrad-a.jpg|right|thumb|right|Soviet soldiers fighting in the ruins of Stalingrad, 1942.]]
The German 6th Army after finally clearing the west bank of the River Don of Russian troops crossed the river on August 21 and began advancing on [[wikipedia:Stalingrad|Stalingrad]]. Germans bombed the city killing over 40,000 people and turning much of the city into rubble. The 6th Army's advance on Stalingrad from the North while the 4th Panzer Army advanced from the South. Between these armies and in the area from River Don to [[wikipedia:River Volga|River Volga]], a salient had been created. Two Russian Armies were in the salient and on August 29, 4th Panzer Army mounted a major attack through the salient towards Stalingrad. 6th Army was ordered to do the same but Russians mounted major attacks against 6th Army from the North which tied up 6th Army for 3 vital days enabling the Soviet forces in the salient to escape encirclement and fall back towards Stalingrad. The Russians who by now had realized that the German plan was the seizure of the oil fields began sending large number of troops from the Moscow sector to reinforce their troops in the South. [[wikipedia:Zhukov|Zhukov]] assumed command of the Stalingrad front and in early September and mounted a series of attacks from the North which further delayed the 6th Army's attempt to seize Stalingrad. By mid-September, the 6th Army after neutralizing the Soviet counterattacks once again resumed to capture the city. On September 13, the Germans advanced through the southern suburbs and by September 23, 1942, the main factory complex was surrounded and the German artillery was within range of the quays on the river, across which the Soviets evacuated wounded and brought in reinforcements. Ferocious [[street fighting]], hand-to-hand conflict of the most savage kind, now ensued at Stalingrad. Exhaustion and deprivation gradually sapped men's strength. Hitler, who had become obsessed with the battle of Stalingrad, refused to countenance a withdrawal. General Paulus, in desperation, launched yet another attack early in November by which time the Germans had managed to capture 90% of the city. The Soviets, however, had been building up massive forces on the flanks of Stalingrad which were by this time severely undermanned as the bulk of the German forces had been concentrated in capturing the city and Axis satellite troops were left guarding the flanks. The Soviets launched [[Operation Uranus]] on [[wikipedia:November 19|November 19]] 1942, with twin attacks that met at the city of Kalach four days, encircling the 6th Army in Stalingrad.

[[Image:Eastern Front 1942-11 to 1943-03.png|left|thumb|The eastern front at the time of Operation Uranus.]]
The Germans requested permission to attempt a breakout, which was refused by Hitler, who ordered the [[wikipedia:German Sixth Army|Sixth Army]] to remain in Stalingrad where he promised they would be supplied by air until rescued. About the same time, the Soviets launched [[Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive|Operation Mars]] in a salient near the vicinity of Moscow. Its objective was to tie down [[wikipedia:Army Group Centre|Army Group Center]] and to prevent it from reinforcing [[wikipedia:Army Group South|Army Group South]] at Stalingrad.

Meanwhile, Army Group A's advance into the Caucasus had stalled as Russians had destroyed the oil production facilities and a year's work was required to bring them back up and the remaining oil fields lay south of the Caucasus Mountains. Throughout August and September, German Mountain troops probed for a way through but by October with the onset of winter, they were no closer to their objective. With German troops encircled in Stalingrad, Army Group A began to fall back. 

By December, Field Marshal [[wikipedia:Erich von Manstein|von Manstein]] hastily put together a German relief force of units composed from Army Group A to relieve the trapped Sixth Army. Unable to get reinforcements from Army Group Center, the relief force only managed to get within 50 kilometers (30 mi) before they were turned back by the Soviets. By the end of the year, the Sixth Army was in desperate condition, as the ''Luftwaffe'' was able to supply only about a sixth of the supplies needed.

Shortly before surrendering to the Red Army on [[wikipedia:February 2|February 2]] [[1943]], [[wikipedia:Friedrich Paulus|Friedrich Paulus]] was promoted to [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]]. This was a message from Hitler, because no German Field Marshal had ever surrendered his troops or been taken alive. Of the 300,000 strong 6th Army, only 91,000 survived to be taken prisoner, including 22 generals, of which only 5,000 men ever returned to Germany after the war. This was to be the greatest, and most costly, battle in terms of human life in  history. Around 2 million men were killed or wounded on both sides, including civilians, with [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]] casualties estimated to be approximately 850,000 and 750,000 for the Soviets.

===The Western Front (September 1940 – June 1944)===
{{main|Strategic bombing during World War II}}

[[Image:British Landing Craft on Beach at Dieppe.jpg|right|thumb|Picture taken after the failed Canadian assault on the beach at [[wikipedia:Dieppe|Dieppe]].]]
Apart from Italy, Western Europe saw very little fighting from September 1940-June 1944.  British and Canadian forces launched a small raid on the occupied French seaport of [[wikipedia:Dieppe, Seine-Maritime|Dieppe]], on August 19, 1942, whose aim was to test and gain information for an invasion of Europe which would happen later in the war.  The [[Dieppe Raid]] was a total disaster but it provided critical information about amphibious tactics which would be utilized later in [[Operation Torch]] and [[Battle of Normandy|Operation Overlord]].

In December 1941, following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor which brought the United States into the war, Churchill and Roosevelt met at the [[Arcadia Conference]]. They agreed that defeating Germany had priority over defeating Japan. To relieve German pressure on the Soviet Union, the United States proposed a 1942 cross-channel invasion of France.  The British opposed this, suggesting instead a small invasion of Norway or landings in [[wikipedia:French colonial empires|French North Africa]]. The [[Declaration by United Nations|Declaration by the United Nations]] was issued, and the Western Allies invaded North Africa first.

With the entry of the United States into the War, the aerial war turned in favor of the Allies by late 1942. The U.S. air force began the first daylight bombing of Germany, which allowed far more precise targeting, but exposed the bombers to more danger than night bombing.  Meanwhile the British and the Canadians targeting German cities and war industries for night bombing. This effort was orchestrated by [[wikipedia:Arthur Travers Harris|Air Chief Marshall Harris]], who became known as "Bomber Harris".  Additionally, Winston Churchill ordered "terror raids" intended to wipe out whole cities in one go, by incendiary devices causing firestorms, thus depriving German workers of their homes. Mass raids involving upwards of 500 to 1000 [[heavy bomber]]s at a time were undertaken against airfields, industrial centers, submarine bases, rail-marshalling yards, oil depots and, in the later stages of the war, launching sites for weapons such as the [[V-1]] missile (nicknamed 'doodlebug'), the [[V-2]] rocket and a jet-engined plane, the [[Messerschmitt Me 262]]. The Luftwaffe was overwhelmed and by 1945, all major German cities were burnt-out ruins. 
[[Image:Wesel 1945.jpg|thumb|left|The remains of the German town of [[wikipedia:Wesel|Wesel]] after intensive Allied area bombing in 1945 destroyed 97% of all buildings in the town.]]

The Allies also began sabotage missions against Germany such as [[Operation Anthropoid]] in which [[wikipedia:Reinhard Heydrich|Reinhard Heydrich]], the architect of the [[Final Solution]] was assassinated in May 1942 by Czech resistance agents flown in from the United Kingdom. Hitler ordered severe reprisals against the occupants of the nearby Czechoslovakian village of [[wikipedia:Lidice|Lidice]]. All the while, the Allies continued to build up their forces in the United Kingdom for an eventual invasion of Western Europe which was planned for late spring or early summer of 1944.

===The Mediterranean (May 1943 – March 1945)===
{{main|Italian Campaign (World War II)|Yugoslavian Front (WWII)}}
The surrender of Axis forces in Tunisia on [[wikipedia:May 13|May 13]], [[1943]], yielded some 250,000 prisoners. The North African war proved to be a disaster for Italy, and when the Allies invaded [[wikipedia:Sicily|Sicily]] on [[wikipedia:July 10|July 10]] in [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Operation Husky]], capturing the island in a little over a month, the regime of [[Benito Mussolini]] collapsed. On [[wikipedia:July 25|July 25]], he was removed from office by [[wikipedia:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III, the King of Italy]], and arrested with the positive consent of the Great Fascist Council. A new government, led by [[wikipedia:Pietro Badoglio|Pietro Badoglio]], took power and declared ostensibly that Italy would stay in the war. Badoglio had already begun secret peace negotiations with the Allies.

The Allies [[Allied invasion of Italy|invaded mainland Italy]] on [[wikipedia:September 3|September 3]], [[1943]]. Italy surrendered to the Allies on [[wikipedia:September 8|September 8]], as had been agreed in negotiations. The royal family and Badoglio government escaped to the south, leaving the [[Italian Army|Italian army]] without orders, while the Germans took over the fight, forcing the Allies to a complete halt in the winter of 1943–44 at the [[Gustav Line]] south of [[wikipedia:Rome|Rome]].

In the north, Mussolini, with Nazi support, created what was effectively a [[puppet state]], the [[wikipedia:Italian Social Republic|Italian Social Republic]] or [[wikipedia:Italian Social Republic|Republic of Salò]], named after the new capital of [[wikipedia:Salò|Salò]] on [[wikipedia:Lake Garda|Lake Garda]].
[[Image:Monte Cassino.jpg|Battle of Monte Cassino|right|thumb|Cassino is destroyed after heavy bombardment.]]

In May and June 1943 the main corps of the [[wikipedia:Partisans (Yugoslavia)|Yugoslav Partisan]] was encircled and nearly annihilated by German forces in the [[Sutjeska offensive]] in eastern Bosnia.  The core forces around [[wikipedia:Tito|Tito]] successfully broke through the encirclement, and the tide turned in their favor.  After Italy capitulated, the guerillas took and held on to several [[wikipedia:Adriatic|Adriatic]] islands, notably [[wikipedia:Vis (island)|Vis]], which became an Allied air force base.  At the [[Tehran Conference]] the Allies recognized the Partisans as the legitimate Yugoslav fighting force.

Following Italy's surrender, German troops took over the defense of the [[Italian Peninsula|Italian peninsula]] and established the Gustav line in the southern [[wikipedia:Apennine Mountains|Apennine Mountains]] south of Rome.  The Allies were unable to break this line, and so attempted to bypass it with an amphibious landing at  [[wikipedia:Anzio|Anzio]] on [[wikipedia:January 22|January 22]], [[1944]].  The landing, named [[Operation Shingle]], quickly became encircled by the Germans and bogged down, leading Churchill to comment, "Instead of hurling a wildcat onto the shore all we got was a stranded whale."

Unable to circumvent the Gustav line, the Allies again attempted to break through with [[Battle of Monte Cassino|frontal assaults]].  On February 15, the monastery of [[wikipedia:Monte Cassino|Monte Cassino]], founded in 524 by [[wikipedia:St. Benedict|St. Benedict]] was destroyed by American [[B-17 Flying Fortress|B-17]] and [[B-26 Marauder|B-26]] bombers. Crack German paratroopers poured back into the ruins to defend it. From January 12 to May 18, it was assaulted four times by Allied troops, for a loss of over 54,000 Allied and 20,000 German soldiers.

After months, the Gustav line was broken and the Allies marched north. On [[wikipedia:June 4|June 4]], [[wikipedia:Rome|Rome]] was liberated, and the Allied army reached [[wikipedia:Florence|Florence]] in August. It then was held at the [[Gothic Line]] on the Tuscan Apennines during the winter.

As the [[Red Army]] advanced into the Balkans, [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]] left the Axis on [[wikipedia:August 23|August 23]], [[Bulgaria]] on [[wikipedia:September 9|September 9]], and German troops abandoned [[wikipedia:Greece|Greece]] on [[October 12]].  Concurrently, Yugoslav Partisans shifted operations into [[wikipedia:Serbia|Serbia]], freed [[wikipedia:Belgrade|Belgrade]] on [[wikipedia:October 20|October 20]] with Soviet help, and assisted the [[National Liberation Army of Albania|Albanian Resistance]] rout the Germans by [[wikipedia:November 29|November 29]]. By year end, the Partisans controlled the eastern half of Yugoslavia and the [[wikipedia:Dalmatian|Dalmatian]] coast, and on [[wikipedia:March 20|March 20]], [[1945]] they mounted their final push westwards.

===The Eastern Front (February 1943 – January 1945)===
{{main|Third Battle of Kharkov|Battle of Kursk|Battle of the Lower Dnieper|Operation Bagration| Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive}}

{{Cquote2|''They want a war of annihilation. We will give them a war of annihilation.''|[[wikipedia:Joseph Stalin|Joseph Stalin]]}}


[[Image:Totenkopf-Kursk-01.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Waffen-SS]]'' ''[[Panzergrenadier]]s'' and [[Tiger tank]]s of the [[SS Division Totenkopf|SS Panzergrenadier Division ''Totenkopf'']] during the start of [[Battle of Kursk|''Operation Zitadelle'']].]]
After the surrender of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad on [[wikipedia:February 2|February 2]], [[1943]], the [[Red Army]] launched eight offensives during the winter. Many were concentrated along the [[wikipedia:Don River, Russia|Don basin]] near Stalingrad. These attacks resulted in initial gains until German forces were able to take advantage of the over extended and weakened condition of the Red Army and launch a counter attack to re-capture the city of Kharkov and surrounding areas. This was to be the last major strategic German victory of World War II.

The rains of spring inhibited campaigning in the Soviet Union, but both sides used the interval to build up for the inevitable battle that would come in the summer. The start date for the offensive had been moved repeatedly as delays in preparation had forced the Germans to postpone the attack. By [[wikipedia:July 4|July 4]], the Wehrmacht, after assembling their greatest concentration of firepower during the whole of World War II, launched their offensive against the Soviet Union at the [[wikipedia:Kursk|Kursk]] salient. Their intentions were known by the Soviets, who hastened to defend the salient with an enormous system of earthwork defenses. The Germans attacked from both the north and south of the salient and hoped to meet in the middle, cutting off the salient and trapping 60 Soviet divisions. The German offensive in the Northern sector was ground down as little progress was made through the Soviet defenses but in the Southern Sector there was a danger of a German breakthrough. The Soviets then brought up their reserves to contain the German thrust in the Southern sector, and the ensuing [[Battle of Kursk]] became the largest tank battle of the war, near the city of [[wikipedia:Prokhorovka|Prokhorovka]]. The Germans lacking any sizable reserves had exhausted their [[Armoured forces|armored forces]] and could not stop the Soviet counteroffensive that threw them back across their starting positions.

The Soviets captured Kharkov following their victory at Kursk and with the Autumn rains threatening, Hitler agreed to a general withdrawal to the Dnieper line in August. As September proceeded into October, the Germans found the Dnieper line impossible to hold as the Soviet bridgeheads grew. Important Dnieper towns started to fall, with Zaporozhye the first to go, followed by Dnepropetrovsk. Early in November the Soviets broke out of their bridgeheads on either side of Kiev and recaptured the Ukrainian capital. The [[wikipedia:1st Ukrainian Front|1st Ukrainian Front]] attacked at Korosten on [[wikipedia:Christmas Eve|Christmas Eve]], and the Soviet advance continued along the [[wikipedia:Rail tracks|railway line]] until the 1939 Soviet-Polish border was reached.
[[Image:Eastern Front 1943-08 to 1944-12.png|thumb|left|Soviet advances from August 1943 to December 1944.]]

The Soviets launched their winter offensive in January 1944 in the Northern sector and relieved the brutal [[siege of Leningrad]]. The Germans conducted an orderly retreat from the [[wikipedia:Leningrad Oblast|Leningrad area]] to a shorter line based on the lakes to the south. By March the Soviets struck into Romania from Ukraine. The Soviet forces encircled the [[wikipedia:German First Panzer Army|First Panzer Army]] north of the [[wikipedia:Dniestr|Dniestr]] river. The Germans escaped the pocket in April, saving most of their men but losing their heavy equipment. During April, the Red Army launched a series of attacks near the city of Iaşi, Romania, aimed at capturing the strategically important sector which they hoped to use as a springboard into Romania for a summer offensive. The Soviets were held back by the German and Romanian forces when they launched the attack through the forest of [[wikipedia:Târgu Frumos|Târgul Frumos]] as Axis forces successfully defended the sector through the month of April. 

As Soviet troops neared Hungary, German troops occupied Hungary on [[wikipedia:March 20|March 20]]. Hitler thought that Hungarian leader Admiral [[wikipedia:Miklós Horthy|Miklós Horthy]] might no longer be a reliable ally. Germany's other Axis ally, Finland had sought a separate peace with Stalin in February 1944, but would not accept the initial terms offered. On [[wikipedia:June 9|June 9]], the Soviet Union began the [[Fourth strategic offensive]] on the [[wikipedia:Karelian Isthmus|Karelian Isthmus]] that, after three months, forced Finland to accept an armistice.

Before the Soviet could begin their Summer offensive into Belarus they had to clear the Crimea peninsula of Axis forces. Remnants of the German Seventeenth Army of Army Group South and some Romanian forces were cut off and left behind in the peninsula when the Germans retreated from the Ukraine. In early May, the Red Army's [[Soviet Southwestern Front|3rd Ukrainian Front]] attacked the Germans and the ensuing battle was a complete victory of the Soviet forces and a botched evacuation effort across the [[wikipedia:Black Sea|Black Sea]] by Germany failed.
[[Image:Uprising bank polski2.jpg|thumb|right|Ruins of the Bank Polski after the [[Warsaw Uprising]].]]

With the Crimea cleared, the long awaited Soviet summer offensive codenamed, Operation Bagration, began on [[wikipedia:June 22|June 22]], 1944 which involved 2.5 million men and 6,000 tanks. Its objective was to clear German troops from Belarus and crush German Army Group Center which was defending that sector. The offensive was timed to coincide with the Allied landings in Normandy but delays caused the offensive to be postponed for a few weeks. The subsequent battle resulted in the destruction of German Army Group Centre and over 800,000 German casualties, the greatest defeat for the Wehrmacht during the war. The Soviets swept forward, reaching the outskirts of Warsaw on [[wikipedia:July 31|July 31]].

The proximity of the Red Army led the Poles in Warsaw to believe they would soon be liberated. On [[wikipedia:August 1|August 1]], they revolted as part of the wider [[Operation Tempest]]. Nearly 40,000 Polish resistance fighters seized control of the city. The Soviets, however, did not advance any further. [http://www.warsawuprising.com/doc/okulicki1.htm] The only assistance given to the Poles was artillery fire, as German army units moved into the city to put down the revolt. The resistance ended on [[wikipedia:October 2|October 2]]. German units then destroyed most of what was left of the city.

[[Image:Red Army greeted in Bucharest.jpg|left|thumb|[[wikipedia:Bucharest|Bucharest]]ers greet Romania's new ally, the [[Red Army]], on [[wikipedia:31 August|31 August]], [[1944]].]]
Following the destruction of German Army Group Center, the Soviets attacked German forces in the south in mid-July 1944, and in a month's time they cleared Ukraine of German presence inflicting heavy losses on the Germans. Once Ukraine had been cleared the Soviet forces struck into Romania. The Red Army's 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Fronts engaged German ''Heeresgruppe Südukraine'', which consisted of German and Romanian formations, in an operation to occupy Romania and destroy the German formations in the sector. The result of the [[Battle of Romania (1944)|Battle of Romania]] was a complete victory for the Red Army, and a switch of Romania from the Axis to the Allied camp. [[wikipedia:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] surrendered to the Red Army in September. Following the German retreat from Romania, the Soviets entered Hungary in October 1944 but the German Sixth Army encircled and destroyed three corps of Marshal Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky's Group Pliyev near [[Battle of Debrecen|Debrecen]], Hungary. The rapid assault the Soviets had hoped that would lead to the capture of Budapest was now halted and Hungary would remain Germany's ally until the end of the war in Europe. This battle would be the last German victory in the Eastern Front.

The Soviets recovered from their defeat in Debrecen and advancing columns of the Red Army liberated Belgrade in late December and reached Budapest on [[wikipedia:December 29|December 29]], [[1944]] and en-circled the city where over 188,000 Axis troops were trapped including many German Waffen-SS. The Germans held out till [[wikipedia:February 13|February 13]], [[1945]] and the siege became one of the bloodiest of the war. Meanwhile the Red Army's 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Baltic Fronts engaged the remnants of German Army Group Center and [[wikipedia:Army Group North|Army Group North]] to capture the [[wikipedia:Baltic region|Baltic region]] from the Germans in October 1944. The result of the series of battles was a permanent loss of contact between Army Groups North and Centre, and the creation of the [[Courland Pocket]] in Latvia where the [[wikipedia:Eighteenth Army (Germany)|18th]] and [[wikipedia:Sixteenth Army (Germany)|16th]] German Armies, numbering over 250,000 men were trapped and would remain there till the end of the war.

===The Pacific (June 1943 – July 1945)===
Battle of Iwo Jima|Battle of Okinawa}}
[[Image:B-29s dropping bombs.jpg|right|thumb|U.S. Air force attacked Japan by using massive incendiary bombs against Japanese cities during the war with hundreds of planes flying at low altitudes.]]
On June 30, the Allies launched [[Operation Cartwheel]], a grand strategy for the South and South West Pacific, aimed at isolating the major Japanese base at [[wikipedia:Rabaul|Rabaul]], before proceeding on an "[[island-hopping]]" campaign towards Japan. Three main objectives were identified: recapturing [[wikipedia:Tulagi|Tulagi]] and the [[wikipedia:Santa Cruz Islands|Santa Cruz Islands]]; recapturing the north coast of [[wikipedia:New Guinea|New Guinea]], and the central [[wikipedia:Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands]] and; the reduction of Rabaul and related bases. 

By September, Australian and U.S. forces in New Guinea had [[Salamaua-Lae campaign|captured the major Japanese bases at Salamaua and Lae]]. Soon afterwards they launched the [[Huon Peninsula campaign|Huon Peninsula]], the [[Finisterre Range campaign|Finisterre Range]], [[Bougainville campaign (1943-45)|Bougainville]], and [[New Britain campaign]]s.

In November, [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marines]] won the [[Battle of Tarawa]]. This was the first heavily opposed [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious assault]] in the [[Pacific theater]]. The high casualties taken by the Marines sparked off a storm of protest in the United States, where the large losses could not be understood for such a tiny and seemingly unimportant island. The Allies adopted a policy of bypassing some Japanese island strongholds and letting them "wither on the vine", cut off from supplies and troop reinforcements.

The Allied advance continued in the Pacific with the capture of the [[Marshall Islands]] before the end of February. Some 42,000 [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] soldiers and U.S. Marines landed on [[wikipedia:Kwajalein|Kwajalein atoll]] on [[wikipedia:January 31|January 31]]. [[Battle of Kwajalein|Fierce fighting]] occurred, and the island was taken on [[wikipedia:February 6|February 6]]. U.S. Marines next defeated the Japanese in the [[Battle of Eniwetok]].

The U.S. strategic objective was to gain airbases within bombing range of the new [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29s]] on the [[wikipedia:Mariana Islands|Mariana Islands]], especially [[wikipedia:Saipan|Saipan]], [[wikipedia:Tinian|Tinian]] and [[wikipedia:Guam|Guam]].  On [[wikipedia:June 11|June 11]], the U.S. Naval fleet bombarded Saipan, defended by 32,000 Japanese troops; 77,000 Marines landed  starting the 15th, and the island was secure by July 9. The Japanese committed much of their declining naval strength in the [[Battle of the Philippine Sea]], but suffered severe losses in both ships and aircraft. After the battle, the Japanese aircraft carrier force was no longer militarily effective. With the capture of Saipan, Japan was finally within range of B-29 bombers.

Guam was invaded on [[wikipedia:July 21|July 21]] and taken on [[wikipedia:August 10|August 10]], but the Japanese fought fanatically. Mopping-up operations continued long after the [[Battle of Guam]] was officially over. The island of [[wikipedia:Tinian|Tinian]] was invaded on [[wikipedia:July 24|July 24]] and was conquered on [[wikipedia:August 1|August 1]]. This operation saw the first use of [[wikipedia:napalm|napalm]] in the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|last=Foot|first=I.C.B.|pages=118|accessdate=2007-03-31|title=The Oxford Companion to World War II|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2005|}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Image:McArthur.JPG|thumb|right|"''I have returned.''" — A famous photo of [[wikipedia:Douglas MacArthur|Gen. MacArthur]] coming ashore back to the Philippines. Photo taken by Carl Mydans of ''Life'' magazine.]]
[[Image:USS Franklin list-700px.jpg|thumb|left|[[USS Franklin (CV-13)|USS Franklin]] badly damaged after sustained kamikaze attacks in March 1945 just before the [[Battle of Okinawa]].]]
General MacArthur's troops liberated the Philippines, landing on the island of [[wikipedia:Leyte|Leyte]] on [[wikipedia:October 20|October 20]]. The Japanese had prepared a rigorous defense and used the last of their naval forces in a failed attempt to destroy the invasion force in the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]], [[wikipedia:October 23|October 23]] through [[wikipedia:October 26|October 26]], [[1944]], arguably the [[largest naval battle in history]].  This was the first battle that employed Japanese [[kamikaze]] attacks.  The Japanese battleship [[Japanese battleship Musashi|''Musashi'']], one of the two largest battleships ever built, was sunk by 19 American torpedoes and 17 bombs. 

Throughout 1944, Allied submarines and aircraft attacked Japanese merchant shipping and deprived Japan's industry of the raw materials it had gone to war to obtain.  The main target was oil, and Japan ran almost dry by late 1944.  In 1944, submarines sank over two million tons of cargo,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = King | first = Admiral Earnest J. | url = http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Compac45.html | title = Naval Operations in the Pacific from March 1944 to October 1945 | publisher = Sam Houston State University | language = English | accessdate = 2006-07-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt; while the Japanese were only able to replace less than one million tons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Parshall | first = Jon | url = http://www.combinedfleet.com/economic.htm | title = Why Japan Really Lost The War | publisher = Imperial Japanese Navy Page | language = English | accessdate = 2006-07-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
for emergency landings for B29s and because it was close enough 
In January 1945, the [[U.S. Sixth Army]] landed on [[wikipedia:Luzon|Luzon]], the main island of the Philippines. Manila was recaptured by March. 

The United States captured [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] in February.  The island was psychologically important because it was traditional Japanese territory, administered by the Tokyo prefecture.  It was heavily defended with many underground entrenchments, but was eventually taken by Marines after they captured Mount Suribachi, a keystone of the defense.   Iwo Jima proved invaluable because of its two airfields that were used for emergency landings for B29's, and because it was close enough to provide fighter escort that could reach the [[wikipedia:Japanese Archipelago|Japanese Home Islands]].&lt;ref&gt;Yoder, Dan. The Fight for Iwo Jima.  In History of the Second World War. editor Sir Basil Hart. 1989. p393. &lt;/ref&gt;

With the subsequent capture of [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa]] (April through June), the U.S. brought the Japanese homeland within easier range of naval and air attack.  The Japanese defended the island with ground forces, kamikazes, and with the one-way suicide mission of the battleship [[Japanese battleship Yamato|''Yamato'']], which was sunk by American dive-bombers. Amongst dozens of other Japanese cities, [[Bombing of Tokyo in World War II|Tokyo was firebombed]], and about 90,000 people died from the initial attack. The dense [[wikipedia:Quality of life|living conditions]] around production centres and the wooden residential constructions contributed to the large loss of life. In addition, the ports and major waterways of Japan were extensively mined by air in [[Operation Starvation]], which seriously disrupted the logistics of the [[wikipedia:island nation|island nation]]. 

The last major offensive in the [[South West Pacific Area]] was the [[Borneo campaign (1945)|Borneo campaign]] of mid-1945, which was aimed at further isolating the remaining Japanese forces in Southeast Asia and securing the release of Allied prisoners of war.

===China and South-East Asia (March 1944 – June 1945)===
{{main|Battle of Henan-Hunan-Guangxi|Battle of Imphal}}
[[Image:Subhas Bose.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[wikipedia:Subhash Chandra Bose|Netaji Subash Chandra Bose]] &amp;mdash; one of the most prominent leaders of the [[wikipedia:Indian Independence Movement|Indian Independence Movement]], led the [[wikipedia:Indian National Army|Indian National Army]] against the allies in [[Battle of Imphal|Imphal]] &amp; [[Burma Campaign|Burma]] during World War II.]]
[[Image:Royal Indian Army.jpg|thumb|right|The [[wikipedia:Indian Army|Indian Army]]'s [[wikipedia:Gorkha regiments (India)|Gurkha Rifles]] crossing the [[wikipedia:Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy River]] on [[wikipedia:27 January|27 January]], [[1945]]. The Gurkhas were involved in hard fought actions with the Japanese during the early months of 1945.]]

In April 1944, the Japanese launched [[Battle of Henan-Hunan-Guangxi|Operation Ichigo]], to secure the railway route from Peking to Nanking, and to clear southern China of American airfields under the command of General [[wikipedia:Claire Lee Chennault|Chennault]]&lt;ref&gt; Keegan, John. ''The Second World War''. 1989. p548.&lt;/ref&gt;  The operation was successful in that it opened a continuous corridor from Peking to Indochina, and the airfields were forced to relocate inland.  However it failed to destroy the army of [[wikipedia:Chiang Kai-shek|Chiang Kai-shek]], and the Americans soon acquired the [[wikipedia:Mariana Islands|Marianas]], from which they could bomb the [[wikipedia:Japanese Archipelago|Japanese Home Islands]].

While the Americans steadily built the [[wikipedia:Ledo Road|Ledo Road]] from [[wikipedia:India|India]] to China, in March 1944, the Japanese began their own offensive into India. This '''"Delhi Chalo"''' ('March to [[wikipedia:Delhi|Delhi]]') was initiated by [[wikipedia:Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]],&lt;ref&gt;Peter Ward Fay The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence 1941-45&lt;/ref&gt; the commander of [[wikipedia:Indian National Army|Indian National Army]] (a force comprised of POWs from the [[wikipedia:British Indian Army|British Indian Army]] who had been captured by the Japanese and had decided to join the war in an attempt to rid India of their colonial rulers, and thereby attain independence).&lt;ref&gt;Modern India by Sumit Sarkar (Macmillan) pp 418-423&lt;/ref&gt; The Japanese attempted to destroy the main British and Indian forces at [[wikipedia:Imphal|Imphal]], resulting in some of the most ferocious fighting of the war. While the encircled allied troops were reinforced and resupplied by [[Cargo aircraft|transport aircraft]] until fresh troops broke the siege, the Japanese, in part due to torrential rains, ran out of supplies and starved. The surviving forces eventually retreated losing 85,000 men, one of the largest Japanese defeats of the war.

During the monsoon from August to November 1944, the Japanese were pursued to the [[wikipedia:Chindwin River|Chindwin River]] in Burma. With the onset of the [[wikipedia:dry season|dry season]] in early 1945, while the [[Northern Combat Area Command|American and Chinese forces]] finally completed the Ledo Road, although too late to have any decisive effect, the [[British Fourteenth Army]], consisting of Indian, British, and African units, launched an offensive into Central Burma. The Japanese forces were heavily defeated, and the Allies pursued them southward, taking Rangoon on May 2 (see [[Operation Dracula]]).

===The Western Front (June 1944 – January 1945)===
{{main|Battle of Normandy|Operation Market Garden|Battle of the Bulge}}

{{Cquote2|''In the East, the vastness of space will... permit a loss of territory... without suffering a mortal blow to Germany’s chance for survival. Not so in the West! If the enemy here succeeds… consequences of staggering proportions will follow within a short time.&lt;ref&gt;''D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II'', [[wikipedia:Stephen Ambrose|Stephen Ambrose]], Simon &amp; Schuster, 1995 &lt;/ref&gt; ''|[[Adolf Hitler]]}}

By the Spring of 1944, the Allied preparations for the invasion of France were complete. They had assembled around 120 Divisions with over 2 million men of which 1.3 million were Americans, 600,000 were British and the rest were Canadians, Free French and Polish units. The invasion was set for June 5th but bad weather postponed the invasion to June 6, 1944.&lt;ref name="war5"&gt;[[wikipedia:Richard Overy|Overy, Richard]]&lt;/ref&gt; Almost 85-90% of all German troops were deployed on the Eastern Front and only 400,000 Germans in two armies, the [[wikipedia:German Seventh Army|German Seventh Army]] and the newly created [[wikipedia:Fifth Panzer Army|Fifth Panzer Army]] was all that Germany could spare to defend against the allied invasion. The Germans had also constructed an elaborate series of fortifications along the coast called the [[wikipedia:Atlantic Wall|Atlantic Wall]] to deter the invasion but in many places the Wall was incomplete. The Allied forces under supreme command of [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] had launched an elaborate deception campaign to convince the Germans that the landings would occur in the [[wikipedia:Calais|Calais]] area which caused the Germans to deploy large parts of their forces in that sector. Only 50,000 Germans were deployed in the Normandy sector on the day of the invasion. 

[[Image:NormandySupply.jpeg|thumb|left|Supplies coming ashore on Normandy.]] 
The invasion began with 17,000 air borne troops being dropped in Normandy to serve as a screening force to prevent the Germans from attacking the beaches. By early morning, a massive Naval flotilla bombarded German defenses on the beaches but due to rough seas many ships were off target. The Americans in particular suffered heavy losses on Omaha beach due to the German fortifications being left intact. However by the end of the first day, most of the Allied objectives were accomplished even though the British objective of capturing [[wikipedia:Caen|Caen]] proved too optimistic. The Germans launched no significant counterattack on the beaches as Hitler believed the landings to be a decoy. Only three days later the German High command realized that Normandy was the actual invasion, but by then the Allies had already consolidated their [[wikipedia:beachhead|beachhead]]s.

The [[wikipedia:bocage|bocage]] terrain of Normandy where the Americans had landed made it ideal ground for defensive warfare.  Nevertheless, the Americans made steady progress and captured the deep-water port of [[Battle of Cherbourg|Cherbourg]] on June 26, one of the primary objectives of the invasion.  However, the Germans had [[Naval mine|mined]] the harbor and destroyed most of the port facilities before surrendering, and it would be another month before the port could be brought back into limited use. The British launched another [[Battle of Villers-Bocage|attack]] on June 13 to capture Caen but were held back as the Germans had moved in large number of troops to hold the city.  The city was to remain in German hands for another 6 weeks.

[[Image:Infantry waiting to move off 'Queen White' Beach.jpg|thumb|right|British Troops take cover on [[wikipedia:Sword Beach|Sword Beach]].]]

Allied firepower, improved tactics, and numerical superiority eventually resulted in a [[Breakout (military)|breakout]] of American mechanized forces at the western end of the Normandy pocket in [[Operation Cobra]] on July 23.  When Hitler learned of the American breakout, he ordered his forces in Normandy to launch an immediate counter-offensive. However the German forces moving in open countryside were now easily targeted by Allied aircraft, as they had initially escaped Allied air attacks due to their well camouflaged defensive positions.

The Americans placed strong formations on their flanks which blunted the attack and then began to encircle the [[wikipedia:German Seventh Army|7th Army]] and large parts of the [[wikipedia:German Fifth Panzer Army|5th Panzer Army]] in the [[Falaise Pocket]]. Some 50,000 Germans were captured, but 100,000 managed to escape the pocket. Worse still, the British and Canadians who had been bogged down in their sector now began to break through the German lines. Any hope the Germans had of containing the Allied thrust into France by forming new defensive lines was now gone.  The Allies raced across France, advancing as much as 600 miles in two weeks&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.generalpatton.com/biography.html Patton]'s Third Army advanced 600 miles.&lt;/ref&gt;  The German forces retreated into Northern France, Holland and Belgium. By August 1944, Allied forces stationed in Italy [[Operation Dragoon|invaded]] the [[wikipedia:French Riviera|French Riviera]] on [[wikipedia:August 15|August 15]] and linked up with forces from Normandy. The clandestine [[French Resistance]] in [[wikipedia:Paris|Paris]] rose against the Germans on [[wikipedia:August 19|August 19]], and a French armored division under [[wikipedia:Philippe Leclerc de Hautecloque|General Philippe Leclerc]], pressing forward from Normandy, received the surrender of the German forces there and liberated the city on [[wikipedia:August 25|August 25]].
[[Image:American troops march down the Champs Elysees.jpg|thumb|left|American troops march down the Champs Elysées in Paris.]]

The Germans launched the [[V-1 flying bomb]], the world's first [[cruise missile]], to attack targets in southern England and Belgium. Later, they would employ the [[V-2 rocket]], a [[wikipedia:Liquid fuels|liquid-fuelled]] guided [[ballistic missile]].  Neither of these weapons was very accurate and they could only target large areas like cities.  They had little military effect but were rather intended to demoralize Allied civilians.

Logistical problems plagued the Allies' advance east as the supply lines still ran back to the beaches of Normandy. Allied paratroopers and armor attempted a war-winning advance through the Netherlands and across the Rhine River with [[Operation Market Garden]] in September, but they were repulsed. A decisive victory by the [[wikipedia:Canadian First Army|Canadian First Army]] in the [[Battle of the Scheldt]] secured the entrance to the port of [[wikipedia:Antwerp|Antwerp]], which freed it to receive supplies by late November 1944.  Meanwhile, the Americans launched an attack through the [[Battle of Hurtgen Forest|Hurtgen Forest]] in September; the Germans, despite having smaller numbers, were able to use the difficult terrain and good defensive positions to hold back the Americans for over 5 months. In October, the Americans captured [[Battle of Aachen|Aachen]], the first major German city to be occupied.
[[Image:Waves of paratroops land in Holland.jpg|right|thumb|Allied [[paratroopers]] land during [[Operation Market Garden]].]]

Hitler had been planning to launch a major counteroffensive against the Allies since mid-September. The objective of the attack was to capture Antwerp. Not only would the capture or destruction of Antwerp prevent supplies reaching the allied armies, it would also split allied forces in two, demoralizing the alliance and forcing its leaders to negotiate. For the attack, Hitler concentrated the best of his remaining forces, launching the attack through the [[wikipedia:Ardennes|Ardennes]] in southern [[wikipedia:Belgium|Belgium]], a hilly and in places a heavily wooded region, and the site of his victory in 1940.  Dense cloud cover denied the Americans the use of their reconnaissance and ground attack aircraft.

Parts of the attack  managed to break through the thinly-held American lines, and dash headlong for the [[wikipedia:River Meuse|Meuse]].  However the northern section of the line held, constricting the advance to a narrow corridor.  The German advance was delayed at [[wikipedia:St. Vith|St. Vith]], which American forces defended for several days.  At the vital road junction of [[Battle of Bastogne|Bastogne]], the American [[wikipedia:101st Airborne Division|101st Airborne Division]] held out for the duration of the battle.   [[wikipedia:George S. Patton|Patton]]'s [[wikipedia:Third United States Army|3rd Army]] to the South made a rapid 90 degree turn and rammed into the German southern flank, relieving Bastogne. 

The weather by this time had cleared unleashing allied air power as the German attack ground to a halt at [[wikipedia:Dinant|Dinant]]. In an attempt to keep the offensive going, the Germans launched a [[Operation Bodenplatte|massive air raid]] on Allied airfields in the Low Countries on January 1, 1945. The Germans destroyed 465 aircraft but lost 277 of their own planes. While the allies recovered their losses in just days, the Luftwaffe was no longer capable of launching major air attack again.&lt;ref&gt;A World At Arms, p 769, Gerhard Weinberg&lt;/ref&gt; 

Allied forces from the north and south met up at [[wikipedia:Houffalize|Houffalize]] and by the end of January they had pushed the Germans back to their start positions.  Many German units were caught in the pocket created by the Bulge and forced to surrender or retreat without their heavy equipment.  Months of the Reich's war production had been expended whereas German forces on the Eastern front were virtually starved of resources at the very moment the Red Army was preparing for its massive offensive against Germany.

===The Eastern Front (January 1945 – April 1945)===
{{main|Vistula-Oder Offensive|Battle of Berlin}}
[[Image:Georgij Žukov-1.jpg|thumb|right|[[wikipedia:Marshal of the Soviet Union|Marshal of the Soviet Union]] [[wikipedia:Georgiy Zhukov|Georgiy Konstantinovich Zhukov]].]]

With the Balkans and most of Hungary cleared of German troops by late December 1944, the Soviets began a massive re-deployment of their forces to Poland for their upcoming Winter offensive. Soviet preparations were still on-going when Churchill asked Stalin to launch his offensive as soon as possible to ease German pressure in the West. Stalin agreed and the offensive was set for January 12, 1945. [[wikipedia:Ivan Konev|Konev]]’s armies attacked the Germans in southern Poland and expanded out from their [[Vistula|Vistula River]] bridgehead near Sandomierz. On [[wikipedia:January 14|January 14]], [[wikipedia:Konstantin Rokossovsky|Rokossovskiy]]’s armies attacked from the [[wikipedia:Narew|Narew River]] north of Warsaw. Zhukov's armies in the centre attacked from their bridgeheads near Warsaw. The combined Soviet offensive broke the defences covering [[wikipedia:East Prussia|East Prussia]], leaving the German front in chaos.

Zhukov took Warsaw by [[wikipedia:January 17|January 17]] and by [[wikipedia:January 19|January 19]], his tanks took [[wikipedia:Łódź|Łódź]]. That same day, Konev's forces reached the German pre-war border. At the end of the first week of the offensive, the Soviets had penetrated 160 kilometers (100 mi) deep on a front that was 650 kilometers (400 mi) wide. The Soviet onslaught finally halted on the [[wikipedia:Oder River|Oder River]] at the end of January, only 60 kilometers (40 mi) from Berlin.
[[Image:Eastern Front 1945-01 to 1945-05.png|thumb|left|Berlin and Prague offensive on the Eastern Front, 1945.]]

The Soviets had hoped to capture Berlin by mid-February but that proved hopelessly optimistic. German resistance which had all but collapsed during the initial phase of the attack had stiffened immeasurably. The Russian supply lines were over-extended and discipline among Soviet troops as they were unleashed on German territory all but collapsed.&lt;!-- The above is unsourced. --&gt; The spring thaw, the lack of air support, and fear of encirclement through flank attacks from [[wikipedia:East Prussia|East Prussia]], [[wikipedia:Pommern|Pommern]] and [[wikipedia:Silesia|Silesia]] led to a general halt in the Soviet offensive. The newly created Army Group Vistula, under the command of Heinrich Himmler, attempted a counter-attack on the exposed flank of the Soviet Army but failed by February 24. This made it clear to Zhukov that the flank had to be secure before any attack on Berlin could be mounted. The Soviets then re-organized their forces and then struck north and cleared Pomerania and then attacked the south and cleared Silesia of German troops. In the south, three German attempts to relieve the encircled Budapest garrison failed, and the city fell to the Soviets on February 13. Again the Germans counter-attacked; Hitler insisting on the impossible task of regaining the Danube River. By March 16, the attack had failed, and the Red Army counter-attacked the same day. On March 30, they entered Austria and captured Vienna on April 13. 

[[Image:Reichstag flag.jpg|thumb|right|Red Army soldiers raising the Soviet flag on the roof of the ''[[wikipedia:Reichstag|Reichstag]]'' in [[wikipedia:Berlin, Germany|Berlin]].]]

Hitler had believed that the main Soviet target for their upcoming offensive would be in the south near [[wikipedia:Prague|Prague]] and not Berlin and had send the last remaining German reserves to defend that sector. The Red Army's main goal was in fact Berlin and by [[wikipedia:April 16|April 16]] it was ready to begin its [[Battle of Berlin|final assault on Berlin]]. Zhukov's forces struck from the center and crossed the [[wikipedia:Oder river|Oder river]] but got bogged down under stiff German resistance around [[Battle of Seelow Heights|Seelow Heights]]. After three days of very heavy fighting and 33,000 Russian soldiers dead,&lt;ref&gt;http://www.gedenkstaette-seelower-hoehen.de/&lt;/ref&gt; the last defenses of Berlin were breached. Konev crossed the Oder river from the South and was within striking distance of Berlin but Stalin ordered Konev to guard the flanks of Zhukov's forces and not attack Berlin, as Stalin had promised the capture of Berlin to Zhukov&lt;!-- Yet another unsourced claim.--&gt;. Rokossovskiy’s forces crossed the Oder from the North and linked up with British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery's forces in northern Germany while the forces of Zhukov and Konev captured Berlin.

By [[wikipedia:April 24|April 24]], the Soviet army groups had encircled the [[wikipedia:German Ninth Army|German Ninth Army]] and part of the [[wikipedia:Fourth Panzer Army (Germany)|4th Panzer Army]]. These were main forces that were supposed to defend Berlin but Hitler had issued orders for these forces to hold their ground and not retreat. Thus the main German forces which were supposed to defend Berlin were trapped southeast of the city. Berlin was encircled around the same time and as a final resistance effort, Hitler called for civilians, including teenagers and the elderly, to fight in the ''[[Volkssturm]]'' militia against the oncoming Red Army. Those marginal forces were augmented by the battered German remnants who had fought the Soviets in [[Battle of the Seelow Heights|Seelow Heights]]. Hitler ordered the encircled [[wikipedia:Ninth Army (Germany)|Ninth Army]] to break out and link up with the [[wikipedia:Twelfth Army (Germany)|Twelfth Army]] of General Walther Wenck and relieve Berlin. An impossible task, the surviving units of the Ninth Army were instead driven into the forests around Berlin near the village of Halbe where they were involved in particularly [[Battle of Halbe|fierce fighting]] trying to break through the Soviet lines and reach the Twelfth Army. A minority managed to join with the Twelfth Army and fight their way west to surrender to the Americans. Meanwhile the fierce urban fighting continued in Berlin. The Germans had stockpiled a very large quantity of [[panzerfaust]]s and took a very heavy toll on Soviet tanks in the rubble filled streets of Berlin. However, the Soviets employed the lessons they learned during the urban fighting of Stalingrad and were slowly advancing to the center of the city. German forces in the city resisted tenaciously, in particular the [[11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland|SS ''Nordland'']] which was made of foreign SS volunteers, because they were ideologically motivated and they believed that they would not live if captured. The fighting was house-to-house and hand-to-hand. The Soviets sustained 360,000 casualties; the Germans sustained 450,000 including civilians and above that 170,000 captured. Hitler and his staff moved into the [[Führerbunker]], a concrete bunker beneath the Chancellery, where on [[wikipedia:April 30|April 30]] [[1945]], [[Death of Adolf Hitler|he committed suicide]], along with his bride, [[wikipedia:Eva Braun|Eva Braun]].

===War ends in Europe===
{{main|Yalta Conference|End of World War II in Europe|Prague Offensive}}
[[Image:Yalta Conference.jpg|thumb|right|Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin at Yalta in 1945.]]
[[wikipedia:Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]], [[wikipedia:Winston Churchill|Churchill]], and [[wikipedia:Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] made arrangements for post-war Europe at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. Their meeting resulted in many important resolutions such as the formation of the [[wikipedia:United Nations|United Nations]], democratic elections in Poland, borders of Poland [[wikipedia:Curzon Line|moved westwards]] at the [[wikipedia:Historical Eastern Germany|expense of]] Germany, Soviet nationals were to be [[wikipedia:Repatriation|repatriated]] and it was agreed that Soviet Union would attack Japan within three months of Germany's surrender.

The Allies resumed their advance into Germany in late January. The final obstacle to the Allies was the river [[wikipedia:Rhine|Rhine]], which was crossed in late March 1945, aided by the fortuitous capture of the [[wikipedia:Ludendorff Bridge|Ludendorff Bridge]] at [[wikipedia:Remagen|Remagen]]. Once the Allies had crossed the Rhine, the British fanned out northeast towards Hamburg, crossing the river [[wikipedia:Elbe|Elbe]] and moving on towards Denmark and the [[wikipedia:Baltic Sea|Baltic Sea]]. 
[[Image:Omar Bradley.jpg|thumb|left|U.S. [[General]] [[wikipedia:Omar Bradley|Omar Bradley]] led the advance into Germany.]] 

The [[wikipedia:U.S. Ninth Army|U.S. 9th Army]] went south as the northern pincer of the Ruhr encirclement, and the [[wikipedia:U.S. First Army|U.S. 1st Army]] went north as the southern pincer of the Ruhr encirclement. These armies were commanded by General [[wikipedia:Omar Bradley|Omar Bradley]] who had over 1,300,000 men under his control. On [[wikipedia:April 4|April 4]], the encirclement was completed, and the German Army Group B which included the 5th Panzer Army, 7th Army and the 15th Army commanded by [[Generalfeldmarschall|Field Marshal]] [[wikipedia:Walther Model|Walther Model]] was trapped in the [[Ruhr Pocket]]. Some 300,000 German soldiers became [[prisoners of war]]. The 1st and 9th U.S. armies then turned east. They halted their advance at the Elbe river where they met up with Soviet troops in mid-April.

Allied advances in the winter of 1944–45 up the Italian peninsula had been slow because of the mountainous terrain and troop re-deployments to France. But by [[wikipedia:April 9|April 9]], the [[wikipedia:15th Army Group|British/American 15th Army Group]] broke through the [[Gothic Line]] and attacked the [[wikipedia:Po River|Po Valley]], gradually enclosing the main German forces. [[wikipedia:Milan|Milan]] was taken by the end of April. The [[wikipedia:U.S. Fifth Army|U.S. 5th Army]] continued to move west and linked up with French units while the British entered [[wikipedia:Trieste|Trieste]] and met up with the Yugoslav partisans. A few days before the surrender of German troops in Italy, Italian partisans captured Mussolini trying to make his escape to Switzerland. He was executed, along with his mistress, [[wikipedia:Clara Petacci|Clara Petacci]]. Their bodies were taken to Milan and hung upside down on public display.

[[Image:Marshals.jpg|thumb|right|[[wikipedia:Marshal of the Soviet Union|Marshals of the Soviet Union]] [[wikipedia:Georgiy Zhukov|Zhukov]] (on the white horse) and [[wikipedia:Konstantin Rokossovsky|Rokossovskiy]] at the [[Moscow Victory Parade of 1945|Victory Parade]] in [[wikipedia:Red Square|Red Square]] on [[wikipedia:June 24|June 24]] [[1945]].]]

After Hitler's death, [[Großadmiral|Grand Admiral]] [[wikipedia:Karl Dönitz|Karl Dönitz]] became leader of the German government but the German [[war effort]] quickly disintegrated. German forces in Berlin surrendered the city to Soviet troops on [[wikipedia:May 2|May 2]], [[1945]]. The German forces in Italy surrendered on [[wikipedia:May 2|May 2]], [[1945]], at General Alexander's headquarters, and German forces in [[wikipedia:northern Germany|northern Germany]], Denmark, and the Netherlands surrendered on [[wikipedia:May 4|May 4]]. The German High Command under Generaloberst [[wikipedia:Alfred Jodl|Alfred Jodl]] surrendered unconditionally all remaining German forces on [[wikipedia:May 7|May 7]] in [[wikipedia:Rheims|Rheims]], France. The western Allies celebrated "[[Victory in Europe Day|V-E Day]]" on [[wikipedia:May 8|May 8]]. The Soviet Union celebrated "[[Victory Day]]" on [[wikipedia:May 9|May 9]]. Some remnants of German Army Group Center continued resistance until [[wikipedia:May 11|May 11]] or [[wikipedia:May 12|May 12]] (see [[Prague Offensive]]). [http://www.wargamer.com/ww2timeline/1945eastern.asp]

===War ends in Asia===
{{main|Potsdam Conference|Battle of Okinawa|Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Operation August Storm}}

[[Image:1945 chiang-mao.jpg|thumb|[[wikipedia:Chiang Kai-shek|Chiang Kai-shek]] and [[wikipedia:Mao Zedong|Mao Zedong]] met in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|wartime]] capital of [[wikipedia:Chongqing|Chongqing]], to toast to the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|Chinese victory over Japan]].]] 

The last Allied conference of World War II was held at the suburb of [[wikipedia:Potsdam|Potsdam]], outside Berlin, from [[wikipedia:July 17|July 17]] to [[wikipedia:August 2|August 2]]. During the [[Potsdam Conference]], agreements were reached among the Allies on policies for occupied Germany. An ultimatum was issued calling for the [[unconditional surrender]] of Japan.

U.S. president [[wikipedia:Harry S. Truman|Harry Truman]] decided to use the new [[Nuclear weapon|atomic weapon]] to bring the war to a swifter end. The battle for Okinawa had shown that an [[Operation Downfall|invasion]] of the Japanese mainland (planned for November) would result in large numbers of American casualties. The official estimate given to the Secretary of War was 1.4 to four million Allied casualties, though some historians dispute whether this would have been the case. Invasion would have meant the death of millions of Japanese soldiers and civilians, who were being trained as militia. 

On [[wikipedia:August 6|August 6]], [[1945]], a [[B-29 Superfortress]], the ''[[Enola Gay]]'', dropped a [[nuclear weapon]] dubbed ''[[Little Boy]]'' on [[wikipedia:Hiroshima|Hiroshima]], destroying the city. On [[wikipedia:August 9|August 9]], a B-29 named ''[[wikipedia:Bockscar|Bockscar]]'' dropped the second atomic bomb, dubbed ''[[Fat Man]]'', on the port city of [[wikipedia:Nagasaki|Nagasaki]].
[[Image:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|left|The [[mushroom cloud]] resulting from the [[nuclear weapon]] known as [[Fat Man]] rises 18 km (11 mi, 60,000 ft) over [[wikipedia:Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] from the [[nuclear explosion]] [[wikipedia:hypocenter|hypocenter]].]]

On [[wikipedia:August 8|August 8]], two days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the Soviet Union, having renounced its [[Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact|nonaggression pact]] with Japan in April, attacked the Japanese in Manchuria, fulfilling its Yalta pledge to attack the Japanese within three months after the [[Victory in Europe Day|end of the war in Europe]]. The attack was made by three Soviet army groups. In less than two weeks, the Japanese army in Manchuria, consisting of over a million men, had been destroyed by the Soviets. The Red Army moved into [[wikipedia:North Korea|North Korea]] on [[wikipedia:August 18|August 18]]. Korea was subsequently divided at the [[wikipedia:38th parallel north|38th parallel]] into Soviet and U.S. zones.

The American use of atomic weapons against Japan and the Soviet invasion of Manchukuo prompted [[wikipedia:Hirohito|Hirohito]] to bypass the existing government and intervene to end the war. In his radio address to the nation, the Emperor did not mention the entry of the Soviet Union into the war, but in his "Rescript to the soldiers and sailors" of August 17, ordering them to [[Ceasefire|cease fire]] and lay down arms, he stressed the relationship between Soviet entrance into the war and his decision to surrender, omitting any mention of the atomic bombs. 

The [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrendered]] on [[wikipedia:August 14|August 14]], [[1945]], or [[Victory over Japan Day|V-J day]], signing the [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender]] on September 2. The Japanese troops in China formally surrendered to the Chinese on [[wikipedia:September 9|September 9]], [[1945]].
[http://images.qianlong.com/mmsource/images/2005/01/14/050114mil1945.jpg See image]

==Casualties, civilian impact, and atrocities==
Main articles : [[World War II casualties]], [[The Holocaust]],  [[Concentration camp]], [[Gulag]], [[Japanese war crimes]], [[Comfort women]], [[Nanking massacre]], [[Japanese American internment]] and [[War crimes during World War II]]
[[Image:Massdeportations.png|thumb|Major [[wikipedia:deportation|deportation]] routes to [[Nazi extermination camp]]s during [[The Holocaust]], Aktion T-4 and alike.]]
Some 63 million people, or 3% of the world population, died in the war (though [[World War II casualties|estimates]] vary): about 24 million soldiers and 38 million civilians. This total includes the estimated 9 million lives lost in the Holocaust. Of the total deaths in World War II, approximately 80% were on the Allied side and 20% on the Axis side.&lt;ref name="casualties"&gt;[[World War II casualties]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Allied forces suffered approximately 17 million military deaths, of which about 11 million were Soviet and 3 million Chinese. Axis forces suffered about 8 million, of which more than 5 million were German. In total, of the military deaths in World War II, approximately 44% were Soviet soldiers, 22% were German, 12% were Chinese, 8% were Japanese, 9% were soldiers of other Allied forces, and 5% were other Axis country soldiers. Some modern estimates double the number of Chinese casualties originally stated.&lt;ref name="casualties" /&gt; Of the civilian deaths, approximately 90% were Allied (nearly a third of all civilians killed were Soviet citizens, and more than 15% of all civilians killed in the war died in German extermination camps) and 10% were Axis.&lt;ref name="casualties" /&gt;

Many civilians died as a result of disease, starvation, massacres, [[wikipedia:genocide|genocide]]—in particular, [[the Holocaust]]—and [[Strategic bombing|aerial bombing]].  One estimate is that 12 million civilians died in Holocaust camps, 1.5 million by bombs, 7 million in Europe from other causes, and 7.5 million in China from other causes.&lt;ref&gt;J. M. Winter, "Demography of the War", in Dear and Foot, ed., ''Oxford Companion to World War'', p 290.&lt;/ref&gt; Allied civilian deaths totaled roughly 38 million, including 11.7 million in the Soviet Union, 7 million in China and 5.2 million from Poland. There were around 3 million civilian deaths on the Axis side, including 2 million in Germany and 0.6 million in Japan. The Holocaust refers to the organized state-sponsored murder of 6 million [[wikipedia:Jew|Jew]]s, 1.8-1.9 million non-Jewish Poles, 200,000–800,000 [[wikipedia:Roma people|Roma people]], 200,000–300,000 people with disabilities, and other groups carried out by the Nazis during the war. The Soviet Union suffered by far the largest death toll of any nation in the war, over 23 million.

[[Image:Starved prisoners, nearly dead from hunger, pose in concentration camp in Ebensee, Austria.jpg|thumb|Mistreated, starved prisoners in the [[wikipedia:Ebensee|Ebensee]] [[concentration camp]], [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]].]]

In addition to the Nazi [[concentration camp]]s, the Soviet [[Gulag]], or [[labor camp]]s, led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland, [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[wikipedia:Latvia|Latvia]], and [[wikipedia:Estonia|Estonia]], as well as German [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] (POW) and even Soviet citizens themselves who had been supporters of the Nazis or were thought to be the ones. Japanese [[Prisoner-of-war camp|POW camps]] also had high death rates; many were used as labour camps, and starvation conditions among the mainly U.S., British, Australian and other Commonwealth prisoners were little better than many German concentration camps. Sixty percent (1,238,000 ref. Krivosheev) of Soviet POWs died during the war. Vadim Erlikman puts it at 2.6 million Soviet POWs that died in German Captivity.&lt;ref name="war8"&gt;Erlikman, Vadim&lt;/ref&gt; [[wikipedia:Richard Overy|Richard Overy]] gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POW and out of those 57% died or were killed.&lt;ref&gt;[[wikipedia:Richard Overy|Richard Overy]] ''The Dictators Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia'' p.568–569&lt;/ref&gt;

On [[wikipedia:February 19|February 19]], [[1942]], Roosevelt signed [[United States Executive Order 9066|Executive Order 9066]], leading to the internment of thousands of [[wikipedia:Japanese American internment|Japanese]], [[wikipedia:Italian Americans|Italians]], [[German Americans]], and some emigrants from Hawaii who fled after the bombing of [[Pearl Harbor]] for the duration of the war.  150,000 [[wikipedia:Japanese American internment|Japanese-Americans were interned]] by the U.S. and Canadian governments, as well as nearly 11,000 German and Italian residents of the U.S.

Despite the [[Treaty|international treaties]] and a resolution adopted by the [[wikipedia:League of Nations|League of Nations]] on 14 May 1938 condemning the use of toxic gas by [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]], the [[wikipedia:Imperial Japanese Army|Imperial Japanese Army]] frequently used [[Chemical warfare|chemical weapons]]. Because of fears of retaliation, however, those weapons were never used against Westerners but only against other Asians judged "inferior" by the imperial propaganda. According to historians Yoshiaki Yoshimi and Seiya Matsuno, the authorization for the use of chemical weapons was given by specific orders (''rinsanmei'') issued by [[wikipedia:Hirohito|Hirohito]] himself. For example, the Emperor authorized the use of toxic gas on 375 separate occasions during the invasion of [[wikipedia:Wuhan|Wuhan]], from August to October 1938.
[[Image:Warsaw siege3.jpg|thumb|left|A survivor of German aerial bombardment, [[Siege of Warsaw]].]]

The bacteriological weapons were experimented on human beings by many units incorporated in the Japanese army, such as the infamous [[Unit 731]], integrated by [[wikipedia:Decree|Imperial decree]] in the [[wikipedia:Kwantung|Kwantung]] army in 1936. Those weapons were mainly used in China and, according to some Japanese veterans, against Mongolians and Russian soldiers in 1939 during the [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol|Nomonhan incident]].&lt;ref&gt;Hal Gold, Unit 731 testimony, p.64–65, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt; 

According to a joint study of historians featuring Zhifen Ju, Mark Peattie, Toru Kubo, and Mitsuyochi Himeta, more than 10 million Chinese were mobilized by the Japanese army and enslaved by the [[wikipedia:Kôa-in|Kôa-in]] for [[wikipedia:Slavery|slave labor]] in [[wikipedia:Manchukuo|Manchukuo]] and north [[wikipedia:China|China]].&lt;ref&gt;Zhifen Ju, "''Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the Pacific war''", 2002&lt;/ref&gt; According to Mitsuyoshi Himeta, at least 2.7 million died during the [[Three Alls Policy|Sankō Sakusen]] operation implemented in [[wikipedia:Heipei|Heipei]] and [[wikipedia:Shantung|Shantung]] by General [[wikipedia:Yasuji Okamura|Yasuji Okamura]].

From 1945 to 1951, German and Japanese officials and personnel were prosecuted for war crimes. Top German officials were tried at the [[Nuremberg Trials]], and many Japanese officials at the [[International Military Tribunal for the Far East|Tokyo War Crime Trial]] and [[Japanese war crimes#Other trials|other war crimes trials in the Asia-Pacific region]].

==Resistance and collaboration==
{{main|Resistance during World War II|Collaboration during World War II}}
[[Image:101st with members of dutch resistance.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the Dutch Eindhoven Resistance with troops of the [[wikipedia:101st Airborne Division|U.S. 101st Airborne]] in front of the [[wikipedia:Eindhoven|Eindhoven]] cathedral during [[Operation Market Garden]] in September 1944.]]
Resistance during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation, and propaganda to outright warfare.

Among the most notable resistance movements were the [[Armia Krajowa|Polish Home Army]], the [[Maquis (World War II)|French Maquis]], the [[wikipedia:Partisans (Yugoslavia)|Yugoslav Partisans]], the Greek resistance force, and the [[Italian resistance movement|Italian Resistance]] in the [[wikipedia:Italian Social Republic|German-occupied Northern Italy]] after 1943. Germany itself also had an [[German resistance movement|anti-Nazi movement]]. The [[wikipedia:Communism|Communist]] resistance was among the fiercest, since they were already organised and militant even before the war and they were ideologically opposed to the Nazis. 

Before [[D-Day]], there were some operations performed by the [[French Resistance]] to help with the forthcoming invasion. Communications lines were cut; trains were derailed; roads, water towers, and ammunition depots were destroyed; and some German garrisons were attacked.

There were also resistance movements fighting against the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] invaders. The [[Werwolf|German resistance]] petered out within a few years, while in the [[wikipedia:Baltic states|Baltic states]] [[Forest Brothers|resistance operations]] against the occupation continued into the 1960s.

==Home fronts==
[[Image:WomanFactory1940s.jpg|thumb|right|During the war, women worked in factories throughout much of the West and East.]]
{{main|Home front during World War II}}

"[[Home front]]" is the name given to the activities of the [[wikipedia:civilians|civilians]] of the nations at war.  All the main countries reorganized their homefronts to produce munitions and soldiers, with 40–60% of GDP being devoted to the war effort.  Women were drafted in the Soviet Union and Britain.  Shortages were everywhere, and severe food shortages caused malnutrition and even starvation, such as in the Netherlands and in Leningrad. New workers were recruited, especially housewives, the unemployed, students, and retired people.  Skilled jobs were re-engineered and simplified ("de-skilling") so that unskilled workers could handle them.  Every major nation imposed censorship on the media as well as a propaganda program designed to boost the war effort and stifle negative rumors. Every major country imposed a system of rationing and price controls. Black markets flourished in areas controlled by Germany.  Germany brought in millions of prisoners of war, slave laborers, and forced workers to staff its munitions factories. Many were killed in the bombing raids, the rest became refugees as the war ended.

==Technology== 
[[Image:Nsa-enigma.jpg|thumb|left|German [[Enigma machine]] for encryption.]]
{{main|Technology during World War II|Technological escalation during World War II}}
Weapons and technology improved rapidly during World War II and some of these played a crucial role in determining the outcome of the war. Many major technologies were used for the first time, including [[nuclear weapon]]s, [[wikipedia:radar|radar]], [[wikipedia:proximity fuse|proximity fuse]]s, [[wikipedia:jet engine|jet engine]]s, [[V-2|ballistic missiles]], and data-processing analog devices (primitive computers).  Every year, the [[wikipedia:Reciprocating engine|piston engines]] were improved. Enormous advances were made in [[wikipedia:aircraft|aircraft]], [[wikipedia:submarine|submarine]], and [[wikipedia:tank|tank]] designs, such that models coming into use at the beginning of the war were long obsolete by its end. One entirely new kind of ship was the amphibious landing craft.

Industrial production played a role in the Allied victory.  The Allies more effectively mobilized their economies and drew from a larger economic base.  The peak year of munitions production was 1944, with the Allies out-producing the Axis by a ratio of 3 to 1. (Germany produced 19% and Japan 7% of the world's munitions; the U.S. produced 47%, Britain and Canada 14%, and the Soviets 11%).&lt;ref&gt;
Raymond W. Goldsmith, "The Power of Victory: Munitions Output in World War II" ''Military Affairs'', Vol. 10, No. 1. (Spring, 1946), pp. 69–80; online at [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-3931%28194621%2910%3Al%3C69%3ATPOVMO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3 JSTOR]&lt;/ref&gt;

The Allies used low-cost [[wikipedia:mass production|mass production]] techniques, using standardized models. Japan and Germany continued to rely on expensive hand-crafted methods. Japan thus produced hundreds of airplane designs and did not reach mass-production efficiency; the new models were only slightly better than the original 1940 planes, while the Allies rapidly advanced in technology.&lt;ref&gt; Richard Overy. ''The Air War, 1939–1945'' (2005)&lt;/ref&gt; Germany thus spent heavily on high-tech weaponry, including the V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rocket, advanced submarines, jet engines, and heavy tanks that proved strategically of minor value. The combination of better logistics and mass production proved  crucial in the victory. "The Allies did not depend on simple numbers for victory but on the quality of their technology and the fighting effectiveness of their forces... In both Germany and Japan less emphasis was placed upon the non-combat areas of war: procurement, logistics, military services," concludes historian Richard Overy.&lt;ref&gt;Overy (1993) p 318–9&lt;/ref&gt;

Delivery of weapons to the battlefront was a matter of logistics. The Allies again did a much better job in moving munitions from factories to the front lines. A large fraction of the German tanks after June 1944 never reached the battlefield, and those that did often ran short of fuel. Japan in particular was notably inefficient in its logistics system.&lt;ref&gt; Mark Parillo, "The Pacific War" in Richard Jensen et al, eds. ''Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century'' (2003), pp. 93–104.&lt;/ref&gt;

Many new medical and surgical techniques were employed as well as new drugs like [[wikipedia:sulfa|sulfa]] and [[wikipedia:penicillin|penicillin]], not to mention serious advances in [[biological warfare]] and nerve gases. The Japanese control of the quinine supply forced the Australians to invent new anti-malarial drugs.  The saline bath was invented to treat burns. More prompt application of sulfa drugs saved countless lives. New [[wikipedia:local anesthetic|local anesthetic]]s were introduced making possible surgery close to the front lines.   The Americans discovered that only 20% of wounds were caused by [[Machine gun|machine-gun]] or rifle bullets (compared to 35% in World War I). Most came from [[wikipedia:Explosive material|high explosive]] shells and fragments, which besides the direct wound caused shock from their blast effects. Most deaths came from shock and blood loss, which were countered by a major innovation, [[wikipedia:blood transfusions|blood transfusions]].&lt;ref&gt; Harold C. Leuth, "Military Medicine" in [[wikipedia:Walter Yust|Walter Yust]], ed. ''10 Eventful Years'' (1947) 3:163–67; Mark Harrison, ''Medicine and Victory: British Military Medicine in the Second World War'' (2004)&lt;/ref&gt;

Cryptography played an important part in the war, as the United States had [[History of cryptography#World War II cryptography|broken the Japanese naval codes]] and knew the Japanese plan of attack at Midway.  British and Polish codebreakers deciphered several German codes, giving the Allies an advantage in the European theater as well.

The massive [[wikipedia:research and development|research and development]] demands of the war accelerated the growth of the scientific communities in Allied states, while German and Japanese laboratories were disbanded; many German engineers and scientists continued their [[weapons research]] after the war in the United States, the Soviet Union and other countries.
Read below for more information on technology in the war.
{{see also|Military production during World War II|List of World War II military equipment}}
&lt;br clear="all" /&gt;

==Military Intelligence==
Both Allied and German intelligence failed to effectively conduct [[wikipedia:HUMINT|human intelligence]] gathering, except for prisoner interrogation. The reason is that it is very difficult to train agents to be fluent in the language and culture of the enemy. For example, all German agents parachuted onto British soil were quickly caught by the British authorities, and most were turned. Also, German intelligence turned many English agents on the European continent; virtually no English agent operated in German territory.&lt;!-- And another unsourced claim.--&gt;

Technical intelligence gathering was much more effective, mainly on the Allied side.&lt;!-- Unsourced claim.--&gt; The most important [[wikipedia:Cryptology|cryptologic]] systems of both Germany and Japan, Enigma and JN-25 respectively, were analysed and were broken by [[History of cryptography|Polish, British and American]] [[wikipedia:cryptologist|cryptologist]]s. This gave the Allied war effort a distinctive edge: Allied commanders knew what their Axis opponents were planning. The defeat of the German [[Afrika Korps]] and the elimination of a large number of German submarines is attributed to the Allied success in reading communications deemed "secure" by the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|German High Command]]. 
The naval intelligence situation in the Pacific was very similar: American naval intelligence often knew about Japanese plans well in advance and could dispatch their warships accordingly. The commander of the US pacific fleet (Admiral [[wikipedia:Chester Nimitz|Nimitz]])later stated that [[wikipedia:SIGINT|communications intelligence]] was as valuable "as an additional fleet" in the Pacific theater.

The success of communications intelligence during World War II seems to be a major reason for the [[wikipedia:UKUSA|UKUSA]] group of countries to fund large [[wikipedia:SIGINT|SIGINT]] organizations like [[wikipedia:NSA|NSA]] and [[wikipedia:GCHQ|GCHQ]], which are in operation up to the present day.

However, it is notable that Germany had some success in breaking the American [[wikipedia:M-209|M-209]] cryptomachine, but this device was mainly used for tactical communications. Unfortunately, very few facts about German [[wikipedia:SIGINT|SIGINT]] during WW2 is known. See this German [http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/18/18371/1.html story].&lt;!-- Unsourced claim.--&gt;

==Aftermath==
[[Image:Germanborders.gif|thumb|left|Germany's territorial losses 1919–1945.]]

{{main|Aftermath of World War II|Effects of World War II}}

The war concluded with the surrender and occupation of Germany and Japan. It left behind millions of [[wikipedia:displaced person|displaced person]]s and [[prisoners of war]], and resulted in many new international boundaries.  The economies of Europe, China and Japan were largely destroyed as a result of the war. In 1947, [[wikipedia:United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[wikipedia:George Marshall|George Marshall]] devised the "European Recovery Program", better known as the [[wikipedia:Marshall Plan|Marshall Plan]].  Effective from 1948 to 1952, it allocated 13 billion dollars for the reconstruction of Western Europe. To prevent (or at least minimize) future conflicts, the allied nations, led by the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]], formed the [[wikipedia:United Nations|United Nations]] in [[wikipedia:San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] in 1945. One of the first actions of the United Nations was the creation of the State of [[wikipedia:Israel|Israel]], partly in response to the Holocaust.

===Aftermath of World War II in Europe===
{{main|Marshall Plan|Eastern bloc|Iron Curtain|Expulsion of Germans after World War II|Allied Occupation Zones in Germany|Morgenthau plan|Oder-Neisse line}}
[[Image:Deutschland Besatzungszonen 1945 1946.png|thumb|right|German occupation zones in 1946 after territorial annexations in the East. The [[wikipedia:Saarland|Saarland]] (in the French zone) is shown with stripes because it was removed from Germany by France in 1947 as a [[wikipedia:Saar (protectorate)|protectorate]], and was not incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany until 1957.]]

The end of the war hastened the independence of many [[wikipedia:Crown colony|British crown colonies]] (such as India) and [[wikipedia:Dutch Empire|Dutch territories]] (such as Indonesia) and the formation of new nations and alliances throughout Asia and Africa. The [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]] were granted their independence in 1946 as previously promised by the United States. Poland's boundaries were re-drawn to include portions of [[wikipedia:Historical Eastern Germany|pre-war Germany]], including [[wikipedia:East Prussia|East Prussia]] and [[wikipedia:Upper Silesia|Upper Silesia]], while ceding most of the areas taken by the Soviet Union in the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop]] partition of 1939, effectively moving Poland to the west. Germany was split into four zones of occupation, and the three zones under the Western Allies was reconstituted as a [[wikipedia:constitutional democracy|constitutional democracy]]. The Soviet Union's influence increased as they established hegemony over most of eastern Europe, and incorporated parts of Finland and Poland into their new boundaries. Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet [[wikipedia:Sphere of influence|spheres of influence]], which heightened existing tensions between the two camps and helped establish the [[Cold War]].

Germany was partitioned into four zones of occupation, coordinated by the [[Allied Control Council]]. The American, British, and French zones joined in 1949 as the [[wikipedia:Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], and the Soviet zone became the [[wikipedia:East Germany|German Democratic Republic]]. In Germany, [[Morgenthau Plan|economic suppression]] and [[denazification]] took place. Millions of Germans and Poles were expelled from their homelands as a result of the territorial annexations in Eastern Europe agreed upon at the [[Yalta Conference|Yalta]] and [[Potsdam Conference|Potsdam]] conferences. In the West, [[wikipedia:Alsace-Lorraine|Alsace-Lorraine]] was returned to France, and the [[wikipedia:Saar area|Saar area]] was separated from Germany. [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]] was divided into four zones of occupation, which were united in 1955 to become the Republic of Austria. The Soviet Union occupied much of [[wikipedia:Central Europe|Central]] and [[wikipedia:Eastern Europe|Eastern Europe]] and the [[wikipedia:Balkans|Balkans]]. In all the USSR-occupied countries, with the exception of Austria, the Soviet Union helped Communist regimes to power. It also annexed the Baltic countries [[wikipedia:Estonia|Estonia]], [[wikipedia:Latvia|Latvia]], and [[wikipedia:Lithuania|Lithuania]].

===Aftermath of World War II in Asia===
{{main|Occupied Japan|Division of Korea|Chinese Civil War|}}

In Asia, [[wikipedia:Japan|Japan]] was occupied by the U.S, aided by Commonwealth troops, until the peace treaty took effect in 1952. The Japanese Empire's government was dismantled under General [[wikipedia:Douglas MacArthur|Douglas MacArthur]] and replaced by a [[wikipedia:constitutional monarchy|constitutional monarchy]] with the emperor as a figurehead. The defeat of Japan also led to the establishment of the Far Eastern commission which set out policies for Japan to fulfill under the terms of surrender. In accordance with the Yalta Conference agreements, the Soviet Union occupied and subsequently annexed [[wikipedia:Sakhalin|Sakhalin]] and the [[wikipedia:Kuril islands|Kuril islands]]. Japanese occupation of [[wikipedia:Korea|Korea]] also ended, but the peninsula was divided between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, along 38th parallel. The U.S.-backed [[wikipedia:South Korea|South Korea]] would fight the communist [[wikipedia:North Korea|North Korea]] in the [[Korean War]], with Korea remain divided.

World War II was a pivotal point in China's history. Before the war against Japan, China had suffered nearly a century of humiliation at the hands of various imperialist powers and was relegated to a semi-colonial status. However, the war greatly enhanced China's international status. Not only was the central government under [[wikipedia:Chiang Kai-shek|Chiang Kai-shek]] able to abrogate most of the unequal treaties China had signed in the past century, the [[wikipedia:Republic of China|Republic of China]] also became a founding member of the [[wikipedia:United Nations|United Nations]] and a permanent member in the [[wikipedia:Security Council|Security Council]]. China also reclaimed Manchuria and Taiwan. Nevertheless, eight years of war greatly taxed the central government, and many of its nation-building measures adopted since it came to power in 1928 were disrupted by the war. Communist activities also expanded greatly in occupied areas, making post-war administration of these areas difficult. Vast war damages and hyperinflation thereafter demoralized the populace, along with the continuation of the [[Chinese Civil War]] between the [[wikipedia:Kuomintang|Kuomintang]] and the Communists. Partly because of the severe blow his army and government had suffered during the war against Japan, the Kuomintang, along with state apparatus of the [[wikipedia:Republic of China|Republic of China]], retreated to Taiwan in 1949 and in its place the Chinese communists established the [[wikipedia:People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]] on the mainland.

==Media==
{{main|World War II in contemporary culture}}

The term most used in the United Kingdom and Canada is "Second World War", while American publishers use the term "World War II".  Thus the [[wikipedia:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] uses ''The Oxford Companion to the Second World War'' in the United Kingdom, and ''The Oxford Companion to World War II'' for the identical 1995 book in the United States.

The [[wikipedia:OED|OED]] reports the first use of "Second World War" was by novelist [[wikipedia:H.G. Wells|H.G. Wells]] in 1930, although it may well have been used earlier.&lt;ref&gt; Library catalogs show the first use in 1934: ''Why war? A handbook for those who will take part in the second world war'' by [[wikipedia:Ellen Wilkinson|Ellen Wilkinson]] &amp; [[wikipedia:Edward Conze|Edward Conze]], (London, 1934), and Johannes Steel, ''The second world war,'' (New York, 1934).&lt;/ref&gt;  The term was immediately used when war was declared; for example, the September 3, 1939, issue of the Canadian newspaper, ''[[wikipedia:The Calgary Herald|The Calgary Herald]]''. Prior the United States' entry into the War, many Americans referred to it as the "European War".

World War II has been portrayed in numerous media in many languages.  
&lt;!--NOTE: One movie has been selected from each decade.  If you wish to add a movie that improves the list, please replace the current film for that decade.  Avoid listing recently released movies as it is not possible to judge their significance in historical context.  Such additions are welcome at [[World War II in contemporary culture]].  Thanks!--&gt;
[[wikipedia:War film|Films]] include ''[[wikipedia:Twelve O'Clock High|Twelve O'Clock High]]'' (1949), ''[[wikipedia:The Bridge on the River Kwai|The Bridge on the River Kwai]]'' (1957), ''[[wikipedia:The Dirty Dozen|The Dirty Dozen]]'' (1967), ''[[wikipedia:A Bridge Too Far (1977 film)|A Bridge too Far]]'' (1977), ''[[wikipedia:Das Boot|Das Boot]]'' (1981), and ''[[wikipedia:Saving Private Ryan|Saving Private Ryan]]'' (1998). The war figures prominently in thousands of written works, including [[wikipedia:Joseph Heller|Joseph Heller's]] ''[[wikipedia:Catch-22|Catch-22]]'', [[wikipedia:Akiyuki Nosaka|Akiyuki Nosaka's]] ''[[wikipedia:Grave of the Fireflies (book)|Grave of the Fireflies]]'', [[wikipedia:Anne Frank|Anne Frank's]] ''[[wikipedia:The Diary of a Young Girl|The Diary of a Young Girl]]'' and [[wikipedia:Kurt Vonnegut|Kurt Vonnegut's]] ''[[wikipedia:Slaughterhouse-Five|Slaughterhouse-Five]]''. Games set within World War II include the [[wikipedia:board game|board game]] [[wikipedia:Axis and Allies|Axis and Allies]] and 
&lt;!--NOTE: One computer/video game has been selected for each decade.  If you wish to add a game that improves the list, please replace the current game for that decade.  Avoid listing recently released games as it is not possible to judge their significance in historical context.  Such additions are welcome at [[World War II in contemporary culture]].  Thanks!--&gt;
[[wikipedia:Computer and video games|video games]] [[wikipedia:1942 (arcade game)|''1942'']] (1984), ''[[wikipedia:Wolfenstein 3D|Wolfenstein 3D]]'' (1992), and ''[[wikipedia:Call of Duty|Call of Duty]]'' (2003). The war has been portrayed in many television media, such as ''[[wikipedia:Hogan's Heroes|Hogan's Heroes]]'' (1965–1971) and the miniseries ''[[wikipedia:Band of Brothers|Band of Brothers]]'' (2001).

==Notes==
&lt;div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-width:2; column-width:2;" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliography==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;
* Bauer, E. Lt-Colonel ''The History of World War II'',   Orbis (2000)   General Editor: Brigadier Peter Young; Consultants: Brigadier General James L. Collins Jr., Correli Barnet. (1,024 pages) ISBN 1-85605-552-3
* Churchill, Winston S. ''The Second World War''. (6 volumes). (1948-1953). ISBN 978-0395416853 
* I.C.B. Dear and M.R.D. Foot, eds. ''The Oxford Companion to World War II'' (1995), 1300 page encyclopedia covering all topics
* Ellis, John. ''Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War'' (1999)  
*[[wikipedia:Martin Gilbert|Gilbert, Martin]] ''Second World War'' (1995)
* Mark Harrison. "Resource Mobilization for World War II: The U.S.A., UK, U.S.S.R., and Germany, 1938–1945" in ''The Economic History Review,'' Vol. 41, No. 2. (May, 1988), pp. 171–192. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-0117%28198805%292%3A41%3A2%3C171%3ARMFWWI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 in JSTOR]
*[[wikipedia:John Keegan|Keegan, John]]. ''The Second World War'' (1989)
* [[wikipedia:Jon Latimer|Jon Latimer]], ''Burma: The Forgotten War'', London: John Murray, (2004)
* [[wikipedia:Basil Liddell Hart|Liddell Hart, Sir Basil]] ''History of the Second World War'' (1970)
* Murray, Williamson and Millett, Allan R. ''A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War'' (2000)
* Overy, Richard. ''Why the Allies Won'' (1995)
* Shirer, William L. ''The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich'', Simon &amp; Schuster. (1959). ISBN 0-671-62420-2. 
*Smith, J. Douglas and Richard Jensen (2003). ''World War II on the Web: A Guide to the Very Best Sites''. ISBN 0-8420-5020-5.
*Weinberg, Gerhard L.''A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II'' (2005) ISBN 0-521-44317-2
*{{cite book
| year = 2004
| title = Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik
| publisher =
| id = ISBN 5-93165-107-1
}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==External links==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;

===Directories===
*[http://www.referencio.com/index.php?title=World_War_II Referencio – "World War II"] — Wiki directory
*[http://dmoz.org/Society/History/By_Time_Period/Twentieth_Century/Wars_and_Conflicts/World_War_II/ Open Directory Project – "World War II"] — volunteer directory
*[http://dir.yahoo.com/Arts/Humanities/History/By_Time_Period/20th_Century/Military_History/World_War_II/ Yahoo – "World War II]

===General===
*[http://www.badley.info/history/World-War,-2nd-Austria.general.html Austria Chronology World War II World History Database]
*[http://www.badley.info/history/World-War,-2nd-Belgium.general.html Belgium Chronology World War II World History Database]
*[http://www.badley.info/history/World-War,-2nd-France.general.html France Chronology World War II World History Database]
*[http://www.badley.info/history/World-War,-2nd-Germany.general.html Germany Chronology World War II World History Database]
*[http://www.badley.info/history/World-War,-2nd-Great-Britain.general.html Great Britain Chronology World War II World History Database]
*[http://www.badley.info/history/World-War,-2nd-Italy.general.html Italy Chronology World War II World History Database]
*[http://www.badley.info/history/World-War,-2nd-Japan.general.html Japan Chronology World War II World History Database]
*[http://www.badley.info/history/World-War,-2nd-Russia.general.html Russia Chronology World War II World History Database]
*[http://www.badley.info/history/World-War,-2nd-Spain.general.html Spain Chronology World War II World History Database]
*[http://www.badley.info/history/World-War,-2nd-USA.general.html USA Chronology World War II World History Database]
*[http://www.footnote.com/viewer.php?image=4346703 Original Document: D-Day Statement from Dwight D. Eisenhower]
*[http://www.ww2db.com World War II Database]
*[http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WW.htm The Second World War]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwtwo/ BBC History: World War Two]
*[http://www6.dw-world.de/en/worldwarII.php Deutsche Welle special section on World War II] created by one of Germany's public broadcasters on World War II and the world 60 years after.
*[http://www.militaryindexes.com/worldwartwo/ Directory of Online World War II Indexes &amp; Records]
*[http://www.engdahl.oilgeopolitics.net/History/MacKinder/mackinder.html Halford Mackinder's Necessary War An essay describing the geopolitical aspects of World War II]
*[http://www.worldwar2vault.com World War 2 Vault]
*[http://www.secretsofworldwar2.co.uk/ World War II Secret History]
*[http://www.wwii.ca Canada and WWII]
*[http://www.footnote.com/viewer.php?image=4346690 Original Document Surrender of Japan]
*[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/maps/wwii/ World War II Military Situation Maps. Library of Congress]
*[http://www.bvalphaserver.com/content-10.html Officially Declassified U.S. Government Documents about World War II] &lt;!-- NOTE TO WIKI EDITORS: I did ask to add this link via the talk page, and received permission. --&gt;
*[http://www.historisches-centrum.de/index.php?id=427 End of World War II in Germany]
*[http://www.ww2incolor.com/gallery/ World War 2 Pictures In Colour]
*[http://www.haagsebunkerploeg.nl Haagse Bunker Ploeg : Photo site about the atlantikwall in the Netherlands]
*[http://vlib.iue.it/history/mil/ww2.html WWW-VL: History: WWII]
*[http://worldwartwozone.com/photopost/ World War II Zone Photo and Multi-media gallery]
*[http://chrito.users1.50megs.com/daily.htm Daily German action reports]
*[http://www.wikitimescale.org/en/category/World_War_II Timeline of events in World War 2] on WikiTimeScale.org
*[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/history_ww2.html Maps from the Pacific and Italian theaters]
*[http://www.footnote.com/viewer.php?image=4346739 Original Document Surrender of Germany]

===Media===
*[http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/ U.S. National Archives Photos]
*[http://english.pobediteli.ru/ Multimedia map] — Presentation that covers the war from the invasion of Russia to the fall of Berlin
*[http://www.warphotos.co.nr Thousands of World War II Photographs &amp; Movies]
*[http://museumofworldwarii.com Virtual Museum of World War II] — pictures &amp; info
*[http://multimedia.tbo.com/flash/iwojima3d/index.htm 3-D Stereo Photograph of Iwo Jima Flag-raising] — From The Tampa Tribune and TBO.com
*[http://digital.library.unt.edu/search.tkl?type=collection&amp;q=WWII World War II Poster Collection] hosted by the Universtity of North Texas Libraries'  *[http://digital.library.unt.edu/ Digital Collections]
*[http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/francedefeat.htm The Defeat of France] Includes the famous ''[[wikipedia:Weeping Frenchman|Weeping Frenchman]]'' photograph.
*&lt;span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;"&gt;(Italian)&lt;/span&gt; [http://www.anpi.pesarourbino.it/fototeca2.php ANPI Archives Photos]

===Stories===
*[http://www.gurdjieff-legacy.org/70links/bk_voices2.htm ''Voices in the Dark''] — Descriptions of life in Nazi-occupied Paris
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/ww2/ WW2 People's War] — A project by the [[wikipedia:BBC|BBC]] to gather the stories of ordinary people from World War II
*[http://www.wilhelm-radkovsky.de Memories of Leutnant d.R. Wilhelm Radkovsky 1940–1945] Experiences as a German soldier on the Eastern and Western Front
*[http://www.warsawuprising.com/ The Warsaw Uprising of 1944] — "a heroic and tragic 63-day struggle to liberate World War 2 Warsaw from Nazi/German occupation."
*&lt;span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;"&gt;(Italian)&lt;/span&gt; [http://www.lacittainvisibile.it/ La Città Invisibile] Collection of signs, stories and memories during the Gothic Line age.

===Documentaries===
*''[[wikipedia:The World at War (TV Series)|The World at War]]'' (1974) is a 26-part [[wikipedia:Thames Television|Thames Television]] series that covers most aspects of World War II from many points of view. It includes interviews with many key figures ([[wikipedia:Karl Dönitz|Karl Dönitz]], [[wikipedia:Albert Speer|Albert Speer]], [[wikipedia:Anthony Eden|Anthony Eden]] etc.) ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071075/ Imdb link])
*''The Second World War in Colour'' (1999) is a three episode documentary showing unique footage in color ([http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0212694/ Imdb link])
&lt;/div&gt;
*[http://www.alaskainvasion.com/ Red White Black &amp; Blue — Feature documentary about The Battle of Attu in the Aleutians during World War II]

{{World War II}}

{{wikipedia|World War II}}
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    <title>World War II casualties</title>
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[[Image:WorldWarII-DeathsByAlliance-Piechart.png|right|thumb|240px|Piechart showing percentage of military and civilian deaths by alliance during World War II.]]
'''[[World War II]]''' was the single deadliest conflict the world has ever seen, causing many tens of millions of deaths. The tables below provide a detailed country-by-country count of death by side.

==Combined total==
The total estimated human loss of life caused by World War II, irrespective of political alignment, was roughly 62 million people. The civilian toll was around 37 million, the military toll about 25 million. The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] lost around 51 million people, and the [[Axis Powers|Axis]] lost 11 million.  (Note that some [[Axis Powers|Axis]] countries switched sides and reentered the war on the side of the Allies; those nations are included in the Allied count, regardless of when the deaths occurred.)  There was a disproportionate loss of life and property; some nations had a higher [[Casualty (person)|casualty]] rate than others, due to a number of factors including military tactics, crimes against humanity, economic preparedness and the level of technology.
There has also been some people who have died or been wounded by Technology or weapons still active to this day Such as landmines,mortors or shells. As a example is in the late weeks of April 2009 A German Citizen by first name of Tobias had stepped on what was to be a dead landmine in a german mesuem and it severed his leg which would make him the last casualties of WW2

== Casualties by country ==
The casualties of World War II were suffered disproportionately by the various participants.  This is especially true regarding civilian casualties.  The following chart gives data on the casualties suffered by each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses. 

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
!style="text-align: left;background:#B0C4DE"|Country
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Population 1939
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Military deaths
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Civilian deaths
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Jewish Holocaust deaths
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Total deaths
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Deaths/ % of population
|-
|align=left|'''[[Albania]]'''{{ref|Albania}} || 1,100,000 || 28,000 || ||200 || 28,200 || 2.56%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Australia]]'''{{ref|Australia}} || 7,000,000 || 40,400 || 100 || || 40,500 || 0.58%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Austria]]'''{{ref|Austria}} || 7,000,000 || ||45,000 || 65,000 || 110,000 || 1.57%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Belgium]]'''{{ref|Belgium}} || 8,400,000 || 12,100 ||52,000 ||24,000 || 88,100 || 1.05%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Brazil]]'''{{ref|Brazil}} || 41,500,000 || 1,000 ||1,000 || || 2,000  || 0.00%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Bulgaria]]'''{{ref|Bulgaria}} || 6,300,000 || 22,000 || || || 22,000 || 0.35%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Burma]]'''{{ref|Burma}} || 17,500,000 || ||60,000 || || 60,000 || 0.34%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Canada]]'''{{ref|Canada}} || 11,300,000 || 45,300 || || || 45,300 ||  0.4%
|-
|align=left|'''[[China]]'''{{ref|China}} || 530,000,000 || 3,000,000 || 7,000,000 || ||10,000,000 ||  1.89%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Cuba]]'''{{ref|Cuba}} || 4,300,000 ||  || 100 || ||100 || 0.00%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Czechoslovakia]]'''{{ref|Czechoslovikia}} || 15,300,000 || 25,000 || 63,000 || 277,000 || 365,000||  2.39%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Denmark]]'''{{ref|Denmark}} || 3,800,000 || 1,300 || 1,800 || 100 || 3,200 ||  0.08%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Estonia]]'''{{ref|Estonia}} || 1,100,000 || || 40,000 || 1,000 ||41,000 ||3.73%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Ethiopia]]'''{{ref|Ethiopia}} || 14,100,000 || 5,000 || 200,000 || || 205,000 ||  1.45%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Finland]]'''{{ref|Finland}} || 3,700,000 || 95,000 || 2,000 || || 97,000 ||  2.62%
|-
|align=left|'''[[France]]'''{{ref|France}} || 41,700,000 || 212,000 || 267,000|| 83,000 ||562,000|| 1.35%
|-
|align=left|'''[[French Indo-China]]'''{{ref|Frin}}|| 24,600,000 || || 1,000,000|| || 1,000,000 ||  4.07%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Germany]]'''{{ref|Germany1}}{{ref|Germany2}}{{ref|Germany3}} || 69,300,000 || 5,500,000 || 1,840,000 ||160,000 ||7,500,000 ||  10.82%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Greece]]'''{{ref|Greece}} || 7,200,000 || 20,000 ||209,000||71,000 ||300,000 ||  4.17%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Hungary]]'''{{ref|Hungary}} || 9,200,000 || 300,000 || 80,000 ||200,000 ||580,000 ||  6.3%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Iceland]]'''{{ref|Iceland}} || 120,000 || || 200 || ||200 ||  0.17%
|-
|align=left|'''[[India]]'''{{ref|India}} || 386,000,000 || 87,000 || 1,500,000 || || 1,587,000 ||  0.41%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Indonesia]]'''{{ref|Indonesia}} || 70,500,000 || ||4,000,000|| || 4,000,000 ||  5.67%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Iran]]'''{{ref|Iran}} || 14,000,000 || 200 || || || 200 ||  0.00%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Iraq]]'''{{ref|Iraq}} || 3,700,000 || 1,000 || || || 1,000 ||  0.03%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]'''{{ref|Ireland}} || 4,250,000 ||  ||100 || || 100 ||  0.00%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Italy]]'''{{ref|Italy}} || 43,800,000 || 306,400 || 145,100 || 8,000 || 459,500 ||  1.05%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Japan]]'''{{ref|Japan}} || 72,000,000|| 2,000,000 || 600,000 || || 2,600,000 ||  3.61%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Korea]]'''{{ref|Korea}} || 23,400,000 ||  || 60,000 || || 60,000 ||  0.26%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Latvia]]'''{{ref|Latvia}} || 2,000,000 || || 147,000 || 80,000 || 227,000 ||  11.35%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Lithuania]]'''{{ref|Lithuania}} || 2,500,000 || || 212,000 ||141,000|| 353,000 ||  14.12%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Luxembourg]]'''{{ref|Lux}} || 300,000 || || 1,000 ||1,000|| 2,000 || 0.67%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Malaya]]'''{{ref|Mala}} || 5,500,000 || ||100,000 || ||100,000 ||  1.82%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Malta]]'''{{ref|Malta}} || 300,000 || || 1,500 || || 1,500 || 0.5%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Mexico]]'''{{ref|Mexico}} || 19,800,000 || ||100 ||  || 100 ||  0.00%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Mongolia]]'''{{Ref|Mong}} || 700,000 || 300 || || || 300 || 0.04%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Netherlands]]'''{{ref|Netherlands}} || 8,700,000 || 7,900 || 92,000|| 106,000 ||205,900 ||  2.37%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Newfoundland]]'''{{ref|Newfoundland}} || 300,000 ||1,000||100|| || 1,100 ||  0.37%
|-
|align=left|'''[[New Zealand]]'''{{ref|NZ}} || 1,600,000 ||11,900|| || || 11,900 ||  0.74%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Norway]]'''{{Ref|NOR}} || 2,900,000 || 3,000 || 5,800 || 700 || 9,500 ||0.33% 
|-
|align=left|'''[[Philippines]]'''{{Ref|Phil}} || 16,400,000 || 57,000 || 90,000 || ||147,000 ||  0.9%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Pacific Islands]]'''{{ref|PacIs}} || 1,900,000 || ||57,000|| ||57,000|| 3.0%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Poland]]'''{{ref|Poland}} || 34,800,000 || 400,000 || 2,200,000 ||3,000,000 || 5,600,000 ||  16.09%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Portuguese Timor]]'''{{ref|Timor}} || 500,000 || ||55,000|| || 55,000 ||  11.0%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Romania]]'''{{ref|Romania}} || 19,900,000 || 316,000|| 56,000 || 469,000 ||841,000||  4.23%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Singapore]]'''{{ref|Sing}} || 700,000 || || 50,000 || ||50,000 || 7.14%
|-
|align=left|'''[[South Africa]]'''{{Ref|SA}} || 10,300,000 || 11,900 || || ||11,900 ||  0.12%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Soviet Union]]'''{{ref|USSR}} || 168,500,000 || 10,700,000 || 11,500,000 || 1,000,000 || 23,200,000 ||  13.77%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Spain]]'''{{ref|Spain}} || 25,500,000 || 4,500 || || ||4,500 ||  0.02%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Sweden]]'''{{ref|Sweden}}|| 6,400,000 || || || || || 0.00%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Switzerland]]'''{{ref|Switzerland}}|| 4,200,000 || || 100|| ||100 || 0.00%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Thailand]]'''{{Ref|Thai}} ||15,300,000 || 5,600||  || ||5,600 ||  0.04%
|-
|align=left|'''[[United Kingdom]]'''{{ref|UK}} || 47,800,000 || 382,600 || 67,800 || || 450,400 ||  0.94%
|-
|align=left|'''[[United States]]'''{{ref|US}} || 132,000,000 || 407,300 ||11,200|| || 418,500 ||  0.32%
|-
|align=left|'''[[Yugoslavia]]'''{{Ref|Yugo}} || 15,400,000 || 446,000 || 514,000 ||67,000 ||1,027,000 ||  6.67%
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
|align=left|'''Totals''' ||1,986,370,000 || 24,456,700 || 32,327,000 || 5,754,000 ||62,537,700 ||  3.17%
|}

=== Notes ===
* Population in 1939 - Sources: Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004(P.141-149). ISBN 5-93165-107-1. and Population Statistics[http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/populhome.html]
* Military Deaths - Losses include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non combat causes. Whenever possible the losses of [[Irregular military]], [[Partisan (military)]] and [[Paramilitary]] forces have been included with military losses. The deaths of prisoners of war-[[POW]] in captivity and personnel [[missing in action]] are also included with military losses. The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities, for example deaths of Americans serving in the [[RAF]] are included with the UK; Austrians, Soviets and French in the [[Wehrmacht]] are included with German military losses, the exception being China because some factions supported the Japanese. [[Prisoner of war]] deaths in Nazi captivity totaled 3.1 Million{{mn|RudyDemo|17,Table A}} and in Japanese captivity 540,000{{mn|RudySD|4,Chap3}}
* Civilian Deaths - Includes civilian losses from military action and war related deaths caused by famine and disease; deaths due to the Nazi [[Holocaust]] which totaled 12.1 million, plus 5.7 million Jewish Holocaust victims that are listed separately {{mn|RudyDemo|17,Table A}}. Victims of [[Japanese war crimes]] totaling  5.4 million {{mn|RudySD|4, Chap.3}}and deaths related to the Soviet annexations in 1939-40. Civilian losses in the postwar era ( 1946-47) due to famine and disease are not included with these losses.
* Jewish [[Holocaust]] Deaths - Source: [[Martin Gilbert]], ''Atlas of the Holocaust'' 1988, P.244 ISBN 0-688-12364-3
* Sources - The footnotes list the details of the losses and their sources.

==Casualties by alliance==
[[Image:WorldWarII-MilitaryDeaths-Allies-Piechart.png|left|thumb|300px|Allied Military personnel killed, percentage by country.]]
[[Image:WorldWarII-MilitaryDeaths-Axis-Piechart.png|left|thumb|300px|Axis Military personnel killed, percentage by country.]]
&lt;br clear="all"&gt;

== Casualties by branch of service ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
!style="text-align: left;background:#B0C4DE"|Country
!style="text-align: left;background:#B0C4DE"|Branch of service
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Number served
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Killed/missing
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Wounded
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Prisoner of war
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Killed per 1,000 served
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Percent killed
|-
|align=left|'''[[Germany]]''' ||align=left|Army{{mn|RudOver|6,333-335}} || 13,600,000 || 4,202,000 || || || 309.0 || 30.9%
|-
| ||align=left|Air Force{{mn|RudOver|6,333-335}} || 2,500,000 || 433,000 || || || 173.2 || 17.32%
|-
| ||align=left|Navy {{mn|RudOver|6,333-335}} || 1,200,000 || 138,000 || || || 115.0 || 11.5%
|-
| ||align=left|[[Waffen SS]]{{mn|RudOver|6,333-335}} || 900,000 || 314,000 || || || 349.0 || 34.9%
|-
| ||align=left|[[Volkssturm]] and Police{{mn|RudOver|6,333-335}} || || 231,000 || || || 
|-
| ||align=left|Soviet citizens in German military service{{mn|Kirosheev|7,278}}{{mn|Rus-Vol|24}} || || 215,000 || || || 
|-
| ||align=left|Unidentified by branch of service (see note below) || || || 6,035,000{{mn|Kirosheev|7,276}} || 11,100,000{{mn|RudOver|6,286}} || 
|-
|align=left|'''[[Japan]]'''{{mn|Ellis|1,254}} ||align=left|Army || 6,300,000 || 1,526,000 || 85,600 || 30,000 || 242.2 || 24.22%
|-
| ||align=left|Navy || 2,100,000 || 414,900 || 8,900 || 10,000 || 197.6 || 19.76%
|-
| align=left|'''[[Soviet Union]] 1941-45 ''' ||align=left|All branches of service{{mn|Kirosheev|7,85-87}} || 34,476,700 || 8,668,400 ||14,685,593 ||4,059,000 || 251 || 25.1%
|-
| align=left|'''[[Soviet Union]] 1939-40 ''' ||align=left|All branches of service{{mn|Kirosheev|7,51-80}} ||  || 136,945 || 205,924 || || 
|-
| ||align=left|Conscripted Reservists (see note below) {{mn|VdmErk|3,13-14}} || || 1,500,000 || || 1,200,000 || 
|-
| ||align=left|[[Paramilitary]] and [[Soviet partisan]] units{{mn|VdmErk|3,20-21}} || || 400,000 || || || 
|-
| align=left|'''[[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]]'''{{mn|UKstrength|19}}{{mn|UKSTAT|18}} {{mn|CWWGAR|29}} ||align=left|All branches of service|| 11,115,000 || 580,000 || 475,000 || 318,000 || 52.2
|-
| align=left|'''[[United States]]'''[http://siadapp.dior.whs.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/WCPRINCIPAL.pdf]||align=left|Army || 11,260,000|| 318,274 || 565,861 || || 28.0 || 2.8%
|-
| ||align=left|[[United States Army Air Forces]](included in Army){{mn|Ellis|1,254}}|| 3,400,000|| 54,700 || 17,900 || || 16.1 || 1.61%
|-
| ||align=left|Navy || 4,183,446 || 62,614 || 37,778 || || 15.0 || 1.5%
|-
| ||align=left|Marine Corps || 669,100 || 24,511 || 68,207 || || 29.3 || 2.93%
|-
| ||align=left|[[United States Coast Guard]] {{mn|Clodfelter|16,584}}|| 241,093 || 1,917 || || || 7.8 || 0.78%
|-
| ||align=left|Unidentified by branch of service [http://www.pownetwork.org/statistics.htm]|| || || || 130,201 || 
|}

=== Notes ===
'''Germany'''
# The number killed in action was 2.3 million; died of wounds, disease or accidents 550,000; [[missing in action]] and unaccounted for after the war 2.0 million.{{mn|RudOver|6,335}}; and 459,000 [[POW]] deaths, of whom 77,000 where in the custody of the U.S., UK and France; [[POW]] dead includes 266,000 in the post war period after June 1945 , primarily in Soviet captivity.{{mn|RudOver|6,239 &amp; 286}}
# The number of wounded includes 1,600,000 permanently disabled which was listed in ''Geschichte Des Zweiten Weltkrieges'' A.G. Plotz 1960. P. 81

'''USSR'''
# The official recorded military war dead from 1941-45 were 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths, 555,500 non combat deaths.{{mn|Kirosheev|7,85}}., 500,000 missing in action and 1,283,300 [[POWs]].{{mn|Kirosheev|7,236}}. Figures include Navy losses of 154,771.{{mn|Kirosheev|7,86}}
# Casualties in 1939-40 include the following dead and missing, [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]] in 1939 (8,931); [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]] of 1939 (1,139); [[Winter War]] with Finland (1939-40) (126,875).{{mn|Kirosheev|7,51-80}}
# The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled.{{mn|Kirosheev|7,91}}
# The number of Soviet [[POW]] who survived the war was 2,776,000.{{mn|Kirosheev|7,85}}
# Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up, primarily in 1941, who were killed in battle or died as [[POWs]] before being listed on active strength.{{mn|VdmErk|3,13-14}}
# Estimated total military war dead including [[missing in action]], [[POWs]] and [[Soviet partisans]] range from 8.6 to 10.6 million {{mn|VdmErk|3,20-21}}

'''British Commonwealth'''
# Number served- UK&amp; Colonies(5,896,000); India ( 2,582,000), Australia(993,000); Canada(1,100,000); South Africa(250,000); New Zealand(295,000). {{mn|Ellis|1,253-254}} and[http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/statistics/ww2.htm]
# Total war related deaths reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] -UK&amp; Colonies(383,038); India ( 86,838), Australia(40,376); Canada(45,363); South Africa(11,837); New Zealand(11,928)){{mn|Graves|22}}.
# Wounded-UK&amp; Colonies(284,049); India ( 64,354), Australia(39,803); Canada(53,174); South Africa(14,363); New Zealand(19,314){{mn|UKstrength|19}}{{mn|UKSTAT|18}}{{mn|League|20}}
# [[Prisoner of war]] - UK&amp; Colonies(180,488); India ( 79,481), Australia(26,358); Canada(9,334); South Africa(14,750); New Zealand(8,415){{mn|UKstrength|19}}{{mn|UKSTAT|18}}{{mn|League|20}}

'''U.S.'''
# Battle deaths were 292,131, Army 234,874, Navy 36,950, Marine Corps 19,733, Coast Guard 574, and [[United States Army Air Forces]](included in Army 49,112){{mn|Clodfelter|16,584}}
# The [[United States Coast Guard]] was a branch of the U.S. Armed Forces during World War Two.
# The [[United States Merchant Marine]] war dead of 9,512 are included with civilian losses [http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html].
# During World War Two 1.2 million African Americans served in the Armed Forces and 708 were killed in combat. 350,000 American women served in the military during World War Two and 16 were killed in action.{{mn|Clodfelter|16,584-585}}

==Footnotes==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;
#{{note|Albania}}Albania&lt;br /&gt;War dead listed here are from ''Albania : a country study Federal Research Division, [[Library of Congress]] ; edited by Raymond E. Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw. 2nd ed. 1994'' ISBN 0-8444-0792-5. Available online at Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress, go to 'Country Studies-Albania' -Chapter 5: Sec-World War Two. However, V. Erlikman, a Russian historian, estimates total war dead were 55,000, including 20,000 [[Partisan (military)]].{{mn|VdmErk|3,37}} Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 200.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Australia}}Australia&lt;br /&gt;The war dead listed here are those reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]{{mn|CWWGAR|29}}. Total deaths were 40,463 which included Army (26,516), Air Force (11,105), Navy (2,315), [[Merchant Navy]] (440), unidentified by branch of service (1), and civilian deaths (86). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (1,731){{mn|Graves|22}} Details can be found at the [[Australian War Memorial]] website article, [http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/statistics/ww2.htm Australian Military Statistics: WWII - A Global Perspective]. The preliminary 1945 data for Australian losses was killed 23,365, missing 6,030, wounded 39,803 and [[POW]] 26,363.{{mn|League|20}}
#{{note|Austria}}Austria&lt;br /&gt;Military war dead of 260,749 are included with Germany.{{mn|RudOver|6,335}} Civilian war dead included 24,000 killed by military operations, including Allied [[Strategic Bombing]].{{mn|Frumkin|2,37-42}}and 10,000 victims of Nazi political persecution from 1939 to 1945,{{mn|RudySD|17,Table A}}the genocide of [[Roma people]] of 6,500 persons {{mn|Destiny|13,183}}and Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaling 65,000.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Belgium}}Belgium&lt;br /&gt;Military war dead included 8,800 killed, 500 [[missing in action]], 200 executed, 800 [[resistance movement]] fighters and 1,800 [[POW]]s. Civilian losses included deaths due to military operations of 32,200 and 16,900 victims of Nazi reprisals and repression.{{mn|Frumkin|2,43-45}} Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures.{{mn|RudOver|6,230}}  The genocide of [[Roma people]] was 500 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,183}}Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 24,387.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Brazil}}Brazil&lt;br /&gt; The [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force]] war dead were 510{{mn|Ellis|1,255}}, Navy losses in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]] were 492. Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners and 502 passengers.{{mn|Clodfelter|16,540}}
#{{note|Bulgaria}}Bulgaria&lt;br /&gt;Bulgarian military war dead were as follows, with Axis in Yugoslavia 2,000, [[anti-fascist]]-[[Partisan (military)]] units 10,000 and with [[USSR]] in the [[End of World War II in Europe]] 10,000{{mn|VdmErk|3,38-39}}
#{{note|Burma}}Burma&lt;br /&gt; [[R. J. Rummel]] estimate of deaths due forced labor and famine during Japanese occupation. Rummel cites sources that range between 60-100,000 dead. {{mn|RudySD|4,Chap.3}}However, the Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimates  Burmese losses at 1.1 million based on a 1962 Soviet source. The breakdown is as follows, military deaths of 30,000 ( including 22,000 with the pro-Japanese [[Burma National Army]] ), Civilian losses of 20,000 in military action,  370,000 due to [[Japanese war crimes]] and 700,000 due to famine and disease. {{mn|VdmErk|3,74-75}}   
#{{note|Canada}}Canada&lt;br /&gt;The war dead listed here are those reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]{{mn|CWWGAR|29}}. Total deaths were 45,365 which included Army (24,530), Air Force (17,394), Navy (2,169), [[Merchant Navy]] (1,270), unidentified by branch of service(1), and civilian deaths(2). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (1,298){{mn|Graves|22}} The[[Canadian War Museum]].[http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/chrono/1931cost_e.html] website has a narrative of Canada's role in the war. The preliminary 1945 data for Canadian losses was killed 37,476, missing 1,843, wounded 53,174 and [[POW]] 9,045.{{mn|League|20}}
#{{note|China}}China&lt;br /&gt;[[Second Sino-Japanese War]] dead is estimated by [[John W. Dower]] at 10 million including 3.2 million [[Chinese Nationalist]] military{{mn|Dower|9,295-296}}. These losses are casualties directly related to the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] but not including losses due to internal conflict, famines and floods. Total Chinese losses are difficult to estimate due to the fact that there was no census of the population taken prior to the war. Sources that range from 10.6 to 37 million total Chinese war dead were cited by [[R. J. Rummel]] {{mn|RudyCH|5,Table 5A}}. His estimate of total war dead from 1937-45 is 19,605,000. The details are as follows: Military- 3,400,000 Nationalist/Communist and 432,000 Chinese forces collaborating with Japan. Civilian deaths during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] were 3,252,000 and an additional 56,000 deaths due to internal clashes. Victims of repression and atrocities: [[Japanese war crimes]] 3,949,000 (including 400,000 [[POWs]]); [[Chinese Nationalist]] repression 5,907,000 (including 3,081,000 military conscripts); by [[Chinese Communists]] 250,000 and by [[Warlords]] 110,000. Deaths due to famine were given as 2,250,000.{{mn|RudyCH|5,Table 5A}}.
#{{note|Cuba}}Cuba&lt;br/&gt;Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 dead merchant mariners{{mn|Clodfelter|16,540}} The Cuban sub chaser CS-13 sank U-176 on May 15,1943.[http://www.cubanow.net/global/loader.php?&amp;secc=5&amp;item=586&amp;cont=show.php][http://www.cubanow.net/global/loader.php?&amp;secc=5&amp;item=609&amp;cont=show.php]
#{{note|Czechoslovikia}}Czechoslovakia&lt;br /&gt;Military war dead included Czechoslovak Forces with the western allies who lost 3,220; [[Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front]] 4,570; [[Slovak Republic (WWII)]] Axis forces 7,000; and [[Partisan (military)]] losses of 10,000.{{mn|VdmErk|3,54}}Does not include an additional estimated 30,000 dead in Hungarian Army.{{mn|Stark|8,58-59}} Civilian losses include the territories of prewar Czechoslovakia, including [[Carpathian Ruthenia]] which was ceded to the USSR after the war. The genocide of [[Roma people]] was 7,500 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,183-184}}Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 277,000.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Denmark}}Denmark&lt;br /&gt;Military war dead include 1,281 Navy/[[Merchant Marine]] and 50 Army deaths during the occupation. Civilian deaths include 617 victims of Nazi reprisals and 1,224 killed during military operations. The 3,900 Danish deaths in German military service are included with German losses. Figures are from Danish Military Historie website[http://www.milhist.dk/besattelsen/ww2stat/ww2stat.html] Deaths of Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 77.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Estonia}}Estonia&lt;br /&gt;Includes civilian losses due to war(35,000) and Soviet occupation(6,000) in 1940-41. Does not include military dead with Soviet(10,000) and German Armed Forces(15,000).{{mn|VdmErk|3,35}} The genocide of [[Roma people]] was 1,000 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,183}}Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 1,000.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Ethiopia}}Ethiopia&lt;br /&gt;[[R. J. Rummel]] estimates 200,000 killed by the Italians during the [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]] and Italian occupation of 1936-41, his estimate is " based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program "Timewatch" 1/17/92.{{mn|RudySD|4,Chap.14}}However, the official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 total dead due Italian occupation from 1935-41. ''Italy's War Crimes in Ethiopia''- 1946 (reprinted 2000), p.112, ISBN 0-9679479-0-1. 
#{{note|Finland}}Finland&lt;br /&gt;Figures include killed and missing from the [[Winter War]] and [[Continuation War]] with the Soviet Union as well as action against German forces in 1944-45, [[Winter War]] (1939-40) losses were 22,830, military deaths from 1941-44 were 58,715{{mn|DefCol|28}} and 1,036{{mn|DefCol|28}} in 1944-45 in the [[Lapland War]] The Finnish Defense Forces website lists the names of the 95,000 Finnish military war dead  [http://tietokannat.mil.fi/menehtyneet/index_en.php3] During the [[Winter war]] of 1939-40 the [[Swedish Volunteer Corps]] served alongside the Finns and lost 28 men in combat. 1,407 Finnish volunteers served in the German [[SS-Volunteer Battalion Nordost]] and 256 were killed in action.[http://www.feldgrau.com/finland.html] Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 11.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|France}}France&lt;br /&gt;Military war dead include 150,000 regular forces(1939-40 [[Battle of France]] 92,000; 1940-45 on [[Western Front (World War II)]] 58,000); 20,000 [[French resistance]] fighters and 40,000 [[POWs]] in Germany. French deaths in German Army (30-40,000), mostly men conscripted in [[Alsace-Lorraine]], are not included in these totals. Civilian losses include 120,000 killed due to military action and 230,000 victims of the Nazi reprisals and genocide.{{mn|Frumkin|2,60-65}} The pro-German [[Vichy France]] forces lost 2,653 killed.{{mn|Clodfelter|16,582}} Vadim Erlikman, a Russian historian, estimates losses of Africans in the [[French Colonial Forces]] at about 22,000.{{mn|VdmErk|3,83-99}} The genocide of [[Roma people]] was 15,000 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,183}}Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 83,000.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Frin}}French Indochina&lt;br /&gt;Deaths due to [[Vietnamese Famine of 1945]] during Japanese occupation{{mn|Dower|9,297}} 
#{{note|Germany1}}Germany&lt;br /&gt;The January 1939 Population is Germany within 1937 borders and the [[Free City of Danzig]]. Austria and the 7,100,000 million [[ethnic Germans]] of eastern Europe are not included in the German population[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Deutsche_Mundarten.png]. However, the 500,000 military and 400,000 civilian deaths of ethnic Germans in eastern Europe are included with total German losses, after the war 5 million became refugees in Germany and Austria.{{mn|Reichling|23,16-36}}
#{{note|Germany2}}Dr. Rűdiger Overmans of the German Military History Office in [[Potsdam]] has provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical analysis of German military personnel records. Overmans concluded that these losses were 5.3 Million rather the previous balance 4.6 million. Total German losses did not change, 360,000 were previously listed as civilian losses in eastern Europe and 230,000 as [[paramilitary]], [[Volkssturm]] or police forces fighting with the regular forces. Overmans lists the following losses- Africa 16,066; the [[Balkans]] 103,693; Northern Europe 30,165; Western Europe until 12/31/44- 339,957; Italy 150,660; against the [[U.S.S.R.]] until 12/31/44- 2,742,909; final battles in Germany during 1945-1,230,045; other ( including air war in Germany &amp; at sea ) 245,561; [[POWs]] 459,475- Grand Total 5.318 million. Overmans lists losses of 4,450,000 from pre-war Germany, 261,000 from Austria, 530,000 [[ethnic Germans]] from eastern Europe, 30,0000 French and 30,000 volunteers from western Europe. Included in the total of 5.3 Million war dead are 2.0 Million men listed as missing in action or unaccounted for after the war.{{mn|RudOver|6,333-336}} For a critical analysis of the statistical methodology of Overmans see [http://web.telia.com/~u18313395/overmans.pdf] In addition to these losses the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]] reported the losses of Soviet citizens serving in the German military {{mn|Rus-Vol|24}}separately, these losses were not included in the Overmans analysis of German casualties.{{mn|RudOver|6,228-230}}. A Russian source, G. I. Krivosheev reported these losses as 215,000{{mn|Kirosheev|7,278}}. In this schedule they are included with German military war dead. 
#{{note|Germany3}} Civilian war dead include 360-370,000 killed by Allied [[Strategic bombing]] within the 1937 German boundaries{{mn|Das Deutsche Reich|25,460}}. About 500,000 victims of Nazi persecution and genocide from 1939 to 1945 including 300,000 political prisoners,  victims of the [[Action T4]] euthanasia program, [[History of homosexual people in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust |Gay men]] and 160,000 German Jews .{{mn|RudySD|17,Table A}}Rűdiger Overmans estimates 1,100,000 German civilian dead ( 690,000 from Germany and 410,000 [[ethnic Germans]] of eastern Europe) as the result of [[Red Army atrocities]] and the [[expulsion of Germans after World War II]]{{mn|RudOver|6,298-299}}. Postwar deaths of about 500,000 due to famine and 270,000 deaths due to [[Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union]]{{mn|Reichling|23,33}} are not included in these losses  The genocide of [[Roma people]] was 15,000 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,183}} Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 160,000.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}} 
#{{note|Greece}}Greece&lt;br /&gt; The war dead listed here are those reported by G. Frumkin which included 20,000 military deaths in the [[Greco-Italian War]] of 1940-41, 60,000 civilians, 80,000 deportees and 140,000 famine deaths during the [[Axis occupation of Greece during World War II]].{{mn|Frumkin|2,89-91}} However, V. Erlikman a Russian historian lists losses of 435,000. Military- 20,000 killed in the [[Greco-Italian War]] of 1940-41, 10,000 [[POW]]s and 30,000 [[Greek Resistance]] fighters. Civilian- 10,000 killed due to military action; 155,000 deaths due Nazi reprisals and genocide; and 210,000 famine deaths.{{mn|VdmErk|3,43-44}} Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 71,301.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Hungary}}Hungary&lt;br /&gt;Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of Hungarian war dead from 1941-45. Military losses were 300,000-310,000 including 110-120,000 killed in battle and 200,000 [[missing in action]] and POW in the Soviet Union. Hungarian military losses include 110,000 men who were conscripted in [[Slovakia]], Romania and Yugoslavia and the deaths of 20-25,000 Jews conscripted for Army labor units. Civilian losses of 280,000 included 45,500 killed in the 1944-45 military campaign and in air attacks.{{mn|Stark|8,58-60}} The genocide of [[Roma people]] was 28,000 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,188}}Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 200,000.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}.
#{{note|Iceland}}Iceland&lt;br /&gt;Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines.{{mn|Sæland|26}}
#{{note|India}}India&lt;br /&gt;1939 Population includes present day India, [[Pakistan]] and  [[Bangladesh]]. The war dead listed here are those reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]{{mn|CWWGAR|29}}. Total deaths were 87,040 which included Army (79,326), Air Force (897), Navy (501), [[Merchant Navy]] (6,114), unidentified by branch of service(9), and civilian deaths(193). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47 (8,522){{mn|Graves|22}}The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was, killed 24,338, missing 11,754, wounded 64,354 and [[POW]] 79,489.{{mn|League|20}}The pro-Japanese [[Indian National Army]] lost 2,615 dead and missing{{mn|Clodfelter|16,556}}. &lt;br /&gt; Civilian losses were caused by the [[Bengal famine of 1943]].{{mn|RudySD|4, Chap 3}}{{mn|Dower|9,297}}
#{{note|Indonesia}}Indonesia-[[Dutch East Indies]]&lt;br /&gt;[[John W. Dower]] cites a UN report listing 4 million famine and forced labor dead during the [[Japanese Occupation of Indonesia]]   including 30,000 European civilian internee deaths{{mn|Dower|9,296}} .
#{{note|Iran}}Iran&lt;br /&gt;Losses during allied occupation in 1941.{{mn|Clodfelter|16,498}}.  
#{{note|Iraq}}Iraq&lt;br /&gt;Losses during [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] and UK occupation in 1941.{{mn|VdmErk|3,65}}{{mn|Clodfelter|16,498}}. 
#{{note|Ireland}}Ireland&lt;br /&gt;Despite being neutral, Ireland suffered casualties. In 1995 Irish Prime Minister [[John Bruton]] claimed at least 10,000 Irish were killed serving in the British or Commonwealth armed forces. The civilian death figure includes 33 Irish merchantmen were killed when a [[U-Boat]] torpedoed the ''Irish Pine'', and deaths caused by the presumably accidental bombing of Ireland in three instances{{mn|Ireland|27}}
#{{note|Italy}}Italy&lt;br /&gt; '' Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940-45 '' the official accounting of Italian losses by the ''Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica'' in 1957 detailed Italian military and civilian dead and missing, pp.3-27. Total military dead and missing from 1940-45 were 291,376, losses prior to the September 8, 1943 [[Armistice with Italy]] totaled 204,346 ( killed 66,686, missing 111,579, died of disease 26,081), after the [[September 8]], [[1943]] [[Armistice with Italy]], 87,030 (killed 42,916, missing 19,840 died of disease 24,274). Losses by branch of service: Army 201,405; Navy 22,034; Air Force 9,096; Colonial Forces 354; [[Chaplains]] 91; [[Fascist]] militia 10,066; [[Paramilitary]] 3,252; not indicated 45,078. Military Losses by theatre of war: Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice); France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice); Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice); Greece, Albania &amp; Yugoslavia 49,459 (10,090 post armistice); USSR 82,079 (3,522 post armistice); Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice), at sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice); other &amp; unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice). [[POW]] losses are included with military losses mentioned above. Civilian losses were 153,147 ( 123,119 post armistice)  including 61,432 (42,613 post armistice) in air attacks. A brief summary of data from this report can be found online at -[http://www.demographic-research.org/](go to Vol 13, No. 15). There were in addition to these losses the deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy which were 15,000 in [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] of 1940-41.{{mn|Clodfelter|16,491}}. Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs {{mn|RudySD|17, Table A}}. Losses included [[Italian war prisoners in Soviet Union 1942-1954]] of 28,000 {{mn|VdmErk|3,47}} Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 [[Armistice with Italy]], included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488 [[Italian resistance movement]] fighters and 13,000 RSI [[Italian Social Republic]] Fascist forces[http://www.cronologia.it/storia/a1945f.htm] The genocide of [[Roma people]] was 1,000 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,183}}Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 8,562. (including Libya){{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Japan}}Japan&lt;br /&gt;1939 Japanese population includes 1.7 million Japanese in China and Korea.{{mn|GHQ|15,15}}  [[John W. Dower]] lists Japanese government data on military dead which includes 185,647 in China from 1937-41 and 1,555,308 from 1941-45 in the [[Pacific War]].  Army - Against US- 485,717;  Against UK/Netherlands-208,026; In China-202,958; Against Australia -199,511; French Indochina -2,803;  Against USSR -7,483;  Other overseas -23,388;  Japan proper -10,543. Navy 1941/45 -414,879. Total military deaths -1,740,955. These figures do not include an additional 300,000 missing [[POWs]] and civilians in the USSR and China who were never accounted for after the war. One third of military deaths were combat related, the remainder due to illness and starvation. Civilian losses include 393,000 dead due to U. S. [[Strategic bombing]] including 210,000 killed in the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]. In addition to these deaths 150,000 civilians were killed on [[Okinawa]] and 10,000 on [[Saipan]] during the fighting.{{mn|Dower|9,297-299}}These figures include post war deaths of civilians injured in the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]  estimated at 110,000.{{mn|VdmErk|3,81}}  However, the [[Yasukuni Shrine]] in Japan lists a total of 2,325,128 war related deaths from 1937-1945 including civilians employed by the government, Chinese(Taiwan) and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces . War related deaths of Japanese [[merchant marine]] personnel were 27,000.{{mn|Clodfelter|16,578}}  Total civilian deaths in 1945 on the [[Japanese home islands]] exceeded the prewar level by approximately 900,000.{{mn|GHQ|15,29-30}} Not included in Japanese war dead are 432,000 [[Wang Jingwei]] and [[Manchukuo]] Chinese military forces collaborating with Japan.{{mn|RudyCH|5,Table 5A}}
#{{note|Korea}}Korea&lt;br /&gt;[[John W. Dower]] estimates 70,000 conscripted Korean laborers and soldiers dead in [[Korea under Japanese rule]] during World War Two including 10-15,000 killed in the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] {{mn|Dower|9,297}}Korean losses in the Japanese Army are included with Japan's losses. V. Erlikman, a Russian historian, estimates these losses at 10,000 of the 100,000 Koreans in Japanese military service.{{mn|VdmErk|3,71-72}} 
#{{note|Latvia}}Latvia&lt;br /&gt;Includes civilian losses due to war (220,000) and Soviet occupation in 1940-41(7,000). Does not include military dead with Soviet(10,000) and German Armed Forces (15,000).{{mn|VdmErk|3,28}}The genocide of [[Roma people]] was 2,500 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,183}}Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 80,000{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Lithuania}}Lithuania&lt;br /&gt;Includes civilian losses due to war (345,00) and Soviet occupation in 1940-41(8,000). Does not include military dead with Soviet (15,000) and German Armed Forces (5,000).{{mn|VdmErk|3,29}} The genocide of [[Roma people]] was 1,000 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,183}}Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 141,000{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Lux}}Luxembourg&lt;br /&gt;Total war dead were 5,000 {{mn|Frumkin|2,107}}which included military losses of about 3,000 included with German Armed Forces and 200 in Belgian Army. The genocide of [[Roma people]] was 200 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,183}}Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 700.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Mala}}Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;Victims of forced labor and reprisals during the Japanese occupation.{{mn|Dower|9,296}} 
#{{note|Malta}}Malta&lt;br /&gt;Air attack victims.{{mn|Clodfelter|16,491}}. The BBC has an online report on the siege of Malta [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/siege_malta_01.shtml]
#{{note|Mexico}}Mexico&lt;br /&gt;Mexico lost 7 merchant ships and 63 dead merchant mariners{{mn|Clodfelter|16,540}}A Mexican Air Force unit [[Escuadrón 201]] served in the Pacific and suffered 1 non combat death.
#{{note|Mong}}Mongolia&lt;br /&gt;Military losses with USSR against Japan in the 1939 [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol]] (200) and 1945 [[Operation August Storm]] (72) campaigns.{{mn|VdmErk|3,74}} 
#{{note|Netherlands}}Netherlands&lt;br /&gt;Military and merchant marine deaths total 7,900. Civilian losses include 20,400 killed due to military action; 158,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide; 16,000 deaths in the [[Dutch famine of 1944]] .{{mn|Frumkin|2,109-111}} Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures.{{mn|RudOver|6,230}}  Totals do not include 25,000 Dutch civilian deaths in the [[Dutch East Indies]] included with Indonesia.{{mn|RudySD|4, Chap.3}} The genocide of [[Roma people]] was 500 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,183}}Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 106,000.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Newfoundland}}Newfoundland&lt;br&gt;Military losses with UK and Canadian forces. Source: [[Canadian War Museum]].[http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/chrono/1931cost_e.html][http://www.civilisations.ca/cwm/disp/dis004_e.html]Civilian dead included the sinking of the [[SS Caribou]] in October 1942.[http://www.iosphere.net/~sullivan/caribou.htm]. Military losses include 332 from the Newfoundland [[Merchant Navy]] [http://www.cdli.ca/monuments/nf/merchant.htm]
#{{note|NZ}}New Zealand&lt;br /&gt;The military deaths listed here are those reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]{{mn|CWWGAR|29}}. Total deaths were 11,029 which included Army(7,595), Air Force(3,787), Navy(539), [[Merchant Navy]] (7) and a civilian death(1). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47(269){{mn|Graves|22}} Details can be found online at the New Zealand Armed Forces Memorial Project[http://www.nzafmp.org]The preliminary 1945 data for New Zealand losses was, killed 10,033, missing 2,129, wounded 19,314 and [[POW]] 8,453.{{mn|League|20}}
#{{note|NOR}}Norway&lt;br /&gt;Military deaths were 2,000 regular forces and 1,000 resistance fighters. Civilian dead include 3,600 [[merchant marine]]. Total does not include 700 deaths with German Armed Forces.{{mn|Frumkin|2,112-113}} The Norwegian Foreign Ministry reported that "10,262 Norwegians had been killed, including 3,670 seamen. The Germans had executed 366 and tortured 39 to death. Among political prisoners and members of the underground, 658 died at home and 1,433 abroad. About 6,000 Norwegians had served the German war cause, and 709 of them had fallen in battle.[http://odin.dep.no/odin/engelsk/norway/history/032005-990466/].Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 728.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Phil}}Philippines&lt;br /&gt;Military war dead include 7,000 in the [[Battle of the Philippines (1941-42)]], 8,000 anti-Japanese [[guerrillas]] and 42,000 (out of 98,000) [[POW]]s in Japanese captivity{{mn|Clodfelter|16,566}}. Civilian losses were victims of [[Japanese war crimes]] including the [[Manila massacre]].{{mn|Dower|9,296}}
#{{note|PacIs}}Pacific Islands&lt;br /&gt;Victims of [[Japanese war crimes]].{{mn|RudySD|4,Chap 3}} 
#{{note|Poland}}Poland&lt;br /&gt;[[Tadeusz Piotrowski]] Professor of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire has provided a reassessment of Poland’s losses in World War Two. Polish war dead include 5,150,000 victims of [[Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles]] and the [[Holocaust]],  the [[treatment of Polish citizens by occupiers]] included 350,000 deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940-41 and about 100,000 [[Poles]] killed in 1943-44 during the [[massacres of Poles in Volhynia]] by the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]]. Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews; 2,000,000 ethnic [[Poles]]; 500,000 [[Ukrainians]] and [[Belarusians]].[http://www.projectinposterum.org/docs/european_WWII_casualties.htm](go to note on Polish Casualties).&lt;br /&gt;The official Polish government report prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war deaths out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic [[Poles]] and Jews;  this report excluded ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] and [[Belarusians|Belarusian]] losses. However historians in Poland now believe that Polish war losses were about 2 million ethnic [[Poles]] and 3 million Jews as a result of the war.  This revision of estimated  war losses was the topic of articles in the Polish academic journal Dzieje Najnowsze # 2-1994 by Czesław Łuczak and Krystyna Kersten. &lt;br /&gt;Another assessment ''Poles as Victims of the Nazi Era '' prepared by [[USHMM]] lists 1.8 to 1.9 million [[ethnic Polish]] dead in addition to 3 million Polish Jews [http://www.holocaust-trc.org/poles.htm]&lt;br /&gt; Losses by geographic area were 3.3 million in present day Poland and about 2.3 million in the [[Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union]]-[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Map_of_Poland_%281945%29.png] The [[Polish contribution to World War II]] included forces fighting with the western allies and the U.S.S.R. after the [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]] in 1939. The [[Warsaw Uprising]] of 1944 cost the lives of 200,000 Poles including 150,000 civilians. Military losses were 66,300 in the 1939 [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]], 10,000 in Polish Army units with western allies, 24,700 with the [[1st Polish Army]] alongside the USSR and 60,000 [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance movement]] fighters; [[POW]] deaths totaled 250,000; in Germany (120,000) and in the USSR (130,000).{{mn|VdmErk|3,49-50}}The genocide of [[Roma people]] was 35,000 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,183}}Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 3,000,000{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}} 
#{{note|Timor}}Portuguese Timor&lt;br /&gt;Officially neutral, [[East Timor]] was occupied by Japan during 1942-45. Allied commandos initiated a guerilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population. 
#{{note|Romania}}Romania&lt;br /&gt;Military casualties with Axis were 72,291 killed, 242,425 wounded and 283,322 missing and [[POW]] (only about 80,000 survived Soviet captivity). Losses as USSR allies were 21,035 killed, 90,344 wounded and 58,443 missing{{mn|MarkAx|10,216-217}} An estimated 15,000 [[POWs]] died in German captivity out of a total of 50,000.{{mn|VdmErk|3,51}}Figures do not include an additional estimated 40,000 to 50,000 dead in Hungarian Army.{{mn|Stark|8,58-60}} Civilian losses during Soviet occupation of [[Bessarabia]] and [[Bukovina]] in 1940-41 totaled 20,000{{mn|VdmErk|3,51}}.The Romanian Fascist genocide of [[Roma people]] was 36,000 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,184}}Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 469,000 including 325,000 in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1940[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Ribbentrop-Molotov.PNG].{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Sing}}Singapore&lt;br /&gt; Victims of [[Japanese war crimes]] including the [[Japanese Occupation of Singapore]] and the [[Sook Ching massacre]]{{mn|RudySD|4,Chap 3}} 
#{{note|SA}}South Africa&lt;br /&gt;The losses listed here are those reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] {{mn|CWWGAR|29}}. Total deaths were 11,902 which included Army (8,782), Air Force (2,706), Navy (349), [[Merchant Navy]] (0) and civilian deaths (65). These losses include war related deaths  during 1946-47 (878){{mn|Graves|22}}The preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840, missing 1,841 wounded 14,363 and [[POW]] 14,589.{{mn|League|20}}
#{{note|Spain}}Spain&lt;br /&gt; Military deaths were of volunteer soldiers from the all Spanish [[Blue Division]] serving alongside Germany Army in the [[U.S.S.R]]. The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943.{{mn|Clodfelter|16,515}}. [[R. J. Rummel]] estimates the deaths of 20,000 [[anti-Fascist]] Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.{{mn|RudySD|17, Table A}} 
#{{note|USSR}}Soviet Union&lt;br /&gt;The official total of military deaths is 8,668,400; including 6,330,000 killed in action/died of wounds and 556,000 dead from non-combat causes{{mn|Kirosheev|7,85}} plus an estimated 500,000 [[missing in action|MIA]] and 1,283,000 [[prisoner of war|POW]] dead out of 4,059,000 total POW{{mn|Kirosheev|7,236}}. However, the estimate by western historians of Soviet military POW deaths is about 3 million (out of 5.7 million total POWs)[http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&amp;ModuleId=10007178].{{mn|RudySD|17, Table A}} [[Richard Overy]] has noted that " The official figures themselves must be viewed critically, given the difficulty of knowing in the chaos of 1941 and 1942 exactly who had been killed , wounded or even conscripted".{{mn|Overy|21,XV}} The official statistics do not include an additional estimated 1,500,000 conscripted reservists missing or killed, primarily in 1941, before being listed on active strength,150,000 militia and 250,000 [[Soviet partisan]] dead. {{mn|VdmErk|3, 20-21}}Total Soviet population losses included approximately 13 million men aged 17 to 39.{{mn|ANDREEV|11,78}}&lt;br /&gt;Civilian losses presented here are for USSR in 1939 borders. Total deaths in the USSR exceeded the pre war level by 26,600,000 from 1941-45.{{mn|ANDREEV|11,78}}, including 3,300,000 civilian dead in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1939-1940 {{mn|LudPot|12,83-84}}[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Ribbentrop-Molotov.PNG] , in this schedule they are not included with USSR losses nor are the 215,000 Soviet war dead in the German armed forces.{{mn|Kirosheev|7,278}}-{{mn|Rus-Vol|24}}. Civilian losses in territories annexed by USSR are included in totals of the [[Baltic states]], Poland, Czechoslovakia and Romania. Civilian losses are poorly documented and may include victims of Soviet as well as Nazi repression. Contemporary Russian historians estimate 2.5 to 3.2 million civilian dead due to famine in Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans, these deaths are included in Soviet civilian losses.{{mn|LudPot|12,158}}&lt;br/&gt;A Russian historian Vadim Erlikman has detailed Soviet losses totaling 26.5 million war related deaths plus 1.7 million victims of Soviet repression. Military losses of 10.6 million include 7.6 million killed or missing in action  and 2.6 million POW dead (out of 5.2 million total [[POWs]]), plus 400,000 paramilitary and [[Soviet partisan]] losses. Civilian deaths totaled 15.9 million which included 1.5 million from military actions; 7.1 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 1.8 million deported to Germany for forced labor; and 5.5 million famine and disease deaths (including 3.0 million in the territory not under German occupation). Additional famine deaths which totaled 1 million during 1946-47 are not included here. These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR including territories annexed in 1939-40{{mn|VdmErk|3,20-21}}&lt;br /&gt;Total military and civilian losses of the individual Soviet republics were :  Russia 13,950,000;  Armenia 180,000; Azerbaijan 300,000;  Belarus (1945 borders) 2,290,000;  Georgia 300,000;  Moldova 170,000;  Ukraine (1945 borders) 6,850,000;  Estonia 65,000;  Latvia 250,000;  Lithuania (1945 borders) 370,000;  Kazakhstan 660,000;  Kyrgyzstan 120,00;  Tajikistan 120,000; Turkmenistan 100,000;  Uzbekistan 550,000. {{mn|VdmErk|3,23-34}}&lt;br /&gt; The genocide of [[Roma people]] was 30,000 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,184}}Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 1,000,000.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
#{{note|Sweden}}Sweden&lt;br /&gt;During the [[Winter war]] of 1939-40 the [[Swedish Volunteer Corps]] served alongside the Finns and lost 28 men in combat. About 300 Swedish volunteers served in the German Wehrmacht and 30-45 were killed in action. [http://www.feldgrau.com/articles.php?ID=58]
#{{note|Switzerland}}Switzerland&lt;br /&gt;The Americans accidentally bombed Switzerland during the war causing civilian casualties. [http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj00/sum00/helmreich.html]-[http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj00/sum00/helmreich1.htm]Losses of about 300 Swiss in the German Armed Forces are included with German casualties.{{mn|RudOver|6,230}}  
#{{note|Thai}}Thailand&lt;br /&gt;Military deaths in [[French-Thai War]] 1940-41, the [[Japanese Invasion of Thailand|Japanese invasion]], and [[Burma Campaign]] 1942-45. Civilian deaths caused by Allied bombing 1944-45. Military deaths consists of 143 officers, 474 non-commissioned officers, 4942 other ranks, and 88 field policemen. [http://web.schq.mi.th/~afed/history_www/bbb1-3.htm Royal Thai Armed Forces Education Department]
#{{note|UK}}United Kingdom and Colonies&lt;br /&gt;The losses listed here are those reported by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]].{{mn|CWWGAR|29}} Total deaths were 453,000 which included Army (210,191), Air Force (84,778), Navy (59,164), [[Merchant Navy]] (28,905), unidentified by branch of service (610), and civilian deaths (69,384). These losses include war related deaths during 1946-47.(16,628){{mn|Graves|22}} The losses of [[Newfoundland]] and [[Malta]] are included in these figures but are listed separately on this schedule. &lt;br/&gt;UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces which are the topic of the following BBC article- [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/colonies_colonials_04.shtml] The losses of colonial troops include 3,700 African war dead which are detailed by V. Erlikman.{{mn|VdmErk|3,83-99}}. UK colonial forces included units from Africa, [[Malaya]], [[Burma]], [[Ceylon]], [[TransJordan]], [[Cyprus]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Malta]] and the [[Jewish Brigade]]&lt;br/&gt; The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a preliminary tally of war losses. This report listed the war deaths of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air Force (69,606); [[Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service]] (624); [[Merchant Navy]] (30,248); [[British Home Guard]] ( 1,206) and Civilians (60,595). The total still missing on 2/28/1946 was 6,244; Navy (340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); [[Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service]] (18);[[Merchant Navy]] (530); [[British Home Guard]] ( 0 ) and Civilians (0).These figures included the losses of [[Newfoundland]] and [[Southern Rhodesia]]. There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to "natural causes" which are not included in these figures. Deaths due to air and rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 [[British Home Guard]]. The deaths of civilians interned was unknown at that time.{{mn|UKstrength|19,7}} The preliminary 1945 data for colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,208, wounded 6,972 and [[POW]] 8,115.{{mn|League|20}}
#{{note|US}}United States&lt;br /&gt;Source of military war dead is U.S.[[DOD]] data [http://siadapp.dior.whs.mil/personnel/CASUALTY/WCPRINCIPAL.pdf] Total losses include battle deaths of 292,131 and deaths due to non combat causes of 115,185. These losses include the [[United States Coast Guard]], a branch of the Armed Forces in World War Two, which incurred losses of 574 battle deaths and 1,343 dead due to non combat causes. These losses were incurred during the period 12/1/41 until 12/31/46 including an additional 126 men in October 1941 when the [[USS Kearny]] and the [[USS Reuben James (DD-245)|USS Reuben James ]] were attacked by U-Boats. The [[United States Army Air Forces]] losses, which are included in the Army total,  were 49,112 deaths due to combat and 36,557 from non combat causes{{mn|Clodfelter|16,584-591}}. Details of [[United States Army Air Forces]] losses are listed online at[http://www.usaaf.net].&lt;br/&gt; U.S. Combat Dead by Theater of war - Europe-Atlantic 182,070; Army ground forces 141,526; [[United States Army Air Forces]] 34,505 and Navy/Coast Guard 6,039; Asia-Pacific 106,207; Army ground forces 40,382; [[United States Army Air Forces]] 14,607; Navy/Coast Guard 31,485; Marine Corps 19,733. Unidentified Theatres- Army ground forces 3,854{{mn|Clodfelter|16,584-591}}. Included in combat deaths are 14,059 [[POWs]], in Europe (1,124) and (12,935) in Asia{{mn|Clodfelter|16,584-591}}. A listing of individual U.S. Army deaths in World War Two can be found at the U.S. National Archives website [http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/ww2/].&lt;br/&gt; Civilian dead were 9,512 [[United States Merchant Marine]] personnel, details given at USMM website [http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html]; and 1,704 American civilians interned, by the Japanese(1,563) and in Europe (168), which are the subject of a U.S. Congressional Research Service report. [http://www.house.gov/bordallo/gwcrc/RL30606.pdf#search='civilians%20interned%20by%20japan]. During the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]] 68 U.S. civilians were killed by [[friendly fire]]{{mn|Clodfelter|16,552}} and 6 U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in 1945 by Japanese [[Fire balloon|balloon bombs]] {{mn|Clodfelter|16,580}}
#{{note|Yugo}}Yugoslavia&lt;br /&gt; The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954, ''The Population of Yugoslavia'', p.23, that concluded that war related deaths were 1,067,000. A recent study by [[Vladimir Žerjavić]]''Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims'', - Zagreb: Croatian Information center,1993 ISBN 0-919817-32-7 [http://www.hic.hr/books/manipulations/] and [http://www.vojska.net/ww2/losses/]lists total war related deaths as 1,027,000 including 237,000 [[Yugoslav partisans]], 209,000 [[Ustaše]] and 581,000 civilians. Losses of the Yugoslav Republics were Bosnia 316,000; Serbia 273,000; Croatia 271,000; Slovenia 33,000; Montenegro 27,000; Macedonia 17,000; and killed abroad 80,000. However, Vadim Erlikman  a Russian historian has given a different breakdown of these losses. Military losses totaled 276,000; including 20,000 in the 1941 [[Balkans Campaign]], 16,000 [[Ustaše]] military, 20,000 [[POWs]] and 220,000 [[Yugoslav partisans]]. Civilian deaths totaled 770,000; including 20,000 due to military operations, 680,000 victims of [[Ustaše]], German, Italian , Hungarian and Bulgarian reprisals and genocide; 70,000 due to hunger and disease.{{mn|VdmErk|3,55-56}}. An additional 350,000 deaths occurred from 1944-47 during the communist seizure of power after the war.{{mn|VdmErk|3,55-56}} The genocide of [[Roma people]] was 40,000 persons.{{mn|Destiny|13,183-184}}Jewish [[Holocaust]] victims totaled 67,122.{{mn|AtlasHol|14,244}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==See also==
===Main articles===
{{World War II}}

===Other articles===
* [[Equipment losses in World War II]]
* [[World War I casualties]]

==References==
&lt;div class="references-small"&gt;
*{{mnb|Ellis|1}}Ellis, John. ''World War II - A statistical survey'' Facts on File 1993. ISBN 0-8160-2971-7.
*{{mnb|Frumkin|2}}Gregory, Frumkin. ''Population Changes in Europe Since 1939'', Geneva 1951.
*{{mnb|VdmErk|3}}Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik''. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1
*{{mnb|RudySD|4}}[[R. J. Rummel]]. ''Statistics of democide : Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900'' Transaction 1998 ISBN 3-8258-4010-7
*{{mnb|RudyCH|5}}[[R. J. Rummel]]. '' China's Bloody Century ''. Transaction 1991 ISBN 0-88738-417-X
*{{mnb|RudOver|6}}Rűdiger Overmans. ''Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1
*{{mnb|Kirosheev|7}}G. I. Krivosheev. ''Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses''. Greenhill 1997 ISBN 1-85367-280-7
*{{mnb|Stark|8}}Támas Stark. ''Hungary's Human Losses in World War II''. Uppsala Univ. 1995 ISBN 91-86624-21-0
*{{mnb|Dower|9}} John W. Dower ''War Without Mercy'' 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8
*{{mnb|MarkAx|10}}Mark Axworthy. ''Third Axis Fourth Ally''. Arms and Armour 1995 ISBN 1-85409-267-7 
*{{mnb|ANDREEV|11}}Andreev, EM, et al, ''Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922-1991''. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 5-02-013479-1
*{{mnb|LudPot|12}}Rossiiskaia Akademiia nauk. ''Liudskie poteri SSSR v period vtoroi mirovoi voiny:sbornik statei''. Sankt-Peterburg 1995 ISBN 5-86789-023-6
*{{mnb|Destiny|13}}Donald Kendrick, ''The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies''. Basic Books 1972 ISBN 0-465-01611-1 
*{{mnb|AtlasHol|14}}Martin Gilbert. ''Atlas of the Holocaust'' 1988 ISBN 0-688-12364-3
*{{mnb|GHQ|15}} ''Annual Changes in Population of Japan Proper 1 October 1920-1 October 1947'', General Headquarters for the Allied Powers Economic and Scientific Section Research and Programs Division July 1948
*{{mnb|Clodfelter|16}} Michael Clodfelter. ''Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 '' ISBN 0-7864-1204-6.
*{{mnb|RudyDemo|17}}R. J. Rummel. ''Democide Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder''. Transaction 1992 ISBN 1-56000-004-X
*{{mnb|UKSTAT|18}}The UK Central Statistical Office ''Statistical Digest of the War'' HMSO 1951 
*{{mnb|UKstrength|19}} ''Strength and Casualties of the Armed Forces and Auxiliary Services of the United Kingdom 1939-1945'' HMSO 1946 Cmd.6832
*{{mnb|League|20}}The Times of London on November 30, 1945. The official losses of the Commonwealth and the Colonies were published here. 
*{{mnb|Overy|21}} Richard Overy, ''Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort: 1941-1945'', Penguin Books, 1998, ISBN 0-14-027169-4
*{{mnb|Graves|22}}[http://www.cwgc.org/debt_of_honour.asp?menuid=14 Commonwealth War Graves Commission-Debt of Honour Register]
*{{mnb|Reichling|23}}Gerhard Reichling. ''Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen'', Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-88557-046-7 
*{{mnb|Rus-Vol|24}}[http://www.feldgrau.com/rvol.html Russian Volunteers in the German Wehrmacht in WWII-by Lt. Gen Wladyslaw Anders and Antonio Munoz]
*{{mnb|Das Deutsche Reich|25}}Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Bd. 9/1, ISBN 3-421-06236-6.
*{{mnb|Sæland|26}}[http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=5057 Hve margir Íslendingar dóu í seinni heimsstyrjöldinni?]
*{{mnb|Ireland|27}}The Challenge Of The Irish Volunteers of World War http://www.reform.org/TheReformMovement_files/article_files/articles/war.htm]
*{{mnb|DefCol|28}} National Defence College (1994), ''Jatkosodan historia 6'', Porvoo. ISBN 951-0-15332-X
*{{mnb|CWWGAR|29}}Commonwealth War Graves Commission-Annual Report 2005-06. Section 6- Page 3. Available online at [http://www.cwgc.org/document.asp?menuid=5&amp;submenuid=24&amp;id=6&amp;menuname=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Annual%20report&amp;menu=subsub]
* [http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Second Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm]
* [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE5.HTM R J Rummel's Statistics of Democide]
* [http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html World War II: Combatants and Casualties (1937 - 45)]

{{Wikipedia|World War II casualties}}
[[Category:War casualties]]
[[Category:World War II|Casualties]]</text>
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    <title>World War II cryptography</title>
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      <text bytes="4002" sha1="dlthyxvpvtp0znps7kd0ia6s3sixv59" xml:space="preserve">[[wikipedia:Cryptography|Cryptography]] was used extensively during [[World War II]], with a plethora of [[wikipedia:code (cryptography)|code]] and [[wikipedia:cipher|cipher]] systems fielded by the nations involved. In addition, the theoretical and practical aspects of ''[[wikipedia:cryptanalysis|cryptanalysis]]'', or ''codebreaking'', was much advanced. 

Probably the most important cryptographic event of the war was the successful decryption by the Allies of the German [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma|"Enigma" Cipher]].  The first complete [[cryptanalysis|break]] into Enigma was accomplished by [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma|Poland]] around 1932; the techniques and insights used were passed to the French and British Allies just before the outbreak of the War in 1939. They were substantially improved by British efforts at the [[wikipedia:Bletchley Park|Bletchley Park]] research station during the War. Decryption of the [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma|Enigma Cipher]] allowed the Allies to read important parts of German radio traffic on important networks and was an invaluable source of [[military intelligence]] throughout the War. Intelligence from this source (and other high level sources, including the [[Fish (cryptography)|Fish]] cyphers) was eventually called [[Ultra]]. 

A similar break into an important Japanese cypher ([[PURPLE]]) by the US Army Signals Intelligence Service started before the US entered the War. Product from this source was called [[MAGIC]]. It was the highest security Japanese diplomatic cypher. For Japanese Naval cyphers see [[JN-25]]. See also [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]].

==Australia==
* [[Central Bureau]]
* [[FRUMEL]]: Fleet Radio Unit, Melbourne
* [[Secret Intelligence Australia]]

==France==
* [[PC Bruno]]
* [[Hans Thilo-Schmidt]]

==Germany==
* [[Enigma (machine)]]
* [[Fish (cryptography)]] British codename for high level German teletype ciphers.
* [[Lorenz cipher]] one of the Fish ciphers
* [[Geheimfernschreiber]]
* [[B-Dienst]]
* [[Reservehandverfahren]]

==Italy==
* used Commercial Enigma

==Japan==
* [[PURPLE]]
* [[JN-25]]

==Poland==
* [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma]]
* [[Biuro Szyfrów]] (Cipher Bureau)
* [[Marian Rejewski]]
* [[Jerzy Różycki]]
* [[Henryk Zygalski]]
* [[Bomba (cryptography)|bomba]]
* [[Lacida | Lacida Machine]]

==Sweden==
* [[Arne Beurling]]

==United Kingdom==
* [[Typex]]
* [[ULTRA]]
* [[Bletchley Park]]
* [[Colossus computer]]
* [[Bombe]]
* [[Alan Turing]]
* [[W. T. Tutte]]
* [[John Tiltman]]
* [[Max Newman]]
* [[Tommy Flowers]]
* [[I. J. Good]]
* [[Leo Marks]]
* [[poem code]]

==United States==
* [[Magic (cryptography)]]
* [[Signals Intelligence Service]] US Army, see also [[Arlington Hall]]
* [[OP-20-G]] US Navy
* [[William Friedman]]
* [[Frank Rowlett]]
* [[Abraham Sinkov]]
* [[Joseph Rochefort]]
* [[Joseph Mauborgne]]
* [[Agnes Meyer Driscoll]]
* [[SIGABA]]
* [[Codetalkers]]
* [[SIGSALY]]
* [[M-209]]
* [[Station HYPO]]
* [[Station CAST]]
* [[Station NEGAT]]

==See also==
*[[Cryptography]]
*[[History of cryptography]]
*[[World War I cryptography]]

&lt;!-- intelligence derived from codebreaking--&gt;
* [[ULTRA]]
* [[Magic (cryptography)]]

&lt;!-- cryptanalysis techniques in WWII --&gt;
* [[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma]]
* [[Bombe]]

&lt;!-- codes and ciphers used in WWII --&gt;
* [[Enigma (machine)]]
* [[SIGABA]]
* [[TypeX]]
* [[Lorenz cipher]]
* [[Geheimfernschreiber]]
* [[Codetalkers]]
* [[PURPLE]]
* [[SIGSALY]]
* [[JN-25]]

&lt;!-- cryptanalytic organisations --&gt;
* [[Bletchley Park]]
* [[Biuro Szyfrów]]
* [[PC Bruno]]
* [[SIS]] US Army, later moved to Arlington Hall
* [[OP-20-G]] US Navy 

&lt;!-- codebreakers --&gt;
&lt;!--poland--&gt;
* [[Marian Rejewski]]
* [[Jerzy Różycki]]
* [[Henryk Zygalski]]

&lt;!-- UK --&gt;
* [[Alan Turing]]
* [[W. T. Tutte]]
* [[John Tiltman]]
* [[Max Newman]]
* [[Tommy Flowers]]
* [[I. J. Good]]

&lt;!-- US --&gt;
* [[William Friedman]]
* [[Frank Rowlett]]
* [[Abraham Sinkov]]
* [[Joseph Rochefort]]
* [[Agnes Meyer Driscoll]]

&lt;!-- misc --&gt;
* [[Hans Thilo-Schmidt]]

{{World War II}}</text>
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      <comment>[[Talk:Napoleonic Wars SUCKS! SUCKS! SUCKS!]] moved to [[Talk:Napoleonic Wars]]: rv</comment>
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      <text bytes="180" sha1="1iwj200ccfgzx7pmdrk0217s1c4m6hh" xml:space="preserve">This is a featured article. [[User:General Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]] ([[w:c:war|war]]) ([[w:c:bladerunner|bladerunner]]) ([[Wikia:c:harrypotter|HP]]) 18:08, 27 May 2006 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>[[Talk:USS Arizona SUCKS! SUCKS!]] moved to [[Talk:USS Arizona]]: rv</comment>
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      <text bytes="411" sha1="q73f22tuwyfif8qsacndbuuj7s9pbhp" xml:space="preserve">Can anyone else create an article on the other two ships?-[[user:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|&lt;font color=red&gt;G&lt;/font&gt;]][[WarWiki:Esperanza|&lt;font color=green&gt;a&lt;/font&gt;]][[user:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny/Sig|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n&lt;/font&gt;]][[user talk:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|&lt;font color=orange&gt;g&lt;/font&gt;]][[Special:Contributions/Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|&lt;font color=purple&gt;sta&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=yellow&gt;EB&lt;/font&gt;]]--13:09, 3 June 2006 (UTC)</text>
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        <username>Sannse</username>
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      <comment>[[Talk:USS Arizona (BB-39) SUCKS! SUCKS! SUCKS!]] moved to [[Talk:USS Arizona (BB-39)]]: rv</comment>
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      <text bytes="204" sha1="kvazp2tw43jj0zo25176v30fatoekfx" xml:space="preserve">I will expand this soon.--[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 02:06, 28 May 2006 (UTC)
Blend sentences together.--[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 22:22, 29 May 2006 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>New page: WE ARE CURRENTLY DOING AN EXERCISE ON SAR AND MOST OF OUR PROBLEMS ARE IN COMMUNICATIONS. WHAT WOULD BE A LASTING EQUIPMENT THAT CAN BE UTILIZED BY EFFORTS BOTH AIR AND SEABORNE PLATFORMS ...</comment>
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      <text bytes="189" sha1="ojtlbib68qdbfk9om8yzp5igq1xrxnj" xml:space="preserve">WE ARE CURRENTLY DOING AN EXERCISE ON SAR AND MOST OF OUR PROBLEMS ARE IN COMMUNICATIONS. WHAT WOULD BE A LASTING EQUIPMENT THAT CAN BE UTILIZED BY EFFORTS BOTH AIR AND SEABORNE PLATFORMS ?</text>
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      <text bytes="97" sha1="0d47jvnys6t3tj7iuv4sppk8tidlhhl" xml:space="preserve">Add the Pacific War.--[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 15:46, 29 May 2006 (UTC)</text>
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| conflict          = 1953 Iranian coup d'état
| partof            = the [[Abadan Crisis]], and the [[Cold War]]
| image             = Operationajax.jpg
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = Coup supporters celebrate victory in Tehran
| date              = 15–19 August 1953
| place             = [[Tehran]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Imperial State of Iran]]
| result            = Overthrow of Prime Minister [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]]
* General [[Fazlollah Zahedi]], appointed as prime minister of post-coup military government&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Parsa, Misagh|title=Social origins of the Iranian revolution|date=1989|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=0-8135-1411-8|page=160|oclc=760397425}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Samad|first1=Yunas|last2=Sen|first2=Kasturi|year=2007|title=Islam in the European Union: Transnationalism, Youth and the War on Terrors|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547251-6|page=86}}&lt;/ref&gt; by [[Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi]]
* [[Monarchy of Iran|Monarchy]] [[absolute monarchy|increased]] in power relative to government
* Pro-[[Western Bloc|Western]] [[Secularism|secular]] [[anti-communist]] Iranian dictatorship established
* Anti-Shah discontent culminates in the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]]
| status            = 
| combatants_header = Government-Insurgents
| combatant1        = {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran (1925).svg}} [[Government of Mosaddegh|Government of Iran]]
| combatant2        = {{flagdeco|Iran|1925}} [[Pahlavi dynasty|House of Pahlavi]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[United States]]{{efn|group=lower-alpha|name="C"}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]{{efn|group=lower-alpha|name="C"|Covertly}}
| commander1        = {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran (1925).svg}} [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]]{{Surrendered}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of Iran (1925).svg}}  [[Gholam Hossein Sadighi]]{{POW}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of Iran (1925).svg}} [[Hossein Fatemi]]{{executed}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of Iran (1925).svg}} [[Taghi Riahi]]{{POW}}
| commander2        = {{flagdeco|Iran|1925}} [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagdeco|Iran|1925}} [[Fazlollah Zahedi]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagdeco|Iran|1925}} [[Nematollah Nassiri]]{{POW}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagdeco|Iran|1925}} [[Shaban Jafari]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagdeco|Iran|1925}} [[Assadollah Rashidian]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[Dwight Eisenhower]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[Allen Dulles]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagdeco|United States|1912}} [[Kermit Roosevelt Jr.]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} [[Winston Churchill]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} [[Anthony Eden]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} [[John Sinclair (British Army officer)|John Sinclair]]
| units1            = {{flagicon image|Flag of Iran (1925).svg}} Factions of the [[Iranian Imperial Army]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of Iran (1925).svg}} [[Mosaddegh]]'s supporters
| units2            = {{flagdeco|Iran|1925}} [[Iranian Imperial Guard|Imperial Guard]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagdeco|Iran|1925}} [[Imperial Iranian Army]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon image|Imperial Standard of the Shahanshah of Iran.svg}} [[Pahlavi dynasty|Royal supporters]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.svg}} [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]&lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon image|}} [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]]
| strength1         = 
| strength2         = 
| casualties3       = 200–300 killed
| notes             = 
| campaignbox       = 
}}</text>
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|-
| style="background-color:#6B238E; width:100px; padding:0.5em; font-size:150%; color:#FFFFFF; margin:10px; border:none; text-align:center;" | Jack&amp;nbsp;Phoenix&lt;staff/&gt;
| style="background-color:#ffffff; color:#000000; padding: 0 10px; margin:10px; border:none; text-align:justify;" | 
&lt;span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:95%;"&gt;
&lt;span style="color:#CC3299;"&gt;Hi!&lt;/span&gt; 
I am '''Jack Phoenix''', an administrator on this wiki.

Please [{{SERVER}}{{SCRIPTPATH}}/index.php?title=User_talk:Jack_Phoenix&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new leave me a message] if you need my help.

You can also [[Special:EmailUser/Jack Phoenix|email me]] if you prefer that over wiki talk pages.
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      <comment>Create page</comment>
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      <comment>restore ancient discussions</comment>
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== A couple questions ==

Greetings Jack, I just had a couple questions to run by you before starting.
#First whats the policy on using content from Wikipedia? I know they use a lot of extra and unnecessary templates, but the information is freely distributable.
#The scope of Wikipedia is fairly narrow making a lot of topics, such as Iraq war operations, non notable. What is the notability standard here?
Thanks and maybe I'll start editing over here. [[Special:Contributions/108.28.162.100|108.28.162.100]] 03:10, 23 November 2014 (UTC)

:Hi there and thank you for the good questions!

:Using content from Wikipedia is totally fair as long as you abide by the license terms. Both WarWiki and Wikipedia use the same license, so this is rather easy to do in practise &amp;mdash; just remember to slap &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Wikipedia|Name of the Wikipedia page that you copied information from}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to the bottom of the page. See the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] article for a live example (scroll down all the way to the [[Dwight D. Eisenhower#External links|External links]] section).

:Given that WarWiki is small and its community has historically consisted of no more than ten people at a given time, there are no estabilished policies on what we consider notable and what we don't. Personally I'd say that "if it has something to do with warfare, it belongs here". Wikipedia &amp;mdash; especially the English-language one &amp;mdash; is known for its strict policies on notability of the subjects, and personally I feel that the policies are sometimes even a tad bit too restricting.

:I hope that you choose to [[Special:UserLogin/signup|create an account]] and become a member of the WarWiki community and help us grow! Please let me know if you have any other questions and I'll try to address them to the best extent of my abilities. --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]]&lt;staff /&gt; &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 13:21, 23 November 2014 (UTC)
:::Great, thanks for the quick reply. I'll probably create an account a little later. I can't do a mass import because that requires admin rights, but I'll start with a few and go from there. [[Special:Contributions/108.28.162.100|108.28.162.100]] 18:45, 23 November 2014 (UTC)
::::PS, &lt;nowiki&gt;[[When James Bond and Séverine imbibe the suave secret agent s drink of choice rather than an alluring vodka martini reaching their lips a cold one of the pale ale Heineken brand does the trick|this]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; probably should be deleted. :-) [[Special:Contributions/108.28.162.100|108.28.162.100]] 18:51, 23 November 2014 (UTC)

:::::Splendid! And thanks for pointing out that spam page, I've now deleted it. Every now and then one or two of those slip past the radars and go unnoticed...thankfully that doesn't happen ''too'' often! --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]]&lt;staff /&gt; &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 21:13, 23 November 2014 (UTC)
::::::Greetings Jack I created an account and created a couple new articles as well as a couple categories and  couple templates. As I mentioned before I'm still learning the rules here so if I do something that isn't allowed just let me know. Some of the templates I added were based on corresponding ones in Wikipedia, but several I changed. If I need to add the {{tl|Wikipedia}} template just let me know. [[User:Reguyla|Reguyla]] ([[User talk:Reguyla|talk]]) 22:56, 25 November 2014 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>User talk:Jack Phoenix/Archive 1</title>
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      <comment>moved [[User talk:Jack Phoenix]] to [[User talk:Jack Phoenix/Archive 1]]:&amp;#32;archiving my talk</comment>
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      <text bytes="20615" sha1="o3djr8te45gzz5i2bqy8vo574kvy1lq" xml:space="preserve">... some new tabs, as requested :-) Good work so far, thank you very much for reviving this wikia. --[[User:Rieke Hain|rieke]] 11:12, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

== Wow... ==

Wow, you've done a lot here. Do you need any help? [[User:Darth mavoc|Darth mavoc]]

Sure I'll help out soon. [[User:Darth mavoc|Darth mavoc]]

I was also thinking, why don't you get Sannse or Angela to put this wiki on the spotlight? It might incite interest.

Thats what I meant. Yeah, the staff does choose them, but it can't hurt trying to bring some friendly attention here.

==Bureaucrat==
Heya, [http://war.wikia.com/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&amp;type=rights&amp;user=&amp;page=User%3AJack_Phoenix here] you go :-) 

Could you send me a mail with the e-mail address that you want to use for the mailing list? Regards --[[User:Rieke Hain|rieke]] 13:31, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

== You ==

Thanks! Are you in the position I have tried to get into for monthes but failed? (Admin is what I'm talking about.) [[User:General Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] ([[User talk:General Eisenhower|at war or at peace]] or [[Special:Emailuser/General Eisenhower|just peace]]) 13:34, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

:Well, I am going to create a page to help with status. [[User:General Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] ([[User talk:General Eisenhower|at war or at peace]] or [[Special:Emailuser/General Eisenhower|just peace]]) 13:41, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

== Out of Your Control ==

Stop! You are being warned for deleting half of WarWiki's articles. This wiki is for all wars including fictional wars and battles. [[User:General Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] ([[User talk:General Eisenhower|at war or at peace]] or [[Special:Emailuser/General Eisenhower|just peace]]) 14:34, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

== 3 Sucessful Adminship Requests ==

There are still three [[WarWiki:Requests for adminship/Sucessful|successful]] requests for adminship and only one of those three is still active (me). And you ARE the only beauracrat left that is active here. [[User:General Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] ([[User talk:General Eisenhower|at war or at peace]] or [[Special:Emailuser/General Eisenhower|just peace]]) 14:51, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

== Your Results ==

Here is what happened because of your deletion wars: [[List of battleships of the United States Navy]]. [[User:General Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] ([[User talk:General Eisenhower|at war or at peace]] or [[Special:Emailuser/General Eisenhower|just peace]]) 15:12, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

== Battle of Hoth ==

The founder of this project wanted all battles to be shown not just real battles. Battle of Hoth is under fictional battles. The Jedi Civil War is a fictional Civil War. Now you are deleting fictional battles and all the redirects. This is a warning! Stop! [[User:General Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] ([[User talk:General Eisenhower|at war or at peace]] or [[Special:Emailuser/General Eisenhower|just peace]]) 16:28, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

:Well, hope you get 82,000 articles in less than a year. Besides bureaucrats can do it themselves. Good luck! You will definently need it if you want this project finished yourself! Bye, for now. If you need me I'll be looking up information on books about wars and on fictional wars. MY information not for the wiki. [[User:General Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] ([[User talk:General Eisenhower|at war or at peace]] or [[Special:Emailuser/General Eisenhower|just peace]]) 16:42, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

::I have told sannse about your little fiasco on deleting fictional war articles and redirects. [[User:General Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] ([[User talk:General Eisenhower|at war or at peace]] or [[Special:Emailuser/General Eisenhower|just peace]]) 21:15, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

:::Prepare for a long war! Me and my personal army declare you an official enemy. We WILL revert any unfair deletions! Any article with my logo on it will be defended to the death! [[User:General Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] ([[User talk:General Eisenhower|at war or at peace]] or [[Special:Emailuser/General Eisenhower|just peace]]) 21:26, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

==Thanks!==
I appreciate your welcome. It's good to be back. (I redirected my previous message to the offenders talk page, rather than yours, since it was confusing.) - [[User:Nhprman|Nhprman]] 15:49, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

== g' Night ==

Good Night, and when you see this look at my [[Blitzkrieg]] article and tell me what I should do to make it better. Thanks. ~~Darthraul

== Thanks  ==

Thanks for the complements. I will CYA i  a few hours. [[User:Darthraul|Darthraul]] 11:40, 23 March 2007 (UTC)Darthraul

== On the.. ==

On the WW2 template on the bottom of the WWII page, the Battle of Dunkirk is missing as a topic. [[User:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''Erwin Rommel'''&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''contact the Wermacht'''&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/sup&gt;

Yeah, Rommel is my favorite person. He was a good guy as you said. And, thanks for you helping me with that matter. [[User:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''Erwin Rommel'''&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''contact the Wermacht'''&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/sup&gt;

== Thanks ==

thanks, cause when I put it on here, it didnt work and I just gave up on it. [[User:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''Erwin Rommel'''&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''contact the Wermacht'''&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/sup&gt;

== Thanks ==

Thanks for everything. i will contribute some more once I get back from church. Bye. :) [[User:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''Erwin Rommel'''&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''contact the Wermacht'''&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hey Man ==

Hey Man I am going to create some articles later like tommorow or something. Like the Pocket at Cherkassy and Invasion of Polland. Right now I am writing them on paper first. So, please dont create these articles. Much Appreciated. [[User:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''Erwin Rommel'''&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''contact the Wermacht'''&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/sup&gt;

:Don't worry, I'm busy in a couple of other Wikia wikis. :) --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 10:09, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

== Why? ==

Why is that Eisonhower guy all mad at you? [[User:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''Erwin Rommel'''&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''contact the Wermacht'''&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/sup&gt;

Huh... Well there shouldn't be Fictional Wars on here, and I think one of then Global Admins said so. [[User:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''Erwin Rommel'''&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''contact the Wermacht'''&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/sup&gt;

== Contacting Me ==

Just contact me on Gears of War Wiki or This one. I am on the GOW mostly, but anyway, I am writing the Articles sorry for the Wait. [[User:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''Erwin Rommel'''&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''contact the Wermacht'''&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/sup&gt;

== Thanks ==

Thanks man. [[User:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''Erwin Rommel'''&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''contact the Wermacht'''&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/sup&gt;

:No problem at all. :) --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 12:36, 3 April 2007 (UTC)

== G'Morning ==

Sorry about before with all the negative attention. I was trying to become admin for a month before you came but you won it fair and square. I still have a lot of experience in getting articles in. Oh and it'd be nice if you add some fantasy to the [[w:c:rpgarena|RPG Arena]]. I'm trying to adopt that wiki. I could make you an admin once that is done. No hard feelings? Contact me on the Arena. [[User:General Eisenhower|Ike]] ([[http://rpgarena.wikia.com/User_talk:General_Eisenhower talk])

== WWII Mini Wiki ==

Hi, i'm Jimwitz. My request for a WWII wiki was said that it should start out here. So I was wondering if a could get sysop privleges for the WWII pages. [[User:Jimwitz|&lt;font face = "green"&gt;&lt;font style = "background:green"&gt;&lt;span style="border:2px green"&gt;&lt;font color="gainsboro"&gt;Jim|&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Jimwitz|&lt;font face = "green"&gt;&lt;font style = "background:green"&gt;&lt;span style="border:2px green"&gt;&lt;font color="gainsboro"&gt;witz&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]] 13:58, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

OK, I'll start the Mini Wiki. [[User:Jimwitz|&lt;font face = "green"&gt;&lt;font style = "background:green"&gt;&lt;span style="border:2px green"&gt;&lt;font color="gainsboro"&gt;Jim|&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:Jimwitz|&lt;font face = "green"&gt;&lt;font style = "background:green"&gt;&lt;span style="border:2px green"&gt;&lt;font color="gainsboro"&gt;witz&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]] 13:59, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

== Thanks for the welcome ==

Heya Jack!=D I really like the wiki and I hope it goes somewhere.

Semper Vigilans,

[[User:Grievous797|Grievous797]] 22:45, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

== Joining ==

I will happily join this wiki as I need a place to edit because I'm new on Wikia! Oh and congratulations for making this wikia the collaboration of the month! Yes! [[User:Warrior for None|Warrior]] ([[User talk:Warrior for None|talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Warrior for None|recent battles]]) 21:15, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

== Userboxes ==

Hey Jack, do you want me to make some templates for this wiki? [[w:c:guns:User:Brain40|Brain40]]

== Site Notice ==

Do you think you should change the [[MediaWiki:Sitenotice|Site Notices]] so then everyone will know we're collaboration of the month? I'm not trying to be rude. You should add a message about it on there near. It could look like this:

&lt;pre&gt;
WarWiki has been made [[w:Collaboration of the month|Collaboration of the month]] on the [[wikia:|Central Wikia]]! Help out anyway you can!
&lt;/pre&gt;

Of course it's your choice. You are the only one besides Darth Raul that can edit the MediaWiki namespace. You should add it just below the first message. [[User:General Eisenhower|Ike]] ([[w:c:war:User talk:General Eisenhower|war]] [[w:c:texas:User talk:General Eisenhower|texas]] [[w:c:rpgarena:User talk:General Eisenhower|rpgarena]]) 21:11, 25 April 2007 (UTC)

== World War II ==

[[Romania during World War II]] is done. Hundreds to go on [[World War II]]. [[User:General Eisenhower|Ike]] [[User talk:General Eisenhower|Friend]] 00:37, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

== Award ==

{{award2|image=Little boy.jpg|size=100px|topic=THE LITTLE BOY AWARD|text=For being an editor of mass contributions, not destruction, here is the Little Boy Award, Jack Phoenix.--[[User:General Eisenhower|Ike]] [[User talk:General Eisenhower|Friend]] 01:25, 27 April 2007 (UTC)--}}

:Aww, thank you very much. :) I'm sure we can get this wiki rolling in no time and help it become popular. ;) --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 14:33, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

== Cherkassy ==

I have filled out the Infobox but I havent written the article yet. [[User:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''Erwin Rommel'''&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Darthraul|&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;'''contact the Wermacht'''&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/sup&gt;

:No problem, it's not neccessary to edit 24/7. Just start writing when you have some extra time, as there's no hurry to anywhere. :) --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 09:19, 28 April 2007 (UTC)
== Pic for you ==

Found this lovely one on Flickr and sent it over to commons, thought you might have a use for it here:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:82nd_Airborne_Mass_Jump-JSOH2006.jpg   Cheers!  — [[Wikia:User:CatherineMunro|Catherine]] o' the [[Wikia:Community Team|ComTeam]] 00:37, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

:Indeed a lovely picture. Hmm, I wonder if I could try to fit it in some article...or if another contributor could find use for it. Anyway, thanks a lot for that! :D --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 09:19, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

== Newsletter ==
&lt;small&gt;2nd edition&lt;/small&gt; '''&amp;middot;'''  &lt;small&gt;[[WarWiki talk:Newsletter|Contact us]]&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;center&gt;Wednesday, June 14-21, 2006&lt;/center&gt; 

Objectives
*Categorize articles
*Put tags on images
*Recruit more members
*Write a [[Special:Wantedpages|wanted article]] or expand [[Special:Allpages|existing ones]]

[http://www.wikia.com Wikia]
*WarWiki has been made [[w:Collaboration of the month|Collaboration of the Month]].

&lt;small&gt;-&gt;Editor for theis issue:[[User:General Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]]&lt;/small&gt;

:All users [[Special:Listusers|here]] have been given the [[WarWiki:Newsletter|newsletter]] and all userpages that do not have the &lt;nowiki&gt;{{user}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; tag or any content have been tagged with &lt;nowiki&gt;{{user}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;. [[User:General Eisenhower|Ike]] [[User talk:General Eisenhower|Friend]] 17:07, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

== OH NOOOOOOO! ==

We have 1000 red links on the [[Special:Wantedpages|Wanted Pages]]! Everyone panic! AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHHHHHHHH! [[User:General Eisenhower|Ike]] [[User talk:General Eisenhower|Friend]] 23:38, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

:Oh, and I am creating a new community toolbar, too! It will raise the community numbers! [[User:General Eisenhower|Ike]] [[User talk:General Eisenhower|Friend]] 23:52, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

::I like the way the [[w:newskin|new skin]] blends in with the logo. [[User:General Eisenhower|Ike]] &lt;small&gt;([[User talk:General Eisenhower|talk]])&lt;/small&gt; 18:45, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

:::Uh-oh, 1000 redlinks...that's bad. I promise I'll get right on editing this wiki, just been a bit (too) busy with real life...it'd be great if we could have 200 articles by the end of the year. :) --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 11:34, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

== Ottoman Empire ==

Could you fix the image on the Ottoman Empire article? It appears as a link when it should appear as a image. I have tried and tried and tried and can't fix it. {{user:SPARTAN-042/sig}}

:Hi, thanks for all your contributions to this wiki, we need more unique articles that are not copied from Wikipedia. :)

:Anyway, I see that you managed to fix it, I had to reupload the image though, as it didn't seem to exist on the image server, which is pretty weird. --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 22:49, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

== Wikipedia ==

This place needs a policy or a rule about copying and pasting articles from Wikipedia. 
A)If the Wikipedia article as an error in it the error is also here
B)These articles need to be specialized for a WarWiki instead of Wikipedia e.g. The WWI article might need more detail here than it should on WP but somebody copied it over anyway. 
C)If all our articles were copied and pasted from WP visitors would think all we did was copied articles and didn't write anything of our own and leave (even though it isn't plagiarism). Copied articles=No visitors No visitors=No editors No editors=No community No community=No wiki  
You're a sysop, could you make a policy on that? 
[[User:SPARTAN-042|SPARTAN-042]] 23:42, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

:Well, I agree with you on those. Though, [[w:Help:Copying from Wikipedia|Wikia has a help page about this]] that states that you may copy from Wikipedia as long as you give proper attribution. I agree, I'd '''love''' to see more specialized articles, not just Wikipedia copies. --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 09:28, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

== World War II article ==

What was that "mini wiki" stuff? I searched for World War II and got that. That should be moved back and the World War II/Wikipedia article deleted, IMHO. What about yours? (If you think it could help the wiki and have a good reason for it being like that I don't want to mess it up). --[[Special:Contributions/SPARTAN-042|&lt;font color="red"&gt;Tsarevich&lt;/font&gt;]] [[user:SPARTAN-042|&lt;font color="black"&gt;SPARTAN-042&lt;/font&gt;]] [[user talk:SPARTAN-042|&lt;font color="green"&gt;'s throne room&lt;/font&gt;]] 01:44, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

:Well, an user wanted to start a WW II-related mini-wiki here, but I don't know what happened to the idea. I'll move them back right away. --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 09:28, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

== Hi!!! ==

Someone revived this?!?!?!? YAYYYYYYYYYY Anyway, I will go on a much as possible to try to help... (It probably wont be too much, cos of my mom...) and ya. See ya around! &lt;b&gt;[[User:the_ed17|&lt;font color="8000000"&gt;the_&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:the_ed17|&lt;font color="800000"&gt;ed&lt;/font&gt;]][[User:the_ed17/friends|&lt;font color="800000"&gt;1&lt;/font&gt;]][[WarWiki:Featured picture|&lt;font color="800000"&gt;7&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/b&gt; 15:22, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

--I will surely try :) &lt;b&gt;[[User:the_ed17|&lt;font color="8000000"&gt;the_&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:the_ed17|&lt;font color="800000"&gt;ed&lt;/font&gt;]][[User:the_ed17/friends|&lt;font color="800000"&gt;1&lt;/font&gt;]][[WarWiki:Featured picture|&lt;font color="800000"&gt;7&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/b&gt; 15:26, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

== Check this please ==

[[Ancient Greece]]---I have to finish the reference and one more section, bt how is it?? I didn't even use wikipedia, so..... &lt;b&gt;[[User talk:the_ed17|&lt;font color="800000"&gt;the_ed&lt;/font&gt;]][[WarWiki:Featured picture|&lt;font color="800000"&gt;17&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/b&gt; 16:06, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

:Looks very nice, please keep up the good work, we need more "own" articles that are not copypasted from Wikipedia. ;-) --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 16:11, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

== Hello ==

Hello, This is Sir James Paul from IRC. I just thought I would drop in and say hello. Peace:)--[[User:Sir James Paul|Sir James Paul]] 14:07, 17 June 2007 (UTC)
::Thanks for the welconme:) Cheers!--[[User:Sir James Paul|Sir James Paul]] 15:47, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

== I...Have...RETURNED! =D ==

It is I [[User:Grievous797|Grievous797]] and im back!

:Welcome back, good to have you here. We could always use more contributors. :-) --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 09:50, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

::I think I'll be coming back "over the mountains, over the mountains, and what do you think I saw? What do you think I saw? Over the mountain!" I'm horrible at rhyme and music. Hahaha. Let's get this party started! Oh yah! [[User talk:General Eisenhower|General]] [[w:c:rpgarena:User talk:General Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] (&lt;sub&gt;[[w:c:rpgarena:User:General Eisenhower|General]]&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[User:General Eisenhower|me]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:35, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

:::Agreed - WarWiki is a great wiki, it just needs more contributors. :) --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 10:51, 13 September 2007 (UTC)

==I have also returned==
I have been gone a while, but have returned to edit...LOTS...[[User:Forerunner|Forerunner]] 20:26, 22 October 2007 (UTC)
:Welcome back. :-) --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 20:43, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

== Eaglemedia ==

Hello, so your the adopted founder of this Wiki right? I can see you have been doing a really good job, even with all the other work on the main Wikia you have, you are still marverlously maintaining this Wiki. So that's what I am here to talk about, adopting Wikis, I was wondering if you and this Wiki itself would like to join Eaglemedia? This will help this Wiki and many other Wikis which we are helping recieve more and more contributers, also if you join the project we would love to have a person like you helping out on other Wikis in need of help! To see the project go here: [http://scratchpad.wikia.com/wiki/Eaglemedia]. Or if that's not convincing enough for you then see two of our main Wikis: [http://australia.wikia.com] and [http://ufology.wikia.com]. Hope to see you and this Wiki at the project!!!--[[User:Kushan_I.A.K.J|Kushan_I.A.K.J]] ([[User talk:Kushan_I.A.K.J|Talk]]) (---'''Eaglemedia:'''[http://scratchpad.wikia.com/wiki/Eaglemedia]---) 09:26, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

:No thanks, I think we're okay at the moment. Feel free to write a [[Special:Wantedpages|wanted page]] or expand [[Special:Allpages|existing ones]] if you have some spare time though. :)

:[[w:Category:Adopt this wiki]] lists wikis that are up for adoption. It's got a lot of wikis that you could adopt...but when adopting a wiki, remember to focus on one wiki at a time; try to gather up community on a wiki before moving to adopt a new wiki. --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 14:29, 17 December 2007 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>User talk:Jack Phoenix/header</title>
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      <comment>Created page with '&lt;!-- begin warning box --&gt; &lt;div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="stub" width=100% style="margin: 12px 0px; background-color: #DC143C; border: solid 1px #B19F95; paddin…'</comment>
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&lt;div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="stub" width=100% style="margin: 12px 0px; background-color: #DC143C; border: solid 1px #B19F95; padding: 5px; text-align:center; font-style:italic; color:#FFFFFF;"&gt;
Please remember to sign your posts with &lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt; as this makes the life easier for everyone, especially for me to reply to your queries.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style="background:#ffffff; border: solid #7086a8 1px;float:right;padding:5px;margin-top:1em;"&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align:center; color:#000000;"&gt;'''Archived discussions'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align:center;&gt;
[[User talk:Jack Phoenix/Archive 1|15 January 2007 - 10 September 2008]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:About</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Mary-Kate</username>
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      <comment>lowercase "u"</comment>
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      <text bytes="2644" sha1="hxcv619keslt67w5zc4bwxsik62pm9n" xml:space="preserve">Welcome to the '''WarWiki'''! We are seeking to build a wiki about all aspects of '''real warfare'''. Therefore, this site is not a place for fictional wars; such articles should be added to other wikis than this one. 

==Welcome words==
Like most other [[wikipedia:wiki|wikis]], anyone can edit these pages, and no one actually "owns" the wiki or its content.

By all means be bold in your edits, adding content and information that you believe others will want to know about.

But please also remember to collaborate with others, be friendly, discuss differences of opinion, and be mindful of the work others have done on this project before you got here. Remember that they are, like you, volunteers and fans, and they like what they've done here. Approach your edits in the spirit of improving the wiki, rather than "putting your stamp on it" and your presence here will be a blessing, not one that is resented.

Try to be accurate in your statements and leave links and/or other verifiable source information in articles you edit. Feel free to add your opinions and feelings where it's appropriate and where it's clearly labeled as such.

==For first-time editors==
Please see [[Help:Contents|help page]] for many helpful editing tips and hints. If you can't find an answer to your question there, ask it [[WarWiki:Administrators|from an admin]] or visit our [[Forum:Index|forums]].

Is this your first time here? Please consider feeling your way around, learning how to edit by hitting the "edit" tab, and not starting off your career as an editor by vandalizing pages (if you add things to pages to "test" how to edit, it's vandalism if you hit the 'save page' button).

There will be a great temptation to make a dozen edits in your first hour or two here. That's GREAT! But please make them quality edits that will make you a valued member of a team, not a "spoiler" who ruins what others have worked hard to create.

While it's not required before you start editing, registering and adopting a user name is a ''good idea''. When people see your IP number - rather than a user name - they may assume you are here to vandalize pages, not contribute. If you are here to contribute, you'll want to establish a "good name". You don't have to, of course.

==Words of Wisdom==
#Start editing. 
#Add articles and improve others.
#[[WarWiki:Vandalism|'''Don't''' blank information and '''don't''' add nonsense]].

==See also==
*[[WarWiki:Vandalism]] &amp;mdash; how to identify unconstructive edits and people making such edits
*[[WarWiki:Reverting vandalism]] &amp;mdash; how to revert unconstructive edits made by vandals

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  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Administrators</title>
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      <text bytes="2305" sha1="cya9bxza51kllwf5th12i0ttjn4za7c" xml:space="preserve">'''Administrators''', or sysops, are users who can edit any page or do certain tasks that a normal user cannot do, such as banning vandals.  They also leave messages for users, telling them about their mistakes or correcting them.  Administrators are selected on an as-needed basis only. As WarWiki expands, more administrators may be needed to assist in its operation. There are no official criteria to become an administrator, however there are a few basic guidelines. When an administrator is needed, one will be selected from the rest of the users who:

*Has had an account on WarWiki for some time
*Is an active contributor.  This includes creating or uploading many different maintenance templates
*Has no history of vandalism or abuse of WarWiki

Again, Administrators are only selected when one is needed. When this occurs, the current Admins will let the rest of the users know. Until then, it is safe to assume that WarWiki is operating smoothly as it is.

==Administrator responsibilities==
Administrators at '''[[WarWiki]]''' have the following privileges and responsibilities:

*'''Protecting pages'''. Admins can [[WarWiki:Protection policy|protect]] pages from further changes in cases of vandalism or content disputes. This should happen only in certain rare circumstances. 
*'''Deletion and undeletion'''. Admins can delete and restore pages and images from WarWiki. 
*'''Block and unblock'''. Admins can ban users from contributing to WarWiki, either for a specific amount of time, or indefinitely. WarWiki has a zero tolerance [[WarWiki:Vandalism|policy on vandalism]].
*'''MediaWiki namespace'''. Admins may edit the protected pages in the MediaWiki namespace.  These pages are used to define the text and style of the user interface.

==Current list of administrators==
*[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] - [[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Talk]] - [[Special:EmailUser/Jack Phoenix|E-mail]]

==Requests for adminship==
The requests for adminship can be found on [[WarWiki:Requests for adminship]].

==See also==
*[[Special:ListUsers/sysop|Automatic list of administrators]]
*[[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|Automatic list of bureaucrats]]

&lt;small&gt;''This page incorporates elements of [[wikia:c:24:Wiki 24:Administrators|Wiki 24:Administrators]].''&lt;/small&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Blocking policy</title>
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      <text bytes="4021" sha1="p6ap5ec7p7gv9krv2jle85oyyz2slho" xml:space="preserve">[[WarWiki:Administrators|Administrators]] have the ability to stop a user from editing for any duration. However, sysops are only allowed to block users, or ban users, if an offense is made to disrupt the wiki. The following are actions a user might perform that could result in a temporary or permanant block:

==Offenses leading to bans==
*Page-blanking articles for no justified reason
*Replacing article content with illegitimate text or other material
**Please be patient with new users. Some may not understand the sensitivity of others about others editing their articles. Assume good faith and let the user defend himself before placing a ban, or requesting a block.
*Moving pages to innappropriate titles (General pagemove should be accepted, though if obvious vandalism such as xxxx HAS BEEN CONQUERED BY THE ROMAN EMPIRE appears, a ban should be placed)
*Creating a sockpuppet account.
**Note: We should clarify to new users with policy pages or other means the definitions of sockpuppetry, and give specific reasons why a sockpuppet should not be used. If a new user is unaware of this policy, the main account should not be banned for an extended period of time, though the sockpuppet, regardless of its intention, should be banned.
*Creating articles for the purpose of disruption
**Offensive content could be pornography, vulgarity, blatant insults to pages and/or users, or spamming
*Evading previous blocks with new account.
**This can be considered a form of sockpuppetry, but if the account is created to keep contributing, even though the user was previously blocked, it is an analogy of a jailbreak, however the intention may be.
**If you create an account to appeal a ban, the account still has a risk of being blocked indefinitely as a sockpuppet. You should plead your case via email, IRC, or placing an unblock template on your talk page. Please give a valid reason, and an administrator will likely notice your request and act on it.
*Suspicious username
**A suspicious username could be something resembling another user's name, though this is not always intentional. The name could also declare vandalism or offend another user. In these cases, the accounts can be assumed vandals or disruptors and should be warned after the first contribution, and banned if any vandalism comes from the account.
**In the cases that the username may contain a part of another user's name, the resemblance may be coincidential. If the usernames create confusion among one another, a message should be left on the newer user's talk page suggesting a name change. If the account is not overwhelmingly similar to another user, the suggestion may be declined, unless a significant majority in the community favor a change in a username.
**Some usernames are blatantly obvious of intentions. Account names clearly saying something offensive about another user should immediately banned.
*Spamming
**This is advertizing another site or page that disrupts the community. Also, advertizing a candidate for an election or a new article on an irrelevant talk page should also be prohibited, but only blocked if persistent after warnings. Blocks in this instance could range from hours to infinite, depending on the severity.

Please note:
*Some users have not stumbled upon the page discussing this matter, and the first offense can be forgiven if the problem does not persist and the user apologises or justifies his mistake. Please assume good faith. Users can change in intent, and minor offenses that are not directly defacing the website should not have indefinite blocks.

==Notes about America Online (AOL)==
America Online (AOL) is a widely used ISP that uses a special caching system to assign IPs to users. These IPs change rapidly because they are assigned per page, and not per user. Blocks applied to these IPs should be fairly short (around 1 day) to avoid potential collateral damage. It should be noted that AOL gives its service in USA, Canada and United Kingdom.


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  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Bureaucrats</title>
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      <text bytes="1257" sha1="h8mglloh5xec7jztlfx2gzvblbgeoef" xml:space="preserve">'''Bureaucrats''' grant [[WarWiki:Administrators|sysop]] powers to elected administrators and [[Help:Rollback|rollback rights]] to trusted users. While bureaucrats are largely similar to administrators in general article editing, their opinions are almost always considered in important policy decisions that affect the whole site, as well as determining consensus in difficult cases. Other than that, the role of a bureaucrat is similar to the role of the administrator. 

Another segment of the bureaucrats' role is that their votes must be unanimous in order for a user to be approved as a sysop. &lt;!--Bureaucrats are selected through [[WarWiki:Requests for bureaucratship]].--&gt;

A log of changes to user rights is maintained at [[Special:Log/rights]].

==Bureaucrat Veto==
WarWiki's bureaucrats have the power to [[wikipedia:Veto|veto]] stuff. In order for a bureaucrat to use their veto, they must mark the action clearly as such and preferrably to add a link to this page. If a bureaucrat votes "no/oppose" on something, it does not constitute as veto unless it's marked as such.

==WarWiki bureaucrats==
*[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] - [[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Talk]] - [[Special:EmailUser/Jack Phoenix|E-mail]]

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    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>88</id>
    <revision>
      <id>962</id>
      <parentid>961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-03-19T21:07:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>More info instead of a listing - what the collaboration is about would be good to know. ;)</comment>
      <origin>962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1682" sha1="en4okqqdp8li1o4q3iz85zwewidhj4m" xml:space="preserve">The '''collaboration of the 2 weeks''' is a collaboration to improve existing articles to [[WarWiki:Featured article|Featured article status]].

==Nomination and Voting==
Articles to be improved can be nominated by registered users in the "nominations" section below, with an explanation of what work is needed. Please do not nominate articles involved in edit wars. 

When you vote, please add your vote to the vote total at the ''current rankings'' section, and make the necessary changes.

Each Sunday, the article with the most support votes is chosen. Opposing votes are not counted. You can vote for as many articles as you like. Articles need two votes per week to stay on the list.

'''Note:''' It is considered somewhat rude not to help improve articles you've voted for.

==Collaboration==
Here are some best practices to use while working on an article selected for the improvement drive:
:1. '''Plan your contribution'''. After an article has been chosen, it is a good idea to post your ideas for additions, changes and corrections for the topic on the article's talk page. You can then choose some of the listed contributions to avoid overlapping work.
:2. '''Be quick.''' Once you have planned your work, make your edits quickly, but carefully. Articles chosen for the drive are the likely subjects of many rapid edits. By entering and exiting EDIT mode quickly, you can avoid another user saving a new edit before you have completed your work. If your edit will be more lengthy, you could make it in an external editor (i.e Microsoft Word) and then copypaste it to here.
&lt;br /&gt;

==Nominations==

==Current rankings==

[[Category:WarWiki|Collaboration of the 2 weeks]]</text>
      <sha1>en4okqqdp8li1o4q3iz85zwewidhj4m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Community Portal</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>932</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4095</id>
      <parentid>4094</parentid>
      <timestamp>2016-01-10T01:34:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stranger195</username>
        <id>24950220</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>4095</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2457" sha1="9pfr0kalpleujfen97zm469sexv9gok" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:WarWiki|Community Portal]]
{| cellspacing="3" style="width:100%; background-color:transparent;"
|width="100%"|

{| style="background-color:transparent;"
|valign="top" style="padding-right: 1em; "|

Welcome to the Community Portal. '''[[Special:MyPage|You]]''' can help build [[WarWiki]] and the community by editing any of our pages. If you [[Special:UserLogin|create an account]], you can track your changes [[Help:Why create an account?|and more]].

|}
|-
{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
|-
| style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; background-color: #DAFDDA; padding:1em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa"|
&lt;div id="section1" style="font-size:160%;border-bottom:1px solid black; margin: .5em;"&gt;Where to start&lt;/div&gt;

* [[Help:Contents|Read the help page]]
* Browse our wiki for something you'd be interested in contributing to.
* If you feel a worthy topic is missing, start it.

| style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; background-color: #FFDDDD; padding:1em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa"|
&lt;div id="section2" style="font-size:160%;border-bottom:1px solid black; margin: .5em;"&gt;Contact information&lt;/div&gt;

*[[Forum:Index|Forum]] ([[Forum:War Room|War Room]], [[Forum:Consensus track|Consensus track]])
*[[WarWiki:Administrators|Contact admins]]

|-
| colspan="2" style="width: 100%; vertical-align: top; background-color: #E6E6FA; padding:1em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa"|
&lt;div id="section3" style="font-size:160%;border-bottom:1px solid black; margin: .5em;"&gt;What you can do&lt;/div&gt;

*Expand a [[Special:ShortPages|short article]].
*Write a [[Special:WantedPages|wanted article]]. (see below)
*Participate in our [[WarWiki:Featured article|featured article voting]] and the [[WarWiki:Votes for Deletion|VfD]] voting.
*Give us [[WarWiki talk:Community Portal|feedback]].


|-
| style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; background-color: #FFDDFF; padding:1em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa"|
&lt;div id="section4" style="font-size:160%;border-bottom:1px solid black; margin: .5em;"&gt;News&lt;/div&gt;
*No recent news.

| style="width: 50%; vertical-align: top; background-color: #FFEEDD; padding:1em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa"|	
&lt;div id="section5" style="font-size:160%;border-bottom:1px solid black; margin: .5em;"&gt;Create a wanted page!&lt;/div&gt;
Click any of the following redlinks to start writing the article or start from the complete list [[Special:WantedPages|here]]. '''Your''' contributions are appreciated!
{{:Special:WantedPages/20}}

|}
|}
__NOTOC__
__NOEDITSECTION__</text>
      <sha1>9pfr0kalpleujfen97zm469sexv9gok</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Community portal</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>1260</id>
    <redirect title="WarWiki:Community Portal" />
    <revision>
      <id>4093</id>
      <timestamp>2016-01-10T01:25:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stranger195</username>
        <id>24950220</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirected page to [[WarWiki:Community Portal]]</comment>
      <origin>4093</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38" sha1="fuyz7smdp8qepksqe0iyo047w7f83ws" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[WarWiki:Community Portal]]</text>
      <sha1>fuyz7smdp8qepksqe0iyo047w7f83ws</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Copyrights</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>37</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4090</id>
      <parentid>3552</parentid>
      <timestamp>2016-01-10T01:20:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stranger195</username>
        <id>24950220</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4090</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="949" sha1="eyuv03bgpcharhulvsx9ytzgeax5okx" xml:space="preserve">WarWiki's content is dual-licensed under the [//www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/fdl-1.2.htmlGNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) version 1.2] and the [//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License].

All pages on WarWiki are in their own words. When an article violates a copyright, the Recent Changes Patroller will find the article and revert it back to its original state before the violation. Copy only from public domain or CC BY-SA resources such as Wikipedia. For work used under the GFDL or the CC BY-SA, you must follow the license conditions which includes attribution.

Like Wikipedia, we allow importing of content licensed under the CC BY-SA 1.0 or higher or dual-licensed under the same licenses, but we don't allow content that is GFDL 1.2-only or licensed under the CC BY-SA 4.0 International License.

==See also==
* [[Template:Wikipedia]]

[[Category:WarWiki|Copyrights]]</text>
      <sha1>eyuv03bgpcharhulvsx9ytzgeax5okx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Deletion policy</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3556</id>
      <parentid>2512</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-05-30T17:55:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3556</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="958" sha1="2hzsjpd7fjewq56mxpmw64elp4kxecy" xml:space="preserve">'''WarWiki's Deletion policy''' is simple. Articles that do not fit into this wiki or are about fictional wars will be put up for a vote to be deleted.

==Fictional wars==
*Articles about fictional wars are not allowed here, as we don't want to duplicate Wookieepedia or Memory Alpha. Articles about fictional wars will be deleted on sight.

==Junk articles==
*"Junk articles" refers to articles containing nothing but nonsense, spam, or inappropriate material/language. These are to be marked with the {{tl|speedy}} tag.

==Irrelevant articles==
*Articles that have good content but are irrelevant should also be put up [[WarWiki:Votes for Deletion|for deletion]]. This wiki is about wars and everything related it. Thus, we have no need for articles about Nintendo's gaming consoles or such.

==See also==
*[[WarWiki:About]]

&lt;small&gt;This page incorporates elements from [[wikia:c:starwars:WP:DP|Wookieepedia]].&lt;/small&gt;

[[Category:WarWiki|Deletion policy]]</text>
      <sha1>2hzsjpd7fjewq56mxpmw64elp4kxecy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Featured article</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>58</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3566</id>
      <parentid>711</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-05-31T05:24:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3566</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3536" sha1="qn03egm3widwkq8foq0fp0d0j3jpxa3" xml:space="preserve">The '''featured articles''' of the wiki are articles that represent the best the WarWiki has to offer.

[[Category:WarWiki|Featured articles]]

What makes a featured article or what article should you nominate to feature?  To answer that, we've prepared a list just in case someone should ask that, and it is as follows.

&lt;big&gt;''An article must...''&lt;/big&gt;

#...be well written and detailed
#...be unbiased, non-point of view
#...be sourced with all available sources
#...follow the [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] and the [[wikipedia:WP:LG|Layout Guide]]
#...not be the object of any ongoing edit wars
#...not be tagged with any sort of improvement tags (i.e. more sources, expand, etc)
#...have a sufficient proper lead that can be used for the front page [[Template:Featured article|featured box]]
#...have a reasonable amount of red links; use common sense
#...have a complete, detailed biography if it's an  article about a person

For more information on what makes a featured article, see [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:What is a featured article|What is a featured article?]].

&lt;hr /&gt;

&lt;big&gt;''How to nominate:''&lt;/big&gt;

#First, nominate an article you find is worthy of featured status, putting it at the bottom of the list below; see criteria above.
#Others will object to the nomination if they disagree that the article is good enough; they will then supply reasons for doing so, and ways to improve the article (errors, style, organization, images, notability, sources).
#Supporters adjust the article until the objectors (with reasonable objections) are satisfied.
#The article is placed on the featured article list and added to the front page queue.
#Also, if, at least a week after the article's nomination, that article has 2 or more supports than any other article and no objections, it will be added the queue, and will be officially known as a "featured article".

&lt;big&gt;''How to vote:''&lt;/big&gt;

#Before doing anything, be sure to read the article completely, keeping a sharp eye out for mistakes.
#Afterwards, compare the article to the criteria listed above, and then either '''support''' or '''object''' the article's nomination.
##If you object, please supply concrete reasons for doing so, and how it can be improved.
#As stated above, any objections will be looked upon by the nominator, supporters, and anyone willing to improve the article, and action will be taken to please the objectors.
#Once all objectors' complaints have been solved (or the article has 5 supports and no objections after at least a week), the article will be added to the queue and be officially known as a "featured article".

Also remember to add {{tl|nominated}} at the top of the article you are nominating.

In addition, put the number sign, &lt;nowiki&gt;#&lt;/nowiki&gt;, next to your name so the votes can be counted. '''Please sign your posts as well!!'''

Every Sunday the next article in the queue will be highlighted on the [[Main Page]] as featured, marked with the {{tl|featured article}} template and removed from the list of nominations. The beginning of the article then appears on the Main Page via the {{tl|Main Page/Featured article}} template. Nominees that are inactive for a month will be eliminated from the nominations list.

==Current Standings==
These standings are determined by who has the most votes.  This may, however, not be the way the winner is determined.  Also, oppositions will lower the amount of votes an article has, as long as they're for a good reason.

==Nominations==
''none at the moment''</text>
      <sha1>qn03egm3widwkq8foq0fp0d0j3jpxa3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Featured article/History</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>400</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2107</id>
      <parentid>2106</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-03-29T15:44:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>rm a couple of redlinks</comment>
      <origin>2107</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="678" sha1="8v4x8gur0xrfolhsxgkz2j58lgthj0v" xml:space="preserve">This is a list of past [[WarWiki:Featured article|featured articles]].

* [[USS Nevada (BB-36)]] (June 29-August 14, 2006)
* [[USS Oklahoma (BB-37)]] (June 14-29, 2006)
* [[Battle of Blue Licks]] (June 13, 2006)
* [[Napoleon I of France]] (June 11-13,2006)
* [[War]] (June 10, 2006)
* [[USS South Dakota (BB-57)]] (June 10, 2006)
* Jedi Civil War (June 5, 2006-June 10, 2006)
* Battle of Hoth (June 4, 2006-June 4, 2006 [Temporary])
* [[Geronimo]] (June 1, 2006-June 5, 2006)
* [[World War II]] (May 28, 2006-June 1, 2006)
* [[Napoleonic Wars]] (May 14, 2006-May 28, 2006)
* Traxxas (April 30, 2006-May 14, 2006)
* Bacta War (March 29, 2006-April 30, 2006)

[[Category:WarWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>8v4x8gur0xrfolhsxgkz2j58lgthj0v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Privacy policy</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>319</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3558</id>
      <parentid>1923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-05-30T17:57:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3558</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="85" sha1="liblach2w024eko2r56i1fsl0zqr24z" xml:space="preserve">See [[s:Terms of use|ShoutWiki's terms of use]].

[[Category:WarWiki|Privacy policy]]</text>
      <sha1>liblach2w024eko2r56i1fsl0zqr24z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Protection policy</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>397</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2099</id>
      <parentid>2098</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-03-18T08:33:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>2099</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1230" sha1="8jij32hek912tiivr478mk2lo2xwb1n" xml:space="preserve">You may have arrived at this page via a link on a '''protected page'''.

A protected page is one which can only be edited by [[WarWiki:Administrators|sysops]].

There are a number of possible reasons why a page might be protected.

1) Permanently
*Pages in the MediaWiki namespace are protected by default, for several reasons:
# Many messages are in plain [[Wikipedia:HTML|HTML]], hence users could insert malicious scripts,
# Vandalism of some messages would be extremely disruptive, for example changes to the text of the links in the sidebar would immediately be visible to all users,
# A few messages can cause the software to stop working if they are changed.

2) Semi-permanently:
*Protecting the [[Main Page]] from [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]].
*Maintaining the integrity of past press releases.
*Protecting certain ''"system administration"'' pages.

3) Temporarily:
*Enforcing a "cool down" period to stop an "edit war," upon request.
*Protecting a page that has been a recent target of ''persistent'' vandalism or ''persistent'' edits by a banned user. 
*Preventing changes to a page while investigating a possible bug. 

==See also==
*[[Special:Log/protect|Protection log]]

[[Category:WarWiki|Protection policy]]</text>
      <sha1>8jij32hek912tiivr478mk2lo2xwb1n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Requests for adminship</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3282</id>
      <parentid>3281</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-08-06T17:43:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>move to successful</comment>
      <origin>3282</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="284" sha1="hhpkcb15j3yvbjeqf3zsckkelt2n72h" xml:space="preserve">These people want to run for '''[[WarWiki:Administrators|adminship]]'''. There is a 2-week voting period.

==See also==
* [[WarWiki:Requests for adminship/Sucessful|Sucessful RfA's]]
* [[WarWiki:Requests for adminship/Failed|Failed RfA's]]

[[Category:WarWiki|Requests for adminship]]</text>
      <sha1>hhpkcb15j3yvbjeqf3zsckkelt2n72h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Requests for adminship/Failed</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>153</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1299</id>
      <parentid>1298</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-08-06T12:54:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+1</comment>
      <origin>1299</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7124" sha1="q9in1iypgjlgrxx8bxpzvtarv7wr88o" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="boilerplate" class="metadata" id="yllapitaja" style="background-color: #FFF3A3; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; "&gt;
This page is an archive of adminship requests. '''Do not modify this page.''' New comments and opinions about things should be place on the appropriate users' talk pages' or to the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]].

__TOC__
== [[User:Sir James Paul|Sir James Paul]] ==
I would like to become an admin here because I would like to have the tools to delete nonsense articles I come across and block bad users.--[[User:Sir James Paul|Sir James Paul]] 09:10, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

== [[User:Wartorn|WarTorn]] ==
Friendly and great editor. [[User:General Eisenhower|President Eisenhower]] 19:51, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

'''Support'''
#'''Support''' as nom. [[User:General Eisenhower|President Eisenhower]] 19:51, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

'''Oppose'''
#'''Oppose''' Don't have 200 edits or many significant contributions. --[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 20:39, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

:I am giving him an exception. [[User:General Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] 22:42, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

== [[User:DarthVader920|DarthVader920]] ==
'''(0/2/0)'''
Lasts till 0:00AM Wednesday, June 9, 2006. (UTC)

I will help out with deletions and other administration tasks. I am ''DarthVader'' ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:DarthVader]) on Wikipedia.

'''Support'''

&lt;s&gt;1. Seems like a good guy.--[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 15:57, 31 May 2006 (UTC)&lt;/s&gt;

'''Oppose'''

&lt;s&gt;1.I won't vote for an all-sysop canidate.--[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 12:29, 31 May 2006 (UTC)&lt;/s&gt;
# '''Opppose''' Doesn't even have 5 contributions.
#'''Oppose''' 2 edits.--[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 02:27, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
'''Neutral'''

'''Comments'''

[[Special:Contributions/DarthVader920|See his contributions]]. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/DarthVader Contributions on Wikipedia]

#.What sysop chores will you help with?
:A: AfD, page moves, etc. Dealing with vandals if necessary.

#Have you ever vandalised a wiki?
:A: No.

#How will you devote your time? All-editor or All-sysop?
:A: I will be all-sysop since I don't really have enough knowledge to write articles about wars.

#Do you speak any other languages besides English?
:A: No.

:Comment:If you are a 'CRAT on Wikipedia it '''DOES NOT''' affect your standings here.-{{user:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny/Sig}}--13:20, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

::I have the right to run for adminshp because I have the most experience HERE and the most contributions HERE. [[User:General Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]] ([[w:c:war|war]]) ([[w:c:bladerunner|bladerunner]]) ([[Wikia:c:harrypotter|HP]]) 14:27, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

__TOC__
== [[User:General Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]] ([[w:c:war|war]]) ([[w:c:bladerunner|bladerunner]]) ==
(4/0/0) 
Lasts til': 11:00 AM June 3, 2006 (EST)

I want to become adminship to help this project more. I have done most of the editing on this project.

'''Support'''
#'''Support''' [[User:General Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]] ([[w:c:war|war]]) ([[w:c:bladerunner|bladerunner]]) Support myself
#'''Support''' He's the co-creator for crying out loud.--[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 22:01, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
#'''Support''' - GeorgeMoney
#'''Support'''. Experienced user. [[User:DarthVader920|DarthVader920]] 08:19, 1 June 2006 (UTC)
'''Oppose'''

'''Neutral'''

'''Questions'''
1.What sysop chores will you help with?
:A:all things a sysop would do.
2.Have you ever vandalised a wiki?
:A:Once but that was on Wikipedia when I was real young.
3.How will you devote your time? All-editor or all-sysop?
:A:Editor and sysop. Because I know a lot about wars and I have the most experience plusI know a lot about sysop duties.
4.Can you speak any languages besides English?
:A:Spanish.

== [[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] ==
(5/0/0)
Lasts till 11:00AM Wednesday, June 3, 2006. (EST)

I could contribute in a huge manner.

'''Support'''
#'''Support''' As nom and canidate.--[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 22:04, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
#'''Support'''Good guy--[[User:General Patton|General Patton]] 01:36, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
#'''Support'''. GeorgeMoney
#'''Support''' [[User:General Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]] ([[w:c:war|war]]) ([[w:c:bladerunner|bladerunner]]) ([[Wikia:c:harrypotter|HP]]) 20:27, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
#'''Support'''. Appears to be a good candidate. [[User:DarthVader920|DarthVader920]] 08:18, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

'''Oppose'''

'''Neutral'''

'''Comments'''
#.What sysop chores will you help with?
:A1.Copyvio(though there shouldn't be any), protection and unprotection of pages, editing protected pages, deleting and undeleting pages, and blocking vandals.

#Have you ever vandalised a wiki?
:A2.Yes, four times. I blanked a vandalbox twice(I thought their name was literal) and I blanked the UnNews at Uncyclopedia, twice.

#.How will you devote your time? All-editor or All-sysop?
:A3.I will be an editor and use my sysop powers when they are needed.

#Do you speak any other languages besides English?
:A4.Espanol at a basico level. French, Swedish, and Italian at a less than basic level. (4 types of slang, too). And Martian and 1337 at a native level.

== [[User:the_ed17|&lt;font color="8000000"&gt;the_&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:the_ed17|&lt;font color="800000"&gt;ed1&lt;/font&gt;]][[WarWiki:Featured picture|&lt;font color="800000"&gt;7&lt;/font&gt;]] ==
02:02, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

(2/0/0) 
Lasts til': 9:02 PM June 22, 2006 (EST)

I want to become an admin to help this project. This is a cool project! I know that I don't have 200 edits, but I will soon.

'''Support'''
# I suppose that I will support myself. &lt;b&gt;[[User:the_ed17|&lt;font color="8000000"&gt;the_&lt;/font&gt;]][[User talk:the_ed17|&lt;font color="800000"&gt;ed&lt;/font&gt;]][[User:the_ed17/friends|&lt;font color="800000"&gt;1&lt;/font&gt;]][[WarWiki:Featured picture|&lt;font color="800000"&gt;7&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/b&gt; 16:24, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
# I declare this an exception to Amendment #1. [[user:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|&lt;font color=red&gt;G&lt;/font&gt;]][[WarWiki:Esperanza|&lt;font color=green&gt;a&lt;/font&gt;]][[user:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny/Sig|&lt;font color=blue&gt;n&lt;/font&gt;]][[user talk:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|&lt;font color=orange&gt;g&lt;/font&gt;]][[Special:Contributions/Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|&lt;font color=purple&gt;sta&lt;/font&gt;&lt;font color=yellow&gt;EB&lt;/font&gt;]] 21:08, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

:One exception. [[User:General Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] ([[User talk:General Eisenhower|at war or at peace]] or [[Special:Emailuser/General Eisenhower|just peace]]) 00:33, 11 June 2006 (UTC)
#'''Support''' Apart of my cabinet so allowed to become admin.

'''Oppose'''

'''Neutral'''

'''Questions'''
1.What sysop chores will you help with?
:A: Any that need doing.
2.Have you ever vandalised a wiki?
:A:Today! I spammed people in the Wikipedia: Wikiproject Military History about WarWiki and got myself blocked. In hindsight, pretty dumb of me.
3.How will you devote your time? All-editor or all-sysop?
:A:I dunno.
4.Can you speak any languages besides English?
:A:No...

[[Category:WarWiki|Requests for adminship/Failed]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Requests for adminship/Sucessful</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>151</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3555</id>
      <parentid>1287</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-05-30T17:54:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>3555</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8182" sha1="etou0yxzmc9g7bpor6zb68xqac9qe1e" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="boilerplate" class="metadata" id="yllapitaja" style="background-color: #FFF3A3; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; "&gt;
This page is an archive of adminship requests. '''Do not modify this page.''' New comments and opinions about things should be place on the appropriate users' talk pages or to the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]].

__TOC__
== [[User:Grievous797|Grievous797]] ==
I would like to be voted into adminship here because I know my way around the Wiki and many others. I have been active on Wikia for nearly a year.On this wiki I have added numerous articles and revision and I plan to make much more in the future. I have had over a couple of thousand of edits all together on other wikis and this one. I have had valuable experience uprooting vandals and I would like to take it to the next level and help this wiki grow into something bigger and better.

Thank you,

[[User:Grievous797|Grievous797]]

:A few questions...let's keep it simple though. ;-)

:#What kind of articles belong to WarWiki in your opinion?
:#If you'd become a sysop, would you be more active than me?

:--[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 12:53, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Well, it would take too long to list so you could check my contributions. =D

And if I was a sysop I would be very active on the wiki. About several times a day.

[[User:Grievous797|Grievous797]]

==[[User:Darthraul|Darthraul]]==
Whenever able, after I write a lot more articles, I would like to be admin. {{DR}}

===Support===
#'''Support'''. WarWiki needs another active admin. :) --[[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 09:39, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
#'''Support'''Hey everyone, I love WW2 and I know a great eal of Info about it. I am just wanting to help out and contribute in a good way. I spend most of my time here anyway. {{DR}}
#'''Support''' He does know a lot about it, and Eisenhower, even your Jack Phoenix says so, not to mention he also is a good MediaWiki editor and got experience at adminship. [[User:Gears Fanatic|&lt;span style="color:silver"&gt;'''Silenced Nighthawk'''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;([[User Talk:Gears Fanatic|&lt;span style="color:gold"&gt;Comlink&lt;/span&gt;]])([[Special:Contributions/Gears Fanatic|&lt;span style="color:black"&gt;Past Missions&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/sup&gt; 16:48, 31 March 2007 (UTC)
#He will help. [[User:Darth tader|Darth tader]]

===Oppose===
* '''Oppose''' Not enough experience like a certain Jack Phoenix. [[User:General Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] ([[User talk:General Eisenhower|at war or at peace]] or [[Special:Emailuser/General Eisenhower|just peace]]) 23:53, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

===Questions/comments===
#Why do you want to become an administrator? Well, Basically it is because I like to revert Vandalism, and I also like keeping sites in a good shape you know, keeping all of the articles at the Wikis Standards. And I really love Wars, and Have a good Knowledge of most of Them.
#In your opinion, what is the role of an administrator? To Revert Vandalism, Keep the Articles up to Standards (Keeping Bad Things out of the Articles), Keeping the Site looking Great, and Keeping Provocative Images off of the Wiki.
#In your view, do administrators hold a technical or political position? I think they hold a Technical Position, Admins aren't an authority figure if you ask me, they are just a normal user who knows more about technical stuff, and have a few more buttons to keep the site looking good.
#How do you feel admins should use their power/stand in comparison with other users? Admins should use their power as a defense against vandalism or something like that '''only''' they shouldn't overexceed their power and do things badly like using their postition to influence something they want, ie. Such as Protecting a page to keep it as a version the Admin likes more. 
#Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or do you feel other users have caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future? I have not been in a Situation over editing before. Some users do cause me stress, but I try and usually succeed in keeping my cool. In the Future i will just politley tell the user to calm down and if it is over editing I will tell the User to try to incorporate both things written by the two different people in the article.
#Of your articles or contributions to WarWiki, are there any with which you are particularly pleased, and why? I am not very pleased with any of my works becuase, I may have written a good article, but I haven't done enough. But if I had to choose, it would be my [[Blitzkrieg]] article, and this is because I think it to be very informational and most of all it isn't copyied from Wikipedia.  
#What sysop chores do you anticipate helping with? Reverting Vandalism, Making new Main Pages as Neccesary, changing the Background if Neccesary, helping with putting more information in small articles.  
#How important is it for you to be involved in things such as CT, IDrive, FA, and other community-centered items that involve discussion and voting? I think that admins should be there to vote for things like the IDRIVEbecause this helps keep the site up and Running with Good Information. And I think an Admin should make sure that the FA is up to the Wiki's Standards.  
#Do you think admins performing actions (I.e. deletions, blocks, etc.) for reasons not covered on policy should be sanctioned/punished? If so, how? It depends. If it is something like Putting Innapropriate Pictures on the site, but it isn't covered by a Rule, Then I think the Admin should not be punished, and a rule should be made for the problem. But if it is something like banning a user for putting "My hobby is Skating" on their Userpage then the Admin should be warned first, then get their Adminship tooken from them by the Wikia Central Staff. 
#What is your policy, if any, of welcoming new users? Should you welcome a new user, do you look at his/her contributions beforehand? What about anonymous IPs? I think for new users I should put a welcome template on their Talk Page. I dont look at their contributions unless I have some suspicion about bad Editing, and IP adresses should be told to create an account. Because IP adresses ares ometimes mistaken for Vandals. 
#How would you react if someone undeleted an article you'd mistakenly speedied? I would react in a calm manner. And ask for reaons and Onward. Such as Why they did this. 
#Under what circumstances would you consider it appropriate to undelete an article mistakenly speedied by another administrator, if any, and how would you approach this task? I would ask the user why they Speedied the article. Then to undelete an articel you just use the Rollback rights by using your admin powers.
#How would you react if your user page was vandalized? Under what circumstances would you block the offender? Is there anything else that you would do in this situation? I would ask why the User did vandalis the PAge. For a first offense (as long as it wasn;t nothing major) I would warn the user. If it was something major I would Ban the USer for a day or so. 
#Under what circumstances would you consider blocking an established user? Once they have Vandalised many articles. 
#If you could change any one thing about WarWiki, what would it be? I wouldn't change anything.    
#Do you feel the current blocking policy is too restrictive, not restrictive enough, or OK as it is? I think that the Blocking policy is fine as it is. We don't need to be so strict that no one will like the wiki, but we also don't need it to become so unrestrictive that Vandals will see it as a Target. 
#What's more important to you: consensus or policy? A combination of Both. You need to stick to policy, but sometimes you haev to do what the Most of the People want. I will try to Incorporate both in my Adminship (If I get it). 
#Have you had any previous leadership experience (in your community, on the web, etc.)? I am an Admin on Three Different Wikis: Gears of War, KOTOR, and SWGames.
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Category:WarWiki|Requests for adminship/Sucessful]]</text>
      <sha1>etou0yxzmc9g7bpor6zb68xqac9qe1e</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Reverting vandalism</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>401</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2109</id>
      <parentid>2108</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-03-18T08:33:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>2109</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2566" sha1="ota8xk5mafchwg7bd07ontg40gqr2tv" xml:space="preserve">There are three major types of vandalism on this wikia. This article shows how to fix all three.

==Moving the article to a different title.==

*This form of vandalism can be recognized with these:
**The article has a vulgar title
**The article has nonsense added to the end of the title
**Both
*This can be reverted by:
**Clicking the "'''History'''" bar at the top of the screen.(Next to "Article," "Discussion," etc.)
**Viewing the edit previous to the current revision. The previous revision will be the second on the list.(If the last article vandalism is moving the article, it will likely show "'''(article name) moved to (article name+profanity)'''" Memorize the previous article name
**Clicking the "'''Edit'''" bar at the top of the screen. (Next to "Article," "Discussion," etc.)
**Typing "'''#REDIRECT&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Previous article name]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''" at the top of the edit page
**Saving page

==Erasing the article's content==
*This form of vandalism can be recognized with these:
**The article is blank
**The article has obvious gaps and holes in sentences and/or paragraphs
*This can be reverted by:
**Clicking the "'''History'''" bar at the top of the screen. (Next to "Article," "Discussion," etc.)
**Clicking the icon representing the previous version. The previous version will be second on the list.
**Clicking the "'''Edit'''" bar at the top of the screen. (Next to "Article," "Discussion," etc.)
**Clicking the "'''Show Preview'''" button at the bottom of the page to see what the article will look like. Click the "'''Save Page'''" button to save the reverted article.

==Adding/Replacing article text with pornography/vulgarity/other unneccesary content with no relevance to the topic==
*This form of vandalism can be recognized with these:
**Pornographic images/vulgar words out of place appear on the screen (usually in big letters. Vandals seem to like that.)
**Article text containing little/no information about the topic the article title claims to be about
*This can be reverted by:
**Clicking the "'''History'''" bar at the top of the screen. (Next to "Article," "Discussion," etc.)
**Clicking the icon representing the previous version. The previous version will be second on the list.
**Clicking the "'''Edit'''" bar at the top of the screen. (Next to "Article," "Discussion," etc.)
**Clicking the "'''Show Preview'''" button at the bottom of the page to see what the article will look like. Click the "'''Save Page'''" button to save the reverted article.

==See also==
*[[WarWiki:Vandalism]]

[[Category:WarWiki|Reverting vandalism]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Sandbox</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>207</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3564</id>
      <parentid>1606</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-05-31T05:22:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cleanup</comment>
      <origin>3564</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48" sha1="kwmzwqg30xzf0cnp6zodx2u346hwtlr" xml:space="preserve">{{Please leave this line alone and write below}}</text>
      <sha1>kwmzwqg30xzf0cnp6zodx2u346hwtlr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki:Stub</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>157</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1313</id>
      <parentid>1312</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-03-24T00:13:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>improved, +cat</comment>
      <origin>1313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="209" sha1="3nah7a0ottluh29s4px59x0ge9kpcbe" xml:space="preserve">A '''stub article''' is defined on [[WarWiki]] as an article with:
*Less than 2 images
*No Level 2 headlines
*The text is brief. 
If it meets 2 of these 3 requirements, it is a stub.

[[Category:WarWiki|Stub]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki talk:Community Portal</title>
    <ns>5</ns>
    <id>26</id>
    <revision>
      <id>445</id>
      <parentid>444</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-04-03T15:49:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>De-imagefy.</comment>
      <origin>445</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1249" sha1="eo65hos0ehrg20idzj5bgx3huqdoeq5" xml:space="preserve">Welcome to the WarWiki Community Portal talk. Just type in a message and we'll respond.

== Logo ==
I think we need a logo. [[User:General Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]] 01:52, 30 March 2006 (UTC)
:We added one. [[User:Star Wars' Wiki|Star Wars' Wiki]] 19:52, 2 April 2006 (UTC)
===New logo proposal===
-How do you like it? (sorry for not signing)-[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 21:58, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

== Admin ==
Do we have our own sysops and etc.?--[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 03:00, 26 May 2006 (UTC) Never mind.--[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 03:48, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

== Duties ==
How about we each take a front page duty? 1.Just to keep the Featured yadda-yadda from getting messed up because someone don't like it and changes it and 2.to put that WikiStress off other editors.--[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 03:51, 29 May 2006 (UTC)

== Anti-vandals ==
I might get Tawker to send Tawkerbot2 and Lupin to send his tool.--[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 13:08, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

== [[WarWiki:WarProject Navies]] ==
Our newly created WarProject needs members.--[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 14:48, 1 June 2006 (UTC)</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>WarWiki talk:Newsletter</title>
    <ns>5</ns>
    <id>274</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3685</id>
      <parentid>1816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:41:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>hide archives to prevent excess redlinks</comment>
      <origin>3685</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="987" sha1="axs969x2k90vr7lc14xc1u72udllnj4" xml:space="preserve">'''Newsletter editors:''' When posting the newsletter, remember to substitute the page by typing &lt;nowiki&gt;{{subst:WarWiki:Newsletter}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; and this way only the current the newsletter is inserted into the person's talk page and it won't change unless somebody changes it. It'd be nasty if a user would have subscribed to the newsletter and goes to a vacation for a month, checks his/her talk page only to find the same newsletter four times. Thanks. --[[user:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]] &lt;sub&gt;([[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Contact]])&lt;/sub&gt; 19:50, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

&lt;div style="float:center;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;text-align:center;padding:2px;" class="plainlinks toccolours"&gt; '''[http://war.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=WarWiki_talk:Newsletter&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new Contact the newsletter.]'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!--&lt;div align="right" style="float:right;font-size:85%;"&gt;'''Archived discussions:''' [[/Archive1|1]] | [[/Archive2|2]] | [[/Archive3|3]] | [[/Archive4|4]]&lt;/div&gt;--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>axs969x2k90vr7lc14xc1u72udllnj4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:-Burma1942Japanese1.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3569</id>
      <parentid>3568</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:14:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3569</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="178" sha1="s3b0vsfualttceb4azzdxiyjpnpag6j" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
From [[wikipedia:File:-Burma1942Japanese1.jpg|English Wikipedia]].
Modified from FOTW, format for [[Japanese occupation of Burma]].

==Licensing==
{{CopyrightedLogo}}</text>
      <sha1>s3b0vsfualttceb4azzdxiyjpnpag6j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1920assemb.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>499</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3571</id>
      <parentid>2241</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:17:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:1920assemb.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3571</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="238" sha1="5h8byc0l12764hh7w8mkp7va1reneqv" xml:space="preserve">{{Information
|Description=1920 Assembly of the League of Nations (The first assembly)
|Source=http://www.indiana.edu/~league/photos.htm
|Date=November 1920
|Author=Frank-Henri Jullien, Geneva, Switzerland
|Permission=
|other_versions=
}}</text>
      <sha1>5h8byc0l12764hh7w8mkp7va1reneqv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:1931 Flag of India.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>575</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3572</id>
      <parentid>2375</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:36:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:1931 Flag of India.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3572</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="275" sha1="70cnixy4rcn810r2s5c1du8hd27doul" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
Flag adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931. First hoisted on 1931-10-31.

Source: http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-hist.html

Date:2006-12-03

Author:Nicholas ([[commons:User:Nichalp|Nichalp]])
[[Category:SVG flags]]

== Licensing ==
{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>70cnixy4rcn810r2s5c1du8hd27doul</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1945 chiang-mao.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3573</id>
      <parentid>2585</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:39:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:1945 chiang-mao.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3573</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:1stslovakia flag large.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>522</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3574</id>
      <parentid>2276</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:39:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:1stslovakia flag large.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3574</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="76" sha1="3yk1tx83j2ettgtlg7o98nkaph9lj4q" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
Flag of the WWII Slovak Republic.
== Licensing ==
{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>3yk1tx83j2ettgtlg7o98nkaph9lj4q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:4SSNL-PGDA1.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>525</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3575</id>
      <parentid>2279</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:40:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:4SSNL-PGDA1.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3575</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="417" sha1="n8j2rc2yu11kfvvqdoghdjy3gzawlm3" xml:space="preserve">A Propaganda poster urging Netherlanders to join the SS-Freiwilligen-Panzergrenadier-Brigade ''Nederland''. 

::'''"Show yourself a true Netherlander (Dutchman)! - Up against Bolshevism. Apply at the ....street in [[wikipedia:The Hague|The Hague]].'''' 

This image is a historical political poster and is used under fair use. See also [[wikipedia:Image:4SSNL-PGDA1.jpg|this image's page on Wikipedia]] for more info.</text>
      <sha1>n8j2rc2yu11kfvvqdoghdjy3gzawlm3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:AdolfHitler.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>1056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3577</id>
      <parentid>3448</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:42:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <comment>uploaded "[[File:AdolfHitler.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3577</origin>
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      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" xml:space="preserve" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Agitplakat.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>529</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3578</id>
      <parentid>2283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:42:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Agitplakat.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3578</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2022" sha1="gdvsai004lgo3pkqf1inkfbzyxjiqel" xml:space="preserve">Soviet propaganda poster of 1941. The inscription reads: "join the ranks of the front brigades, a fighter needs your hands and aid!"

&lt;div style="clear:both"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{| align="CENTER"  style="width:80%; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;  padding:5px;"
|height="64px" align="center" rowspan="2"|[[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]][[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|64px|Flag of Russia]]
| This file is in the [[wikipedia:WP:PD|public domain]] ''in Russia''. It was published before January 1st, 1954, ''and'' the creator (if known) died before that date (For veterans of the [[wikipedia:Great Patriotic War|Great Patriotic War]], the critical date is January 1st, 1950). Works belonging to the former Soviet government or other Soviet [[wikipedia:legal entity|legal entities]] published before January 1st, 1954, are also public domain in Russia. &lt;small&gt;(This is the effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/russia/Russia_Copyright_ENG.pdf Russian copyright law] of 1993 and the copyright [http://www.rg.ru/2004/07/28/piraty-doc.html term extension] from 50 to 70 years in 2004.)
|-
|&lt;hr&gt;&lt;small&gt;A Russian or Soviet work that is in the public domain in Russia according to this rule is in the public domain '''''in the U.S.'' only''' if it was in the public domain in Russia in 1996, e.g. if it was published '''before 1946''' (1942 for WWII veterans) ''and'' the creator died before that year, and no copyright was registered in the U.S. (This is the combined effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Russian_Federation._Law_on_Copyright_and_Neighboring_Rights Russian copyright law of 1993], Russia's joining the [[wikipedia:Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] in 1995, and of [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A] with its critical date of January 1, 1996.)&lt;/small&gt;
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Aircraft-carrier-in-motion01.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3579</id>
      <parentid>1648</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:43:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Aircraft-carrier-in-motion01.jpg]]"</comment>
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      <text bytes="42" sha1="b5mnrmgtmnv398tzsjusz9ak05ysaob" xml:space="preserve">An aircraft carrier in action.

{{PD-USN}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:American battleships and heavy crusiers in order.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3580</id>
      <parentid>1578</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:44:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <comment>uploaded "[[File:American battleships and heavy crusiers in order.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3580</origin>
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      <text bytes="376" sha1="axlbjpewxva5egtqpitzpy2rr3iqkv5" xml:space="preserve">After they bombarded the iron works in Kamaishi, Japan (14 July 1945) the [[battleship]]s [[USS Indiana (BB-58)]] and [[USS Massachusetts (BB-59)]] followed by the [[heavy crusiers]] [[USS Chicago (CA-136)]] and [[USS Quincy (CA-71)]] steam in a line as seen from the [[USS South Dakota (BB-57)]]. From [http://www.navsource.org/archives/01/015827.jpg right here].

{{PD-USN}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:American troops march down the Champs Elysees.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:45:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:American troops march down the Champs Elysees.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3581</origin>
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      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:B-29s dropping bombs.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:47:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:B-29s dropping bombs.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3582</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Battle of Gettysburg, by Currier and Ives.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3583</id>
      <parentid>550</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:49:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Battle of Gettysburg, by Currier and Ives.png]]"</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="183" sha1="gfbowh5ugvzdkr3n43bljk97rke6pxc" xml:space="preserve">{{Featured Picture}}
Battle of Gettysburg, portrait by Currier and Ives. In Library of Congress collection. No copyright. All things from the Library of Congress are in Public Domain.</text>
      <sha1>gfbowh5ugvzdkr3n43bljk97rke6pxc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Battle of the Bulge.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3584</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:51:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Battle of the Bulge.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3584</origin>
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      <text bytes="1247" sha1="q31i2kdr4by9s6xwam5tfl6db5s1sqn" xml:space="preserve">American soldiers taking up defensive positions in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge.
&lt;div class="boilerplate" style="margin-right:260px;background-color:#f7f8ff;border:2px solid #8888aa;
                                padding:4px;font-size:85%;min-height:64px;vertical-align:center" id="imageLicense"&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align:center;margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"&gt;
This image is a work of a [[wikipedia:United States Army|U.S. Army]] soldier or employee, taken or made during the course of the person's official duties. As a [[wikipedia:Work of the United States Government|work]] of the [[wikipedia:Federal Government of the United States|U.S. federal government]], the image is in the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]'''&lt;br/&gt;Subject to [[WarWiki:General disclaimer|disclaimers]].
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Source: &lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.schweinfurt.army.mil/9eng/history/0013.jpg&lt;/nowiki&gt; from http://www.schweinfurt.army.mil/9eng/history/glance1.html 

License: # Information presented on The Army Home Page is considered public information and may be distributed or copied unless otherwise specified. Use of appropriate byline/photo/image credits is requested. - http://www.army.mil/privacy.html

[[Category:PD US Government]]</text>
      <sha1>q31i2kdr4by9s6xwam5tfl6db5s1sqn</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:BattleofTrafalgar1806.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>54</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3585</id>
      <parentid>676</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:51:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:BattleofTrafalgar1806.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3585</origin>
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      <text bytes="42" sha1="t6369z0xp8c7cje2xlm5e53ze0drvxp" xml:space="preserve">From Wikipedia.

[[Category:War Pictures]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Bernard Law Montgomery.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>656</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3586</id>
      <parentid>2554</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:52:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Bernard Law Montgomery.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3586</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bg-1913.gif</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>435</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3587</id>
      <parentid>2159</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:53:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Bg-1913.gif]]"</comment>
      <origin>3587</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40" sha1="9s1zl1830wsmhevl8lwg3u3t1y0r6d1" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{PD-Flag}}
{{Insignia}}</text>
      <sha1>9s1zl1830wsmhevl8lwg3u3t1y0r6d1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Bint Jbeil.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>896</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3589</id>
      <parentid>3035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:54:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>moved [[File:Bint Jbeil.PNG]] to [[File:Bint Jbeil.png]]:&amp;#32;fix capitalization</comment>
      <origin>3589</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28" sha1="m9ou024lpavv1tlq53fk09qayr09c28" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>m9ou024lpavv1tlq53fk09qayr09c28</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Blue licks.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>229</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3591</id>
      <parentid>1673</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:55:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Blue licks.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="134" sha1="jcm7q853czqdy0g7y29u7aow0z17886" xml:space="preserve">The Battle of Blue Licks.

From [http://www2.truman.edu/~jpauldin/boone/blue.html Truman State University: Battle of Blue Licks here].</text>
      <sha1>jcm7q853czqdy0g7y29u7aow0z17886</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Bonaparte.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3592</id>
      <parentid>1641</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:56:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Bonaparte.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3592</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38" sha1="96jcqq8lf3hdlmxsuq3kk889gzvw6xw" xml:space="preserve">A picture of [[Napoleon I of France]].</text>
      <sha1>96jcqq8lf3hdlmxsuq3kk889gzvw6xw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Breaking the hindenburg line.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>68</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3593</id>
      <parentid>756</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:56:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Breaking the hindenburg line.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3593</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="44" sha1="qzledy278j7ye2intxbfsz0a6uu5tg4" xml:space="preserve">Breaking the Hidenburg line. From Wikipedia.</text>
      <sha1>qzledy278j7ye2intxbfsz0a6uu5tg4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:British Landing Craft on Beach at Dieppe.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>668</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3594</id>
      <parentid>2569</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:57:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:British Landing Craft on Beach at Dieppe.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3594</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:British gunner beach dunkirk.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>610</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3595</id>
      <parentid>2474</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:58:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:British gunner beach dunkirk.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3595</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="748" sha1="m3g40lsaswx90jiwnoqo6sbdbncbkjh" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
{{Information
|Description=British infantry taking cover at Dunkirk beach (France, 1940).

Screenhot taken from the 1943 United States Army propaganda film ''Divide and Conquer'' (''Why We Fight #3'') directed by Frank Capra and partially based on, news archives, animations, restaged scenes and captured propaganda material from both sides.
|Source= [http://www.archive.org/download/Dividean1943_4/Dividean1943_4.mpeg Divide and Conquer] (Why We Fight #3) Public Domain (U.S. War Department): http://www.archive.org/details/DivideAndConquer
|Date=1940 (event), 1943 (film)
|Author=Frank Capra (film)
|Permission=No restrictions.
|other_versions=
}}

[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:Battle of France]]

== Licensing ==
{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>m3g40lsaswx90jiwnoqo6sbdbncbkjh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Burning ships at Pearl Harbor.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>662</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3596</id>
      <parentid>2563</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:58:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Burning ships at Pearl Harbor.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3596</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:CC some rights reserved.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>429</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3597</id>
      <parentid>2151</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:58:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:CC some rights reserved.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3597</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20" sha1="au65sfa6x7h8ml4nd179kez6p4gm16f" xml:space="preserve">Public domain image.</text>
      <sha1>au65sfa6x7h8ml4nd179kez6p4gm16f</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Canadian Red Ensign 1921.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3598</id>
      <parentid>2201</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:59:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Canadian Red Ensign 1921.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3598</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="757" sha1="rg2aikh67g6zlatydg0tshvau4t7svx" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
The Canadian Red Ensign as used between 1921 and 1957. This image is based on [[commons:User:Denelson83|Denelson83]]'s post 1957 [[commons:Image:Canadian Red Ensign.svg|red ensign]]. The only change is making the maple leaves green from red. This image has compared for accuracy (mainly colors) using an image from  [http://worldstatesmen.org/ca-1921-57.gif World Statesmen]. The most recent version of this image has changed the harp into one with a female figure; see [http://flagspot.net/flags/ca-1921.html FOTW] for more information. The harp is from the [[commons:Image:Green Ensign.svg|Irish Green ensign]].

This vector image was created by [[commons:User:Hoshie|Hoshie]] with Inkscape.

==Licensing==

{{PD-users}}
[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>rg2aikh67g6zlatydg0tshvau4t7svx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Cannon in Iraq.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3599</id>
      <parentid>2620</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T16:00:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Cannon in Iraq.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3599</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="115" sha1="gn787szuiirb8md246qb5x1ce75zcso" xml:space="preserve">A cannon from Iraq. Photo taken during a military expo in the United States where different war weapons were shown.</text>
      <sha1>gn787szuiirb8md246qb5x1ce75zcso</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Cc-by new white.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>430</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3600</id>
      <parentid>2152</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T16:01:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Cc-by new white.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3600</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16" sha1="0no4ooq90nj36gn0mz0a1g5xg95jmts" xml:space="preserve">{{cc-by-sa-2.5}}</text>
      <sha1>0no4ooq90nj36gn0mz0a1g5xg95jmts</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Cc-sa white.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>431</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3601</id>
      <parentid>2153</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T16:01:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Cc-sa white.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3601</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16" sha1="0no4ooq90nj36gn0mz0a1g5xg95jmts" xml:space="preserve">{{cc-by-sa-2.5}}</text>
      <sha1>0no4ooq90nj36gn0mz0a1g5xg95jmts</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Cdgaulle.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3604</id>
      <parentid>3603</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T16:07:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3604</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="749" sha1="mqe3qsgagahumyxg75nifixrfm38os8" xml:space="preserve">General Charles de Gaulle of Free French Forces. 

{{Information
|Description = WWII French General Charles de Gaulle

A WWII photo portrait of General Charles de Gaulle of the Free French Forces and first president of the Fifth Republic serving from 1958 to 1969.
|Source = [[commons:File:De Gaulle-OWI.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]] / United States Library of Congress
|Date = c. 1942
|Author = Office of War Information, Overseas Picture Division. [http://www.mcmahanphoto.com/lc799--wwiifrenchgeneralcharlesdegaullephoto.html]  
The image prefix (LC-USW3) at the Library of Congress image page matches that of pictures from the OWI collection (see prefix list [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/pphome.html here].
|Permission = {{PD-USGov}}
|other_versions =
}}</text>
      <sha1>mqe3qsgagahumyxg75nifixrfm38os8</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Changde battle.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>666</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3605</id>
      <parentid>2567</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T16:08:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Changde battle.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3605</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Chapay.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>531</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3606</id>
      <parentid>2286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T16:09:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Chapay.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3606</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="932" sha1="hdn4qvqe4hv200rtppijhoo9hraf9zc" xml:space="preserve">A [[1941]] [[World War II]] [[wikipedia:Soviet|Soviet]] poster by [[wikipedia:Kukryniksy|Kukryniksy]] Artists. 

LOC collection[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?yan:121:./temp/~pp_yKxy::@@@mdb=fsaall,app,brum,detr,swann,look,gottscho,pan,horyd,genthe,var,cai,cd,hh,yan,bbcards,lomax,ils,prok,brhc,nclc,matpc,iucpub,tgmi]

{| {| align="CENTER" class="boilerplate" id="pd" style="width:80%; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;  padding:5px;"
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| ''This work is from the collections of the United States '''[[wikipedia:Library of Congress|Library of Congress]]'''.  If no [http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/195_copr.html information on copyright protection] or [http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/rights.html usage restrictions] has been given for this particular work, it is presumed to be in the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]''' in the United States.''
|}</text>
      <sha1>hdn4qvqe4hv200rtppijhoo9hraf9zc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Chinese soldiers poorly armed.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3607</id>
      <parentid>2254</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T16:09:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Chinese soldiers poorly armed.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3607</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="861" sha1="m9a4l9k3qje8f3kk91r6ojcmxot5d23" xml:space="preserve">*Description: '''''Chinese soldiers poorly armed, snuggled close to the land as their camouflaged caps indicate - no date given'''''
*Source: [http://arcweb.archives.gov/arc/basic_search.jsp U.S. National Archives and Records Administration]  ARC Identifier: 196520 
*Post-Work: [[commons:User:W.wolny]]
*Licence: PD


{| {{PD-Layout}} class="boilerplate" id="pd"
| ''This image comes from the [[wikipedia:National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives and Records Administration]], the vast majority of whose images and documents are in the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]''' in the United States. This image may or may not be protected by copyright. See the [http://www.archives.gov/frequently_asked_questions/index.html#copyright NARA FAQ] and [http://www.archives.gov/global-pages/privacy.html#copyright Conditions of use].''
|}</text>
      <sha1>m9a4l9k3qje8f3kk91r6ojcmxot5d23</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Coat of Arms of Nazi Germany.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>1132</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3732</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:01:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Coat of Arms of [[Nazi Germany]].

Drawn by [[commons:User:RsVe|RsVe]].

{{Nazi symbol}}</comment>
      <origin>3732</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="128" sha1="47trf0ws5rsenfh21lscb9kvuj4iyjc" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
Coat of Arms of [[Nazi Germany]].

Drawn by [[commons:User:RsVe|RsVe]].

{{Nazi symbol}}
== Licensing: ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>47trf0ws5rsenfh21lscb9kvuj4iyjc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Cold War Map 1959.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>781</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3608</id>
      <parentid>2780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T16:10:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Cold War Map 1959.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3608</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="75" sha1="llrr0y0rvh1ib1x9i46tw04ye0nj9et" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
A map of the [[Cold War]] in 1959.  
== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>llrr0y0rvh1ib1x9i46tw04ye0nj9et</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Combined Task Force-150.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3609</id>
      <parentid>2701</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T16:10:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Combined Task Force-150.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3609</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="658" sha1="856911lhi81aion446zb0ulww5iabki" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
Ships assigned to Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF-150) assemble in a formation for a photo exercise. The multinational Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF-150) was established to monitor, inspect, board, and stop suspect shipping to pursue the war on terrorism and includes operations currently taking place in the North Arabia Sea to support Operation Iraqi Freedom. Countries contributing to CTF-150 currently include Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Pakistan, New Zealand, Spain, United Kingdom and the United States.

U.S. [[Navy]] photo by Photographer's Mate 1st Class Bart Bauer. (RELEASED)
== Licensing ==
{{PD-USN}}</text>
      <sha1>856911lhi81aion446zb0ulww5iabki</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:D-day allied assault routes.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3611</id>
      <parentid>2534</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:04:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:D-day allied assault routes.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3611</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="263" sha1="o3kun5a09ou8m0df2w4qunpixlqu606" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
[[D-day]] allied assault routes  

From [http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/BOOKS/WWII/utah/maps/Map2.jpg Center for Military History, US Army]

Originally prepared as part of the US Military History: ''Utah Beach To Cherbourg''
== Licensing ==
{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>o3kun5a09ou8m0df2w4qunpixlqu606</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Destroyer Class Ships.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>243</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3612</id>
      <parentid>1707</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:05:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Destroyer Class Ships.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49" sha1="b4om7lig8b64gji1qbz6i4gg96fov3j" xml:space="preserve">A look at destroyers of different nations navies.</text>
      <sha1>b4om7lig8b64gji1qbz6i4gg96fov3j</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Deutschland Besatzungszonen 1945 1946.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>693</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3628</id>
      <parentid>2594</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:16:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Deutschland Besatzungszonen 1945 1946.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3628</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Dieppe pebble beach.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3613</id>
      <parentid>2533</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:05:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Dieppe pebble beach.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3613</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1257" sha1="tgrfes536h81kzga6jmi2n8z82smv7i" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
Dieppe's pebble beach and cliff immediately following the raid on August 19th, 1942. A scout car has been abandoned., Department of National Defence / National Archives of Canada, C-029861. Copyright expired. [http://data4.collectionscanada.ca/netacgi/nph-brs?s2=&amp;s4=&amp;s3=&amp;s1=dieppe&amp;s6=y+and+gif&amp;s8=&amp;Sect4=AND&amp;l=20&amp;Sect1=IMAGE&amp;Sect2=THESOFF&amp;Sect4=AND&amp;Sect5=FOTOPEN&amp;Sect6=HITOFF&amp;d=FOTO&amp;p=1&amp;u=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/archivianet/02011503_e.html&amp;r=19&amp;f=G Image description page]

Original en.wikipedia uploader: [[wikipedia:User:Zanimum|Zanimum]]
== Licensing ==
{| {{PD-Layout}} class="boilerplate" id="pd"
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| This [[wikipedia:Canada|Canadian]] work is in the [[Wikipedia:public domain|public domain]] in Canada because its copyright has expired due to one of the following:

:'''1.''' it was subject to [[Wikipedia:Crown copyright|Crown copyright]] and was first published more than 50 years ago, or

it was ''not'' subject to Crown copyright, and
:'''2.''' it is a photograph that was created prior to '''''January 1, 1949''''', or
:'''3.''' the creator died more than 50 years ago.
|-
| '''Please see [[wikipedia:WP:PD#Canadian images: Yousuf Karsh]]'''
|}

[[Category:World War II]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Disambig gray.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3615</id>
      <parentid>3614</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:07:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+license info</comment>
      <origin>3615</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8" sha1="bqzg6alf693qn5egkcy4lip7de3tqdd" xml:space="preserve">{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>bqzg6alf693qn5egkcy4lip7de3tqdd</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Dunkerque retreat.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>612</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3616</id>
      <parentid>2476</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:07:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Dunkerque retreat.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3616</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="778" sha1="4fqwgzq5ativvsrbt8q3m9ud1ot94qe" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
{{Information
|Description=British ships rescuing the Allied troops under German Stuka fire at Dunkirk (France, 1940).

Screenhot taken from the 1943 United States Army propaganda film ''Divide and Conquer'' (''Why We Fight #3'') directed by Frank Capra and partially based on, news archives, animations, restaged scenes and captured propaganda material from both sides. 
|Source= [http://www.archive.org/download/Dividean1943_4/Dividean1943_4.mpeg Divide and Conquer] (Why We Fight #3) Public Domain (U.S. War Department): http://www.archive.org/details/DivideAndConquer
|Date=1940 (event), 1943 (film)
|Author=Frank Capra (film)
|Permission=No restrictions.
|other_versions=
}}

[[Category:World War II]]
[[Category:Battle of France]]

== Licensing ==
{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>4fqwgzq5ativvsrbt8q3m9ud1ot94qe</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Dönitz.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>1258</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4075</id>
      <timestamp>2015-05-11T11:04:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Croon</username>
        <id>5345495</id>
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      <origin>4075</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="5915o8tzrse02vlepvuuq6f3r7uk1iz" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{PD-ineligible}}</text>
      <sha1>5915o8tzrse02vlepvuuq6f3r7uk1iz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eastern Front 1941-06 to 1941-12.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>527</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3617</id>
      <parentid>2281</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:10:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Eastern Front 1941-06 to 1941-12.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3617</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="319" sha1="3mw73eml1cqbe9h94js6kr0qk8sj9tg" xml:space="preserve">{{legend|#fff8d5|to 9 July 1941}}
{{legend|#ffd2b9|to 1 September 1941}}
{{legend|#ebd7ff|to 9 September 1941}}
{{legend|#ccffcd|to 5 December 1941}}

Map of the [[Eastern Front (WWII)]], [[1941]]-[[wikipedia:06-21|06-21]] to [[1941]]-[[wikipedia:12-05|12-05]]{{GFDL}}Drawn by [[wikipedia:User:Gdr|Wikipedia user Gdr]].</text>
      <sha1>3mw73eml1cqbe9h94js6kr0qk8sj9tg</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eastern Front 1941-12 to 1942-05.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>535</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3618</id>
      <parentid>2293</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:11:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Eastern Front 1941-12 to 1942-05.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3618</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="200" sha1="oujimfu4quun0y76lhp4ewnow0oehkl" xml:space="preserve">==Description== 
Map of the [[Eastern Front (WWII)]], 1941-12-05 to 1942-05-05 
==Author== 
[[wikipedia:User:Gdr|Gdr]], Wikipedia (EN) user 
==Source== 
Uploaded to WP:EN by the author and to Commons.</text>
      <sha1>oujimfu4quun0y76lhp4ewnow0oehkl</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eastern Front 1942-05 to 1942-11.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>538</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3619</id>
      <parentid>2296</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:11:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Eastern Front 1942-05 to 1942-11.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3619</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="118" sha1="iupnia7xf8y44wjis05zhnlm8xt2ain" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
Eastern Front (WWII), 1942-05-07 to 1942-11-18

Author: [[wikipedia:User:Gdr|Gdr]]

==Licensing==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>iupnia7xf8y44wjis05zhnlm8xt2ain</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eastern Front 1942-11 to 1943-03.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3620</id>
      <parentid>2294</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:11:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Eastern Front 1942-11 to 1943-03.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3620</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="121" sha1="cxqj7zx91cdv3qjm100ag249vym7jzq" xml:space="preserve">Soviet advances on the [[Eastern Front (WWII)]], 1942-11-18 to March 1943.

{{GFDL}}

Drawn by [[wikipedia:User:Gdr|Gdr]]</text>
      <sha1>cxqj7zx91cdv3qjm100ag249vym7jzq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Eastern Front 1943-02 to 1943-08.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>540</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3621</id>
      <parentid>2298</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:11:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Eastern Front 1943-02 to 1943-08.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3621</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="157" sha1="re1vufy7jvoiynqkikdtlujyxp6v0c6" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
Operation ''Zitadelle'', i.e. the battle of Kursk. From [[wikipedia:Image:Eastern Front 1943-02 to 1943-08.png|en wiki]].

==Licensing==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>re1vufy7jvoiynqkikdtlujyxp6v0c6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eastern Front 1943-08 to 1944-12.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>555</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3622</id>
      <parentid>2320</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:11:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Eastern Front 1943-08 to 1944-12.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3622</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="273" sha1="64zt2fk3zaj8sjcqc4vvb74y3ahk3dp" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png]
Soviet advances on the [[Eastern Front (WWII)]], 1943-08-01 to 1944-12-31.

Image originally uploaded to Wikimedia Commons by user [[commons:User:Pil56|Pil56]].
== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>64zt2fk3zaj8sjcqc4vvb74y3ahk3dp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Eastern Front 1945-01 to 1945-05.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>545</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3623</id>
      <parentid>2306</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:11:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Eastern Front 1945-01 to 1945-05.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3623</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="203" sha1="1k8h5atmiv6e5mrw8bkedm6h69j8xly" xml:space="preserve">==Description==
Map of the [[Eastern Front (WWII)]], 1945-01-01 to 1945-05-07 
==Author==
[[wikipedia:User:Gdr|Gdr]], Wikipedia (EN) user 
==Source==
Uploaded to WP:EN by the author 
==License==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1k8h5atmiv6e5mrw8bkedm6h69j8xly</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Edward Rydz-Smigly.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>511</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3624</id>
      <parentid>2258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:15:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Edward Rydz-Smigly.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3624</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1219" sha1="967x7bvte6lo4ro7fdnqbljzjzw4llq" xml:space="preserve">[[wikipedia:Edward Rydz-Śmigły|Edward Rydz-Śmigły]], Polish commander in chief in 1939. &lt;br&gt;

Polish soldiers salute using two fingers, not the whole hand, thus symbolizing "Honour and Fatherland" or, according to another interpretation, "God and Fatherland". The tradition goes back to Napoleonic times and has never been abolished, not even in the Army of Communist Poland.&lt;br&gt;

Originally uploaded to [[wikipedia:Image:Smigly rydz.jpg]] by [[wikipedia:User:Emax]]&lt;br&gt;

{| {{PD-Layout}}
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| ''This image is in the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]''' because according to the non-retrospective [[wikipedia:copyright|copyright]] law of [[wikipedia:July 10|July 10]], [[wikipedia:1952|1952]], of the [[wikipedia:People's Republic of Poland|People's Republic of Poland]], all photographs by Polish photographers published before the law was changed on [[wikipedia:May 23|May 23]], [[wikipedia:1994|1994]] without a clear copyright notice are assumed '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]'''. This applies worldwide. &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;center&gt;To uploader: '''Please provide  where the image was first published and who created it.'''''&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}</text>
      <sha1>967x7bvte6lo4ro7fdnqbljzjzw4llq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Einsatzgruppen Killing.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>549</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3625</id>
      <parentid>2313</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:15:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Einsatzgruppen Killing.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3625</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1455" sha1="g0pkv9tkyhs0jcbow16etu86kwkdqbk" xml:space="preserve">German soldiers of the Waffen-SS and the Reich Labor Service look on as a member of ''Einsatzgruppe D'' murders a Jewish man kneeling before a filled mass grave in Vinnitsa, Ukraine, in [[1942]].

Image source: [http://www.ushmm.org/kovno/mass/photo3.htm USHMM]

According to the the USHMM, photograph #64407 is in the public domain in the U.S. [http://www.ushmm.org/uia-cgi/uia_query/photos?hr=null&amp;query=64407]

Larger version obtained from [http://www.aeronautics.ru/archive/wwii/baltic_nazis/latvia/images/index%20-%200071-1.jpg here] ([http://www.aeronautics.ru/archive/wwii/baltic_nazis/latvia/contact.htm]).

&lt;div class="boilerplate" style="width:80%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;" id="imageLicense"&gt;
&lt;div style="float:left" id="imageLicenseIcon"&gt;[[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|50px|Public license]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align:center;margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"&gt;
This image is in the '''public domain''' in the United States. In most cases, this means that it was '''first published''' in the United States prior to January 1 1923 (see the [[wikipedia:Template talk:PD-US|talk page]] for more cases). Other jurisdictions may have other rules, and this image '''might not''' be in the public domain outside the United States. See [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Public domain|Wikipedia:Public domain]] and [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Copyrights|Wikipedia:Copyrights]] for more details.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>g0pkv9tkyhs0jcbow16etu86kwkdqbk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:El Alamein 1942 - British infantry.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>659</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3627</id>
      <parentid>2560</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:15:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:El Alamein 1942 - British infantry.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3627</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Elsalvador.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>1125</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3626</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:15:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3626</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" xml:space="preserve" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Favicon.ico</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>3</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3874</id>
      <parentid>3873</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-07-05T22:50:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+license</comment>
      <origin>3874</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6" sha1="5dflw3e2012x4mbuobsb2akjlwa7hc9" xml:space="preserve">{{PD}}</text>
      <sha1>5dflw3e2012x4mbuobsb2akjlwa7hc9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:FirestormHamburg.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3629</id>
      <parentid>2262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:FirestormHamburg.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3629</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="171" sha1="p7enkivanr7learnum1wyny0xq2udc9" xml:space="preserve">Firestorm due to the Bombing of Hamburg in WW2.


Source: [www.bombenkrieg.net]

Public domain according to [[wikipedia:de:Bild:FeuersturmHamburg.jpg]]


{{PD-ineligible}}</text>
      <sha1>p7enkivanr7learnum1wyny0xq2udc9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Albania 1939.gif</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>574</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3630</id>
      <parentid>2373</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Albania 1939.gif]]"</comment>
      <origin>3630</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="349" sha1="9fek1mo9c87fvli150kquybjj14edv0" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
Flag of Fascist Albania, based from http://flagspot.net/flags/al_i1939.html

Artwork by Jaume Olle for Flags of the World, permission given by artist for use on Wikipedia: see [[wikipedia:de:Benutzer:ALE!/Flaggen|this declaration on the German Wikipedia]]. [[wikipedia:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU FDL]]

== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>9fek1mo9c87fvli150kquybjj14edv0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Armenia.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>457</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3631</id>
      <parentid>2187</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Armenia.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3631</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1119" sha1="blw5kgj3o1ld4axo8kmwvt6qgn8o50e" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
The flag of [[wikipedia:Armenia|Armenia]].

Source: Drawn by [[commons:User:SKopp|SKopp]].

{| {{PD-Layout}}
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| '''[[wikipedia:Armenia|REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA]]'''
''LAW ON COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBORING RIGHTS - [http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/armenia/CopyrightArmeniaENG.pdf full text (.pdf)]''

'''Article 6. Works which are not considered as an object of copyright'''&lt;br/&gt;
The following are not an object of Copyright:
:* works of folklore;
:* communications on daily news or on current events that are press information;
:* official documents (laws, decisions, decrees, etc.) as well as their official translations;
:* state emblems and signs (flags, coats of arms (armorial bearings), medals (decorations), monetary signs, etc.);
:* results obtained by technical means without the intervention of human creative activity.
:Copyright shall not extend to ideas, principles, methods, ceremonies (rituals), procedures, views (viewpoints), systems, proposed solutions, and discoveries of objectively existing phenomena.
|}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>blw5kgj3o1ld4axo8kmwvt6qgn8o50e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Australia.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>440</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3632</id>
      <parentid>2166</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Australia.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3632</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="281" sha1="e11pdiltidov7vgzrw43lx382gs9gdm" xml:space="preserve">The [[w:flag of Australia|flag of Australia]].

Source: Drawn by [[wikipedia:User:dbenbenn|User:dbenbenn]], based on the template at [http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/symbols/flag.cfm#download].

{{PD-users}}
{{Insignia}}

[[Category:SVG sovereign state flags]]
[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>e11pdiltidov7vgzrw43lx382gs9gdm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Austria-Hungary.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>461</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3633</id>
      <parentid>2192</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Austria-Hungary.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3633</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="366" sha1="h0utjffhyzm4530pyfi5fdmqw4ic2ys" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
*Note: This flag never existed, since the Austrian-Hungarian Empire did not have a single national flag!

*Source: Made from [[commons:Image:Austria-hungary-flag-1869-1918.gif]] by [[commons:User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]], using [[commons:Image:Flag_of_Norway.svg]] as a template.

==License==
{{insignia}}
{{PD-users}}


[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>h0utjffhyzm4530pyfi5fdmqw4ic2ys</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Belgium.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>459</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3768</id>
      <parentid>2189</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:44:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Belgium.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3768</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="323" sha1="nh9zfvcvjkkizs5251du8ucho883ewo" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
The flag of [[wikipedia:Belgium|Belgium]].

Source: Drawn by [[commons:User:SKopp|SKopp]]

The official flag of Belgium has an unusual aspect ratio of 13:15. The [[commons:Image:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg|civil version]] has the usual 2:3 aspect ratio.

{{Insignia}}

{{PD-ineligible}}
[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>nh9zfvcvjkkizs5251du8ucho883ewo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Brazil.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3634</id>
      <parentid>2212</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:28:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Brazil.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3634</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1458" sha1="jo3xd3tzol7k4bijblftdbgojk2gu2p" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
[[Category:SVG flags]]

The [[wikipedia:flag of Brazil|flag of Brazil]].

Flag drawn by [[commons:User:Pumbaa80|Pumbaa80]] according to [[wikipedia:pt:Bandeira_do_Brasil]]. The [[wikipedia:pt:Image:BanAnexL8421-92.jpg|construction sheet]] was used with M=210. The exact position and orientation of the stars and the exact position of the letters are not given there, and have been estimated.

:''See also [[commons:Image:Flag of Brazil.svg|this same page with more info]] on Wikimedia Commons.''

{| {{PD-Layout}}
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| ''According to the [[wikipedia:Brazil|Brazilian]] [http://www.planalto.gov.br/CCIVIL/LEIS/L9279.htm Law on Industrial Property] (Lei 9.279 de 14 de maio de 1996; See [http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/br/br003en.html translation]), Article 124: '''The following are not registrable as marks: I.  official, public, national, foreign or international escutcheons, coats of arms, medals, flags, emblems, badges and monuments, as well as the respective designations, figures, or imitations;'''.''

''Hence it is assumed that this image has been released into the [[wikipedia:public domain]].'' ''See [[wikipedia:pt:Wikipedia:Recursos no domínio público|Recursos no domínio público]].''

'''Note:''' ''The usage of coats of arms and flags is '''governed by legal restrictions''', independent of the [[wikipedia:copyright|copyright]] status of the depiction shown here.''
|
|}</text>
      <sha1>jo3xd3tzol7k4bijblftdbgojk2gu2p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Bulgaria (1878-1944).svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>490</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3635</id>
      <parentid>2229</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:31:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Bulgaria (1878-1944).svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3635</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="368" sha1="pui6vbagz9ttwq01rkmanl66rrt054o" xml:space="preserve">Flag of [[wikipedia:Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] used between 1878 and 1944.
Based in [[commons:Image:Naval Ensign of Bulgaria.svg]], drawn by [[commons:User:Denelson83|Denelson83]], traced from an image at the [http://www.flags.net/BULG.htm World Flag Database].

Originally created by [[commons:User:Denelson83|Denelson83]].
{{Insignia}}
{{PD-users}} 

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>pui6vbagz9ttwq01rkmanl66rrt054o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Canada-1868-Red.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>441</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2167</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T21:43:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>== Summary ==
Created by [[wikipedia:User:Greentubing|User:Greentubing]].
Based on:
*[[:Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg]]
*[[commons:Image:Flag of Ontario.svg]]
*[[commons:Image:Flag of Quebec.svg]]
*[[commons:Image:Flag of New Brunswick.svg]]
*My ow</comment>
      <origin>2167</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="334" sha1="3qyu0z1n8eow2misfkoih8yh5zvmnwj" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
Created by [[wikipedia:User:Greentubing|User:Greentubing]].
Based on:
*[[:Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg]]
*[[commons:Image:Flag of Ontario.svg]]
*[[commons:Image:Flag of Quebec.svg]]
*[[commons:Image:Flag of New Brunswick.svg]]
*My own drawings

A 200kb+monster
== Licensing ==
{{PD-users}}
[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>3qyu0z1n8eow2misfkoih8yh5zvmnwj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Croatia Ustasa.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>491</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3636</id>
      <parentid>2230</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:32:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Croatia Ustasa.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3636</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="258" sha1="9h7pm5263nabg75logy7lwcg4naf6wg" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
The flag of Independent State of Croatia during 1941-1945, the Ustasa flag.
from wikipedia:en, public dommain by User:Zscout370.

== Licensing ==
Originally created by [[Wikipedia:User:Zscout370|Zscout370]].
{{PD-users}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>9h7pm5263nabg75logy7lwcg4naf6wg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Denmark.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3637</id>
      <parentid>2383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:33:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Denmark.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3637</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="230" sha1="31y4ob3s5aoeox1a8qcwguuhp68hfow" xml:space="preserve">Flag of [[wikipedia:Denmark|Denmark]] ("stutflag" version).

The red colour is Pantone 186C:

*CMYK: C12% M100% Y86% K3% 
*RGB: 208,12,51 (#D00C33). 

Author: [[commons:User:Madden|Madden]]

==Licensing==
{{insignia}}
{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>31y4ob3s5aoeox1a8qcwguuhp68hfow</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Egypt 1922.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2210</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-18T15:54:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>== Summary ==
{{Information|
|Description=Historical flag of [[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]] (1922&amp;ndash;1952). Drawn by [[wikipedia:User:Mysid|Mysid]] in CorelDraw based on a World Flag Database image at en-wiki.
|Source=Self-made, based on a GIF from flags.ne</comment>
      <origin>2210</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="458" sha1="0j2hnqoyreo2emaq7dxl65kzv7ayqa5" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information|
|Description=Historical flag of [[wikipedia:Egypt|Egypt]] (1922&amp;ndash;1952). Drawn by [[wikipedia:User:Mysid|Mysid]] in CorelDraw based on a World Flag Database image at en-wiki.
|Source=Self-made, based on a GIF from flags.net
|Date=April 18, 2006
|Author=[[wikipedia:User:Mysid|Mysid]]
|Permission=Public domain
|other_versions=
}}

== Licensing ==
Created by [[commons:User:Mysid|Mysid]].

{{PD-users}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>0j2hnqoyreo2emaq7dxl65kzv7ayqa5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of El Salvador.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>473</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3638</id>
      <parentid>2206</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:38:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of El Salvador.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3638</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="152" sha1="kl19rjc21fxyryh5emspmo5dbfxixfh" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
The flag of [[wikipedia:El Salvador|El Salvador]].

Drawn by [[commons:User:Vzb83|Vzb83]] with coat of arms.

{{PD-ineligible}}
{{insignia}}</text>
      <sha1>kl19rjc21fxyryh5emspmo5dbfxixfh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Ethiopia (1897).png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>572</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3639</id>
      <parentid>2370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:41:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Ethiopia (1897).png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3639</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1041" sha1="f1he3bwjhhp1q4qzc45wkw6kaoe0g9v" xml:space="preserve">Flag of Ethiopia 6 Oct 1897 - 9 May 1936; 5 May 1941 - 12 Sep.

Source: [[commons:Image:Flag of Ethiopia (1897).png|Wikimedia Commons]] / [http://vector-images.com/image.php?epsid=6737 Vector-Images.com].

{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#e2f2d2; border:2px solid #acce79;"&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
| [[Image:Green copyright.svg|64px]]
| ''This is a '''flag or coat of arms''' image from the '''[http://www.vector-images.com Vector-Images.com]''' website and is copyrighted. According to [http://vector-images.com/about.php this page] raster preview images in [[wikipedia:GIF|GIF]] format of Vector-Images.com can be freely used on other web sites with quote to Vector-Images.com (hyperlink to [http://www.vector-images.com www.vector-images.com]) only (vector versions are not permitted). See also [http://vector-images.com/terms.php Terms of Use] and [[commons:Template_talk:Vector-Images.com|the template's discussion page on Wikimedia Commons]] for details.''
|}
{{insignia}}</text>
      <sha1>f1he3bwjhhp1q4qzc45wkw6kaoe0g9v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Finland.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>474</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3640</id>
      <parentid>2208</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:42:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Finland.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3640</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="167" sha1="rxxbaqt3g5xmq3cd4uagd7aj7uf7go7" xml:space="preserve">== Description ==
The [[wikipedia:Flag of Finland|flag of Finland]].

Source: Drawn by [[commons:User:SKopp|SKopp]].

{{PD-users}}
{{insignia}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>rxxbaqt3g5xmq3cd4uagd7aj7uf7go7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of France.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>437</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3641</id>
      <parentid>2162</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:43:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of France.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3641</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="524" sha1="t7rgzi3v12t0berqijq408wn0i6aaow" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
The [[wikipedia:flag of France|flag of France]].

=== Technical details ===
According to [http://www.fotw.net/flags/fr.html Flags of the World], the red stripe is Pantone 186, and the blue is Pantone 282.  According to [http://www.sbedirect.com/data/download/vrac/pantone.html] or [http://www.bargainprinting.com/pms/], that is RGB(206,17,38) for the red, and RGB(0,38,84) for the blue.

== Origin ==
This graphic was drawn by [[wikipedia:User:SKopp|User:SKopp]].{{PD-Art}}
{{Insignia}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>t7rgzi3v12t0berqijq408wn0i6aaow</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Free France 1940-1944.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>467</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3642</id>
      <parentid>2199</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:44:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Free France 1940-1944.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3642</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="136" sha1="pxcoxzsokhqp46dwjky76tib3g3vuux" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
Flag used by the [[Free French Forces]] during the Second World War.

== Licensing ==
{{PD-users}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>pxcoxzsokhqp46dwjky76tib3g3vuux</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>480</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3643</id>
      <parentid>2217</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:47:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3643</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1294" sha1="qwi7rusbgkov4f029w9jxqxlzvmsdv1" xml:space="preserve">Flag of Germany 1933-1945 (Third Reich)

* Erstellt: [[wikipedia:de:Benutzer:Kookaburra]]
* Date: November 16th 2004
* Originally uploaded by [[commons:User:Guanaco|Guanaco]].

The specifications can be found on a [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de1933_o.html Flags of the World page].

{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:80%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;"
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|65px|Public domain]]
| &lt;div class="description en"&gt;
''This file depicts the coat of arms of a German [[wikipedia:de:Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts|''Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts'']] (corporation governed by public law). According to § 5 Abs. 1 of the German ''[[wikipedia:de:Gesetz über Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte|Copyright law]]'', ''[[wikipedia:de:Amtliches Werk|official works]]'' like coats of arms are ''[[wikipedia:de:Gemeinfreiheit|gemeinfrei]]'' (in the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]''').''

'''''Note:''' The usage of coats of arms is '''governed by legal restrictions''', independent of the [[wikipedia:copyright|copyright]] status of the depiction shown here.''
&lt;/div&gt;
|
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Insignia|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;

{{Nazi symbol}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>qwi7rusbgkov4f029w9jxqxlzvmsdv1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Greece (1828-1978).svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>456</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3646</id>
      <parentid>2186</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T00:54:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Greece (1828-1978).svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3646</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="313" sha1="gk1v33i8p9rdirepqxvys7d6lxxyef5" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information|
|Description=Flag of [[Greece]] (1822-1969) and (1975-1978)
|Source=own code
|Date=April 25 2006
|Author=(of code) [[wikipedia:cs:User:-xfi-]]
|Permission=
|other_versions=[[commons:Image:Greece flag 1828.png]]
}}

== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-sa-2.5}}
{{Insignia}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>gk1v33i8p9rdirepqxvys7d6lxxyef5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Hungary 1940.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>489</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3647</id>
      <parentid>2228</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:08:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Hungary 1940.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3647</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="211" sha1="qhff2bq0dt3o2s2gqbdmtan2bmdhhp2" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
The flag of [[Hungary]] from 1940 until 1945. Modified from [[commons:Image:Flag of Hungary (state).svg]].
== Licensing ==
Originally created by [[wikipedia:User:Zscout370|Zscout370]].
{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>qhff2bq0dt3o2s2gqbdmtan2bmdhhp2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Iraq 1924.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>577</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3648</id>
      <parentid>2377</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:08:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Iraq 1924.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3648</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="336" sha1="ab5a0k4khuwy1ibkgnrf22nel6n06pl" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
* Historical flag of Iraq, adopted in 1924.
* From English Wikipedia

== File history ==
* 06:51, 20 June 2006 . . Zscout370 . . 600×300 (2,691 bytes)

== Licensing ==
Originally uploaded to [[commons:Flag of Iraq 1924.svg|Wikimedia Commons]] by [[commons:User:Zscout370|Zscout370]].

{{PD-users}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>ab5a0k4khuwy1ibkgnrf22nel6n06pl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Italy.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>571</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3649</id>
      <parentid>2369</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:09:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Italy.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3649</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="832" sha1="eavzawts05hmvaewn4zzgvzhviccx5j" xml:space="preserve">[[wikipedia:Flag of Italy|Flag of]] [[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]].

{| border="2" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" rules="all" style="margin:1em 1em 1em 0; border:solid 1px #AAAAAA; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F9F9F9; font-size:95%; empty-cells:show;"
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#36C67E"|'''Colors:'''
|-
|&lt;big&gt;&lt;font color=#008D46&gt;●&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/big&gt; green
|Pantone 17-6153
|rendered as RGB 0 141 70
|-
|&lt;big&gt;&lt;font color=#FFFFFF&gt;●&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/big&gt; white
|Pantone 11-0601
|rendered as RGB 255 255 255
|-
|&lt;big&gt;&lt;font color=#D2232C&gt;●&lt;/font&gt;&lt;/big&gt; red
|Pantone 18-1662
|rendered as RGB 210 35 44
|}

There have been a long discussion on the colors of this flag. ''Please read [[commons:Image_talk:Flag of Italy.svg|the talk page on Wikimedia Commons]] before editing this image''

{{PD-ineligible}}
{{Insignia}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>eavzawts05hmvaewn4zzgvzhviccx5j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>446</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3650</id>
      <parentid>2173</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:09:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3650</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="406" sha1="jstdiy566ojf4a6iv76l181olh9o4rr" xml:space="preserve">{{Information
|Description=[[wikipedia:Flag of Italy|Flag]] of the [[wikipedia:Kingdom of Italy|Kingdom of ]][[wikipedia:Italy|Italy]] (1861-1946): ''In a military/war context, the crowned version (see [[commons:Image:Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg|Crowned version]]) was always used.''}}
|Source=
|Date=
|Author=
|Permission={{insignia}}{{cc-by-sa-2.5}}
|other_versions=
}}


[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>jstdiy566ojf4a6iv76l181olh9o4rr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>486</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3651</id>
      <parentid>2225</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:10:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3651</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="513" sha1="otkrozrr7ax4it7yc706fscakyepnzx" xml:space="preserve">{{Information
|Description=Crowned flag of the Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946), alternative to [[commons:Image:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|Flag of Italy (without crown)]]. In a military/war context, the crowned version was always used.
*Flag of The Regio Esercito (Italian Army until 1946)
*Flag of the Regia Marina (Italian Navy until 1946) 
|Source=http://www.regiamarina.net/ref/flags/flags_it.htm
|Date=
|Author=F l a n k e r
|Permission={{insignia}}{{cc-by-sa-2.5}}
|other_versions=
}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>otkrozrr7ax4it7yc706fscakyepnzx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Japan - variant.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>455</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3652</id>
      <parentid>2185</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:11:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Japan - variant.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3652</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="500" sha1="6x2ara0ht6eq3j91vb7038z5abv79co" xml:space="preserve">{{Information|
|Description = Variant version of a [[wikipedia:Flag of Japan|flag of Japan]].
|Source = [[wikipedia:User:Kahusi|kahusi]] - [[wikipedia:User_talk:Kahusi|&lt;small&gt;(Talk)&lt;/small&gt;]]'s file
|Date = 2005/10/28
|Author = [[wikipedia:User:Kahusi|kahusi]] - [[wikipedia:User_talk:Kahusi|&lt;small&gt;(Talk)&lt;/small&gt;]]
|Permission = PD
|other_versions = -
}}

The merchant flag of Japan from 1870. Source: http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/jp.html#mer

{{PD-users}}
{{Insignia}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>6x2ara0ht6eq3j91vb7038z5abv79co</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Manchukuo.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3653</id>
      <parentid>2376</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:11:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Manchukuo.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3653</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="62" sha1="5ru3hooxl9q6ypeiu1u7d7us8y6izqn" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
The flag of Manchukuo.

==Licensing==
{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>5ru3hooxl9q6ypeiu1u7d7us8y6izqn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Montenegro (1993-2004).svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>581</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3654</id>
      <parentid>2382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:12:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Montenegro (1993-2004).svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3654</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="109" sha1="bdxykjv4gcmh2cdxzsv2havs31x4138" xml:space="preserve">Flag of Montenegro between 1992 and 2004 by [[commons:User:Zirland|Zirland]].

==Licensing==
{{cc-by-sa-2.5}}</text>
      <sha1>bdxykjv4gcmh2cdxzsv2havs31x4138</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of NATO.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>418</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3655</id>
      <parentid>2139</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:14:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of NATO.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3655</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="389" sha1="b5j1oq8fvkor2dyywfhcyzhjqav4wx7" xml:space="preserve">{{Information|
|Description=The flag of the [[wikipedia:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] (NATO).
|Source=[[wikipedia:User:Mysid|Self-drawn]] in CorelDraw, official measurements, color and model from http://www.nato.int/multi/natologo.htm.
|Date=October 20, 2005
|Author=[[wikipedia:User:Mysid|Mysid]]
|Permission=GFDL
|other_versions=
}}
{{insignia}}</text>
      <sha1>b5j1oq8fvkor2dyywfhcyzhjqav4wx7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of New Zealand.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>443</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3656</id>
      <parentid>2169</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:16:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3656</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="370" sha1="qk1qw2vlsnjjkhqo90kihijdxum07pd" xml:space="preserve">== File description ==
Fresh recode based on [[commons:Image:Government Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|Image:Government Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg]] --- preserving the star clones from the previous version.

Flag of [[wikipedia:New Zealand|New Zealand]]. Created by [[wikipedia:User:ButterStick|ButterStick]].
== Licensing ==
{{PD-users}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>qk1qw2vlsnjjkhqo90kihijdxum07pd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Newfoundland.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>444</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3657</id>
      <parentid>2171</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:17:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Newfoundland.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3657</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="310" sha1="cljzwrwpawyc6ikikg4zc4qximsaw2a" xml:space="preserve">Historical [[wikipedia:Flag of Newfoundland|Flag of Newfoundland]].


Original [[wikipedia:PNG|PNG]] uploaded by [[wikipedia:User:Mysid|Mysid]] for the English Wikipedia from Flags of the World.

Created by [[wikipedia:userThrashedParanoid|ThrashedParanoid]].

{{PD-users}}
{{insignia}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>cljzwrwpawyc6ikikg4zc4qximsaw2a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Norway.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>470</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3658</id>
      <parentid>2202</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:17:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Norway.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3658</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1010" sha1="20wsl2m15z6la4j44bpwhmbh7aunmoy" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
'''[[wikipedia:Flag of Norway|Flag of Norway]]'''

The flag of [[Norway]] consists of a &lt;span style="color:grey; background:#002868;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;dark&amp;nbsp;blue&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; cross (color: [[wikipedia:RGB|RGB]] #002868; [[wikipedia:Pantone|Pantone]] PMS-281U) with white borders on a &lt;span style="background:#EF2B2D;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;bright&amp;nbsp;red&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt; background (RGB #EF2B2D; Pantone PMS-032U). The vertical arm of the cross is shifted towards the flag pole as in the other [[wikipedia:Nordic Cross Flag|Scandinavian flags]]. The overall width&amp;minus;to&amp;minus;height proportions of the flag are 22&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;16, and the individual coloured fields measure 6+1+2+1+12 in width and 6+1+2+1+6 in height.

== Dependent images ==
*[[commons:Image:Flag of Norway, state.svg]]
*[[commons:Image:Naval Jack of Norway.svg]]

== Licensing ==
[[commons:User:Dbenbenn|David Benbennick]] wrote this file. The use of the flag might be restricted according to law.


{{insignia}}
{{PD-users}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>20wsl2m15z6la4j44bpwhmbh7aunmoy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Poland.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>466</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3659</id>
      <parentid>2198</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:18:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Poland.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3659</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5940" sha1="ff8wyo7clv1tjgc9y8ernflf37b9l1l" xml:space="preserve">==Dependent images==
*[[commons:Image:Flag of Poland (state).svg]]
*[[commons:Image:Naval Ensign of Poland.svg]]
Any colour changes made to this flag image ''must'' be made to the flag images listed above.

==Description/Opis==
The [[wikipedia:flag of Poland|flag of Poland]] with corrected colors converted from [[wikipedia:CIE LUV|CIE LUV]] standard to [[wikipedia:sRGB|sRGB]]. The '''white''' stripe is RGB '''#e9e8e7''' (hex). The '''red''' stripe is RGB '''#d4213d''' (hex), taken from Polish Wikipedia article [[wikipedia:pl:Flaga Polski]]. Version uploaded 19:10 CDT, 29 November 2006.

==Explanation of how the Red and White colors were arrived at in this image and future plans==

'''Note:''' The colors you see here were rendered into [[wikipedia:RGB|RGB]] ([[wikipedia:sRGB color space|sRGB]]) for web display, based on the xyY color space description provided by Polish law and a permissible deviation expressed as a [[wikipedia:Lab color space|CIELUV]] specification. The transformation from those to [[wikipedia:hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] RGB values was calculated on [[wikipedia:29 November|29 November]] [[wikipedia:2006|2006]] at the Polish Wikipedia talk page about the Polish flag [[wikipedia:pl:Dyskusja:Flaga Polski]] by Polish Wikipedian [[wikipedia:pl:Wikipedysta:DeJotPe|DeJotPe]] (see: [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskusja:Flaga_Polski#Jakie_naprawd.C4.99_s.C4.85_wg._ustawy_prawid.C5.82owe_kolory_flagi_Polski.]). The colors in RGB are as follows: '''white: #E9E8E7''' and '''red: #D4213D'''. Note, that the assumed [[wikipedia:white point|white point]] is 6500[[wikipedia:Kelvin|K]], and that the color shades you see here depend on your browser and screen settings, and on the surrounding screen context. An intensely luminous light background will make '''the official white color''' appear '''slightly gray'''. Most websites which show Polish national colors loosely approximate the legally specified colors by using basic [[wikipedia:web colors|HTML colors]]: white #FFFFFF and red #FF0000.

Continuing efforts are being made to better approximate for universal computer display the official white and red of the [[wikipedia:Flag of Poland|Polish flag]], as well as to obtain a ruling from the Polish government on the matter of displaying the flag as a luminous computer image.  Accordingly, this flag depiction will be updated as future developments warrant.

This is a copy of [[commons:Image:Flag of Poland corrected.svg]] and supersedes all previous images of the Polish flag uploaded on Wikimedia Commons under this name.  This is the version uploaded at 19:10 CDT on [[wikipedia:29 November|29 November]] [[wikipedia:2006|2006]].

==Synopsis==
{{Information
|Description=[[wikipedia:Flag of Poland|Flag of Poland]] with official colors translated by Polish Wikipedian [[wikipedia:pl:Wikipedysta:DeJotPe]] per his Polish-language discussion on [[wikipedia:pl:Dyskusja:Flaga Polski]] and his translation of the official colors into [[wikipedia:sRGB color model|sRGB]] -- '''white: #E9E8E7''' ([[wikipedia:hexadecimal|hex]]), '''red: #D4213D''' (hex). See [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskusja:Flaga_Polski#Jakie_naprawd.C4.99_s.C4.85_wg._ustawy_prawid.C5.82owe_kolory_flagi_Polski.].
|Source= Own Work, replacing in [[wikipedia:Emacs|Emacs]] [[wikipedia:text editor|text editor]] the '''red''' and the '''white''' color values of the previous Wikimedia Commons file of the same name.
|Date= 29 November 2006
|Author= [[commons:User:Mareklug|Mareklug]]
|Permission= Public Domain
|other_versions= * [[commons:Image:Flag of Poland corrected.svg]] (should be the same image);
* [[commons:Image:Flag of Poland (bordered).svg]], [[commons:Image:Flag of Poland corrected (bordered).svg]] (should be the same images, and identical to this image except for a black border).
}}

== Official Polish Specification==
'''Colors of the Republic of Poland''' are given by the specifications in and attachment [http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/gfx/318789445_0.gif no. 2]  to the Coat-of-arms, Colors and Anthem of the Republic of Poland, and State Seals Act ([http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/du/2005/2000.htm Dz. U. of the year 2005, Number 235, Item 2000 (Dz. U. z 2005 r. Nr 235, poz. 2000)])

The Coat of Arms etc. Act specifies the the x,y,Y coordinates of the national colors in the [[wikipedia:Lab color space|CIE 1976 color space]] as follows:

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 align=center
! Color
! align=center | x
! align=center | y
! align=center | Y
! align=center | ΔE
|-
| White
| align=center | 0.315
| align=center | 0.320
| align=center | 82.0
| align=center | 4.0
|-
| Red
| align=center | 0.570
| align=center | 0.305
| align=center | 16.0
| align=center | 8.0
|-
| colspan=5 | Illuminant C, measurement geometry d/0
|}

As described [[#Explanation of how the Red and White colors were arrived at in this image and future plans|above]], these specifications were rendered into the [[wikipedia:sRGB color space|sRGB]] [[wikipedia:color space|color space]], assuming a [[wikipedia:white point|white point]] of 6500[[wikipedia:Kelvin|K]], yielding the following hexadecimal [[wikipedia:RGB color model|RGB]] values:

{| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 align=center
! colspan=2 | Color
! align=center | R
! align=center | G
! align=center | B
|-
| width=20px style="background: #E9E8E7" |&amp;nbsp;
| White
| align=center | E9
| align=center | E8
| align=center | E7
|-
| style="background: #D4213D" |&amp;nbsp;
| Red
| align=center | D4
| align=center | 21
| align=center | 3D
|}

==Licensing==

This file is ineligible for copyright.  But just in case:
{{PD-users}}

==Adding a border==

If for some reason this does not work satisfactorily for you, use [[commons:Image:Flag of Poland (bordered).svg]] or [[commons:Image:Flag of Poland corrected (bordered).svg]] (should be the same image). (Applied only to Wikimedia projects unless someone upload one or both of these images.)

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>ff8wyo7clv1tjgc9y8ernflf37b9l1l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Portugal.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>452</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3660</id>
      <parentid>2180</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:18:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Portugal.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3660</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="109" sha1="coi9mtd6f67st9n5xpb0rv6liuff97s" xml:space="preserve">Flag of Portugal from http://presidenciarepublica.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>coi9mtd6f67st9n5xpb0rv6liuff97s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Romania.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>1138</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3767</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:42:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>State flag of the ''Kingdom of Romania''.

Source: [[commons:File:Flag of Romania.svg|Wikimedia Commons]]

==Licensing==
{{PD-RO-Symbol}}</comment>
      <origin>3767</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="137" sha1="hhpe2jcz71gw1kllxfxjmyhm35lofi0" xml:space="preserve">State flag of the ''Kingdom of Romania''.

Source: [[commons:File:Flag of Romania.svg|Wikimedia Commons]]

==Licensing==
{{PD-RO-Symbol}}</text>
      <sha1>hhpe2jcz71gw1kllxfxjmyhm35lofi0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Russia.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>524</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3661</id>
      <parentid>2278</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:19:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Russia.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3661</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1246" sha1="swh7ablhktj7gl9mx2xh25qjsgm0226" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
The flag of Russia. The colors came from the website of the Russian President. http://www.kremlin.ru/eng/articles/state_insignia_01_2.shtml

== Licensing ==
Originally created by [[commons:User:Zscout370|Zscout370]]
{{PD-users}}

{| {{PD-Layout}}
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| ''This work is in the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]''' because it has no copyright existing in it in the '''[[wikipedia:Russian Federation|Russian Federation]]''' and possibly other jurisdictions. This is because the copyright is disclaimed under Article 8 (Works not Protected by Copyright) of the [[Wikisource:Russian Federation. Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights|Law of the Russian Federation on Copyright and Neighboring Rights]]. Specifically excluded from copyright protection under this provision are official documents (laws, court decisions, other texts of legislative, administrative or judicial character) and official translations thereof; State emblems and official signs (flags, armorial bearings, decorations, monetary signs and other State symbols and official signs); works of folklore; communications concerning events and facts that have informational character.''
|}
[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>swh7ablhktj7gl9mx2xh25qjsgm0226</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>471</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3662</id>
      <parentid>2203</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:19:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3662</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="86" sha1="n9r19afnberivwy9x1074ghsqzdtk58" xml:space="preserve">Flag of SFR Yugoslavia. Created by [[commons:User:Zscout370|Zscout370]].

{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>n9r19afnberivwy9x1074ghsqzdtk58</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Serbia (1882-1918).png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>454</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3663</id>
      <parentid>2183</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:20:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Serbia (1882-1918).png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3663</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="30" sha1="ifwza1qnqne1xtyyt3v9utz80a1j6nn" xml:space="preserve">{{PD-ineligible}}
{{Insignia}}</text>
      <sha1>ifwza1qnqne1xtyyt3v9utz80a1j6nn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of South Africa 1928-1994.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>475</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3664</id>
      <parentid>2209</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:21:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of South Africa 1928-1994.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3664</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="259" sha1="fly3731jww6rq1izrkw5y5amj5onegf" xml:space="preserve">Flag of [[wikipedia:South Africa|South Africa]], used between 1928 and 1994 known as the Oranje-Blanje-Blou.  From the xrmap flag collection 2.9, with modifications by [[commons:User:Denelson83|Denelson83]].


{{insignia}}
{{PD-users}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>fly3731jww6rq1izrkw5y5amj5onegf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Thailand.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>493</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3665</id>
      <parentid>2232</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:25:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of Thailand.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3665</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="264" sha1="f7b06vzh0pll909jsjxhsb7v1pymqz7" xml:space="preserve">For more information about the history of SIAM FLAG in Thai. Please check at "SIAM FLAG MUSEUM" page or just click on an url: [http://www.siamflag.org]

== Licensing ==
Originally created by [[commons:User:Zscout370|Zscout370]].
{{PD-users}}
[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>f7b06vzh0pll909jsjxhsb7v1pymqz7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of Vichy France.gif</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>488</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3667</id>
      <parentid>3666</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:26:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>according to http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vichy_France.gif, this image is in the public domain</comment>
      <origin>3667</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11" sha1="4rygpcgv1ryn93h2wcc04sc2vtmv3fo" xml:space="preserve">{{PD-Flag}}</text>
      <sha1>4rygpcgv1ryn93h2wcc04sc2vtmv3fo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>472</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3668</id>
      <parentid>2205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:27:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3668</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1519" sha1="0vadnoh331dxyt4u2ldoatqh04ice8w" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information| 
|Description=Flag of the [[wikipedia:Czech Republic|Czech Republic]].
|Source=* -xfi-'s file
* -xfi-'s code
* Zirland's codes of colors
|Date= March 20 2006
|Author= * special commission 
(of code): SVG version by [[wikipedia:cs:User:-xfi-|cs:-xfi-]].
*Colors according to Appendix No. 3 of czech legal Act 3/1993. [[wikipedia:cs:User:Zirland|cs:Zirland]].
|Permission=Public Domain
|other_versions=
}}

== Licensing ==
Created by [[commons:User:Phroziac|Phroziac]].

{| {{PD-Layout}}
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| ''According to the Czech Copyright Act, this image is in the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]'''.''
''(Law No.&amp;nbsp;121/2000, Article&amp;nbsp;3, Section&amp;nbsp;a)''

"Protection pursuant to this Act shall not apply to
* an official work, such as a legal regulation, decision, public charter, publicly accessible register and the collection of its records, and also
* an official draft of an official work and other preparatory official documentation including the official translation of such work,
* Chamber of Deputies and Senate publications,
* a memorial chronicle of a municipality (muncipal chronicle),
* a state symbol and symbol of a regional self-governing unit,
* and other such works where there is public interest in their exclusion from copyright protection".

Hence it is assumed that this image has been released into public domain.
| [[Image:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|80px|right]]
|}

{{PD-users}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>0vadnoh331dxyt4u2ldoatqh04ice8w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of the German Empire.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>460</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3669</id>
      <parentid>2190</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:27:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of the German Empire.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3669</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="212" sha1="oazweuvtfqna5ys2vbeu5t5p9yvuhlq" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
Flag of the [[wikipedia:German Empire|German Empire]] (1867-1918 &amp; 1933-1935)

Based on [[commons:Image:Flag of Germany (2-3).svg]].
[[Category:SVG flags]]

== Licensing ==
{{PD-users}}
{{insignia}}</text>
      <sha1>oazweuvtfqna5ys2vbeu5t5p9yvuhlq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (state).svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>578</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3670</id>
      <parentid>2379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:29:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (state).svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3670</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1287" sha1="bxd0tw5w4sowz1njjbd79npqvwrni5h" xml:space="preserve">Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia with the lesser coat of arms.

Based in [[commons:Image:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg]], [[commons:Image:Flag of Serbia (state).svg]] and [[commons:Image:Flag of Croatia.svg]]

{| {{PD-Layout}}
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| ''This image is a national, governmental, military, royal/vice-regal or historical [[wikipedia:flag|flag]]. The flag may have been contributed by a user or taken and/or modified from the [[wikipedia:Central Intelligence Agency|Central Intelligence Agency's]]'' [[wikipedia:The World Factbook|World Factbook]]. ''Many have also been color-modified based on data from the [http://www.flags.net/index.php World Flag Database]. Such flags are ineligible for copyright but they are protected by Article 6' of the [[wikipedia:Paris Convention|Paris Convention]] (Protection of State Emblems, and Names, Abbreviations and Emblems of International Intergovernmental Organizations). Representations of national flags are subject to copyright as original works of art and do not fall under'' [[wikipedia:Bridgeman Art Library Ltd. v. Corel Corporation|Bridgeman Art Library Ltd. v. Corel Corporation's]] ''purview as they are not representations of two-dimensional works of art.''
|}
[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>bxd0tw5w4sowz1njjbd79npqvwrni5h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of the Mengjiang.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3671</id>
      <parentid>2381</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:30:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of the Mengjiang.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3671</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="86" sha1="g5s0b9gay8qf45p3ikhqjxgtcfuxogl" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
Flag of the [[wikipedia:Mengjiang|Mengjiang]].

==Licensing==
{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>g5s0b9gay8qf45p3ikhqjxgtcfuxogl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>468</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3672</id>
      <parentid>2200</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:30:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3672</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="570" sha1="q1qlsjst4tkofgmvaxbt9ywd6c0xfhx" xml:space="preserve">The national [[wikipedia:flag of the Netherlands|flag of the Netherlands]].

The colours of the flag are calculated from the official Dutch government standards document which describes textile colours called '''Normblad NEN 3055''':

These colour values are defined in the [[wikipedia:International Commission on Illumination|CIE]]'s chromaticity diagram. To convert these values to RGB, a daylight value of D65 was used. The resulting colours are: #AE1C28 (red), and #21468B (blue).
{{PD-users}}
Created by [[commons:User:Zscout370|Zscout370]].

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>q1qlsjst4tkofgmvaxbt9ywd6c0xfhx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>423</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3673</id>
      <parentid>2144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:31:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3673</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="731" sha1="28jxeqv2nmnqdvqdefqsg0sf94knv0d" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description='''English:''' The flag of the People's Republic of China ([[wikipedia:Flag of the People's Republic of China|en]]). Colors: red (#FF0000) and yellow (#FFFF00), 2:3, [[commons:Image:Construction sheet of Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|construction sheet]].
|Source=
|Date=
|Author=Drawn by [[wikipedia:User:SKopp|User:SKopp]], redrawn by [[wikipedia:User:Denelson83|Denelson83]]
* Recode by [[wikipedia:cs:User:-xfi-|User:-xfi-]] (code), [[wikipedia:User:Shizhao|User:Shizhao]] (colors)
|Permission=
|other_versions=
}}

== Licensing ==
Relased into the public domain by original author.

{{Insignia}}

[[Category:SVG sovereign state flags|Flag of China]]
[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>28jxeqv2nmnqdvqdefqsg0sf94knv0d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of the Philippines.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>477</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3674</id>
      <parentid>2211</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:31:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of the Philippines.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3674</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="328" sha1="bt92c8bqb9zover2x9ba0yzsn9zlqei" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
The national flag of the [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]]

The colors were taken from the Government website and the original design was taken from http://www.sodipodi.com/clipart/flags/philippines_3x2.jpg.

== Licensing ==
Created by [[commons:User:Zscout370|Zscout370]].

{{PD-users}}
[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>bt92c8bqb9zover2x9ba0yzsn9zlqei</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>465</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3675</id>
      <parentid>2197</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:32:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3675</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="221" sha1="nm01zdyg5xtjxl1hud98ow2dnkh2829" xml:space="preserve">Flag of the Republic of China.  The Republic of China currently exercises sovereignty over Taiwan, the Pescadores, Quemoy, Matsu, the Pratas, and Itu Aba. 

== Licensing ==
{{PD-users}}
{{Insignia}}
[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>nm01zdyg5xtjxl1hud98ow2dnkh2829</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>451</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3676</id>
      <parentid>2179</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:32:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3676</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="166" sha1="c3mt45ylwo21ouugbdyo9hxnl3titnm" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
National Flag of the Republic of China, used between 1912-1928. Also known as "Five-colored flag".

== Licensing ==
{{PD-users}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>c3mt45ylwo21ouugbdyo9hxnl3titnm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>464</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3677</id>
      <parentid>2196</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:33:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3677</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="175" sha1="dvxwbzhnqamzorpfieztmsqcidez69z" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
The flag of the Soviet Union, based from http://www.bastisoft.de/flags/historic/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.png

== Licensing ==
{{PD-users}}
[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>dvxwbzhnqamzorpfieztmsqcidez69z</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>885</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3678</id>
      <parentid>3023</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:34:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3678</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" xml:space="preserve" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of the Spain Under Franco.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>583</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3679</id>
      <parentid>2384</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:34:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of the Spain Under Franco.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3679</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="84" sha1="46e3r5759ltbvfm9060vqct8yz3xrm2" xml:space="preserve">Author: [[wikipedia:User:ThrashedParanoid|ThrashedParanoid]]

==Licensing==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>46e3r5759ltbvfm9060vqct8yz3xrm2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3680</id>
      <parentid>2165</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:35:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3680</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="406" sha1="7jhoojsporclua9q3syvs40merzirjj" xml:space="preserve">The [[wikipedia:flag of the United Kingdom|flag of the United Kingdom]].


{{Information|
|Description = This flag is commonly known as the ''Union Flag'' or, with some controversy, ''Union Jack.'' Its current design dates from the union of Ireland and Great Britain in 1801.
|Source = 
|Date = 1801
|Author = 
|Permission = PD-users
|other_versions = 
}}

{{Insignia}}
{{PD-users}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Flag of the United States.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>958</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3682</id>
      <parentid>3316</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:37:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Flag of the United States.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3682</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="155" sha1="6l4m02zar8goi1v5qk6qzpgpt2kn7bv" xml:space="preserve">Flag of the United States. See [[commons:Image:Flag of the United States.svg|Wikimedia Commons]] for more info.

==License==
{{insignia}}
{{PD-ineligible}}</text>
      <sha1>6l4m02zar8goi1v5qk6qzpgpt2kn7bv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:France.PNG</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>795</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3683</id>
      <parentid>2850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T01:37:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:France.PNG]]"</comment>
      <origin>3683</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="59" sha1="r48ix6xgppxgjsb6nsj29lpkx5ebjwb" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
France is in black. 
== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>r48ix6xgppxgjsb6nsj29lpkx5ebjwb</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Georgij Žukov-1.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>552</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3690</id>
      <parentid>2317</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T08:55:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Georgij Žukov-1.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3690</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="91" sha1="iwbmojjvtpdhz504c82y4b5rfxdh7zv" xml:space="preserve">Source of the photo is [http://www.intsys.msu.ru/culture/images/zhukov2.jpg]

{{PD-Russia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:German Troops In Warsaw.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>510</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3693</id>
      <parentid>3692</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T09:00:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <text bytes="3224" sha1="mfcwhvxmmb2qnrd1q22mebnxa3hi1h4" xml:space="preserve">[[wikipedia:Germany|German]] troops parade through [[wikipedia:Warsaw|Warsaw]], [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]] on [[wikipedia:October 5|October 5]], [[1939]]. The [[Wehrmacht]] was marching before a tribune on Aleje Ujazdowskie on which [[Adolf Hitler]] and other German officials stood. The parade was photographed and filmed by [[wikipedia:Leni Riefenstahl|Leni Riefenstahl]]. 

During the parade all inhabitants of Warsaw were ordered to stay at home and shut their windows. In order to prevent an assassination attempt, the Germans held 412 civilians as hostages. Among them were the most notable professors of the [[wikipedia:Warsaw University|Warsaw University]] and civilian authorities of the city with its president [[wikipedia:Stefan Starzyński|Stefan Starzyński]].

PK Hugo Jäger, September 1939. 200-SFF-52. (ww2_77.jpg)

Source: [http://www.archives.gov/research_room/research_topics/world_war_2_photos/world_war_2_photos.html US Government]. The picture shown here is a subsection of a larger picture for download at the source site.

Details of copyright: [http://www.archives.gov/research_room/obtain_copies/reproduction_restrictions.html] --[[wikipedia:User:Piotrus|Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus]] &lt;sup&gt;[[wikipedia:User talk:Piotrus|Talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 11:00, 20 May 2005 (UTC)

* This image was published in 1940 in the book "Die Soldaten des Führers im Felde". The photo was taken by "Hugo Jäger". This is unrelated to the US Government, and is not a valid PD license for Wikimedia Commons. / [[wikipedia:User:Fred Chess|Fred]]-[[wikipedia:User_talk:Fred Chess|Chess]] 21:15, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

&lt;div class="boilerplate" style="margin:0.5em auto;width:80%;clear:both;background-color:#f7f8ff;border:2px solid #8888aa; padding:4px;font-size:85%;min-height:64px;vertical-align:center" id="imageLicense"&gt;
&lt;div style="float:left" id="imageLicenseIcon"&gt;[[File:Red copyright.svg|64px|Copyrighted]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align:left;margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"&gt;
This work is [[wikipedia:copyright|copyright]]ed and unlicensed.  It does not fall into one of the blanket fair use categories listed at [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use#Images]] or [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use#Audio clips]].  However, it is believed that the use of this work in the article "'''[[Invasion of Poland (1939)]]'''":
*To illustrate the '''object in question'''
*Where no free equivalent is available or could be created that would adequately give the same information
*On [[WarWiki]] ([http://war.shoutwiki.com]), hosted on servers in the United States,
qualifies as '''[[wikipedia:fair use|fair use]]''' under [[wikipedia:Fair use#Fair use under United States law|United States copyright law]].  '''Any other uses of this image, on WarWiki or elsewhere, ''may'' be [[wikipedia:copyright infringement|copyright infringement]].'''  See [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use|Wikipedia:Fair use]] and [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Copyrights|Wikipedia:Copyrights]].

'''To the uploader''': this tag is not a sufficient claim of fair use.  You must also include the '''source''' of the work, all available '''copyright information''', and a '''[[wikipedia:Help:Image page#Fair use rationale|detailed fair use rationale]]'''.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:German troops in Russia, 1941.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>530</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3691</id>
      <parentid>2285</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T08:58:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <comment>uploaded "[[File:German troops in Russia, 1941.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3691</origin>
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      <text bytes="793" sha1="o5lamkhlg5qj7iacxl7i1wm0cxz7i1y" xml:space="preserve">{{Information
|Description=German troops in Russia, 1941.
|Source= [http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/photos/ National Archives and Records Administration] [http://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/photos/images/ww2-83.jpg]
|Date= 
|Author= 
|Permission= ''This image comes from the [[wikipedia:National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives and Records Administration]], the vast majority of whose images and documents are in the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]''' in the United States. This image may or may not be protected by copyright. See the [http://www.archives.gov/frequently_asked_questions/index.html#copyright NARA FAQ] and [http://www.archives.gov/global-pages/privacy.html#copyright Conditions of use].''
|other_versions=
}}

[[Category:World War II]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Germanborders.gif</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3694</id>
      <parentid>2593</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T09:00:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Germanborders.gif]]"</comment>
      <origin>3694</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Geronimo, as US prisoner.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>729</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3696</id>
      <parentid>2688</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T09:04:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Geronimo, as US prisoner.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3696</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="102" sha1="81aehxc69j9air6k4wduf99de12dybg" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
an image of [[Geronimo]] as a prisoner of the United States
== Licensing ==
{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>81aehxc69j9air6k4wduf99de12dybg</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Geronimo.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>1126</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3695</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T09:03:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Graph top7 def expd 1930-38.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>505</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3697</id>
      <parentid>2247</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T09:06:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Graph top7 def expd 1930-38.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3697</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="442" sha1="rkdi1dca46jodtb4zbn52glxapcp21h" xml:space="preserve">Defence Expenditure of the Major Belligerent Nations of WW II, 1930-1938.

Data from: ''The World in 1939'', AJ Toynbee &amp; FT Ashton-Gwatkin (1952)

Chart created by uploader.

The figures charted (adjusted to 1990 dollar equivalent) may well be inaccurate. Japanese expediture is probably understated, possibly by more than a third.
{{GFDL}}

Originally created for [[wikipedia:Main Page|Wikipedia]] by [[wikipedia:User:TwoOneTwo|TwoOneTwo]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Great Seal of the US.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3698</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-02T09:06:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Great Seal of the US.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3698</origin>
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      <text bytes="12" sha1="5zqkz61qb3437ma4afnyim1r9800jgg" xml:space="preserve">{{PD-USGov}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Green copyright.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>573</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3699</id>
      <parentid>2372</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T09:09:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Green copyright.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3699</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12" sha1="tuhj2x11xfpm9u5s5n9o6dvtvbta3cs" xml:space="preserve">{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>tuhj2x11xfpm9u5s5n9o6dvtvbta3cs</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Guadalcanal1.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>664</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3700</id>
      <parentid>2565</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T09:10:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Guadalcanal1.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3700</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:HMS Hood and HMS Barham.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>289</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3703</id>
      <parentid>1854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T09:14:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:HMS Hood and HMS Barham.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3703</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="79" sha1="jtue6qbteyltb64twhqgj5iupacb0hm" xml:space="preserve">HMS Hood and HMS Barham in Malta during 1937. (from Wikipedia, same name there)</text>
      <sha1>jtue6qbteyltb64twhqgj5iupacb0hm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Heckert GNU white.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>447</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3701</id>
      <parentid>2174</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T09:12:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Heckert GNU white.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3701</origin>
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      <text bytes="275" sha1="o2693w365h3r0h8g1ok6ofzj84z1f94" xml:space="preserve">{{Information
|Description=A Bold GNU Head
|Source=[http://www.gnu.org/graphics/heckert_gnu.html]
|Author=Aurelio A. Heckert &lt;aurium@gmail.com&gt;
|Permission=Free art license
}}

For more info, see [[commons:Image:Heckert GNU white.svg|this image's page on Wikimedia Commons]].</text>
      <sha1>o2693w365h3r0h8g1ok6ofzj84z1f94</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Heinkel He III over London 7 Sep 1940.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>504</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3702</id>
      <parentid>2246</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T09:13:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Heinkel He III over London 7 Sep 1940.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3702</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1439" sha1="ensfmo4qmmttqfcm5ix00zekj8c3tz9" xml:space="preserve">A [[wikipedia:Heinkel He 111|Heinkel He 111]] over the East End of London during the [[Battle of Britain]], 7 September 1940.

UK Crown copyright.  Imperial War Museum collection number C 5422

{| {{PD-Layout}}
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| '''This work is in the ''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]'' worldwide'''

''This is because either:
# It is a photograph [[wikipedia:Crown copyright|created by the United Kingdom Government]] prior to {{ #expr: {{CURRENTYEAR}} - 50 }}; or 
# It is an engraving [[wikipedia:Crown copyright|created by the United Kingdom Government]] and commercially published prior to {{ #expr: {{CURRENTYEAR}} - 50 }}; or
# It is an artistic work other than a photograph or engraving which was [[wikipedia:Crown copyright|created by the United Kingdom Government]] prior to {{ #expr: {{CURRENTYEAR}} - 50 }}.

''See [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Copyrights|Copyright]], [http://www.museumscopyright.org.uk/crown-a.pdf Crown copyright artistic works] and [http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2005-May/039688.html HMSO Email Reply]''.
| [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|80px|right]]
|}

This image is a larger version of an image claiming to be a photocollage produced by the Luftwaffe and dated 1941. It can be accessed under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Surreydocks1941.jpg]. Perhaps the details can be reconciled with each other. I have no idea which is correct.</text>
      <sha1>ensfmo4qmmttqfcm5ix00zekj8c3tz9</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Hitlermusso.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>495</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3706</id>
      <parentid>3704</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T09:29:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replaced content with '{{fairuse|World War II}}

Presumed fair use for articles on Hitler or Mussolini on WarWiki.
{{Nazi symbol}}'</comment>
      <origin>3706</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="107" sha1="lezu3gr2uqm3fo28q1j7wv9ai3rglka" xml:space="preserve">{{fairuse|World War II}}

Presumed fair use for articles on Hitler or Mussolini on WarWiki.
{{Nazi symbol}}</text>
      <sha1>lezu3gr2uqm3fo28q1j7wv9ai3rglka</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Imperial-India-Blue-Ensign.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>442</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3707</id>
      <parentid>2168</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T11:50:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Imperial-India-Blue-Ensign.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3707</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="311" sha1="ogzle6hwwfquylcqrvfr7x2kda1m2qo" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
Imperial Indian Blue Ensign. Created by [[wikipedia:User:Greentubing|Greentubing]] Data on layout from [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-colon.html FOTW] but I have no idea how big the Star should be, so someone who knows should resize it.
== Licensing ==
{{PD-users}}

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>ogzle6hwwfquylcqrvfr7x2kda1m2qo</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Infantry waiting to move off 'Queen White' Beach.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>679</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3708</id>
      <parentid>2580</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T11:50:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Infantry waiting to move off 'Queen White' Beach.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3708</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Italianeastafricamap.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>1128</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3710</id>
      <parentid>3709</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T11:51:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+license info</comment>
      <origin>3710</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22" sha1="lftdbfdb9bftwmpa42ewbdhqaw7jksr" xml:space="preserve">==Licensing==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>lftdbfdb9bftwmpa42ewbdhqaw7jksr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Japanese Empire2.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>498</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3712</id>
      <parentid>2240</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T11:53:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Japanese Empire2.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3712</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="118" sha1="pqquw87qcmbwg5yqdedz7my20zmfown" xml:space="preserve">{{GFDL}} 

Modified version of [[commons:Image:Japanese_Empire.png]]. Fixed Ryukyu Islands, Sichuan, grammar in table.</text>
      <sha1>pqquw87qcmbwg5yqdedz7my20zmfown</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Japanese battleship Kongo.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>291</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3711</id>
      <parentid>1857</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T11:53:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Japanese battleship Kongo.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3711</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="181" sha1="d7f8cowv9wcu30vrs03vl2pnj0fyazr" xml:space="preserve">The Japanese battlecruiser Kongo before conversion to a fast battleship in World War I. From [http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin03/imag0271.jpg here] and so it is in the public domain.</text>
      <sha1>d7f8cowv9wcu30vrs03vl2pnj0fyazr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kukryniksy-razgromim.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>503</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3713</id>
      <parentid>2245</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:00:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Kukryniksy-razgromim.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3713</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2085" sha1="5d8uoywtph700udujtu9qjlazu2yzk2" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
A Soviet anti-Hitler poster by [[wikipedia:Kukryniksy|Kukryniksy]] published in 1941 and belonged to the Soviet legal etnity.

=== English translation ===
;Caption: ''We will ruthlessly defeat and destroy the enemy!''
;The paper: ''Nonaggression Treaty Between the USSR and Germany''

== Licensing ==
{| {{PD-Layout}}
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| This file is in the [[wikipedia:WP:PD|public domain]] ''in Russia''. It was published before January 1, [[wikipedia:1954|1954]], ''and'' the creator (if known) died before that date (For veterans of the [[wikipedia:Great Patriotic War|Great Patriotic War]], the critical date is January 1, [[wikipedia:1950|1950]]). Works belonging to the former Soviet government or other Soviet [[wikipedia:legal entity|legal entities]] published before January 1st, 1954, are also public domain in Russia. &lt;small&gt;(This is the effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/russia/Russia_Copyright_ENG.pdf Russian copyright law] of 1993 and the copyright [http://www.rg.ru/2004/07/28/piraty-doc.html term extension] from 50 to 70 years in 2004.)
----
&lt;small&gt;A Russian or Soviet work that is in the public domain in Russia according to this rule is in the public domain '''''in the U.S.'' only''' if it was in the public domain in Russia in 1996, e.g. if it was published '''before [[wikipedia:1946|1946]]''' ([[wikipedia:1942|1942]] for WWII veterans) ''and'' the creator died before that year, and no copyright was registered in the U.S. (This is the combined effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Russian_Federation._Law_on_Copyright_and_Neighboring_Rights Russian copyright law of 1993], Russia's joining the [[wikipedia:Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] in 1995, and of [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A] with its critical date of January 1, [[wikipedia:1996|1996]].)&lt;/small&gt;
|}</text>
      <sha1>5d8uoywtph700udujtu9qjlazu2yzk2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Kurlandfront.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>543</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3714</id>
      <parentid>2303</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:00:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Kurlandfront.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3714</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1765" sha1="2y2yntxo046azjha5vv04ju1w7c0bx4" xml:space="preserve">Photo by Heinrich Hoffmann, 1941.

&lt;div class="boilerplate" style="margin:0.5em auto;width:80%;clear:both;background-color:#f7f8ff;border:2px solid #8888aa; padding:4px;font-size:85%;min-height:64px;vertical-align:center" id="imageLicense"&gt;
&lt;div style="float:left" id="imageLicenseIcon"&gt;[[Image:Red copyright.svg|64px|Copyrighted]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align:left;margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"&gt;
This work is [[wikipedia:copyright|copyright]]ed and unlicensed.  It does not fall into one of the blanket fair use categories listed at [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use#Images|Wikipedia:Fair use#Images]] or [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use#Audio_clips|Wikipedia:Fair use#Audio_clips]].  However, it is believed that the use of this work in the article "'''[[Eastern Front (World War II)]]'''":
*To illustrate the '''object in question'''
*Where no free equivalent is available or could be created that would adequately give the same information
*On WarWiki ([http://war.wikia.com]), hosted on servers in the United States,
qualifies as '''[[wikipedia:fair use|fair use]]''' under [[wikipedia:Fair use#Fair use under United States law|United States copyright law]].  '''Any other uses of this image, on WarWiki or elsewhere, ''may'' be [[wikipedia:copyright infringement|copyright infringement]].'''  See [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use|Wikipedia:Fair use]] and [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Copyrights|Wikipedia:Copyrights]].

'''To the uploader''': this tag is not a sufficient claim of fair use.  You must also include the '''source''' of the work, all available '''copyright information''', and a '''[[wikipedia:Help:Image page#Fair use rationale|detailed fair use rationale]]'''.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

This picture was made by a Wehrmacht soldier '''privately''', ca. 1945.</text>
      <sha1>2y2yntxo046azjha5vv04ju1w7c0bx4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lamenting the dead.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>532</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3715</id>
      <parentid>2287</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:00:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Lamenting the dead.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3715</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2196" sha1="673vusu3o8zzvcpgn2ammxzifr6xzef" xml:space="preserve">[[Great Patriotic War]]. Lamenting the dead. [[wikipedia:Kerch|Kerch]], the [[wikipedia:Crimea|Crimea]]; 1942. photograph by Dmytro Baltermants, a war photographer.

&lt;div style="clear:both"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{| align="CENTER"  style="width:80%; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;  padding:5px;"
|height="64px" align="center" rowspan="2"|[[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]][[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|64px|Flag of Russia]]
| This file is in the [[wikipedia:WP:PD|public domain]] ''in Russia''. It was published before January 1st, 1954, ''and'' the creator (if known) died before that date (For veterans of the [[wikipedia:Great Patriotic War|Great Patriotic War]], the critical date is January 1st, 1950). Works belonging to the former Soviet government or other Soviet [[wikipedia:legal entity|legal entities]] published before January 1st, 1954, are also public domain in Russia. &lt;small&gt;(This is the effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/russia/Russia_Copyright_ENG.pdf Russian copyright law] of 1993 and the copyright [http://www.rg.ru/2004/07/28/piraty-doc.html term extension] from 50 to 70 years in 2004.)
|-
|&lt;hr&gt;&lt;small&gt;A Russian or Soviet work that is in the public domain in Russia according to this rule is in the public domain '''''in the U.S.'' only''' if it was in the public domain in Russia in 1996, e.g. if it was published '''before 1946''' (1942 for WWII veterans) ''and'' the creator died before that year, and no copyright was registered in the U.S. (This is the combined effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Russian_Federation._Law_on_Copyright_and_Neighboring_Rights Russian copyright law of 1993], Russia's joining the [[wikipedia:Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] in 1995, and of [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A] with its critical date of January 1, 1996.)&lt;/small&gt;
|}

Source: [http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/index2.php?param=pgs20052/66] Another version [http://www.borodulincollection.com/war/lebedi_images/4.htm]</text>
      <sha1>673vusu3o8zzvcpgn2ammxzifr6xzef</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lenin.WWI.JPG</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>496</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2237</id>
      <parentid>2236</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-20T22:40:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>2237</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1094" sha1="4uotp5e368ccm1jn77f1oxa7av3kzwa" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
* Lenin (1870-1924)
* First uploaded to en-Wikipedia by [[wikipedia:User:Bronks|Bronks]] as [[wikipedia:Image:Lenin.WWI.JPG]]
* License: probably published before 1923, therefore assumed to be PD in the US

== Licensing ==

{| {{PD-Layout}}
|-
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|center]]
|''This image is in the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]''' in the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]]. In most cases, this means that it was published in the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] prior to January 1, 1923 or that its first publication anywhere in the world was prior to January 1, 1909 or that its copyright expired in the United States.
| &lt;small&gt;This image might not be in the public domain outside of the United States (this especially applies in Canada, China (not Macao or Taiwan), Germany or Switzerland). The creator and year of publication are essential information and must be provided. See [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Public domain|Wikipedia:Public domain]] and [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Copyrights|Wikipedia:Copyrights]] for more details.''&lt;/small&gt;
|}</text>
      <sha1>4uotp5e368ccm1jn77f1oxa7av3kzwa</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Lenin WWI.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>1129</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3716</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:00:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3716</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" xml:space="preserve" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:LinkFA-star.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>56</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3718</id>
      <parentid>3717</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:01:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+license info</comment>
      <origin>3718</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="72" sha1="r8pa48d607k2hklbr4ru4gihh77r7s5" xml:space="preserve">A featured article star. Uploaded from Wikipedia

==Licensing==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>r8pa48d607k2hklbr4ru4gihh77r7s5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Map Operation Typhoon.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3719</id>
      <parentid>2912</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:06:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Map Operation Typhoon.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3719</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="93" sha1="f8sykhyhvniufv2b8tsjxwh84nne58h" xml:space="preserve">788-px.... from Wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Map_Operation_Typhoon.jpg here]</text>
      <sha1>f8sykhyhvniufv2b8tsjxwh84nne58h</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Marshals.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>683</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3720</id>
      <parentid>2584</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:06:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Marshals.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3720</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" xml:space="preserve" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Massdeportations.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>1130</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3724</id>
      <parentid>3721</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:07:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+license info</comment>
      <origin>3724</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22" sha1="lftdbfdb9bftwmpa42ewbdhqaw7jksr" xml:space="preserve">==Licensing==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>lftdbfdb9bftwmpa42ewbdhqaw7jksr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:McArthur.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>1131</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3722</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:06:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3722</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" xml:space="preserve" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Memoriale Dunkerque.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>611</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3723</id>
      <parentid>2475</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:06:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Memoriale Dunkerque.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3723</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="640" sha1="dqlzo9qwm1yb4mffflf4gnd933s1f77" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
Double-licensed by the original uploader, [[commons:User:Serendipità|Serendipità]]. See [[commons:Image:Memoriale Dunkerque.jpg|this image's page on Wikimedia Commons]] for additional info.
{{GFDL}}
{{cc-by-sa-2.5,2.0,1.0}}

{{Information
|Description = Photo of the memorial built in honor of the soldiers who died during the Dunkerque retreat in 1940.

[[Battle of Dunkirk]]
|Source = Own work
|Date = 07/05/2004
|Author = [[wikipedia:it:Utente:Serendipity| Serendipity]]
|Permission = Own work, copyleft. Multi-license with GFDL and Creative Commons CC-BY-SA-2.5 and older versions (2.0 and 1.0)
|other_versions = --
}}</text>
      <sha1>dqlzo9qwm1yb4mffflf4gnd933s1f77</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>651</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3726</id>
      <parentid>2549</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:13:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:MolotovRibbentropStalin.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3726</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Monte Cassino.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>670</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3727</id>
      <parentid>2571</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:13:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Monte Cassino.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3727</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Monument of Blue Licks.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3728</id>
      <parentid>2622</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:13:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Monument of Blue Licks.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3728</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="178" sha1="25ohdlwdfd6r51avrc3jh26d4fvkl7i" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
A monument dedicated to the [[Battle of Blue Licks]]; photo taken in 2006 by [[wikipedia:User:Kevin Myers]]. He has released it under GFDL.
== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>25ohdlwdfd6r51avrc3jh26d4fvkl7i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Moscowbattleparade.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3729</id>
      <parentid>2562</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:13:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Moscowbattleparade.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3729</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Motherussia.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>526</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3730</id>
      <parentid>2280</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T12:13:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Motherussia.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3730</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1886" sha1="37pnbvsblyf8qaujhp2l98fcw2dv9l3" xml:space="preserve">''Mother Russia Is Calling You'', [[World War II]] poster by Irakli Toidze (1941). 

{| {{PD-Layout}}
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| This file is in the [[wikipedia:WP:PD|public domain]] ''in Russia''. It was published before January 1, [[wikipedia:1954|1954]], ''and'' the creator (if known) died before that date (For veterans of the [[wikipedia:Great Patriotic War|Great Patriotic War]], the critical date is January 1, [[wikipedia:1950|1950]]). Works belonging to the former Soviet government or other Soviet [[wikipedia:legal entity|legal entities]] published before January 1st, 1954, are also public domain in Russia. &lt;small&gt;(This is the effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/russia/Russia_Copyright_ENG.pdf Russian copyright law] of 1993 and the copyright [http://www.rg.ru/2004/07/28/piraty-doc.html term extension] from 50 to 70 years in 2004.)
----
&lt;small&gt;A Russian or Soviet work that is in the public domain in Russia according to this rule is in the public domain '''''in the U.S.'' only''' if it was in the public domain in Russia in 1996, e.g. if it was published '''before [[1946]]''' ([[1942]] for WWII veterans) ''and'' the creator died before that year, and no copyright was registered in the U.S. (This is the combined effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Russian_Federation._Law_on_Copyright_and_Neighboring_Rights Russian copyright law of 1993], Russia's joining the [[wikipedia:Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] in 1995, and of [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A] with its critical date of January 1, [[wikipedia:1996|1996]].)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{border|[[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|64px|Flag of Russia]]}}
|}</text>
      <sha1>37pnbvsblyf8qaujhp2l98fcw2dv9l3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nagasakibomb.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>685</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3733</id>
      <parentid>2586</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:05:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Nagasakibomb.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3733</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3734</id>
      <parentid>2552</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:05:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3734</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:NormandySupply.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>1133</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3735</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:05:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" xml:space="preserve" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Nsa-enigma.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>691</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3736</id>
      <parentid>2592</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:05:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Nsa-enigma.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3736</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Octagon-warning.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>424</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3738</id>
      <parentid>3737</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:06:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+license info</comment>
      <origin>3738</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="85" sha1="3vthrzyc5q5hczm5ndlnawsz8sjhazs" xml:space="preserve">Image from Commons. See [[commons:File:Octagon-warning.svg]].

==Licensing==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>3vthrzyc5q5hczm5ndlnawsz8sjhazs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Old Flag of Montenegro.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3740</id>
      <parentid>2188</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:12:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Old Flag of Montenegro.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="179" sha1="lbfmmkqiyug8q7rqtmk6vz7r9f9wcf4" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
This is an old [[wikipedia:Flag of Montenegro|Flag of Montenegro]]. Updated from the gif image. Uploaded by [[commons:User:Milan B.|Milo]]

== Licensing ==
{{PD-flag}}</text>
      <sha1>lbfmmkqiyug8q7rqtmk6vz7r9f9wcf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Omar Bradley.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>682</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3741</id>
      <parentid>2583</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:12:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Omar Bradley.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3741</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3743</id>
      <parentid>3742</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:14:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>more info</comment>
      <origin>3743</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="227" sha1="ef23cxu04mdi3q1tf5szoyrfleqj5j7" xml:space="preserve">Map depicting the Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent, in 1683.

Author: [[wikipedia:User:AtilimGunesBaydin|Atilim Gunes Baydin]]

Source: [[commons:File:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png|Wikimedia Commons]]

==Licensing==
{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>ef23cxu04mdi3q1tf5szoyrfleqj5j7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ottoman Flag.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>462</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3739</id>
      <parentid>2193</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:08:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Ottoman Flag.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3739</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="380" sha1="mh8xonusofjw2gyro9ycb9p6thavwmg" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description= Flag of Ottoman Empire
|Source= Own Work
|Date= 2 September 2006
|Author= A. Özgür Erdemli (Dbl2010)
|Permission= GFDL or CC-BY-SA-2.5 and older versions
|other_versions=
}}
== Licensing ==
[[commons:Image:Ottoman_Flag.svg|See this image's page on Wikimedia Commons. Dual license: GFDL or CC-BY-SA-1.0-2.0-2.5]].

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
      <sha1>mh8xonusofjw2gyro9ycb9p6thavwmg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:PD-icon.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>1134</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3745</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:18:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3745</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="fvdexda87b35uhv7xb2d4m9oqsaumkw" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing: ==
{{PD-ineligible}}</text>
      <sha1>fvdexda87b35uhv7xb2d4m9oqsaumkw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Padlock.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>1135</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3752</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:24:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Source: http://openclipart.org/clipart//signs_and_symbols/padlock_aj_ashton_01.svg / [[commons:File:Padlock.svg|Wikimedia Commons]]

Author: AJ Ashton</comment>
      <origin>3752</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="194" sha1="hgmaoar8aoarusnyo2udqbc9314jac1" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
Source: http://openclipart.org/clipart//signs_and_symbols/padlock_aj_ashton_01.svg / [[commons:File:Padlock.svg|Wikimedia Commons]]

Author: AJ Ashton
== Licensing: ==
{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>hgmaoar8aoarusnyo2udqbc9314jac1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Panzer(Afrika).jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>655</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3754</id>
      <parentid>2553</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:29:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Panzer(Afrika).jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3754</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Pearl Harbor.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>112</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3755</id>
      <parentid>1090</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:29:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Pearl Harbor.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3755</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="61" sha1="e09wp82k84xugl5e73geumtrizdnx1x" xml:space="preserve">Arial photo of Pearl Harbor after World War II.

{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>e09wp82k84xugl5e73geumtrizdnx1x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Polish infantry.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3756</id>
      <parentid>2551</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:29:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Polish infantry.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3756</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Red Army greeted in Bucharest.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>672</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3761</id>
      <parentid>2573</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:26:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Red Army greeted in Bucharest.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3761</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Red copyright.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>487</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3758</id>
      <parentid>3757</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:23:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+license info</comment>
      <origin>3758</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="58" sha1="hb2b6dt525xsycbah2lookd5xwz63eo" xml:space="preserve">Author: [[commons:User:Zscout370|Zscout370]]

{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>hb2b6dt525xsycbah2lookd5xwz63eo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Reichstag flag.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>523</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3765</id>
      <parentid>2277</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:36:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Reichstag flag.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3765</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2382" sha1="2ia57a9fy5azvsf87blev437539scn2" xml:space="preserve">Soldiers raising the flag of [[wikipedia:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] on the roof of [[wikipedia:Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] building in Berlin, Germany in May, 1945. Тhe flag was made from а red tablecloth with the hammer and sickle themselves stamped on. This is the original version of the famous picture seen on the right. Photograph by Yevgeny Khaldei. Public Domain.

{| {{PD-Layout}}
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| This file is in the [[wikipedia:WP:PD|public domain]] ''in Russia''. It was published before January 1, [[wikipedia:1954|1954]], ''and'' the creator (if known) died before that date (For veterans of the [[wikipedia:Great Patriotic War|Great Patriotic War]], the critical date is January 1, [[wikipedia:1950|1950]]). Works belonging to the former Soviet government or other Soviet [[wikipedia:legal entity|legal entities]] published before January 1st, 1954, are also public domain in Russia. &lt;small&gt;(This is the effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/russia/Russia_Copyright_ENG.pdf Russian copyright law] of 1993 and the copyright [http://www.rg.ru/2004/07/28/piraty-doc.html term extension] from 50 to 70 years in 2004.)
----
&lt;small&gt;A Russian or Soviet work that is in the public domain in Russia according to this rule is in the public domain '''''in the U.S.'' only''' if it was in the public domain in Russia in 1996, e.g. if it was published '''before [[wikipedia:1946]]''' ([[1942]] for WWII veterans) ''and'' the creator died before that year, and no copyright was registered in the U.S. (This is the combined effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Russian_Federation._Law_on_Copyright_and_Neighboring_Rights Russian copyright law of 1993], Russia's joining the [[wikipedia:Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] in 1995, and of [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A] with its critical date of January 1, [[1996]].)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{border|[[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|64px|Flag of Russia]]}}
|}

Originally copyrighted TASS. Made by a TASS correpondent Khaldei, a journalist, during his official duties. All works copyrighted to Soviet organizations published before 1945 are Public Domain in Russia.</text>
      <sha1>2ia57a9fy5azvsf87blev437539scn2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Republic of China Army Flag.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3760</id>
      <parentid>3759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:24:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+license info</comment>
      <origin>3760</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="219" sha1="nkaixosqav6bme0crr1kn9xj531esfq" xml:space="preserve">Flag of the Republic of China, formerly the flag of the National Revolutionary Army. See [[commons:File:Republic of China Army Flag.svg|this image's page on Wikimedia Commons]] for more info.

==Licensing==
{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>nkaixosqav6bme0crr1kn9xj531esfq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Romania WWII.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>732</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3763</id>
      <parentid>3762</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:31:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix license - according to http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Romania_WWII.png this image is GPL-licensed, not GFDL-licensed</comment>
      <origin>3763</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="94" sha1="6m4qw1lac6ib3gz5blpv456925bhm5h" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
[[Romania during World War II|Romania after World War II]].

==Licensing==
{{GPL}}</text>
      <sha1>6m4qw1lac6ib3gz5blpv456925bhm5h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Royal Indian Army.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>677</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3771</id>
      <parentid>2578</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:49:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Royal Indian Army.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3771</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ruslanova.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>544</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3774</id>
      <parentid>3772</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:51:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <origin>3774</origin>
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      <text bytes="2050" sha1="fidi989vxsyipbxj9q1arkhrgpbhih7" xml:space="preserve">[[wikipedia:Lidiya Ruslanova|Lidiya Ruslanova]] performing for the [[wikipedia:Red Army|Red Army]] soldiers during the [[wikipedia:Great Patriotic War|Great Patriotic War]] 

&lt;div style="clear:both"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{| align="center" style="width:80%; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;  padding:5px;"
|height="64px" align="center" rowspan="2"|[[File:PD-icon.svg|64px|Public domain]][[File:Flag of Russia.svg|64px|Flag of Russia]]
| This file is in the [[wikipedia:WP:PD|public domain]] ''in Russia''. It was published before January 1st, 1954, ''and'' the creator (if known) died before that date (For veterans of the [[wikipedia:Great Patriotic War|Great Patriotic War]], the critical date is January 1st, 1950). Works belonging to the former Soviet government or other Soviet [[wikipedia:legal entity|legal entities]] published before January 1st, 1954, are also public domain in Russia. &lt;small&gt;(This is the effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/russia/Russia_Copyright_ENG.pdf Russian copyright law] of 1993 and the copyright [http://www.rg.ru/2004/07/28/piraty-doc.html term extension] from 50 to 70 years in 2004.)
|-
|&lt;hr&gt;&lt;small&gt;A Russian or Soviet work that is in the public domain in Russia according to this rule is in the public domain '''''in the U.S.'' only''' if it was in the public domain in Russia in 1996, e.g. if it was published '''before 1946''' (1942 for WWII veterans) ''and'' the creator died before that year, and no copyright was registered in the U.S. (This is the combined effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Russian_Federation._Law_on_Copyright_and_Neighboring_Rights Russian copyright law of 1993], Russia's joining the [[wikipedia:Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] in 1995, and of [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A] with its critical date of January 1, 1996.)&lt;/small&gt;
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Russian Empire 1914 17.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>433</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3773</id>
      <parentid>2156</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:50:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Russian Empire 1914 17.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3773</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="86" sha1="lyweikb73bqjrq7nnwr3vwwd13vhw7f" xml:space="preserve">==Description==
Flag of the Russian Empire (1914-1917).
==Licensing==
{{cc-by-sa-2.5}}</text>
      <sha1>lyweikb73bqjrq7nnwr3vwwd13vhw7f</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Seal of the US Air Force.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>962</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3775</id>
      <parentid>3320</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:52:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Seal of the US Air Force.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3775</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="107" sha1="06dbfat4l032oabajl4trpatvno1qgr" xml:space="preserve">See [[commons:Image:Seal of the US Air Force.svg|Wikimedia Commons]] for details.

==License==
{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>06dbfat4l032oabajl4trpatvno1qgr</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Second World War Europe.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>1139</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3777</id>
      <parentid>3776</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:55:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <comment>+license info</comment>
      <origin>3777</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="759" sha1="stmnxl3hyme135pw0r5e7o2ev78c0i9" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
[[Polish Defensive War]] [[1939]]. The map shows the beginning of the [[Second World War]] in September 1939 in a wider European context. [[wikipedia:Second Polish Republic|Second Polish Republic]], one of the three original [[allies of World War II]] was invaded and divided between the [[Third Reich]] and [[Soviet Union]], acting together in line with the secret protocol of the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], dividing [[wikipedia:Central Europe|Central]] and [[wikipedia:Eastern Europe|Eastern Europe]] between the two countries. The Polish allies of that time were [[France|France]] and [[wikipedia:Great Britain|Great Britain]].

==Licensing==
Choose the license you prefer:
{{GFDL}}
{{cc-by-sa-2.5,2.0,1.0}}

[[Category:Maps of World War II]]</text>
      <sha1>stmnxl3hyme135pw0r5e7o2ev78c0i9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Second World War europe.PNG</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>501</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2243</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-21T12:21:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>== Summary ==
[[wikipedia:Polish Defensive War|Polish Defensive War]] [[wikipedia:1939|1939]]. The map shows the beginning of the [[Second World War]] in September 1939 in a wider European context. [[wikipedia:Second Polish Republic|Second Polish Republic</comment>
      <origin>2243</origin>
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      <text bytes="818" sha1="bikf9dce6f0k3x5082sgwanddpwjw0d" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
[[wikipedia:Polish Defensive War|Polish Defensive War]] [[wikipedia:1939|1939]]. The map shows the beginning of the [[Second World War]] in September 1939 in a wider European context. [[wikipedia:Second Polish Republic|Second Polish Republic]], one of the three original [[allies of World War II]] was invaded and divided between the [[Third Reich]] and [[Soviet Union]], acting together in line with the secret protocol of the [[Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact]], dividing [[wikipedia:Central Europe|Central]] and [[wikipedia:Eastern Europe|Eastern Europe]] between the two countries. The Polish allies of that time were [[wikipedia:France|France]] and [[wikipedia:Great Britain|Great Britain]].

== Licensing ==
Choose the license you prefer:
{{GFDL}}
{{cc-by-sa-2.5,2.0,1.0}}
[[Category:Maps of World War II]]</text>
      <sha1>bikf9dce6f0k3x5082sgwanddpwjw0d</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Second world war europe animation small.gif</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>509</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3778</id>
      <parentid>2255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:56:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Second world war europe animation small.gif]]"</comment>
      <origin>3778</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="586" sha1="c2fvjmsabgzjavolishes3e6zx0flf5" xml:space="preserve">===English===
* Description: Second World War Europe, animation small
* Source: Own animation, based on the maps of the [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ University of Texas Libraries]
* Author: [[commons:User:San Jose|San Jose]], 19. July 2005
* Other version: [[commons:Image:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|Second World War Europe 1941-1942 map en.png]] (including legend)

=== See also ===
* [[commons:Image:Ww2 allied axis.gif|world map animated]]

===License===
Originally uploaded to [[commons:Main Page|Wikimedia Commons]] by [[commons:user:Rony|user:Rony]]
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>c2fvjmsabgzjavolishes3e6zx0flf5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Serbian flag.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3779</id>
      <parentid>2368</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:56:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Serbian flag.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3779</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="247" sha1="oulek77uecpa2rr524gp12ya4mn1wxe" xml:space="preserve">From [[commons:Image:Serbian flag.png|Wikimedia Commons]].

'''NOTE''': 
This is not redundant to Flag of Serbia. This is civil flag.

Serbian national flag.

Blue color reviced by [[wikipedia:de:Benutzer:Carski|Carski]]

{{GFDL}}
{{cc-by-sa-2.5}}</text>
      <sha1>oulek77uecpa2rr524gp12ya4mn1wxe</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Singaporesurrender.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>665</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3781</id>
      <parentid>3780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:58:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix license per http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Singaporesurrender.jpg</comment>
      <origin>3781</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22" sha1="t2giwvhmud2dpadpyeamqyjhcj449sx" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{PD}}</text>
      <sha1>t2giwvhmud2dpadpyeamqyjhcj449sx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Slovakia WW2 flag.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>492</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3783</id>
      <parentid>2231</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T09:00:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Slovakia WW2 flag.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3783</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="141" sha1="gebpvkzg8ztkifg2jbd7jqqrekieodi" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
Flag of WW2 Slovak republic.

Author: [[commons:User:Zirland|Zirland]]

[[Category:SVG flags]]
== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-sa-2.5}}</text>
      <sha1>gebpvkzg8ztkifg2jbd7jqqrekieodi</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:South Africa Red Ensign.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>449</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3784</id>
      <parentid>2177</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T09:00:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:South Africa Red Ensign.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3784</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40" sha1="6ycomblacz4s6m8h0mh5pqlk4jjqksf" xml:space="preserve">Flag of South Africa 1910-1928

{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>6ycomblacz4s6m8h0mh5pqlk4jjqksf</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Soviet Battlecruiser Kirov.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>290</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3789</id>
      <parentid>3788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T09:10:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <origin>3789</origin>
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      <text bytes="137" sha1="3qh9s2eiu785znzj716spuh8u2b2b86" xml:space="preserve">Kirov class battlecruiser - US DoD image.

Source: [[commons:File:Kirov-class battlecruiser.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]]

==Licensing==
{{PD}}</text>
      <sha1>3qh9s2eiu785znzj716spuh8u2b2b86</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Soviet border restored 1944.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>542</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3787</id>
      <parentid>3785</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T09:08:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Soviet border restored 1944.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3787</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2234" sha1="fdalqm6ug7s6pccanx23ianmymb0po8" xml:space="preserve">[[wikipedia:Red Army|Red Army]] soldier restoring the [[wikipedia:USSR|USSR]] border sign. By the end of 1944 practically entire pre-war Soviet territory was liberated.

Source: [http://www.vor.ru/55/55_h/55_1944.html] See also [http://www.borodulincollection.com/otnine_i_navsegda/10_eng.html] for similar image.

&lt;div style="clear:both"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{| align="CENTER"  style="width:80%; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;  padding:5px;"
|height="64px" align="center" rowspan="2"|[[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]][[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|64px|Flag of Russia]]
| This file is in the [[wikipedia:WP:PD|public domain]] ''in Russia''. It was published before January 1st, 1954, ''and'' the creator (if known) died before that date (For veterans of the [[wikipedia:Great Patriotic War|Great Patriotic War]], the critical date is January 1st, 1950). Works belonging to the former Soviet government or other Soviet [[wikipedia:legal entity|legal entities]] published before January 1st, 1954, are also public domain in Russia. &lt;small&gt;(This is the effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/russia/Russia_Copyright_ENG.pdf Russian copyright law] of 1993 and the copyright [http://www.rg.ru/2004/07/28/piraty-doc.html term extension] from 50 to 70 years in 2004.)
|-
|&lt;hr&gt;&lt;small&gt;A Russian or Soviet work that is in the public domain in Russia according to this rule is in the public domain '''''in the U.S.'' only''' if it was in the public domain in Russia in 1996, e.g. if it was published '''before 1946''' (1942 for WWII veterans) ''and'' the creator died before that year, and no copyright was registered in the U.S. (This is the combined effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Russian_Federation._Law_on_Copyright_and_Neighboring_Rights Russian copyright law of 1993], Russia's joining the [[wikipedia:Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] in 1995, and of [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A] with its critical date of January 1, 1996.)&lt;/small&gt;
|}
pre-1954 image, unknown author</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:StPaulsCathedral.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>512</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3792</id>
      <parentid>2259</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T09:15:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:StPaulsCathedral.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3792</origin>
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      <text bytes="1710" sha1="a0z62k5tfkuzlwsxxhb1i9a7dsd9htd" xml:space="preserve">Photo of [[wikipedia:St. Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's Cathedral]] during the WWII bombings of [[wikipedia:London|London]].

From [http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail361.html http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail361.html], public domain.  Original description: "Standing up gloriously out of the flames and smoke of surrounding buildings, St. Paul's Cathedral is pictured during the great fire raid of Sunday [[wikipedia:December 29|December 29]]th." London, [[1940]].


After a direct bomb hit, some of the beautiful mosaics on the ceiling of the cathedral had to be swept up from the floor and put back in place.  In the back of the church there is a chapel dedicated to those American forces who fought in London during WWII. The following link leads to a view of the chapel's beautiful ceiling.[http://www.webcom.com/~trw/London/images/59473907.jpg] There is also a book in this chapel that contains the names of those Americans who died fighting in London.

{{HistoricPhoto}}

Note this picture is not free (hence was deleted from commons). Despite being on a US government site it is in fact a Daily Mail cover picture and is still  in copyright. [[wikipedia:User:Justinc|Justinc]] 13:02, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

''[[wikipedia:Daily Mail|Daily Mail]]'' photographer, Herbert Mason, took this photograph from the roof of the ''Daily Mail'' offices in [[wikipedia:Fleet Street|Fleet Street]].  An image of the front page of the ''Daily Mail'' for Tuesday [[wikipedia:31 December|31 December]] [[1940]] is available from the [[wikipedia:Museum of London|Museum of London]], captioned "War's Greatest Picture".[http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/archive/exhibits/blitz/positive/media.htm]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Stalin1.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>539</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3790</id>
      <parentid>2297</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T09:15:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Stalin1.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3790</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3450" sha1="8n0cxp7jrvs55o94ir2ato1q8p1zkev" xml:space="preserve">Soviet Propaganda Photo, pre-1954 
{| {{PD-Layout}}
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| This file is in the [[wikipedia:WP:PD|public domain]] ''in Russia''. It was published before January 1, [[1954]], ''and'' the creator (if known) died before that date (For veterans of the [[wikipedia:Great Patriotic War|Great Patriotic War]], the critical date is January 1, [[1950]]). Works belonging to the former Soviet government or other Soviet [[wikipedia:legal entity|legal entities]] published before January 1st, 1954, are also public domain in Russia. &lt;small&gt;(This is the effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/russia/Russia_Copyright_ENG.pdf Russian copyright law] of 1993 and the copyright [http://www.rg.ru/2004/07/28/piraty-doc.html term extension] from 50 to 70 years in 2004.)
----
&lt;small&gt;A Russian or Soviet work that is in the public domain in Russia according to this rule is in the public domain '''''in the U.S.'' only''' if it was in the public domain in Russia in 1996, e.g. if it was published '''before [[1946]]''' ([[1942]] for WWII veterans) ''and'' the creator died before that year, and no copyright was registered in the U.S. (This is the combined effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Russian_Federation._Law_on_Copyright_and_Neighboring_Rights Russian copyright law of 1993], Russia's joining the [[wikipedia:Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] in 1995, and of [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A] with its critical date of January 1, [[wikipedia:1996|1996]].)&lt;/small&gt;
|{{border|[[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|64px|Flag of Russia]]}}
|}
Joseph Stalin (bummer)

from en wp

    *  (del) (cur) 23:32, 18 November 2005 . . AzaToth (Talk) . . 506x684 (25710 bytes) (Reverted to earlier revision)
    * (del) (rev) 23:31, 18 November 2005 . . AzaToth (Talk) . . 250x338 (30080 bytes) (Reverted to earlier revision)
    * (del) (rev) 18:10, 18 November 2005 . . Larsobrien (Talk) . . 250x338 (30080 bytes) (Edited from existing wiki file, to revert file from vandalisation)
    * (del) (rev) 18:05, 18 November 2005 . . Larsobrien (Talk) . . 250x338 (30080 bytes) (Reverted to earlier revision)
    * (del) (rev) 17:16, 18 November 2005 . . Larsobrien (Talk) . . 248x335 (8802 bytes) (Reverted to earlier revision)
    * (del) (rev) 17:14, 18 November 2005 . . Larsobrien (Talk) . . 250x338 (30080 bytes) (Reverted to earlier revision)
    * (del) (rev) 17:13, 18 November 2005 . . Larsobrien (Talk) . . 250x338 (30080 bytes) (Reverted to earlier revision)
    * (del) (rev) 17:13, 18 November 2005 . . Larsobrien (Talk) . . 250x338 (30080 bytes) (Reverted to earlier revision)
    * (del) (rev) 20:21, 17 November 2005 . . Natahn (Talk) . . 129x156 (4094 bytes)
    * (del) (rev) 10:10, 25 July 2005 . . Closet geek (Talk) . . 250x338 (30080 bytes) (Reverted to earlier revision)
    * (del) (rev) 10:09, 25 July 2005 . . Closet geek (Talk) . . 506x684 (25710 bytes) (Reverted to earlier revision)
    * (del) (rev) 23:36, 27 February 2004 . . Cantus (Talk) . . 250x338 (30080 bytes) (Enhanced)
    * (del) (rev) 06:37, 13 April 2003 . . Uri (Talk) . . 248x335 (8802 bytes) (Joseph Stalin)
    * (del) (rev) 06:34, 13 April 2003 . . Uri (Talk) . . 506x684 (25710 bytes) (Joseph Stalin)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Stalingrad-a.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>667</id>
    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Stalingrad-a.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3791</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Starved prisoners, nearly dead from hunger, pose in concentration camp in Ebensee, Austria.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>687</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3794</id>
      <parentid>2588</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T09:18:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Starved prisoners, nearly dead from hunger, pose in concentration camp in Ebensee, Austria.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3794</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Subhas Bose.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>676</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3800</id>
      <parentid>2577</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T09:22:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Subhas Bose.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3800</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Supermarinespitfire.JPG</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>353</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3796</id>
      <parentid>3795</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T09:20:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>PD image, see http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Supermarinespitfire.JPG</comment>
      <origin>3796</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="20" sha1="q6x2cv7nszxxw7khi1yh16ly1brn8p6" xml:space="preserve">==Licensing==
{{PD}}</text>
      <sha1>q6x2cv7nszxxw7khi1yh16ly1brn8p6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Surigao straight.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>822</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3799</id>
      <parentid>3798</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T09:21:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>subst:</comment>
      <origin>3799</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="87" sha1="9ba96nguo2n9kligoaa4933g059eh50" xml:space="preserve">Source: [[wikipedia:File:Surigao straight.jpg|English Wikipedia]]

==Licensing==
{{PD}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:T34 1.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>551</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3801</id>
      <parentid>2315</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:15:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:T34 1.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3801</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="125" sha1="hjx9pqpyq52jjblhqd425usqlqeuc3k" xml:space="preserve">T-34/76 model 1942 going out of the factory 112 "Krasnoye Sormovo", in Gorki. From http://www.battlefield.ru .

{{PD-Russia}}</text>
      <sha1>hjx9pqpyq52jjblhqd425usqlqeuc3k</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Terualsiege.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>2242</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-21T12:15:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <comment>{| {{PD-Layout}}
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| ''This work is in the '''[[wikipedia:Public domain|public domain]]''' in the United States because it is a [[wikipedia:Work of the United States Government|work of the United States F</comment>
      <origin>2242</origin>
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      <text bytes="1489" sha1="8xtv7gise283dobbsldlmrnlbre4yqb" xml:space="preserve">{| {{PD-Layout}}
| [[Image:220px-PD-icon svg.png|64px|Public domain]]
| ''This work is in the '''[[wikipedia:Public domain|public domain]]''' in the United States because it is a [[wikipedia:Work of the United States Government|work of the United States Federal Government]] under the terms of ''Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the [[wikipedia:United States Code|US Code]]''.  See [[wikipedia:Copyright|Copyright]].''

&lt;small&gt;'''&lt;u&gt;Note&lt;/u&gt;:  This only applies to works of the Federal Government and not to the work of any individual [[wikipedia:U.S. state|U.S. state]], [[wikipedia:United States Territory|territory]], commonwealth, county, municipality, or any other subdivision. '''&lt;/small&gt;
|}
[[wikipedia:Image:Terualsiege.jpg]]

''Scene during the Siege of Teruel, Spain, April 1 1938'' (A.B.C. Press Service)

Source: [http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/guide/port-4.html Library of Congress]

LoC description:

The Spanish Civil War, which lasted from 1936 to 1939, sparked passionate interest among the international intellectual and political communities. The Communist government of the Spanish Republic was besieged by nationalist forces headed by Gen. Francisco Franco, who was backed by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The war was closely watched around the world, as the first major military contest between left-wing forces and the increasingly powerful and heavily armed Fascists. Here a republican soldier seeks cover on the Plaza de Toros, in Teruel, north east of Madrid.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Tojo3.jpg</title>
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      <id>3802</id>
      <parentid>2550</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:15:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Tojo3.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3802</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Totenkopf-Kursk-01.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>541</id>
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      <id>3803</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:15:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Totenkopf-Kursk-01.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3803</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3754" sha1="89f7jsc1692a4ddkio6e1nrgo5xv7r4" xml:space="preserve">Waffen-SS Panzergrenadiers of the [[SS Panzergrenadier Division Totenkopf|SS Panzergrenadier Division ''Totenkopf'']] discussing an offensive action with a Tiger I commander of sPzAbt 503 in the summer of 1943.

&lt;div class="boilerplate" style="margin:0.5em auto;width:80%;clear:both;background-color:#f7f8ff;border:2px solid #8888aa; padding:4px;font-size:85%;min-height:64px;vertical-align:center" id="imageLicense"&gt;
&lt;div style="float:left" id="imageLicenseIcon"&gt;[[Image:Red copyright.svg|64px|Copyrighted]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align:left;margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"&gt;
This work is [[wikipedia:copyright|copyright]]ed and unlicensed.  It does not fall into one of the blanket fair use categories listed at [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use#Images|Wikipedia:Fair use#Images]] or [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use#Audio_clips|Wikipedia:Fair use#Audio Clips]].  However, it is believed that the use of this work in the article "'''[[SS Panzergrenadier Division Totenkopf]]'''":
*To illustrate the '''object in question'''
*Where no free equivalent is available or could be created that would adequately give the same information
*On WarWiki ([http://war.wikia.com]), hosted on servers in the United States, qualifies as '''[[wikipedia:fair use|fair use]]''' under [[wikipedia:Fair use#Fair use under United States law|United States copyright law]].  '''Any other uses of this image, on WarWiki or elsewhere, ''may'' be [[wikipedia:copyright infringement|copyright infringement]].'''  See [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use|Wikipedia:Fair use]] and [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Copyrights|Wikipedia:Copyrights]].

'''To the uploader''': this tag is not a sufficient claim of fair use.  You must also include the '''source''' of the work, all available '''copyright information''', and a '''[[wikipedia:Help:Image page#Fair use rationale|detailed fair use rationale]]'''.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div class="boilerplate" style="margin:0.5em auto;width:80%;clear:both;background-color:#f7f8ff;border:2px solid #8888aa;
                                padding:4px;font-size:85%;min-height:64px;vertical-align:center" id="imageLicense"&gt;
&lt;div style="float:left" id="imageLicenseIcon"&gt;[[Image:Red copyright.svg|64px|Copyrighted]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align:left;margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"&gt;
This image is a faithful digitalization of a '''unique historic photograph''', and the '''copyright''' for it is most likely held by the '''photographer who took the photograph''' or the '''agency employing the photographer'''.  It is believed that the use of this photograph
*to illustrate '''the event in question''' where:
*The photograph depicts a '''non-reproducible historic event''', and no free alternative exists or can be created, and
*The image is '''low resolution''' and of '''no larger and of no higher quality''' than is necessary for the illustration of an article, and the use of the image on WarWiki is '''not expected to decrease the value of the copyright''',
*on [http://war.wikia.com WarWiki], hosted on servers in the United States, 
qualifies as '''[[wikipedia:fair use|fair use]]''' under [[wikipedia:United States copyright law|United States copyright law]]. '''Other use of this image, on WarWiki or elsewhere, may be [[wikipedia:copyright infringement|copyright infringement]].''' See [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use|Wikipedia:Fair use]] for more information.

'''If this does not accurately describe this image, please remove this tag and provide a different fair use rationale.'''

'''To the uploader''': please add a detailed ''fair use rationale'' for each use, as described on [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Image description page|Wikipedia:Image description page]], as well as the '''source''' of the work and copyright information.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>89f7jsc1692a4ddkio6e1nrgo5xv7r4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:USCG S W.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>963</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3804</id>
      <parentid>3321</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:26:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USCG S W.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3804</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="90" sha1="qxj6q73qb2afbfyj9t8dnp3nbm9l6m6" xml:space="preserve">See [[commons:Image:USCG S W.svg|Wikimedia Commons]] for details.
==License==
{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>qxj6q73qb2afbfyj9t8dnp3nbm9l6m6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:USMC logo.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>961</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3805</id>
      <parentid>3319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:27:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USMC logo.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3805</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="182" sha1="c74d9skdqc0smlily4ivm9ugyfvyina" xml:space="preserve">'''Seal of the [[wikipedia:United States Marine Corps|United States Marine Corps]]'''

==Source==
http://www.defenselink.mil/multimedia/web_graphics/#mc

== Licensing ==
{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>c74d9skdqc0smlily4ivm9ugyfvyina</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:USS Franklin list-700px.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>674</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3807</id>
      <parentid>2575</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:29:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS Franklin list-700px.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3807</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:USS Hornet (CV-8).jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3808</id>
      <parentid>1876</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:30:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS Hornet (CV-8).jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3808</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="89" sha1="l8up1o8b62tfh51d23kaomo5gebefp1" xml:space="preserve">The [[aircraft carrier]] [[USS Hornet (CV-8)]]. Public domain photo from history.navy.mil</text>
      <sha1>l8up1o8b62tfh51d23kaomo5gebefp1</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:USS Hornet at Santa Cruz-600px.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>299</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3809</id>
      <parentid>1874</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:30:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS Hornet at Santa Cruz-600px.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3809</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="d6w40fb83z7sebynnqtmv82rck29dsu" xml:space="preserve">From wikipedia under the same name.</text>
      <sha1>d6w40fb83z7sebynnqtmv82rck29dsu</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:USS Hornet launching a B-25.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>298</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3810</id>
      <parentid>1873</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:31:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS Hornet launching a B-25.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3810</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="92" sha1="3m3bx87q3pe16vk7vmw8viv9ug5fuvw" xml:space="preserve">The USS Hornet launching a B-25 at the beginning of the Doolittle Raid on Japan during WWII.</text>
      <sha1>3m3bx87q3pe16vk7vmw8viv9ug5fuvw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:USS Lassen.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>228</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3811</id>
      <parentid>1671</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:35:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS Lassen.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3811</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10" sha1="591mplwwtc2yvt8m4pv5qopfz0tdrk5" xml:space="preserve">{{PD-USN}}</text>
      <sha1>591mplwwtc2yvt8m4pv5qopfz0tdrk5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:USS Nevada-1920's.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>196</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3812</id>
      <parentid>1561</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:35:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS Nevada-1920's.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3812</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="117" sha1="ponw9tclkp4kwl79xzmm051u2uz0kpn" xml:space="preserve">The Nevada during the 1920's. From [http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/battleships/us_dr.htm#bb36 this site]

{{PD-USN}}</text>
      <sha1>ponw9tclkp4kwl79xzmm051u2uz0kpn</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:USS Nevada-Pearl Harbor.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>197</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3813</id>
      <parentid>1563</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:35:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS Nevada-Pearl Harbor.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="144" sha1="tbkoyyz06amorhmkovgn9s6r2imbnie" xml:space="preserve">The USS Nevada sinking during the Pearl Harbor attacks. From [http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/battleships/us_dr.htm#bb36 this site].

{{PD-USN}}</text>
      <sha1>tbkoyyz06amorhmkovgn9s6r2imbnie</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:USS Nevada-firing on D-Day at Utah Beach.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>199</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3814</id>
      <parentid>1567</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:35:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS Nevada-firing on D-Day at Utah Beach.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3814</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="140" sha1="jbbm2q5jcf7peprrzwmyu9lbfjfdqqx" xml:space="preserve">The USS Nevada firing on Utah Beach on June 6, 1944. From [http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/battleships/us_dr.htm#bb36 this site]

{{PD-USN}}</text>
      <sha1>jbbm2q5jcf7peprrzwmyu9lbfjfdqqx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:USS Oklahoma.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>191</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3815</id>
      <parentid>1532</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:35:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS Oklahoma.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3815</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="63" sha1="qxtfynnb46up6pkm8c9ia6g2tyoogml" xml:space="preserve">The USS Oklahoma during 1941 (before Pearl Harbor).

{{PD-USN}}</text>
      <sha1>qxtfynnb46up6pkm8c9ia6g2tyoogml</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:USS Saratoga-1942.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3816</id>
      <parentid>1863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:35:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS Saratoga-1942.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3816</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="113" sha1="6l0g8rd7g5ps82j2w9hbezc9mgtn5j2" xml:space="preserve">The USS Saratoga after her 1942 refit. From [http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/carriers/images/usa/cv3-5.jpg here].</text>
      <sha1>6l0g8rd7g5ps82j2w9hbezc9mgtn5j2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:USS Saratoga- original carrier config.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3817</id>
      <parentid>1864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:35:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS Saratoga- original carrier config.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3817</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="145" sha1="gxd9evgtsc3zsqekmy9ounxfqn5yoyf" xml:space="preserve">The USS Saratoga (CV-3) in her original aircraft carrier configuration. From [http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/carriers/images/usa/cv3-1.jpg here]</text>
      <sha1>gxd9evgtsc3zsqekmy9ounxfqn5yoyf</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:USS Saratoga-end of WWII.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>293</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3821</id>
      <parentid>1861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:39:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS Saratoga-end of WWII.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3821</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="126" sha1="fpp5m3io0y3h12ehwto8e7ab5fbdh4u" xml:space="preserve">The [[USS Saratoga (CV-3)]] at the end of [[WWII]]. From [http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/carriers/images/usa/cv3-4.jpg here].</text>
      <sha1>fpp5m3io0y3h12ehwto8e7ab5fbdh4u</sha1>
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    <title>File:USS Saratoga (CV-3) sinking.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:39:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS Saratoga (CV-3) sinking.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3820</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14" sha1="mfiu298qhnynth94ju7bpvx1npypmqh" xml:space="preserve">from Wikipedia</text>
      <sha1>mfiu298qhnynth94ju7bpvx1npypmqh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:USS South Dakota-1943.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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      <id>3823</id>
      <parentid>1575</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:39:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS South Dakota-1943.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3823</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="141" sha1="9a11n0ix1g98pklh2twb58a062ykcsm" xml:space="preserve">{{featured Picture}}
The USS South Dakota after her 1943 refit. From [http://www.navsource.org/archives/01/015739.jpg right here]

{{PD-USN}}</text>
      <sha1>9a11n0ix1g98pklh2twb58a062ykcsm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:USS South Dakota.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>185</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3822</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:39:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:USS South Dakota.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3822</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48" sha1="d1nco08qkf56nsbhjj441p3711sp7xd" xml:space="preserve">The USS South Dakota during [[WWII]]

{{PD-USN}}</text>
      <sha1>d1nco08qkf56nsbhjj441p3711sp7xd</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:US Naval Jack.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>81</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3819</id>
      <parentid>916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:39:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:US Naval Jack.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3819</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="pw90o1q9bc3e08cp26rp3bh8s2uy5ni" xml:space="preserve">US naval jack

{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>pw90o1q9bc3e08cp26rp3bh8s2uy5ni</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:US flag 48 stars.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>450</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3818</id>
      <parentid>2178</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:38:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:US flag 48 stars.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3818</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="215" sha1="49a389vdoe829ktz5f69efia811dshc" xml:space="preserve">==Description==
[[wikipedia:Flag of the United States|US Flag]] with 48 stars. In use for 47 years from July 4, 1912–July 3, 1959.

==See also==
[[commons:Image:US Naval Jack 48 stars.svg]]

[[Category:SVG flags]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>File:UncleSamwantyou.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>1084</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:40:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:UncleSamwantyou.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3824</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="89" sha1="alpyurt8zbr7ch96n468u0hl8tv1ph8" xml:space="preserve">Uncle Sam pointing.

Public Domain because it was created by US Government.

{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>alpyurt8zbr7ch96n468u0hl8tv1ph8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Unfightforfreedom.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>494</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3826</id>
      <parentid>3825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:44:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cleanup</comment>
      <origin>3826</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="109" sha1="41s8dxkpey3m5kzgglrpoq3hejtab61" xml:space="preserve">==Summary==
U.S. Government Poster

Source: http://www.nh.gov/ww2/images/ww49.jpg

==Licensing==
{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>41s8dxkpey3m5kzgglrpoq3hejtab61</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:United States Department of the Army Seal.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3827</id>
      <parentid>3317</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:45:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:United States Department of the Army Seal.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3827</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="109" sha1="qt9eb9qvinhfqvweo1ra90eaagshsog" xml:space="preserve">The seal of the [[wikipedia:United States Department of the Army|U.S. Department of the Army]].

{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>qt9eb9qvinhfqvweo1ra90eaagshsog</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>960</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3828</id>
      <parentid>3318</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:45:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3828</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="137" sha1="oqby5o7ydo1nlkfd3muodg1h2xmg0d1" xml:space="preserve">See [[commons:Image:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg|Wikimedia Commons]] for details.

==License==
{{PD-USGov}}
{{insignia}}</text>
      <sha1>oqby5o7ydo1nlkfd3muodg1h2xmg0d1</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Uprising bank polski2.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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      <id>3829</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:47:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Uprising bank polski2.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3829</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Uss arizona.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>77</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3830</id>
      <parentid>906</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:48:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Uss arizona.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3830</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="105" sha1="aojtbq74fe0q2mna9rb2vdtu1biklmw" xml:space="preserve">{{Featured Picture}}
The U.S.S. Arizona (BB-39) with Former President Herbert Hoover onboard.

{{PD-USN}}</text>
      <sha1>aojtbq74fe0q2mna9rb2vdtu1biklmw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Uss arizona bb-39 hudson.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>141</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:49:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Uss arizona bb-39 hudson.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3831</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="i8beqwislz9htmsidfxs4ylzju7tfmv" xml:space="preserve">U.S. Navy, public domain

{{PD-USN}}</text>
      <sha1>i8beqwislz9htmsidfxs4ylzju7tfmv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Uss wisconsin bb.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>214</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3833</id>
      <parentid>1627</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:50:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Uss wisconsin bb.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3833</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="107" sha1="s80ymkvsq2dos3e2itpkzibybk3tw0i" xml:space="preserve">A picture of the USS Wisconsin BB. Uploaded by: [[User:General Eisenhower|General Eisenhower]].

{{PD-USN}}</text>
      <sha1>s80ymkvsq2dos3e2itpkzibybk3tw0i</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Victory Park (Moscow).jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>554</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3835</id>
      <parentid>2319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:52:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Victory Park (Moscow).jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3835</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="194" sha1="mev3go03arzr4y7axwloml4rqsq2o0q" xml:space="preserve">{{GFDL}} 
{{cc-by-sa-2.5}} 
[[wikipedia:Poklonnaya gora|Victory Park in Moscow]], photo by [[commons:Main Page|Wikimedia Commons]] user [[commons:User:Errabee|Errabee]], taken in September 2004.</text>
      <sha1>mev3go03arzr4y7axwloml4rqsq2o0q</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:WW2 MoscowBattle russian soldiers.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>537</id>
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      <id>3837</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:54:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>tweak</comment>
      <origin>3837</origin>
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      <text bytes="140" sha1="g4woc1b3resvbeja5l2mm7t2naic6xc" xml:space="preserve">;Description
:The Battle of Moscow
;Source
:[[commons:File:WW2 MoscowBattle russian soldiers.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]]
;License
:{{PD-Russia}}</text>
      <sha1>g4woc1b3resvbeja5l2mm7t2naic6xc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:WWI.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>248</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3839</id>
      <parentid>3838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:56:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add license info</comment>
      <origin>3839</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="208" sha1="evelyywhif8te26xy5538i1ar2isf1r" xml:space="preserve">A picture of fighting nations during [[World War I]].

Color Key:
&lt;br /&gt;orange:Central Powers
&lt;br /&gt;green: Allies
&lt;br /&gt;grey:neutral

Source: [[commons:File:WWI.png|Wikimedia Commons]]

==Licensing==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>evelyywhif8te26xy5538i1ar2isf1r</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:WWII.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>567</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3840</id>
      <parentid>2359</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:56:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:WWII.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3840</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1163" sha1="q0pvtikg2ib72bimympa22ob4c08r2d" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
From [[commons:Image:WWII.png|Wikimedia Commons]] where it was taken from English Wikipedia.

Map with the [[wikipedia:Participants in World War II|Participants in World War II]]:
* &lt;font color="green"&gt;''Dark Green''&lt;/font&gt;: [[wikipedia:Allies of World War I|Allies]] before the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], including colonies and occupied countries.
* &lt;font color="#66FF00"&gt;''Light Green''&lt;/font&gt;: Allied countries that entered the war after the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].
* &lt;font color="orange"&gt;''Orange''&lt;/font&gt;: [[wikipedia:Axis Powers|Axis Powers]]
* &lt;font color="grey"&gt;''Grey''&lt;/font&gt;: [[wikipedia:Neutral country|Neutral countries during WWII]]
**Dark green dots represent countries that initially were neutral but during the war were annexed by the [[wikipedia:USSR|USSR]] 
**Light green dots represent countries that later in the war changed from the Axis to the Allies
**Orange dots represent countries that after being conquered by the Axis Powers, became puppets of those ([[wikipedia:Vichy France|Vichy France]] and several [[wikipedia:French colonies|French colonies]], [[wikipedia:Croatia|Croatia]])

== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>q0pvtikg2ib72bimympa22ob4c08r2d</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:WWII Poland Invasion 1939-09-01.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3841</id>
      <parentid>2490</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:57:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:WWII Poland Invasion 1939-09-01.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2564" sha1="c17v4j07vmor8sybj17bmi41t588r81" xml:space="preserve">German soldiers destroying Polish border checkpoint in [[wikipedia:Sopot|Sopot]] on September 1939. [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]] and [[World War II]] in Europe begins. The image does not show the actual border crossing of 1 September 1939 but was staged a few days later.

Note: Sopot was a town on the border between Poland and the [[wikipedia:Free City of Danzig|Free City of Danzig]] (inhabited mostly by Germans) the men in black uniforms accompanying the soldiers are probably [[wikipedia:policemen|policemen]] or [[wikipedia:border guard|border guard]]s from Danzig.

Source: [http://www.ww2.pl/apps/?command=fotografie/szczegoly&amp;id=1&amp;did=22]

&lt;div class="boilerplate" style="margin:0.5em auto;width:80%;clear:both;background-color:#f7f8ff;border:2px solid #8888aa; padding:4px;font-size:85%;min-height:64px;vertical-align:center" id="imageLicense"&gt;
&lt;div style="float:left" id="imageLicenseIcon"&gt;[[Image:Red copyright.svg|64px|Copyrighted]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align:left;margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"&gt;
This work is [[wikipedia:copyright|copyright]]ed and unlicensed.  It does not fall into one of the blanket fair use categories listed at [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use#Images]] or [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use#Audio_clips]].  However, it is believed that the use of this work in the article "'''[[World War II]]'''":
*To illustrate the '''object in question'''
*Where no free equivalent is available or could be created that would adequately give the same information
*On [[WarWiki]] ([http://war.wikia.org]), hosted on servers in the United States by the Wikia ([http://www.wikia.com ]),
qualifies as '''[[wikipedia:fair use]]''' under [[wikipedia:Fair use#Fair use under United States law|United States copyright law]].  '''Any other uses of this image, on WarWiki or elsewhere, ''may'' be [[wikipedia:copyright infringement|copyright infringement]].'''  See [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use|Wikipedia:Fair use]] and [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Copyrights|Wikipedia:Copyrights]].

'''To the uploader''': this tag is not a sufficient claim of fair use.  You must also include the '''source''' of the work, all available '''copyright information''', and a '''[[wikipedia:Help:Image page#Fair use rationale|detailed fair use rationale]]'''.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

This is a unique historical photo usually used to illustrate the outbreak of World War II. Its use adds significantly to the article about World War II. [[wikipedia:User:Valentinian|Valentinian]] &lt;sup&gt;[[wikipedia:User_talk:Valentinian|(talk)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 10:57, 15 May 2006 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>c17v4j07vmor8sybj17bmi41t588r81</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:WWIIeurope.gif</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>48</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3842</id>
      <parentid>641</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:58:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:WWIIeurope.gif]]"</comment>
      <origin>3842</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="208" sha1="g0b0cgccmh65djwmuxy53ue7xgf5dh8" xml:space="preserve">Map of Europe during WWII. This work is in the public domain because it is a work of the United States Federal Government under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code.

[[Category:Maps]]</text>
      <sha1>g0b0cgccmh65djwmuxy53ue7xgf5dh8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:WarRosesFamilyTree.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>358</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3844</id>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:59:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+license info</comment>
      <origin>3844</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="89" sha1="fyqnoevo7db1e12hwdyf9f4mg8hygim" xml:space="preserve">Source: [[commons:File:WarRosesFamilyTree.png|Wikimedia Commons]]

==Licensing==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>fyqnoevo7db1e12hwdyf9f4mg8hygim</sha1>
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    <title>File:WarWiki bullet1.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3541</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-30T16:49:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>*Author: Rieke Hain
*Date: November 2006
*License: public domain

{{PD}}</comment>
      <origin>3541</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="72" sha1="qihzyitvbj45l65ijdfi9c7kegoms34" xml:space="preserve">*Author: Rieke Hain
*Date: November 2006
*License: public domain

{{PD}}</text>
      <sha1>qihzyitvbj45l65ijdfi9c7kegoms34</sha1>
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  <page>
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    <ns>6</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3542</id>
      <timestamp>2009-05-30T16:50:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>*Author: Rieke Hain
*Date: November 2006
*License: public domain

{{PD}}</comment>
      <origin>3542</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="72" sha1="qihzyitvbj45l65ijdfi9c7kegoms34" xml:space="preserve">*Author: Rieke Hain
*Date: November 2006
*License: public domain

{{PD}}</text>
      <sha1>qihzyitvbj45l65ijdfi9c7kegoms34</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>File:Warsaw Pact seal.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
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      <parentid>2143</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:59:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Warsaw Pact seal.png]]"</comment>
      <origin>3845</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="427" sha1="fgd6lm0b3k7gho7jsemb9h25dgkxbvq" xml:space="preserve">Seal of the Warsaw Pact. Source: http://www.warsawpact.org/; http://www.isn.ethz.ch/php/
{{Military-Insignia}}

"Parallel History Project on NATO and the Warsaw Pact (PHP), www.isn.ethz.ch/php, by permission of the Center for Security Studies at ETH Zurich and the National Security Archive at the George Washington University on behalf of the PHP network."

Insignia of the Supreme Commander of the Warsaw Treaty Organization.</text>
      <sha1>fgd6lm0b3k7gho7jsemb9h25dgkxbvq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Warsaw siege3.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>688</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3846</id>
      <parentid>2589</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T13:00:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Warsaw siege3.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3846</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Warship diagram orig.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3847</id>
      <parentid>2520</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T13:00:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Warship diagram orig.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="90" sha1="o2gf1fs60yzuzh8y0c1aoykxwvtymp6" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
Old British [[Royal Navy]] warship diagram
== Licensing ==
{{PD-ineligible}}</text>
      <sha1>o2gf1fs60yzuzh8y0c1aoykxwvtymp6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Waves of paratroops land in Holland.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>681</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3849</id>
      <parentid>3848</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T13:01:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>PD according to http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Waves_of_paratroops_land_in_Holland.jpg</comment>
      <origin>3849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28" sha1="kcdh4yl2c3b2378okbttrp05chb85sj" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>kcdh4yl2c3b2378okbttrp05chb85sj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Wesel 1945.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3851</id>
      <parentid>3850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T13:03:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>PD according to http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wesel_1945.jpg</comment>
      <origin>3851</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28" sha1="kcdh4yl2c3b2378okbttrp05chb85sj" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>kcdh4yl2c3b2378okbttrp05chb85sj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Wiki.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>2</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3547</id>
      <parentid>3546</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-05-30T17:00:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3547</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="81" sha1="jl2ou7sumamnqacugyoes31z6fswmc2" xml:space="preserve">*Source: [[commons:File:Nagasakibomb.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]], public domain photo</text>
      <sha1>jl2ou7sumamnqacugyoes31z6fswmc2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:WomanFactory1940s.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>690</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3853</id>
      <parentid>3852</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T13:11:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>PD according to http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WomanFactory1940s.jpg</comment>
      <origin>3853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="92" sha1="dyn2ztjj64v1y45niv2m6twge7z2tj7" xml:space="preserve">Source: [[commons:File:WomanFactory1940s.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]]

==Licensing==
{{PD-USGov}}</text>
      <sha1>dyn2ztjj64v1y45niv2m6twge7z2tj7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:WorldWarII-DeathsByAlliance-Piechart.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>385</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3855</id>
      <parentid>3854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T13:12:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+license info</comment>
      <origin>3855</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="111" sha1="rmp8ytlh5nfvohbkyho3ztimq759j1t" xml:space="preserve">Source: [[commons:File:WorldWarII-DeathsByAlliance-Piechart.png|Wikimedia Commons]]

==Licensing==
{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>rmp8ytlh5nfvohbkyho3ztimq759j1t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:WorldWarII-MilitaryDeaths-Allies-Piechart.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>388</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3857</id>
      <parentid>3856</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T13:13:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+license info</comment>
      <origin>3857</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="116" sha1="tewm2po7jpo5j7mdarzpyw35u9l9hmn" xml:space="preserve">Source: [[commons:File:WorldWarII-MilitaryDeaths-Allies-Piechart.png|Wikimedia Commons]]

==Licensing==
{{PD-users}}</text>
      <sha1>tewm2po7jpo5j7mdarzpyw35u9l9hmn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:World War II.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3858</id>
      <parentid>2547</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T13:14:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:World War II.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2039" sha1="3ucrgdn0b71nca0wi2pijoeskxykd2n" xml:space="preserve">== Summary ==
{{Information
|Description=Montage for the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II Main Page] in Wikipedia
|Source=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dna-webmaster User:Dna-webmaster]
|Date=2007-02-16
|Author=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dna-webmaster User:Dna-webmaster]
|Permission=[http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ Cc-by-2.5]
|other_versions=None
}}

This is a montage image I created for the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II Main Page] in Wikipedia. This was done because there was a consensus among users that the previous picture of the Nagasaki bomb was not adequate. The image is a montage of other pictures found in Wikimedia.

Notes on the pictures used in the montage:
* Top: [[:Image:1944_NormandyLST.jpg|Allied landing on D-Day 1944]] (no photo number &amp; photographer unknown according to US Coast Guard)
* Left Upper: [[:Image:1anschluss.gif|German police entering the city Imst in Tyrol/Austria]]  National Archives, source: http://www.temple.edu/history/amhist2images.html
* Right Upper: [[:Image:Arbeit macht frei.png|The Gate of Auschwitz]] (Photographer: Jochen Zimmermann License: CC Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Austria)
* Left Lower: [[:Image:Nagasakibomb.jpg|The Nagasaki atom bomb 1945]] (from US archives, photographer unknown)
* Right Lower: [[:Image:Red army soldiers raising the soviet flag on the roof of the reichstag berlin germany.jpg|The Soviet flag over the Reichstag in Berlin 1945]] (Photograph by Jewgeni Chaldej (Yevgeny Khaldei))

If you wish to contact me, please leave a message on my
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Dna-webmaster talk page].

Regards,
Dennis Nilsson, Sweden.


sv:

Information om bilderna i montaget:
* Överst: Allierad landstigning på D-Dagen 1944
* Övre vänster: Tysk polis anländer till staden Imst i Österrike
* Övre höger: Ingången till Auschwitz
* Nedre vänster: Atombomben över Nagasaki 1945
* Nedre höger: Sovjetiska flaggan över riksdagshuset i Berlin 1945

== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>3ucrgdn0b71nca0wi2pijoeskxykd2n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:World War II 1942 06.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>892</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3860</id>
      <parentid>3859</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T13:17:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3860</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="451" sha1="tve7s6w37tvptjbkv52qn2hhafs5f5b" xml:space="preserve">Alliances during the Second World War, June 1942. Based on GNU image [[:File:WWII.png]]

Author: [[commons:User:Roke|Roke]]

{{legend|#00008b|[[Western Allies]] (independent countries)}}
{{legend|#87cefa|[[Western Allies]] (colonies or occupied)}}
{{legend|#cd5c5c|Eastern Allies}}
{{legend|#000000|[[Axis Powers]] (countries)}}
{{legend|#696969|[[Axis Powers]] (colonies or occupied, including [[Vichy France]])}}
{{legend|#d3d3d3|neutral}}

{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>tve7s6w37tvptjbkv52qn2hhafs5f5b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Ww2 allied axis.gif</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>568</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3862</id>
      <parentid>3861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T13:20:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded a new version of "[[File:Ww2 allied axis.gif]]"</comment>
      <origin>3862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1308" sha1="escbd75ky1jsvg3sdq20m38r72eclvt" xml:space="preserve">Animation of alliances during the Second World War, every three months from September 1939 to September 1945. Based on [[wikipedia:User:Joaopais|Joaopais]]'s GNU image [[commons:Image:WWII.png]] (which is derived from [[wikipedia:User:Vardion|Vardion]]'s [[commons:Image:BlankMap-World.png]])

{{legend|#7CCC8C|[[wikipedia:Western Allies|Western Allies]] (independent countries)}}
{{legend|#84CC84|[[wikipedia:Western Allies|Western Allies]] ([[wikipedia:Dominion|Dominions]])}}
{{legend|#9CDC8C|[[wikipedia:Western Allies|Western Allies]] (colonies or occupied)}}
{{legend|#8CBCB4|Eastern Allies after June 1941}}
{{legend|#b39795|[[wikipedia:USSR|USSR]] and satellites before joining the Allies in June 1941}}
{{legend|#CC641C|[[wikipedia:Axis Powers|Axis]] (countries)}}
{{legend|#D49C54|[[wikipedia:Axis Powers|Axis]] (colonies or occupied)}}
{{legend|#CCD45C|[[wikipedia:Vichy France|Vichy France]] and colonies until German occupation of southern France in November 1942 (officially neutral but a client state of Axis Germany)}}
{{legend|#ECCCBC|[[wikipedia:Imperial Japan|Japanese Empire]], before entering the European war in December 1941.}}
{{legend|#d3d3d3|neutral}}

=== See also ===

An animation of Europe during WW2 is at [[commons:Image:Second world war europe animation small.gif]]

{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>escbd75ky1jsvg3sdq20m38r72eclvt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Yalta Conference.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>515</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3864</id>
      <parentid>3863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T13:22:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3864</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="720" sha1="537nt7e0dffjf5ivd2nnb6lp1yfx8gs" xml:space="preserve">Cropped version of [[commons:Image:Yalta summit 1945 with Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin.jpg]]

{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:80%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;"
| [[File:PD-icon.svg|64px|Public domain]]
| ''This image is a work of a [[wikipedia:United States Army|U.S. Army]] soldier or employee, taken or made during the course of the person's official duties. As a [[wikipedia:Work of the United States Government|work]] of the [[wikipedia:Federal Government of the United States|U.S. federal government]], the image is in the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]].'''&lt;br /&gt;Subject to [[commons:Commons:general disclaimer|disclaimers]].''
|}</text>
      <sha1>537nt7e0dffjf5ivd2nnb6lp1yfx8gs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Yamamoto-Isoroku-improvedContrast.jpg</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>663</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3865</id>
      <parentid>2564</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T13:22:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Yamamoto-Isoroku-improvedContrast.jpg]]"</comment>
      <origin>3865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="24" sha1="1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4" xml:space="preserve">== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>1gwamic7xn2mlmn9wbv45tpo7is5bf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Yorkshire rose.png</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>356</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3867</id>
      <parentid>3866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T13:24:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="76" sha1="81em14tb5y346xf3errwwyrvd4o5437" xml:space="preserve">Source: [[commons:File:File:Yorkshire rose.png|Wikimedia Commons]]

{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>81em14tb5y346xf3errwwyrvd4o5437</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>File:Yugoslavia.PNG</title>
    <ns>6</ns>
    <id>790</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3868</id>
      <parentid>2835</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T13:24:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>uploaded "[[File:Yugoslavia.PNG]]"</comment>
      <origin>3868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="48" sha1="5bawsx7o9bgogldylop6b36301uqv95" xml:space="preserve">Yugoslavia is in black.
== Licensing ==
{{GFDL}}</text>
      <sha1>5bawsx7o9bgogldylop6b36301uqv95</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Blockiptext</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>6</id>
    <revision>
      <id>18</id>
      <parentid>17</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T15:33:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>18</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="293" sha1="lraw94xe3kkwolc2cf92j6imo26nq42" xml:space="preserve">Use the form below to block write access
from a specific IP address or username.
This should be done only only to prevent vandalism, and in
accordance with [[WarWiki:blocking policy|blocking policy]].
Fill in a specific reason below (for example, citing particular
pages that were vandalized).</text>
      <sha1>lraw94xe3kkwolc2cf92j6imo26nq42</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Common.css</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>308</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4099</id>
      <parentid>3540</parentid>
      <timestamp>2016-05-11T08:53:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>rm old CSS for giving transparent images a checkered background</comment>
      <origin>4099</origin>
      <model>css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="2242" sha1="jveza0l4ont2r01qm9num48q3wu4z05" xml:space="preserve">/** CSS placed here will be applied to all skins – see also: [[MediaWiki:Monobook.css]] */
/* &lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt; */

/* Infobox template style */
.infobox {
	border: 1px solid #aaa;
	background-color: #f9f9f9;
	color: black;
	margin-bottom: 0.5em;
	margin-left: 1em;
	padding: 0.2em;
	float: right;
	clear: right;
}

.infobox td,
.infobox th {
	vertical-align: top;
}

.infobox caption {
	font-size: larger;
	margin-left: inherit;
}

/* === Redirects in Special:AllPages and Special:Watchlist === */
.allpagesredirect, .watchlistredir {
	font-style: italic;
}

/* === Hilighting admin/staff by Splarka === */
ul.special li a[title="User:Jack Phoenix"] { font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; }

/* === Forum formatting -Algorithm &amp; -Splarka === */
.forumheader {
	border: 1px solid #aaa;
	background-color: #f9f9f9;
	margin-top: 1em;
	padding: 12px;
}

.forumlist td.forum_edited a {
	color: black;
	text-decoration: none;
}

.forumlist td.forum_title a {
	padding-left: 20px;
}

.forumlist td.forum_title a.forum_new {
	font-weight: bold;
/*	background: url(Forum_new.gif) center left no-repeat;*/
	padding-left: 20px; 
}

.forumlist td.forum_title a.forum_new:visited { 
	font-weight: normal;
	background: none;
	padding-left: 20px;
}

.forumlist th.forum_title {
	padding-left: 20px;
}

/* Standard Navigationsleisten, aka box hiding thingy from .de.  Documentation at [[Wikipedia:NavFrame]]. */
div.Boxmerge,
div.NavFrame {
	margin: 0px;
	padding: 4px;
	border: 1px solid #aaa;
	text-align: center;
	border-collapse: collapse;
	font-size: 95%;
}
div.Boxmerge div.NavFrame {
	border-style: none;
	border-style: hidden;
}
div.NavFrame + div.NavFrame {
	border-top-style: none;
	border-top-style: hidden;
}
div.NavPic {
	background-color: #fff;
	margin: 0px;
	padding: 2px;
	float: left;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavHead {
	height: 1.6em;
	font-weight: bold;
	background-color: #ccf;
	position: relative;
}
div.NavFrame p {
	font-size: 100%;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavContent {
	font-size: 100%;
}
div.NavFrame div.NavContent p {
	font-size: 100%;
}
div.NavEnd {
	margin: 0px;
	padding: 0px;
	line-height: 1px;
	clear: both;
}
a.NavToggle {
	position: absolute;
	top: 0px;
	right: 3px;
	font-weight: normal;
	font-size: smaller;
}

/* &lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; */</text>
      <sha1>jveza0l4ont2r01qm9num48q3wu4z05</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Common.js</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>953</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3888</id>
      <parentid>3559</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-11-19T13:49:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>stylizing</comment>
      <origin>3888</origin>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="6180" sha1="73j63k7n0x4tusuy9t9p33zel882h8l" xml:space="preserve">/* Any JavaScript here will be loaded for all users on every page load. */
/* &lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt; */
/** Collapsible tables *********************************************************
 *
 *  Description: Allows tables to be collapsed, showing only the header. See
 *               [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:NavFrame]].
 */
var autoCollapse = 2;
var collapseCaption = 'hide';
var expandCaption = 'show';

function collapseTable( tableIndex ) {
	var Button = document.getElementById( 'collapseButton' + tableIndex );
	var Table = document.getElementById( 'collapsibleTable' + tableIndex );

	if ( !Table || !Button ) {
		return false;
	}

	var Rows = Table.rows;

	if ( Button.firstChild.data == collapseCaption ) {
		for ( var i = 1; i &lt; Rows.length; i++ ) {
			Rows[i].style.display = 'none';
		}
		Button.firstChild.data = expandCaption;
	} else {
		for ( var i = 1; i &lt; Rows.length; i++ ) {
			Rows[i].style.display = Rows[0].style.display;
		}
		Button.firstChild.data = collapseCaption;
	}
}

function createCollapseButtons() {
	var tableIndex = 0;
	var NavigationBoxes = new Object();
	var Tables = document.getElementsByTagName( 'table' );

	for ( var i = 0; i &lt; Tables.length; i++ ) {
		if ( hasClass( Tables[i], 'collapsible' ) ) {
			/* only add button and increment count if there is a header row to work with */
			var HeaderRow = Tables[i].getElementsByTagName( 'tr' )[0];
			if( !HeaderRow ) {
				continue;
			}
			var Header = HeaderRow.getElementsByTagName( 'th' )[0];
			if( !Header ) {
				continue;
			}

			NavigationBoxes[tableIndex] = Tables[i];
			Tables[i].setAttribute( 'id', 'collapsibleTable' + tableIndex );

			var Button	= document.createElement( 'span' );
			var ButtonLink = document.createElement( 'a' );
			var ButtonText = document.createTextNode( collapseCaption );

			Button.style.styleFloat = 'right';
			Button.style.cssFloat = 'right';
			Button.style.fontWeight = 'normal';
			Button.style.textAlign = 'right';
			Button.style.width = '6em';

			ButtonLink.style.color = Header.style.color;
			ButtonLink.setAttribute( 'id', 'collapseButton' + tableIndex );
			ButtonLink.setAttribute( 'href', 'javascript:collapseTable(' + tableIndex + ');' );
			ButtonLink.appendChild( ButtonText );

			Button.appendChild( document.createTextNode( '[' ) );
			Button.appendChild( ButtonLink );
			Button.appendChild( document.createTextNode( ']' ) );

			Header.insertBefore( Button, Header.childNodes[0] );
			tableIndex++;
		}
	}

	for ( var i = 0;  i &lt; tableIndex; i++ ) {
		if (
			hasClass( NavigationBoxes[i], 'collapsed' ) ||
			( tableIndex &gt;= autoCollapse &amp;&amp; hasClass( NavigationBoxes[i], 'autocollapse' ) )
		)
		{
			collapseTable( i );
		}
	}
}

addOnloadHook( createCollapseButtons );

/** Dynamic Navigation Bars (experimental) *************************************
 *
 * Description: See [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:NavFrame]].
 */

// set up the words in your language
var NavigationBarHide = '[' + collapseCaption + ']';
var NavigationBarShow = '[' + expandCaption + ']';

// shows and hides content and picture (if available) of navigation bars
// Parameters:
// indexNavigationBar: the index of navigation bar to be toggled
function toggleNavigationBar( indexNavigationBar ) {
	var NavToggle = document.getElementById( 'NavToggle' + indexNavigationBar );
	var NavFrame = document.getElementById( 'NavFrame' + indexNavigationBar );

	if( !NavFrame || !NavToggle ) {
		return false;
	}

	// if shown now
	if( NavToggle.firstChild.data == NavigationBarHide ) {
		for ( var NavChild = NavFrame.firstChild; NavChild != null;
			NavChild = NavChild.nextSibling
		)
		{
			if ( hasClass( NavChild, 'NavPic' ) ) {
				NavChild.style.display = 'none';
			}
			if ( hasClass( NavChild, 'NavContent') ) {
				NavChild.style.display = 'none';
			}
		}
		NavToggle.firstChild.data = NavigationBarShow;
	// if hidden now
	} else if( NavToggle.firstChild.data == NavigationBarShow ) {
		for ( var NavChild = NavFrame.firstChild; NavChild != null;
			NavChild = NavChild.nextSibling
		)
		{
			if( hasClass( NavChild, 'NavPic' ) ) {
				NavChild.style.display = 'block';
			}
			if( hasClass( NavChild, 'NavContent' ) ) {
				NavChild.style.display = 'block';
			}
		}
		NavToggle.firstChild.data = NavigationBarHide;
	}
}

// adds show/hide-button to navigation bars
function createNavigationBarToggleButton() {
	var indexNavigationBar = 0;
	// iterate over all &lt; div &gt;-elements
	var divs = document.getElementsByTagName( 'div' );
	for( var i = 0; NavFrame = divs[i]; i++ ) {
		// if found a navigation bar
		if( hasClass( NavFrame, 'NavFrame' ) ) {
			indexNavigationBar++;
			var NavToggle = document.createElement( 'a' );
			NavToggle.className = 'NavToggle';
			NavToggle.setAttribute( 'id', 'NavToggle' + indexNavigationBar );
			NavToggle.setAttribute( 'href', 'javascript:toggleNavigationBar(' + indexNavigationBar + ');' );

			var NavToggleText = document.createTextNode( NavigationBarHide );
			for ( var NavChild = NavFrame.firstChild; NavChild != null;
				NavChild = NavChild.nextSibling
			)
			{
				if ( hasClass( NavChild, 'NavPic' ) || hasClass( NavChild, 'NavContent' ) ) {
					if( NavChild.style.display == 'none' ) {
						NavToggleText = document.createTextNode( NavigationBarShow );
						break;
					}
				}
			}

			NavToggle.appendChild( NavToggleText );
			// Find the NavHead and attach the toggle link
			// (Must be this complicated because Moz's firstChild handling is borked)
			for( var j = 0; j &lt; NavFrame.childNodes.length; j++ ) {
				if( hasClass( NavFrame.childNodes[j], 'NavHead' ) ) {
					NavFrame.childNodes[j].appendChild( NavToggle );
				}
			}
			NavFrame.setAttribute( 'id', 'NavFrame' + indexNavigationBar );
		}
	}
}

addOnloadHook( createNavigationBarToggleButton );

/** Test if an element has a certain class **************************************
 *
 * Description: Uses regular expressions and caching for better performance.
 */
var hasClass = ( function() {
	var reCache = {};
	return function( element, className ) {
		return ( reCache[className] ? reCache[className] : ( reCache[className] = new RegExp( "(?:\\s|^)" + className + "(?:\\s|$)" ) ) ).test( element.className );
    };
})();
// &lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;</text>
      <sha1>73j63k7n0x4tusuy9t9p33zel882h8l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Confirmdeletetext</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>7</id>
    <revision>
      <id>22</id>
      <parentid>21</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-04-14T11:19:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>+msg</comment>
      <origin>22</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="306" sha1="463gjfjmp673r7pg0hlh4hog1csu83v" xml:space="preserve">{{MediaWiki:Talkpageexiststext}}
You are about to permanently delete a page
or image along with all of its history from the database.
Please confirm that you intend to do this, that you understand the
consequences, and that you are doing this in accordance with
[[WarWiki:deletion policy|deletion policy]].</text>
      <sha1>463gjfjmp673r7pg0hlh4hog1csu83v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Copyrightwarning</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>952</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3307</id>
      <timestamp>2007-12-14T13:28:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {| style="width:100%; padding: 5px; font-size: 95%;" |- valign="top" | All contributions to {{SITENAME}} are considered to be released under the  $2 (see $1 for details).&lt;br /&gt; Your change...</comment>
      <origin>3307</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="404" sha1="29do1batvx8ahj05livvr2bgtqpfw0q" xml:space="preserve">{| style="width:100%; padding: 5px; font-size: 95%;"
|- valign="top"
|
All contributions to {{SITENAME}} are considered to be released under the  $2 (see $1 for details).&lt;br /&gt;
Your changes will be visible immediately. '''It is recommended to enter a summary of your changes below.'''

&lt;div style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 120%;"&gt;Do not submit copyrighted images or text without permission!&lt;/div&gt;
|}</text>
      <sha1>29do1batvx8ahj05livvr2bgtqpfw0q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Deletedtext</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2629</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-14T11:16:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>+msg</comment>
      <origin>2629</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="96" sha1="i1sa1fiued2buswg31q8rx2qxdo9pjn" xml:space="preserve">{{MediaWiki:Talkpageexiststext}}
"$1" has been deleted.
See $2 for a record of recent deletions.</text>
      <sha1>i1sa1fiued2buswg31q8rx2qxdo9pjn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Description</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>1149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3904</id>
      <timestamp>2012-11-05T08:38:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>blurb for search engines</comment>
      <origin>3904</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="172" sha1="mw9yuh1suaucy4v9v62n5wmdkzsac7l" xml:space="preserve">WarWiki is an encyclopedia about all aspects of real warfare and everything and everyone related to it, from Churchill to Stalin, from World War I to the Iraq War and more!</text>
      <sha1>mw9yuh1suaucy4v9v62n5wmdkzsac7l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Edittools</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>954</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3553</id>
      <parentid>3309</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-05-30T17:42:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3553</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6869" sha1="odgl7t5coa8dszpjup6el0a3tohkfx7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Text here will be shown below edit and upload forms. --&gt;
&lt;div id="editpage-copywarn3" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 120%; padding-top: 10px"&gt;Do not copy {{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Special:Upload|images|text}} from other websites without permission. {{#ifeq:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Special:Upload|They|It}} will be deleted.&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div id="editpage-specialchars" class="plainlinks" style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; border-color: #aaaaaa; padding: 2px;"&gt;
&lt;span id="edittools_main"&gt;'''Insert:''' &lt;charinsert&gt;– — … ° ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ± − × ÷ ← → · § &lt;/charinsert&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id="edittools_name"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''Sign your username:''' &lt;charinsert&gt;~~&amp;#126;~&lt;/charinsert&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
----
&lt;small&gt;&lt;span id="edittools_wikimarkup"&gt;'''Wiki markup:'''
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;+&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;[+]&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;[[+]]&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;[[Category:+]]&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;#REDIRECT&amp;#32;[[+]]&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;s&gt;+&lt;/s&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;sub&gt;+&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;+&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;ref&gt;+&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;Reflist&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;+&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;+&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;DEFAULTSORT:+&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&amp;lt;nowiki&gt;+&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;!-- &lt;/nowiki&gt;+&lt;nowiki&gt; --&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/charinsert&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id="edittools_symbols"&gt;'''Symbols:''' &lt;charinsert&gt; ~ | ¡ ¿ † ‡ ↔ ↑ ↓ • ¶&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; # ¹ ² ³ ½ ⅓ ⅔ ¼ ¾ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ∞ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ‘ “ ’ ” «+»&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ¤ ₳ ฿ ₵ ¢ ₡ ₢ $ ₫ ₯ € ₠ ₣ ƒ ₴ ₭ ₤ ℳ ₥ ₦ № ₧ ₰ £ ៛ ₨ ₪ ৳ ₮ ₩ ¥ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ♠ ♣ ♥ ♦ &lt;/charinsert&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id="edittools_characters"&gt;'''Characters:'''
&lt;span class="latinx"&gt;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Á á Ć ć É é Í í Ĺ ĺ Ń ń Ó ó Ŕ ŕ Ś ś Ú ú Ý ý Ź ź &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; À à È è Ì ì Ò ò Ù ù &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Â â Ĉ ĉ Ê ê Ĝ ĝ Ĥ ĥ Î î Ĵ ĵ Ô ô Ŝ ŝ Û û Ŵ ŵ Ŷ ŷ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ä ä Ë ë Ï ï Ö ö Ü ü Ÿ ÿ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ß &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ã ã Ẽ ẽ Ĩ ĩ Ñ ñ Õ õ Ũ ũ Ỹ ỹ&lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ç ç Ģ ģ Ķ ķ Ļ ļ Ņ ņ Ŗ ŗ Ş ş Ţ ţ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Đ đ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ů ů &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ǎ ǎ Č č Ď ď Ě ě Ǐ ǐ Ľ ľ Ň ň Ǒ ǒ Ř ř Š š Ť ť Ǔ ǔ Ž ž &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ā ā Ē ē Ī ī Ō ō Ū ū Ȳ ȳ Ǣ ǣ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ǖ ǘ ǚ ǜ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ă ă Ĕ ĕ Ğ ğ Ĭ ĭ Ŏ ŏ Ŭ ŭ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ċ ċ Ė ė Ġ ġ İ ı Ż ż &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ą ą Ę ę Į į Ǫ ǫ Ų ų &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ḍ ḍ Ḥ ḥ Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ Ṃ ṃ Ṇ ṇ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ Ṣ ṣ Ṭ ṭ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ł ł &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ő ő Ű ű &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ŀ ŀ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ħ ħ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ð ð Þ þ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Œ œ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Æ æ Ø ø Å å &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ə ə &lt;/charinsert&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id="edittools_greek"&gt;'''Greek:'''
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp; 
&lt;charinsert&gt; Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id="edittools_cyrillic"&gt;'''Cyrillic:''' &lt;charinsert&gt; А а Б б В в Г г &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Н н Њ њ О о П п &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; Э э Ю ю Я я &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span id="edittools_ipa"&gt;'''IPA:''' &lt;span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA"&gt;&lt;charinsert&gt;t̪ d̪ ʈ ɖ ɟ ɡ ɢ ʡ ʔ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ɸ ʃ ʒ ɕ ʑ ʂ ʐ ʝ ɣ ʁ ʕ ʜ ʢ ɦ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ɱ ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ʋ ɹ ɻ ɰ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ʙ ʀ ɾ ɽ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ɫ ɬ ɮ ɺ ɭ ʎ ʟ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ɥ ʍ ɧ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ɨ ʉ ɯ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ɪ ʏ ʊ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ɘ ɵ ɤ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ə ɚ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ɛ ɜ ɝ ɞ ʌ ɔ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ɐ ɶ ɑ ɒ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ʰ ʷ ʲ ˠ ˤ ⁿ ˡ &lt;/charinsert&gt; &amp;nbsp;
&lt;charinsert&gt; ˈ ˌ ː ˑ  ̪ &lt;/charinsert&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/small&gt;

{| id="edittools" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="4" style="padding:0; margin-top:3px;"
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; padding:4px;" |
&lt;center style="font-weight:bold; font-size:120%;"&gt;Once saved, your changes will be visible immediately.&lt;/center&gt;
*For testing, please use the '''[[Project:Sandbox|sandbox]]'''. 
*On '''talk pages''', please sign your comment by typing four tildes (&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;).
| style="vertical-align:top; padding:4px;" |
*'''If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly or redistributed by others, do not submit it.'''
*Only public domain resources can be copied without permission&amp;mdash;this does '''not''' include a vast majority of web pages.
|}&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>odgl7t5coa8dszpjup6el0a3tohkfx7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Licenses</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3744</id>
      <parentid>1530</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:18:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fix typo</comment>
      <origin>3744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="973" sha1="tf9qkgq5d3qsh7m2l7acjt02nka31ks" xml:space="preserve">*Unknown:
** No license|I don't know the license
** No license|I found the image somewhere
*Free licenses:
** GFDL|This is licensed under the GFDL
** Cc-by-sa-2.5|This is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5
* Public domain / no rights reserved:
** PD-users|This has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder
** PD-ineligible|The copyright on this file has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright.
** PD-Flag|This image is a national, governmental, military, royal/vice-regal or historical flag.
** PD-Russia|This file is in the public domain in Russia.
** PD-USGov|This file is a work of the United States Government.
** PD-USN|This image is a work of a sailor or employee of the U.S. Navy.
** PD-Art|Photographical reproduction of two-dimensional work of art.
* Other:
** Insignia|This file shows a flag, a coat of arms, a seal or some other official insignia.
** Military-Insignia|File displays an insignia of a military rank.</text>
      <sha1>tf9qkgq5d3qsh7m2l7acjt02nka31ks</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Monobook.css</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>5</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4100</id>
      <parentid>3543</parentid>
      <timestamp>2016-05-11T08:53:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fix image URLs</comment>
      <origin>4100</origin>
      <model>css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="1202" sha1="5w94atopqg6hjonpkuk2nt4rp8bxgs6" xml:space="preserve">/** edit this file to customize the monobook skin for the entire site – see also: [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] **/
/* &lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt; */

/* === Bold 'edit this page' link to encourage newcomers === */
#ca-edit a { 
	font-weight: bold !important; 
}

/* === Left Navigation === */
.portlet h5 {
	background-color: #ececec;
	border: 1px solid silver;
}

/* === Gray Borders === */
#content {
	border: 1px solid #4a4a4a;
}

#p-cactions li.selected {
	border-color: #4a4a4a;
}

#footer {
	border-top: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
	border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa;
}

/* === Bullets === */
ul {
	list-style-image: url("http://images.shoutwiki.com/war/5/5e/WarWiki_bullet1.png");
}

ul li:hover { 
	list-style-image: url("http://images.shoutwiki.com/war/7/74/WarWiki_bullet2.png"); 
}

.portlet ul {
	list-style-image: url("http://images.shoutwiki.com/war/5/5e/WarWiki_bullet1.png");
}

.portlet ul li:hover { 
	list-style-image: url("http://wimagesww.shoutwiki.com/war/7/74/WarWiki_bullet2.png");
}

/* === Background === */
body {
	background-color: #f7f7f7;
}

/* === Coloring in Special:RecentChanges === */
span.mw-plusminus-pos { color: #006400; } 
span.mw-plusminus-neg { color: #FF0000; } 

/* &lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; */</text>
      <sha1>5w94atopqg6hjonpkuk2nt4rp8bxgs6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Movepagetext</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>8</id>
    <revision>
      <id>24</id>
      <parentid>23</parentid>
      <timestamp>2006-06-05T13:45:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Angela</username>
        <id>3375646</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>24</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="909" sha1="r78lq38ndspuohksv122ydlwthn9ezu" xml:space="preserve">Using the form below will rename a page, moving all
of its history to the new name.
The old title will become a redirect page to the new title.
Links to the old page title will not be changed; be sure to
check for double or broken redirects.
You are responsible for making sure that links continue to
point where they are supposed to go.

Note that the page will '''not''' be moved if there is already
a page at the new title, unless it is empty or a redirect and has no
past edit history. This means that you can rename a page back to where
it was just renamed from if you make a mistake, and you cannot overwrite
an existing page.

For more information, see [[Help:Moving pages]].

Note that on WarWiki, new users are limited to two page moves per day.

&lt;b&gt;WARNING!&lt;/b&gt;
This can be a drastic and unexpected change for a popular page;
please be sure you understand the consequences of this before
proceeding.</text>
      <sha1>r78lq38ndspuohksv122ydlwthn9ezu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Newarticletext</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>9</id>
    <revision>
      <id>27</id>
      <parentid>26</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T18:19:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>27</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="232" sha1="2ntsr6essxc7dif1luuaop88ckdd1zg" xml:space="preserve">You've followed a link to a page that doesn't exist yet.
To create the page, start typing in the box below
(see the [[Help:Contents|help page]] for more info).
If you are here by mistake, just click your browser's '''back''' button.</text>
      <sha1>2ntsr6essxc7dif1luuaop88ckdd1zg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Protect-text</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>40</id>
    <revision>
      <id>553</id>
      <parentid>552</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-31T17:07:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>553</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="176" sha1="a5gg8cih72y59c15s61mzmn2hapeijz" xml:space="preserve">You may view and change the protection level here for the page &lt;strong&gt;$1&lt;/strong&gt;.
Please be sure you are following the [[{{ns:project}}:Protection policy|protection policy]].</text>
      <sha1>a5gg8cih72y59c15s61mzmn2hapeijz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Protectedpagewarning</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>10</id>
    <revision>
      <id>30</id>
      <parentid>29</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-31T17:08:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>30</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="228" sha1="hzc3764pwwndieyn6767zmwksg8p65m" xml:space="preserve">&lt;strong&gt;WARNING:  This page has been locked so that only users with [[special:listusers/sysop|sysop privileges]] can edit it. Be sure you are following the [[{{ns:project}}:Protection policy|protected page guidelines]].&lt;/strong&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hzc3764pwwndieyn6767zmwksg8p65m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Protectedtext</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>11</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33</id>
      <parentid>32</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-31T17:08:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>33</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="210" sha1="jbrehslbvuvlwqrngcxehpfzoyu1was" xml:space="preserve">This page has been locked to prevent editing; there are
a number of reasons why this may be so, please see
[[{{ns:project}}:Protection policy|protection policy]].

You can view and copy the source of this page:</text>
      <sha1>jbrehslbvuvlwqrngcxehpfzoyu1was</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Protectlogtext</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>12</id>
    <revision>
      <id>36</id>
      <parentid>35</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-31T17:09:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>36</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="119" sha1="tdbixp1oy9yuaekfu72m6bk3trzyvic" xml:space="preserve">Below is a list of page locks/unlocks.
See [[{{ns:project}}:Protection policy|protection policy]] for more information.</text>
      <sha1>tdbixp1oy9yuaekfu72m6bk3trzyvic</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Recentchanges-summary</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>13</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3905</id>
      <parentid>41</parentid>
      <timestamp>2012-11-18T00:37:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Jack Phoenix moved page [[MediaWiki:Recentchangestext]] to [[MediaWiki:Recentchanges-summary]] without leaving a redirect: MediaWiki 1.20 change, see https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/#/c/6230/ for more information</comment>
      <origin>3905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="725" sha1="iwj8um5awbk5o8g8qypzz85vgleqlep" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="forumheader"&gt;[[Special:Ipblocklist|Blocked users]] | [[Special:BrokenRedirects|Broken redirects]] | [[Special:DoubleRedirects|Double redirects]] | [[Special:Listusers/sysop|Find an admin]] | [[Special:Log|Logs]] | [[Special:Newimages|New images]] | [[Special:Newpages|New articles]] | [[Special:Shortpages|Short pages]] | [[Special:Wantedpages|Wanted pages]] | &lt;span style="font-size:80%"&gt;[[Special:Specialpages|more&amp;hellip;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Track the most recent changes to the wiki on this page. [[WarWiki:Administrators|Administrators]], users who have special maintenance tools, can be consulted if you need help and they will help you. These users show as '''''bold and italic''''' on the following list.
----</text>
      <sha1>iwj8um5awbk5o8g8qypzz85vgleqlep</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Sidebar</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>14</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3890</id>
      <parentid>46</parentid>
      <timestamp>2012-05-28T21:26:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3890</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="250" sha1="9z24nfog9xcycsh55gcu3dxf8qhds3b" xml:space="preserve">* navigation
** mainpage|mainpage
** content-url|content
* participate
** portal-url|portal
** recentchanges-url|recentchanges
** helppage|help
*forums
**Forum:War Room|War Room 
**Forum:Consensus track|Consensus track

* SEARCH
* TOOLBOX
* LANGUAGES</text>
      <sha1>9z24nfog9xcycsh55gcu3dxf8qhds3b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Sitenotice</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>15</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4112</id>
      <parentid>3884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2016-12-22T13:03:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>4112</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="123" sha1="5orn921daq4u6t9hu38ogrvj40tfvi2" xml:space="preserve">You can help us out by writing [[Special:WantedPages|a wanted article]] or by expanding [[Special:AllPages|existing ones]]!</text>
      <sha1>5orn921daq4u6t9hu38ogrvj40tfvi2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Sitenotice id</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>587</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2400</id>
      <parentid>2399</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-05-05T08:50:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>2400</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1" sha1="e02lujyq2quhrlk4n8m0cwmts2n3vzv" xml:space="preserve">3</text>
      <sha1>e02lujyq2quhrlk4n8m0cwmts2n3vzv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>MediaWiki:Talkpageexiststext</title>
    <ns>8</ns>
    <id>708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2628</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-14T11:15:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>A nifty code from Central by GHe.</comment>
      <origin>2628</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="464" sha1="jnqgbc63stkcuz4o8envhhugitj13a9" xml:space="preserve">{{#ifexist:{{TALKPAGENAME}}|{{#ifeq:{{SUBJECTPAGENAMEE}}|{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|{{#ifeq:{{TALKSPACEE}}|User_talk||
&lt;div class="usermessage plainlinks"&gt;&lt;div class="plainlinks"&gt;&lt;center&gt;A [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|talk page]] ([{{fullurl:{{TALKPAGENAME}}|action=delete&amp;wpReason=Orphaned%20talk%20page}} del]) exists for this page. If it is no longer needed, please [{{fullurl:{{TALKPAGENAME}}|action=delete&amp;wpReason=Orphaned%20talk%20page}} delete it].&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;}}}}}}</text>
      <sha1>jnqgbc63stkcuz4o8envhhugitj13a9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:*</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1252</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4068</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T17:03:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4068</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17" sha1="qtf0tg9fg2g9c7c6x6asj7e0pfezko3" xml:space="preserve">&amp;nbsp;&amp;bull;&amp;#32;</text>
      <sha1>qtf0tg9fg2g9c7c6x6asj7e0pfezko3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:0expr</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1245</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4061</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:43:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4061</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="157" sha1="c58lnay71loxvixkjyrth032gjj60lr" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{{{subst|}}}#ifexpr: 0 &lt;= ({{#expr:{{{1}}}+0}}) and ({{#expr:{{{1}}}+0}}) &lt; 10|0}}{{{{{subst|}}}#expr:{{{1}}}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>c58lnay71loxvixkjyrth032gjj60lr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:ACMH</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1243</id>
    <redirect title="Template:Army Center of Military History" />
    <revision>
      <id>4058</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:40:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4058</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="86" sha1="kp3886k24891deoa9s1u4hd3fuj309p" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Army Center of Military History]]
[[Category:Template redirects]]</text>
      <sha1>kp3886k24891deoa9s1u4hd3fuj309p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:AFHRA</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1219</id>
    <redirect title="Template:Air Force Historical Research Agency" />
    <revision>
      <id>4031</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T18:49:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template redirect</comment>
      <origin>4031</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="91" sha1="do8kfjj4o2jnuhyd792hnpv397k1aos" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Air Force Historical Research Agency]]
[[Category:Template redirects]]</text>
      <sha1>do8kfjj4o2jnuhyd792hnpv397k1aos</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Air Force Historical Research Agency</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4033</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T18:59:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4033</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="287" sha1="m8s9bmuefztethm1ipna8u8261rco0t" xml:space="preserve">{{Include-USGov|agency=Air Force Historical Research Agency
|article={{{article|}}}|url={{{url|http://www.afhra.af.mil/}}}|author={{{author|}}}|accessdate={{{accessdate|}}}}}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Articles incorporating text from the Air Force Historical Research Agency]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>m8s9bmuefztethm1ipna8u8261rco0t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:American Civil War Menu</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>998</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3372</id>
      <parentid>3371</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-01-19T18:50:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>9_9</comment>
      <origin>3372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="529" sha1="7817grw990i6raw7w4ux104yplp14ix" xml:space="preserve">{{Campaign
|name= Theaters of the [[American Civil War]]
|raw_name=Campaignbox American Civil War
|battles= [[Union blockade]] – [[Eastern Theater of the American Civil War|Eastern]] – [[Western Theater of the American Civil War|Western]] – [[Lower Seaboard Theater of the American Civil War|Lower Seaboard]] – [[Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War|Trans-Mississippi]] – [[Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War|Pacific Coast]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates|American Civil War]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7817grw990i6raw7w4ux104yplp14ix</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Army Center of Military History</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1244</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4060</id>
      <parentid>4059</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:41:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add a link</comment>
      <origin>4060</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="284" sha1="3sirhn1elj30qbwsf6u578ug1tcme30" xml:space="preserve">{{Include-USGov|agency=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|article={{{article|}}}|url={{{url|}}}|author={{{author|}}}|accessdate={{{accessdate|}}}}}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Articles incorporating text from the United States Army Center of Military History]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3sirhn1elj30qbwsf6u578ug1tcme30</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Basepage subpage</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4057</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:37:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4057</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="757" sha1="tvdhsc2jzpvvl1vfuks4500xn3l9tvb" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:
  &lt;!--If no or empty "page" parameter then detect
      basepage/subpage/subsubpage--&gt;
  {{#if:{{{page|}}}
  | {{#if:{{#titleparts:{{{page}}}|0|3}}
    | subsubpage    &lt;!--Subsubpage or lower--&gt;
    | {{#if:{{#titleparts:{{{page}}}|0|2}}
      | subpage
      | basepage
      }}
    }}
  | {{#if:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|0|3}}
    | subsubpage    &lt;!--Subsubpage or lower--&gt;
    | {{#if:{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|0|2}}
      | subpage
      | basepage
      }}
    }}
  }}

| basepage   = {{{1|}}}
| subpage    = {{{2|}}}
| subsubpage = {{{3| {{{2|}}} }}}   &lt;!--Respecting empty parameter on purpose--&gt;
}}&lt;!--End switch--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

{{documentation}}
&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tvdhsc2jzpvvl1vfuks4500xn3l9tvb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Border</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>375</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2038</id>
      <parentid>2037</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-16T16:42:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>2038</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="150" sha1="s5hvxpa340c2n0q3aeemnfcgjncm5qo" xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style="display: inline;"&gt;&lt;span style="display: table-cell; border-collapse: collapse; border: solid 1px {{{color|#ddd;}}}"&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
      <sha1>s5hvxpa340c2n0q3aeemnfcgjncm5qo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Campaign</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1949</id>
      <parentid>1948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-03-31T12:37:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>+cat</comment>
      <origin>1949</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="218" sha1="p1ohw0vaoo989da8ky9sllp4dq2792b" xml:space="preserve">{| class="infobox" style="width: 315px; border-spacing: 2px; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"
|- style="background: lightsteelblue; "
! {{{name}}}
|-
| {{{battles}}}
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>p1ohw0vaoo989da8ky9sllp4dq2792b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Campaignbox Axis-Soviet War</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>521</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2275</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-28T13:01:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2275</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1165" sha1="kgecrlxn2hasrqmr9xc09vdb369lv00" xml:space="preserve">{{Campaign|name=[[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]|
battles=[[Operation Barbarossa|Barbarossa]] &amp;ndash; [[Continuation War|Finland]] &amp;ndash; [[Siege of Leningrad|Leningrad and Baltics]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of Sevastopol|Crimea and Caucasus]] &amp;ndash;   [[Battle of Moscow|Moscow]] &amp;ndash; [[Battles of Rzhev|1st Rzhev-Vyazma]] &amp;ndash; [[Second Battle of Kharkov|2nd Kharkov]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of Velikiye Luki|Velikiye Luki]]  &amp;ndash; [[Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive|2nd Rzhev-Sychevka]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of Kursk|Kursk]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of Smolensk (1943)|2nd Smolensk]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of the Lower Dnieper|Dnieper]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of Kiev (1943)|2nd Kiev]] &amp;ndash; [[Korsun-Cherkassy Pocket|Korsun]] &amp;ndash; [[Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket|Hube's Pocket]] &amp;ndash; [[Belorussian Offensive|Belorussia]] &amp;ndash;  [[Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive|Lvov-Sandomierz]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of Romania (1944)|Balkans]] &amp;ndash;  [[Battle of Budapest|Hungary]] &amp;ndash; [[Vistula-Oder Offensive|Vistula-Oder]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle_of_Königsberg|Königsberg]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of Berlin|Berlin]] &amp;ndash;  [[Prague Offensive|Prague]]}}</text>
      <sha1>kgecrlxn2hasrqmr9xc09vdb369lv00</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Campaignbox Pacific 1941</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2508</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-01T11:49:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: {{Campaign|name=Pacific campaigns 1941-42|battles=[[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] &amp;ndash; [[Japanese Invasion of Thailand|Thailand]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of Malaya|Malaya]] &amp;ndash; [[B...</comment>
      <origin>2508</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="739" sha1="fph6q26kbnnrzxsxw4cgw5ypz91qo7j" xml:space="preserve">{{Campaign|name=Pacific campaigns 1941-42|battles=[[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] &amp;ndash; [[Japanese Invasion of Thailand|Thailand]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of Malaya|Malaya]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of Wake Island|Wake]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of Hong Kong|Hong&amp;nbsp;Kong]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of the Philippines (1941-42)|Philippines]] &amp;ndash; [[Netherlands East Indies campaign|Dutch East Indies]] &amp;ndash; [[New Guinea campaign|New Guinea]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of Singapore|Singapore]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle for Australia|Australia]] &amp;ndash; [[Indian Ocean raid|Indian&amp;nbsp;Ocean]] – [[Doolittle Raid|Doolittle&amp;nbsp;Raid]] &amp;ndash; [[Solomon Islands campaign|Solomons]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of the Coral Sea|Coral&amp;nbsp;Sea]] &amp;ndash; [[Battle of Midway|Midway]]}}</text>
      <sha1>fph6q26kbnnrzxsxw4cgw5ypz91qo7j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Category handler</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1213</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4023</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T18:25:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4023</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3034" sha1="o07d5pmbbsve88kpbg5p85my2quoaz5" xml:space="preserve">{{#if:
  {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{nocat|}}} }} | true
  | dontcat    &lt;!--"nocat=true", don't categorize--&gt;
  }}{{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{categories|}}} }} | no
  | dontcat
  }}{{#switch: {{lc: {{{category2|¬}}} }}
  | yes
  | ¬   =   &lt;!--Not defined--&gt;
  | #default = dontcat   &lt;!--"category2 = no/'defined but empty'/'anything'"--&gt;
  }}{{#switch: {{lc: {{{subpage|}}} }}
  | no = 
    {{basepage subpage
    | 
    | dontcat    &lt;!--"subpage=no" and on a subpage--&gt;
    | page = {{{page|}}}   &lt;!--For testing--&gt;
    }}
  | only = 
    {{basepage subpage
    | dontcat    &lt;!--"subpage=only" and not on a subpage--&gt;
    | page = {{{page|}}}   &lt;!--For testing--&gt;
    }}
  }}

|   &lt;!--Don't categorise (result was "dontcat" or "dontcatdontcat" and so on)--&gt;
| &lt;!--Check blacklist--&gt;
  {{#switch:
    {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{nocat|}}} }} | false
    |   &lt;!--"nocat=false", skip blacklist check--&gt;
    | {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{categories|}}} }} | yes
      |   &lt;!--Skip blacklist check--&gt;
      | {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{category2|}}} }} | yes
        |   &lt;!--Skip blacklist check--&gt;
        | {{category handler/blacklist| page = {{{page|}}} }}   &lt;!--Check blacklist--&gt;
        }}
      }}
    }}
  | hide = &lt;!--Blacklist returned "hide", don't categorize--&gt;
  | #default  = 
    &lt;!--Check if any namespace parameter is defined--&gt;
    {{#ifeq: h0#384!5nea+w9 | {{{all| {{{main| {{{talk| {{{user| {{{wikipedia| {{{file| {{{mediawiki| {{{template| {{{help| {{{category| {{{portal| {{{other| h0#384!5nea+w9 }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}} }}}
    | &lt;!--No namespace parameters fed, basic usage--&gt;
      {{namespace detect
      | main = {{{1|}}}
      | file = {{{1|}}}
      | help = {{{1|}}}
      | category = {{{1|}}}
      | book = {{{1|}}}
      | page = {{{page|}}}   &lt;!--For testing and demonstration--&gt;
      }}
    | &lt;!--Namespace parameters fed, advanced usage.
          If "data" is a number, return the corresponding 
          numbered parameter, else return "data".  --&gt;
      {{{all|}}}{{category handler/numbered
      | 1 = {{{1|}}}
      | 2 = {{{2|}}}
      | 3 = {{{3|}}}
      | 4 = {{{4|}}}
      | 5 = {{{5|}}}
      | 6 = {{{6|}}}
      | 7 = {{{7|}}}
      | 8 = {{{8|}}}
      | 9 = {{{9|}}}
      | 10 = {{{10|}}}
      | data = 
        &lt;!--Check what namespace, and return the data for it.
            Respecting empty parameters on purpose.  --&gt;
        {{namespace detect
        | main = {{{main| {{{other|}}} }}}
        | talk = {{{talk| {{{other|}}} }}}
        | user = {{{user| {{{other|}}} }}}
        | warwiki = {{{warwiki| {{{other|}}} }}}
        | file = {{{file| {{{image| {{{other|}}} }}} }}}
        | mediawiki = {{{mediawiki| {{{other|}}} }}}
        | template = {{{template| {{{other|}}} }}}
        | help = {{{help| {{{other|}}} }}}
        | category = {{{category| {{{other|}}} }}}
        | book = {{{book| {{{other|}}} }}}
        | other = {{{other|}}}  &lt;!--Namespace special or a new namespace--&gt;
        | page = {{{page|}}}   &lt;!--For testing and demonstration--&gt;
        }}
      }}
    }}
  }}</text>
      <sha1>o07d5pmbbsve88kpbg5p85my2quoaz5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Category handler/blacklist</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1216</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4026</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T18:32:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4026</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="315" sha1="8nsq26oo1sq0oyxt0bufgc9f7yfvl8b" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;'''Actual code of this blacklist:'''&lt;pre&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{if pagename
&lt;!-- Start of blacklist --&gt;
| Main Page = hide   &lt;!-- Don't categorise the main page --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of blacklist --&gt;
| page = {{{page|}}}   &lt;!-- Never change this one, see the doc --&gt;
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
[[Category:Templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8nsq26oo1sq0oyxt0bufgc9f7yfvl8b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Category handler/numbered</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1214</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4024</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T18:27:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4024</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="250" sha1="gkm0byk8r31z0tivkq5ltc7jsl7rtz7" xml:space="preserve">{{#iferror: {{#expr: 1 + {{{data|}}} }} 
| {{{data|}}}   &lt;!--Not a number, return "data" as is--&gt; 
| {{{ {{{data|}}} |}}}   &lt;!--"data" is a number, return that numbered parameter--&gt;
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;

{{documentation}}
[[Category:Templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gkm0byk8r31z0tivkq5ltc7jsl7rtz7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Cc-by-sa-2.5</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>432</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2155</id>
      <parentid>2154</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-04-05T16:51:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>2155</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1431" sha1="nb3e7ntkyw4ez2pyqpasee9u0ts901j" xml:space="preserve">{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:80%; clear:both; text-align:center; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f9f9f9; border:2px solid #e0e0e0;"
| style="width:90px;" | [[Image:CC some rights reserved.svg|90px|Creative Commons License]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Cc-by_new_white.svg|24px|Creative Commons Attribution icon]][[Image:Cc-sa white.svg|24px|Creative Commons Share Alike icon]]
| ''[[Media:{{PAGENAME}}|This file]] is licensed under the [[wikipedia:Creative Commons|Creative&amp;nbsp;Commons]] [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/ Attribution&amp;nbsp;ShareAlike&amp;nbsp;2.5]&amp;nbsp;License{{#if:{{{1|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;Attribution: {{{1|}}}}}''

|}
&lt;!-- /Creative Commons-License --&gt;&lt;!--
&lt;rdf:RDF xmlns="http://web.resource.org/cc/"
    xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"&gt;
&lt;License rdf:about="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/"&gt;
   &lt;permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Reproduction" /&gt;
   &lt;permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Distribution" /&gt;
   &lt;requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Notice" /&gt;
   &lt;requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Attribution" /&gt;
   &lt;permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/DerivativeWorks" /&gt;
   &lt;requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/ShareAlike" /&gt;
&lt;/License&gt;
&lt;/rdf:RDF&gt;
--&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:CC-BY-SA-2.5|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:License tags|{{PAGENAME}}]] &lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nb3e7ntkyw4ez2pyqpasee9u0ts901j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Cc-by-sa-3.0</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1026</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3415</id>
      <parentid>3414</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-06-25T20:42:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sannse</username>
        <id>3096781</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix colours</comment>
      <origin>3415</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1040" sha1="mkkjvu76pe18m99s9b4tcwcsf9b15x2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;center&gt;
{| class="boilerplate" id="c-fairuse" style="width: 90%; margin: 0 auto; text-align: justify; border: 2px solid #88a; background: #FFFFCC; padding: 10px; color:black; "
| align="center" |http://images4.wikia.nocookie.net/messaging/images//thumb/7/79/CC_some_rights_reserved.svg/90px-CC_some_rights_reserved.svg.png&lt;br/&gt;http://images2.wikia.nocookie.net/messaging/images//thumb/1/11/Cc-by_new_white.svg/24px-Cc-by_new_white.svg.png http://images3.wikia.nocookie.net/messaging/images//thumb/d/df/Cc-sa_white.svg/24px-Cc-sa_white.svg.png
|  '''''This work is licensed under the Creative Commons [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ &lt;span style="color:#002bb8;"&gt;Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0&lt;/span&gt;] License.&lt;br /&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;Attribution: {{{1|}}}}}'''''
|}
&lt;/center&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

To use this template, type &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cc-by-sa-3.0|Attribution details}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; on the image information page.  Replace "Attribution details" with information about the source.

[[Category:Image wiki templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mkkjvu76pe18m99s9b4tcwcsf9b15x2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Center</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1236</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4051</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:19:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4051</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="117" sha1="gipo4jvs8i3r005axqfpa12a3up31e6" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gipo4jvs8i3r005axqfpa12a3up31e6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Citation/core</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1212</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4021</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-07T21:43:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create templte, need to do some more stuff in a bit</comment>
      <origin>4021</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25256" sha1="dpm36q5q5wej3jbjaaiog5e3lbrsu91" xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class="citation {{{Citation class|{{{Citation type|}}}}}}"
{{
  #switch:{{{Ref|}}}
  ||none =
  |#default = id="{{anchorencode:{{{Ref}}}}}"
  |harv = {{#if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}
    |id="CITEREF{{anchorencode:{{#if:{{{Surname1|}}}
      |{{{Surname1}}}{{{Surname2|}}}{{{Surname3|}}}{{{Surname4|}}}
      |{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname2|}}}{{{EditorSurname3|}}}{{{EditorSurname4|}}}
  }}{{{Year|{{{Date|}}}}}}}}"
}}
}}&gt;{{
&lt;!--============  Author or editor and date  ============--&gt;
  #if:{{{Surname1|}}}
  |{{
     #if: {{{AuthorMask|}}}
     |{{
        #iferror: {{#expr: 1*{{{AuthorMask}}}}}
        |{{{AuthorMask}}}
        |&lt;del&gt;{{loop|{{{AuthorMask}}}|2=&amp;emsp;}}&lt;/del&gt;
    }}
     |{{
        #if: {{{Authorlink1|}}}
        |[[{{{Authorlink1}}} |{{{Surname1}}}{{
          #if: {{{Given1|}}}
          |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given1}}}
       }}]]
        |{{{Surname1}}}{{
           #if: {{{Given1|}}}
           |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given1}}}
       }}
    }}
 }}{{
     #if: {{{Surname2|}}}
     |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}&lt;2
       |&amp;#32;et al.
       |{{
          #iferror: {{#expr: 1*0.0{{{AuthorMask|}}}}}
          |&amp;#32;&lt;!-- then punctuation should be included in AuthorMask --&gt;
          |{{
            #if: {{{Surname3|}}}
            |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
            |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
        }}
      }}{{
          #if: {{{Authorlink2|}}}
          |[[{{{Authorlink2}}} |{{{Surname2}}}{{
             #if: {{{Given2|}}}
             |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given2}}}
         }}]]
          |{{{Surname2}}}{{
             #if: {{{Given2|}}}
             |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given2}}}
         }}
      }}{{
          #if: {{{Surname3|}}}
          |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}&lt;3
            |&amp;#32;et al.
            |{{
               #if: {{{Surname4|}}}
               |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
               |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
           }}{{
               #if: {{{Authorlink3|}}}
               |[[{{{Authorlink3}}} |{{{Surname3}}}{{
                  #if: {{{Given3|}}}
                  |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given3}}}
              }}]]
               |{{{Surname3}}}{{
                  #if: {{{Given3|}}}
                  |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given3}}}
              }}
           }}{{
               #if:{{{Surname4|}}}
               |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}&lt;4
                 |&amp;#32;et al.
                 |{{
                    #if: {{{Surname5|}}}
                    |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
                    |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
                }}{{
                    #if: {{{Authorlink4|}}}
                    |[[{{{Authorlink4}}} |{{{Surname4}}}{{
                       #if: {{{Given4|}}}
                       |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given4}}}
                   }}]]
                    |{{{Surname4}}}{{
                       #if: {{{Given4|}}}
                       |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given4}}}
                  }}
                }}{{
                  #if:{{{Surname5|}}}
                  |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}&lt;5
                    |&amp;#32;et al.
                    |{{
                     #if: {{{Surname6|}}}
                     |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
                     |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
                  }}{{
                     #if: {{{Authorlink5|}}}
                     |[[{{{Authorlink5}}} |{{{Surname5}}}{{
                        #if: {{{Given5|}}}
                        |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given5}}}
                    }}]]
                     |{{{Surname5}}}{{
                        #if: {{{Given5|}}}
                        |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given5}}}
                    }}
                 }}{{
                     #if:{{{Surname6|}}}
                     |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}&lt;6
                     |&amp;#32;et al.
                      |{{
                        #if: {{{Surname7|}}}
                        |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
                        |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
                    }}{{
                        #if: {{{Authorlink6|}}}
                        |[[{{{Authorlink6}}} |{{{Surname6}}}{{
                           #if: {{{Given6|}}}
                           |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given6}}}
                       }}]]
                        |{{{Surname6}}}{{
                           #if: {{{Given6|}}}
                           |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given6}}}
                       }}
                    }}{{
                        #if:{{{Surname7|}}}
                         |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}&lt;7
                           |&amp;#32;et al.
                        |{{
                           #if: {{{Surname8|}}}
                           |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
                           |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
                       }}{{
                           #if: {{{Authorlink7|}}}
                           |[[{{{Authorlink7}}} |{{{Surname7}}}{{
                              #if: {{{Given7|}}}
                              |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given7}}}
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                           |{{{Surname7}}}{{
                              #if: {{{Given7|}}}
                              |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given7}}}
                          }}
                                  }}{{
                                       #if:{{{Surname8|}}}
                                       |{{#ifexpr:{{{Trunc|8}}}&lt;8
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                                           |{{
                                              #if: {{{Surname9|}}}
                                              |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
                                              |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
                                          }}{{
                                              #if: {{{Authorlink8|}}}
                                              |[[{{{Authorlink8}}} |{{{Surname8}}}{{
                                                 #if: {{{Given8|}}}
                                                 |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given8}}}
                                             }}]]
                                              |{{{Surname8}}}{{
                                                 #if: {{{Given8|}}}
                                                 |{{{NameSep|,&amp;#32;}}}{{{Given8}}}
                                             }}
                                          }}{{
                                              #if:{{{Surname9|}}}
                                              |&amp;#32;et al.
                                          }}
                                       }}
                                    }}
                                 }}
                              }}
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                   }}
                }}
             }}
          }}
       }}
    }}

 }}{{
     #if: {{{Coauthors|}}}
     |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}{{{Coauthors|}}}|
 }}{{
     #if: {{{Date|}}}
     |&amp;#32;({{{Date}}}){{
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     |&amp;#32;[{{{YearNote}}}]
   }}
 }}
  |{{&lt;!-- ============== No author: display editors first == --&gt;
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     |{{
        #if: {{{Editorlink1|}}}
        |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{
           #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}}
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        |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{
           #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}}
           |, {{{EditorGiven1}}}
       }}
    }}{{
        #if: {{{EditorSurname2|}}}
        |{{
          #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}}
          |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
          |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
      }}{{
           #if: {{{Editorlink2|}}}
           |[[{{{Editorlink2}}} |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{
              #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}}
              |, {{{EditorGiven2}}}
          }}]]
           |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{
              #if: {{{EditorGiven2|}}}
              |, {{{EditorGiven2}}}
          }}
       }}{{
           #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}}
           |{{
              #if: {{{EditorSurname4|}}}
              |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
              |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
          }}{{
              #if: {{{Editorlink3|}}}
              |[[{{{Editorlink3}}} |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{
                 #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}}
                 |, {{{EditorGiven3}}}
             }}]]
              |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{
                 #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}}
                 |, {{{EditorGiven3}}}
             }}
          }}{{
              #if:{{{EditorSurname4|}}}
              |&amp;#32;et al.
          }}
       }}
     }}, ed{{#if:{{{EditorSurname2|}}}|s}}{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|,}}}|.||.}}{{
        #if: {{{Date|}}}
        |&amp;#32;({{{Date}}}){{
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    }}
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}}{{
&lt;!--============  Title of included work  ============--&gt;
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  |{{
     #if:{{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;
 }}{{Citation/make link
     | 1={{
           #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
           |{{{IncludedWorkURL}}}
           |{{
              #if: {{{URL|}}}
              |{{{URL}}}
          }}
       }}
     | 2={{
           #if: {{{Periodical|}}}
           |''&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{{IncludedWorkTitle}}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''
           |"{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{
             #if: {{{TransTitle|}}}
             |{{
                #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
                |&amp;#32;
            }}&amp;#91;{{{TransTitle}}}&amp;#93;
         }}"
       }}
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}}{{
&lt;!--============  Place (if different than PublicationPlace) ============--&gt;
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  |{{
     #ifeq: {{{Place|}}} | {{{PublicationPlace|}}}
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     |{{
        #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
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    }}
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}}{{
&lt;!--============  Editor of compilation  ============--&gt;
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  |{{
     #if: {{{Surname1|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{
        #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
        |{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|,}}}|.|I|i}}n&amp;#32;
    }}{{
        #if: {{{Editorlink1|}}}
        |[[{{{Editorlink1}}} |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{
           #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}}
           |, {{{EditorGiven1}}}
       }}]]
        |{{{EditorSurname1}}}{{
           #if: {{{EditorGiven1|}}}
           |, {{{EditorGiven1}}}
       }}}}{{
        #if: {{{EditorSurname2|}}}
        |{{
          #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}}
            |{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}
            |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
        }}{{
           #if: {{{Editorlink2|}}}
           |[[{{{Editorlink2}}}|{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{
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              |, {{{EditorGiven2}}}
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           |{{{EditorSurname2}}}{{
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              |, {{{EditorGiven2}}}
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       }}{{
           #if: {{{EditorSurname3|}}}
           |{{
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              |&amp;#059;&amp;#32;
              |{{#if:{{{amp|}}}|&amp;#32;&amp;amp;&amp;#32;|{{{AuthorSep|&amp;#059;&amp;#32;}}}}}
          }}{{
              #if: {{{Editorlink3|}}}
              |[[{{{Editorlink3}}}|{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{
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                 |, {{{EditorGiven3}}}
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              |{{{EditorSurname3}}}{{
                 #if: {{{EditorGiven3|}}}
                 |, {{{EditorGiven3}}}
             }}
          }}{{
              #if:{{{EditorSurname4|}}}
              |&amp;#32;et al.
          }}
       }}
    }}{{
        #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
        |
        |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;ed{{#if:{{{EditorSurname2|}}}|s}}{{#ifeq:{{{Sep|,}}}|.||.}}
    }}
 }}
}}{{
  &lt;!--============  Periodicals  ============--&gt;
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  |{{
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     |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{Other|}}}
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     #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
     |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;}}{{
     #if: {{{Title|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}}
     |{{Citation/make link
        | 1={{
              #if: {{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}
              |{{
                 #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
                 |{{
                    #if: {{{URL|}}}
                    |{{{URL}}}
                }}
             }}
              |{{
                 #if: {{{URL|}}}
                 |{{{URL}}}
             }}
          }}
        | 2="{{{Title}}}{{
          #if: {{{TransTitle|}}}
          |{{
             #if: {{{Title|}}}
             |&amp;#32;
         }}&amp;#91;{{{TransTitle}}}&amp;#93;
      }}"
    }}{{
        #if: {{{TitleNote|}}}
        |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{TitleNote}}}
    }}
 }}
}}{{
  #if: {{{language|}}}
  |&amp;#32;(in {{{language}}})
}}{{
  #if: {{{format|}}}
  |&amp;#32;({{{format}}})
}}{{
   #if: {{{Periodical|}}}
   |{{
      #if:{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{Title|}}}{{{TransTitle|}}}
      |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;
  }}''&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{{Periodical}}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;''{{
      #if: {{{Series|}}}
      |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{Series}}}
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      |{{
         #if: {{{Publisher|}}}
         |&amp;#32;({{{PublicationPlace}}}&lt;nowiki&gt;: &lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{Publisher}}})
         |&amp;#32;({{{PublicationPlace}}})
     }}
      |{{
         #if: {{{Publisher|}}}
         |&amp;#32;({{{Publisher}}})
     }}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{Volume|}}}
      |&amp;#32;'''&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{{Volume}}}&lt;nowiki /&gt;'''{{
         #if: {{{Issue|}}}
         |&amp;#32;({{{Issue}}})
     }}
      |{{
         #if: {{{Issue|}}}
         |&amp;#32;({{{Issue}}})
     }}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{At|}}}
      |&lt;nowiki&gt;: &lt;/nowiki&gt; {{{At}}}
  }}
   |{{
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      |{{
         #if: {{{Surname1|}}}{{{EditorSurname1|}}}{{{IncludedWorkTitle|}}}{{{Periodical|}}}
         |{{{Sep|,}}}
     }}&amp;#32;{{Citation/make link
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               |{{
                  #if: {{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}
                  |{{
                     #if: {{{URL|}}}
                     |{{{URL}}}
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              }}
               |{{
                  #if: {{{URL|}}}
                  |{{{URL}}}
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           }}
         | 2=''&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{{Title|}}}{{
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  }}{{
      #if: {{{TitleType|}}}
      |&amp;#32;({{{TitleType}}})
  }}{{
      #if: {{{Series|}}}
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      |&amp;#32;({{{Edition}}} ed.)
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      #if: {{{PublicationPlace|}}}
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  }}
}}{{
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  |{{
     #if: {{{Date|}}}
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}}{{
&lt;!--============ Publication date ============--&gt;
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  |{{
     #ifeq: {{{PublicationDate|}}} | {{{Date|}}}
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     |{{
        #if: {{{EditorSurname1|}}}
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}}{{
&lt;!--============ Page within included work ============--&gt;
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  |
  |{{
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     |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{{At}}}
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}}{{
&lt;!--============ arXiv ==============--&gt;
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}}{{
&lt;!--============ ASIN ===============--&gt;
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}}{{
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}}{{
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}}{{
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}}{{
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}}{{
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}}{{
&lt;!--============ JSTOR ==============--&gt;
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  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=jstor |input1={{{JSTOR|}}}}}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ LCCN ===============--&gt;
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  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=lccn |input1={{{LCCN|}}}}}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ MR =================--&gt;
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  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=mr |input1={{{MR|}}}}}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ OCLC ===============--&gt;
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}}{{
&lt;!--============ OL =================--&gt;
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}}{{
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  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=osti |input1={{{OSTI|}}}}}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ PMC ================--&gt;
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}}{{
&lt;!--============ PMID ===============--&gt;
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  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;{{citation/identifier  |identifier=pmid |input1={{{PMID|}}}}}
}}{{
&lt;!--============ RFC ================--&gt;
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}}{{
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}}{{
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}}{{
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}}{{#if:{{{laydate|}}}
  | &amp;#32;({{{laydate}}})
}}{{#if:{{{quote|}}}
  |{{{Sep|,}}}&amp;#32;"{{{quote}}}"
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      #if: {{{ISBN|}}} |&amp;rft.isbn={{urlencode:{{{ISBN}}}}}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{ISSN|}}} |&amp;rft.issn={{urlencode:{{{ISSN}}}}}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{JFM|}}} |&amp;rft.jfm={{urlencode:{{{JFM}}}}}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{JSTOR|}}} |&amp;rft.jstor={{urlencode:{{{JSTOR}}}}}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{LCCN|}}} |&amp;rft.lccn={{urlencode:{{{LCCN}}}}}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{OCLC|}}} |&amp;rft_id=info:oclcnum/{{urlencode:{{{OCLC}}}}}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{OL|}}} |&amp;rft_id=info:olnum/{{urlencode:{{{OL}}}}}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{OSTI|}}} |&amp;rft_id=info:osti/{{urlencode:{{{OSTI}}}}}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{MR|}}} |&amp;rft.mr={{urlencode:{{{MR}}}}}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{PMC|}}} |&amp;rft_id=info:pmc/{{urlencode:{{{PMC}}}}}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{PMID|}}} |&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/{{urlencode:{{{PMID}}}}}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{RFC|}}} |&amp;rft_id=info:rfc/{{urlencode:{{{RFC}}}}}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{SSRN|}}} |&amp;rft_id=info:ssrn/{{urlencode:{{{SSRN}}}}}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{ZBL|}}} |&amp;rft_id=info:zbl/{{urlencode:{{{ZBL}}}}}
  }}{{
      #if: {{{URL|}}}{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}} |&amp;rft_id={{urlencode:{{{URL|{{{IncludedWorkURL|}}}}}}}}
  }}&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}"&gt;&lt;span style="display: none;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dpm36q5q5wej3jbjaaiog5e3lbrsu91</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Citation/make link</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1241</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4056</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:36:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4056</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="535" sha1="kpq1iofpfn0fdo5bshpu1vjve3ehx2d" xml:space="preserve">{{#if:{{{1|}}}
 |[{{{1}}} {{{2}}}]
 |{{{2}}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!--
  Code notes (here so that people /read/ it)
  1. Parameter #2 is always nonempty when called from {{Citation/core}}.
  2. It's up to {{Citation/core}} to stop italicized "'foo' &amp; 'bar'" from becoming
     "'''foo' &amp; 'bar'''". Citation/core does this by having a &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
     at both beginning and end of the call to this template. Since this is only
     needed once, it's more efficient to do it in {{Citation/core}} than here.
--&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kpq1iofpfn0fdo5bshpu1vjve3ehx2d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Citation needed</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1208</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4016</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-07T20:46:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4016</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="492" sha1="2mbryln7uckhrq2kl0cm00wyu9er71b" xml:space="preserve">{{Fix
|link=War:Citation needed
|text=citation needed
|class=Template-Fact
|title=This claim needs references to reliable sources
|date={{{date|}}}
|cat=[[Category:All articles with unsourced statements]]
|cat-date=Category:Articles with unsourced statements}}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{&lt;includeonly&gt;subst:&lt;/includeonly&gt;NAMESPACE}}|&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Pages with incorrectly substituted templates]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;|}}&lt;!--{{Citation needed}} end--&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2mbryln7uckhrq2kl0cm00wyu9er71b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Cite book</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>376</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2041</id>
      <parentid>2040</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-16T17:09:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>2041</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2997" sha1="27lgynl6qhotrg6zhghuufbwd0it8dj" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" {{
  #if: {{{ref|}}}
  |{{#ifeq:{{{ref}}}|none||id="{{{ref}}}"}}
  |{{#if:{{{last|}}} | {{#if:{{{year|}}} | id="Reference-{{{last}}}-{{{year}}}" }} }}
}}&gt;{{
  #if: {{{author|{{{last|}}}}}}
  | {{
    #if: {{{authorlink|}}}
    | [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{
      #if: {{{last|}}}
      | {{{last}}}{{ #if: {{{first|}}} | , {{{first}}} }}
      | {{{author}}}
    }}]]
    | {{
      #if: {{{last|}}}
      | {{{last}}}{{ #if: {{{first|}}} | , {{{first}}} }}
      | {{{author}}}
    }}
  }}
}}{{
  #if: {{{author|{{{last|}}}}}}
  | {{ #if: {{{coauthors|}}} | ,&amp;#32;{{{coauthors}}} }}
}}{{
  #if: {{{origdate|}}}
  | &amp;#32;&lt;nowiki&gt;[&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{origdate}}}]
  | {{
    #if: {{{origyear|}}}
    | {{
      #if: {{{origmonth|}}}
      | &amp;#32;&lt;nowiki&gt;[&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{origmonth}}} {{{origyear}}}]
      | &amp;#32;&lt;nowiki&gt;[&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{origyear}}}]
    }}
  }}
}}{{
  #if: {{{date|}}}
  | &amp;#32;({{{date}}})
  | {{
    #if: {{{year|}}}
    | {{
      #if: {{{month|}}}
      | &amp;#32;({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
      | &amp;#32;({{{year}}})
    }}
  }}
}}{{ #if: {{{author|{{{last|}}}}}} | .
}}{{
  #if: {{{chapter|}}}
  | &amp;#32;“{{
    #if: {{{chapterurl|}}}
    | [{{{chapterurl}}} {{{chapter}}}]
    | {{{chapter}}}
}}”,}}{{
  #if: {{{editor|}}}
  | &amp;#32;{{{editor}}}: 
}} &lt;i&gt;{{
  #if: {{{url|}}} | [{{{url}}} {{{title}}}] | {{{title}}}
}}&lt;/i&gt;{{
  #if: {{{format|}}} | &amp;#32;({{{format}}})
}}{{
  #if: {{{others|}}} | , {{{others}}}
}}{{
  #if: {{{edition|}}} | , {{{edition}}}
}}{{
  #if: {{{language|}}} | &amp;#32;(in {{{language}}})
}}{{
  #if: {{{publisher|}}}
  | {{#if: {{{format|}}}{{{others|}}}{{{edition|}}} | ,&amp;#32; | .&amp;#32; }}{{ 
    #if: {{{location|}}} 
    | {{{location}}}:&amp;#32;
  }}{{{publisher}}}
}}{{
  #if: {{{pages|}}} | ,&amp;#32;{{{pages}}}
}}{{
  #if: {{{doi|}}} | . [[Digital object identifier|DOI]]:[http://dx.doi.org/{{{doi}}} {{{doi}}}]
}}{{
  #if: {{{id|}}} | . {{{id}}}
}}{{
  #if: {{{accessdate|}}}
  | . Retrieved on [[{{{accessdate}}}]]
  | {{
    #if: {{{accessyear|}}}
    | . Retrieved {{
      #if: {{{accessmonth|}}}
      | on [[{{{accessmonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}]]
      | during [[{{{accessyear}}}]]
    }}
  }}
}}.{{ #if: {{{quote|}}} | &amp;nbsp;“{{{quote}}}”
}}&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;This template is used to [[wikipedia:WP:CITE|cite sources]] in WarWiki. It is specifically for books. __NOTOC__

== Usage ==
All fields '''''must''''' be lowercase.

Copy a blank version to use. Remember to use the "|" (pipe) character between each field.  Please delete any unused fields to avoid clutter in the edit window.

No template is necessary in the &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt; field when using an [[wikipedia:International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] (see [[wikipedia:WP:ISBN|ISBN]]).  Simply use the keyword &lt;code&gt;ISBN&lt;/code&gt;, followed by the number (separated by a space).  Templates are available for other identification number types ([[wikipedia:ISSN|ISSN]], [[wikipedia:Library of Congress Classification|LCC]], etc.)  &lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>27lgynl6qhotrg6zhghuufbwd0it8dj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Cite encyclopedia</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>930</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3080</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-16T19:35:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: &lt;cite style="font-style:normal"&gt;{{ #if:{{{author|}}}{{{last|}}}   |{{#if:{{{authorlink|}}}     |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{     #if: {{{last|}}}       |{{{last}}}{{#if:{{{first|}}}|, {{{first}}}...</comment>
      <origin>3080</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1902" sha1="2dhlec90vu6e0ijzsjuu0c5neqpz37z" xml:space="preserve">&lt;cite style="font-style:normal"&gt;{{
#if:{{{author|}}}{{{last|}}}
  |{{#if:{{{authorlink|}}}
    |[[{{{authorlink}}}|{{
    #if: {{{last|}}}
      |{{{last}}}{{#if:{{{first|}}}|, {{{first}}}}}.
      |{{{author}}}.
    }}]]
    |{{#if: {{{last|}}}
      |{{{last}}}{{#if:{{{first|}}}|, {{{first}}}}}.
      |{{{author}}}{{#if:{{{coauthors|}}}
        |
        |.
        }}
    }}
  }}{{
  #if:{{{coauthors|}}}
    |&lt;nowiki&gt;;&lt;/nowiki&gt; {{{coauthors}}}
  }}{{
  #if:{{{date|}}}
    |&amp;#32;({{{date}}}).
    |{{#if:{{{year|}}}
      |{{#if:{{{month|}}}
        |&amp;#32;({{{month}}} {{{year}}}).
        |&amp;#32;({{{year}}}).
      }}
    }}
  }}
}}&amp;#32;{{
#if:{{{url|}}}
  |"[{{{url}}} {{{article|{{{title}}}}}}]".
  |{{
  #if:{{{article|{{{title|}}}}}}
    |"{{{article|{{{title}}}}}}".
  }}
}}{{
#if:{{{encyclopedia|}}}{{{ency|}}}
  |&amp;#32;''{{{encyclopedia|{{{ency}}}}}}''
}}{{
#if:{{{edition|}}}
  |&amp;#32;({{{edition}}})
}}{{
#if:{{{volume|}}}
  |&amp;#32;'''{{{volume}}}'''
}}{{
#if:{{{pages|}}}
  |&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; {{{pages}}}
}}.{{
#if:{{{last|}}}{{{author|}}}
  |&amp;#32;
  |{{
  #if:{{{date|}}}
    |&amp;#32;({{{date}}}).
    |{{#if:{{{year|}}}
      |{{#if:{{{month|}}}
        |&amp;#32;({{{month}}} {{{year}}}).
        |&amp;#32;({{{year}}}).
      }}
    }}
  }}
}}{{
#if:{{{editor|}}}
  |&amp;#32;Ed. {{{editor}}}.
}}{{
#if:{{{publisher|}}}|{{
  #if:{{{location|}}}
    |&amp;#32;{{{location}}}:
  }}&amp;#32;{{{publisher}}}.
}}{{
#if:{{{doi|}}}
  |&amp;#32;[[wikipedia:Digital object identifier|DOI]]:[http://dx.doi.org/{{{doi}}} {{{doi}}}].
}}{{
#if:{{{id|}}}
  |&amp;#32;{{{id}}}.
}}{{
#if:{{{accessdate|}}}
  |&amp;#32;Retrieved on {{{accessdate}}}.
  |{{
  #if:{{{accessyear|}}}|{{
    #if:{{{accessmonth|}}}
      |&amp;#32;Retrieved on {{{accessmonth}}} {{{accessyear}}}.
      |&amp;#32;Retrieved on {{{accessyear}}}.
    }}
  }}
}}{{
#if: {{{quote|}}}
    | &amp;nbsp;“{{{quote}}}”
}}&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2dhlec90vu6e0ijzsjuu0c5neqpz37z</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Cite news</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1211</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4020</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-07T21:22:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4020</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4644" sha1="4142u6r7eikum36xbeciw08vwjc3s1e" xml:space="preserve">{{Citation/core
|Citation class=news

|Surname1={{{last|{{{last1|{{{author|{{{author1|{{{authors|{{{surname|{{{surname1|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}
|Surname2={{{last2|{{{author2|{{{surname2|}}}}}}}}}
|Surname3={{{last3|{{{author3|{{{surname3|}}}}}}}}}
|Surname4={{{last4|{{{author4|{{{surname4|}}}}}}}}}
|Surname5={{{last5|{{{author5|{{{surname5|}}}}}}}}}
|Surname6={{{last6|{{{author6|{{{surname6|}}}}}}}}}
|Surname7={{{last7|{{{author7|{{{surname7|}}}}}}}}}
|Surname8={{{last8|{{{author8|{{{surname8|}}}}}}}}}
|Surname9={{{last9|{{{author9|{{{surname9|}}}}}}}}}

|Given1={{{first|{{{first1|{{{given|{{{given1|}}}}}}}}}}}}
|Given2={{{first2|{{{given2|}}}}}}
|Given3={{{first3|{{{given3|}}}}}}
|Given4={{{first4|{{{given4|}}}}}}
|Given5={{{first5|{{{given5|}}}}}}
|Given6={{{first6|{{{given6|}}}}}}
|Given7={{{first7|{{{given7|}}}}}}
|Given8={{{first8|{{{given8|}}}}}}
|Given9={{{first9|{{{given9|}}}}}}

|Authorlink1={{{authorlink|{{{authorlink1|{{{author-link|{{{author1-link|}}}}}}}}}}}}
|Authorlink2={{{authorlink2|{{{author2-link|}}}}}}
|Authorlink3={{{authorlink3|{{{author3-link|}}}}}}
|Authorlink4={{{authorlink4|{{{author4-link|}}}}}}
|Authorlink5={{{authorlink5|{{{author5-link|}}}}}}
|Authorlink6={{{authorlink6|{{{author6-link|}}}}}}
|Authorlink7={{{authorlink7|{{{author7-link|}}}}}}
|Authorlink8={{{authorlink8|{{{author8-link|}}}}}}
|Authorlink9={{{authorlink9|{{{author9-link|}}}}}}

|Coauthors={{{coauthors|{{{coauthor|}}}}}}

|Year={{{year|{{    &lt;!-- attempt to derive year from date, if possible --&gt;
           #if: {{{date|}}}
           |{{
              #iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }}
              |{{#iferror:{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|einval}}} }}||{{#time:Y|{{{publication-date|}}} }}}}
              |{{#time:Y|{{{date|}}} }}
            }}
           |{{{publication-date|}}} &lt;!-- last resort --&gt;
         }}
      }}}
|YearNote={{{origyear|}}}
|Date={{#if:{{{date|}}}|{{{date}}}|{{{day|}}} {{{month|}}} {{{year|{{{publication-date|}}}}}}}}

|Title={{#if:{{{journal|{{{periodical|{{{newspaper|{{{magazine|{{{work|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|{{{title|}}}}}
|TransTitle={{{trans_title|}}}
|IncludedWorkTitle={{#if:{{{work|{{{journal|{{{newspaper|{{{magazine|{{{periodical|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}||{{{title|}}}}}
|language={{{language|}}}

|URL={{#if:{{{archiveurl|}}}
       |{{#ifeq: {{{deadurl|}}} | no | {{{url|}}} | {{{archiveurl|}}}}}
       |{{{url|}}}
     }}
|IncludedWorkURL={{{chapter-url|{{{chapterurl|{{{contribution-url|}}}}}}}}}
|AccessDate={{{accessdate|}}}
|OriginalURL={{{url|}}}
|ArchiveURL={{{archiveurl|}}}
|ArchiveDate={{{archivedate|}}}
|DeadURL={{{deadurl|}}}
|format={{{format|}}}

|Periodical={{{work|{{{journal|{{{newspaper|{{{magazine|{{{periodical|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}
|Issue={{{issue|{{{number|}}}}}}
|TitleNote={{{department|}}}

|At={{#if: {{{page|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||p.&amp;nbsp;}}{{{page}}}
      |{{#if: {{{pages|}}}|{{#if:{{{nopp|}}}||pp.&amp;nbsp;}}{{{pages}}}
      |{{{at|}}}}}
    }}

|Edition={{{edition|}}}
|Series={{{agency|}}}
|Volume={{{volume|}}}

|Publisher={{{publisher|}}}
|Place={{{location|{{{place|}}}}}}
|PublicationPlace={{{location|{{{place|{{{publication-place|}}}}}}}}}
|PublicationDate={{{publication-date|}}}

|ARXIV={{{arxiv|}}}
|ASIN={{{asin|{{{ASIN|}}}}}}
|ASIN-TLD={{{asin-tld|}}}
|BIBCODE={{{bibcode|}}}
|DOI={{{doi|{{{DOI|}}}}}}
|DoiBroken={{{doi_brokendate|{{{doi_inactivedate|}}}}}}
|ISBN={{{isbn|{{{ISBN|}}}}}}
|ISSN={{{issn|{{{ISSN|}}}}}}
|JFM={{{jfm|{{{JFM|}}}}}}
|JSTOR={{{jstor|{{{JSTOR|}}}}}}
|LCCN={{{lccn|{{{LCCN|}}}}}}
|MR={{{mr|{{{MR|}}}}}}
|OCLC={{{oclc|{{{OCLC|}}}}}}
|OL={{{ol|{{{OL|}}}}}}
|OSTI={{{osti|{{{OSTI|}}}}}}
|PMC={{{pmc|{{{PMC|}}}}}}
|PMID={{{pmid|{{{PMID|}}}}}}
|RFC={{{rfc|{{{RFC|}}}}}}
|SSRN={{{ssrn|{{{SSRN|}}}}}}
|ZBL={{{zbl|}}}
|ID={{{id|{{{ID|}}}}}}

|laysummary={{{laysummary|}}}
|laydate={{{laydate|}}}
|laysource={{{laysource|}}}

|quote={{{quote|}}}

|Ref={{{ref|}}}

|amp={{{lastauthoramp|}}}
|AuthorMask={{{author-mask|{{{authormask|}}}}}}
|AuthorSep={{#ifeq:{{{author-separator|}}}|;|&amp;#059;|{{{author-separator|&amp;#059;}}}}}&amp;#32;
|NameSep={{{author-name-separator|,}}}&amp;#32;
|PS={{#if:{{{quote|}}}||{{{postscript|.}}}}}
|Sep={{#ifeq:{{{separator|{{{seperator}}} }}}|;|&amp;#059;|{{{separator|{{{seperator|.}}} }}} }}
|template doc demo={{{template doc demo|}}}
|Trunc={{#if:{{{display-authors|}}}|{{{display-authors}}}|8}}
}}{{#if:{{{access-date|}}}{{{accessdaymonth|}}}{{{accessday|}}}{{{accessmonthday|}}}{{{accessmonth|}}}{{{accessyear|}}}{{{dateformat|}}}{{{day|}}}{{{doilabel|}}}
|[[Category:Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters|{{NAMESPACE}} {{PAGENAME}}]]}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
[[Category:Templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4142u6r7eikum36xbeciw08vwjc3s1e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Cite web</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>584</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2385</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-03T19:27:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2385</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2512" sha1="6wnlogfbmd7hx0x82cqz8zwi2rgcd76" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{
#if: {{#if: {{{url|}}} | {{#if: {{{title|}}} |1}}}}
  ||Error on call to [[Template:cite web]]: Parameters '''url''' and '''title''' must be specified
}}{{
#if: {{{archiveurl|}}}{{{archivedate|}}} 
  | {{#if: {{#if: {{{archiveurl|}}}| {{#if: {{{archivedate|}}} |1}}}}
    ||Error on call to [[template:cite web]]: Parameters '''archiveurl''' and '''archivedate''' must be both specified or both omitted
}}
}}{{#if: {{{author|}}}{{{last|}}}
  | {{#if: {{{authorlink|}}}
    | [[{{{authorlink}}}|{{#if: {{{last|}}}
      | {{{last}}}{{#if: {{{first|}}} | , {{{first}}} }}
      | {{{author}}}
    }}]]
    | {{#if: {{{last|}}}
      | {{{last}}}{{#if: {{{first|}}} | , {{{first}}} }}
      | {{{author}}}
    }}
  }}
}}{{#if: {{{author|}}}{{{last|}}}
  | {{#if: {{{coauthors|}}}| &lt;nowiki&gt;;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&amp;#32;{{{coauthors}}} }}
}}{{#if: {{{author|}}}{{{last|}}}|
    {{#if: {{{date|}}}
    | &amp;#32;({{{date}}})
    | {{#if: {{{year|}}}
      | {{#if: {{{month|}}}
        | &amp;#32;({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
        | &amp;#32;({{{year}}})
      }}
    }}
  |}}
}}{{#if: {{{last|}}}{{{author|}}}
  | .&amp;#32;}}{{
  #if: {{{editor|}}}
  | &amp;#32;{{{editor}}}: 
}}{{#if: {{{archiveurl|}}}
    | {{#if: {{{archiveurl|}}} | {{#if: {{{title|}}} | [{{{archiveurl}}} {{{title}}}] }}}}
    | {{#if: {{{url|}}} | {{#if: {{{title|}}} | [{{{url}}} {{{title}}}] }}}}
}}{{#if: {{{language|}}} | &amp;#32;&lt;span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;"&gt;({{{language}}})&lt;/span&gt; 
}}{{#if: {{{format|}}}
  | &amp;#32;({{{format|}}})
}}{{#if: {{{work|}}}
  | .&amp;#32;''{{{work}}}''
}}{{#if: {{{pages|}}}
  | &amp;#32;{{{pages}}}
}}{{#if: {{{publisher|}}}
  | .&amp;#32;{{{publisher}}}{{#if: {{{author|}}}{{{last|}}}
    | 
    | {{#if: {{{date|}}}{{{year|}}}{{{month|}}} || }}
  }}
}}{{#if: {{{author|}}}{{{last|}}}
  ||{{#if: {{{date|}}}
    | &amp;#32;({{{date}}})
    | {{#if: {{{year|}}}
      | {{#if: {{{month|}}}
        | &amp;#32;({{{month}}} {{{year}}})
        | &amp;#32;({{{year}}})
      }}
    }}
  }}
}}.{{#if: {{{archivedate|}}}
  | &amp;#32;Archived from [{{{url}}} the original] on {{{archivedate}}}.
}}{{#if: {{{accessdate|}}}
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:All articles with unsourced statements]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3872</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>3872</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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Please discuss this issue on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]], or replace this tag with a more specific message. [[Help:Contents|Editing help]] is available.&lt;br /&gt;This article has been tagged since '''{{{1}}}'''.&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Cleanup]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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      <id>2088</id>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Cold War</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>415</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2134</id>
      <parentid>2133</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T18:18:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <minor/>
      <origin>2134</origin>
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      <text bytes="3784" sha1="g0z7uyl97pzex01eqvdd1oxdhk1gpme" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style="clear: both; width: 94%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none; margin: auto" class="NavFrame"&gt;
&lt;div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead"&gt;'''[[Cold War]]'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="NavContent"&gt;
{| class="toccolours" style="width: 100%; border-top: none;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE"
! style="width: 19%" | Main events (1945&amp;ndash;1961)
! style="width: 21%" | Main events (1962&amp;ndash;1991)
! style="width: 19%" | Specific articles
! style="width: 20%" | Primary participants and other events
|-valign="top"
|

''General timeline:''
*[[Timeline of events in the Cold War|Timeline of events]]

''1940s:''
*[[Yalta Conference]]
*[[Potsdam Conference]]
*[[Igor Gouzenko|Gouzenko Affair]]
*[[Iran Crisis]]
*[[Chinese Civil War]]
*[[Greek Civil War]]
*[[Marshall Plan]]
*[[Berlin Blockade]]

''1950s:''
*[[Korean War]]
*[[First Indochina War]]
*[[Algerian War of Independence]]
*[[Operation Ajax|Iranian Coup]]
*[[Operation PBSUCCESS|Guatemalan Coup]]
*[[Uprising of 1953 in East Germany|East German Uprising]]
*[[First Taiwan Strait Crisis]]
*[[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian Revolution]]
*[[Suez Crisis]]
*[[Sputnik crisis|Sputnik Crisis]]
*[[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis]]
*[[Cuban Revolution]]

''1960s:''
*[[Vietnam War]]
*[[Congo Crisis]]
*[[Sino-Soviet split|Sino-Soviet Split]]
*[[U-2 Crisis of 1960]]
*[[Bay of Pigs Invasion]]
|

''1960s (continued):''
*[[Cuban Missile Crisis]]
*[[Berlin Wall|Construction of the Berlin Wall]]
*[[Operation Power Pack|U.S. Invasion of Dominican Republic]]
*[[Overthrow of Sukarno]]
*[[Bangkok Declaration]]
*[[Secret War|Secret War in Laos]]
*[[Greek military junta of 1967-1974|Regime of the Colonels in Greece]]
*[[Prague Spring]]
*[[Détente]]
*[[Sino-Soviet border conflict|Sino-Soviet Border Conflict]]

''1970s:''
*[[Cambodian Civil War]]
*[[Ping Pong Diplomacy]]
*[[1972 Nixon visit to China|1972 Nixon Visit to China]]
*[[Chilean coup of 1973|Overthrow of Allende]]
*[[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks#SALT I|SALT I]]
*[[Angolan Civil War]]
*[[Ogaden War]]
*[[Sino-Vietnamese War|Third Indochina War]]
*[[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks#SALT II|SALT II]]
*[[Iranian Revolution]]

''1980s:''
*[[Soviet war in Afghanistan|Soviet-Afghan War]]
*[[El Salvador Civil War|Salvadoran Civil War]]
*[[Solidarity|Polish Solidarity Movement]]
*[[Invasion of Grenada]]
*[[Berlin Wall#The fall of the Wall|Fall of the Berlin Wall]]
*[[Revolutions of 1989]]

''1990s:''
*[[Collapse of the Soviet Union|Dissolution of the USSR]]
|valign="top"|
''Concepts'':
*[[Communism]]
*[[Capitalism]]
*[[Iron Curtain]]
*[[Containment]]
*[[Truman Doctrine]]
*[[Maoism]]
*[[Revisionism]]
*[[Peaceful coexistence]]
*[[Domino Theory]]
*[[Eisenhower Doctrine]]
*[[Rollback]]
*[[Arms race]]
*[[Nuclear arms race]]
*[[McCarthyism]]
*[[Space Race]]
*[[Kennedy Doctrine]]
*[[Johnson Doctrine]]
*[[Brezhnev Doctrine]]
*[[Ostpolitik]]
*[[Nixon Doctrine]]
*[[Wars of national liberation]]
*[[Carter Doctrine]]
*[[Reagan Doctrine]]
*[[Glasnost]]
*[[Perestroika]]

''Contemporaneous conflicts:''
*[[History_of_Nicaragua#Sandinista_period_.281979_-_1990.29|Nicaragua]]
*[[Arab-Israeli conflict|Arab-Israeli Conflict]]
|valign="top"|
*[[Image:Flag of NATO.svg|30px]] [[NATO]]
*[[Image:Warsaw_Pact_seal.png|30px]] [[Warsaw Pact]]
* [[Non-Aligned Movement]]
*[[Image:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|30px]] [[People's Republic of China]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

''Other specific articles'':
*[[Second Red Scare]]
*[[Bricker Amendment]]
*[[Operation Condor]]
*[[History of Soviet espionage in the United States|Soviet espionage in US]]
*[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]
*[[Operation Gladio]]
*[[KGB]]
*[[Stasi]]
*[[European Community]]
*[[Comecon]]

|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <id>1191</id>
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      <timestamp>2007-03-19T19:34:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <comment>Better this way. ;)</comment>
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| style="padding-right: 4px; padding-left: 4px;" | [[Image:Wiki.png|75px]]
| &lt;span style="font-size: medium"&gt;'''{{PAGENAME}} is the current [[WarWiki:Collaboration of the 2 weeks|collaboration of the two weeks]].'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
Please improve {{PAGENAME}} if you know anything about the subject.
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2014-11-25T12:09:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>3969</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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    <revision>
      <id>4052</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:21:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4052</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:CopyrightedLogo</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3570</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-01T15:15:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>new</comment>
      <origin>3570</origin>
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&lt;div style="float:left" id="imageLicenseIcon"&gt;[[File:Red copyright.svg|64px|Copyrighted]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align:left; margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"&gt;
This is a '''[[wikipedia:logo|logo]]''' of an organization, item, or event, and is protected by [[wikipedia:copyright|copyright]] and/or [[wikipedia:trademark|trademark]]. It is believed that the use of '''low-resolution''' images of logos

* to illustrate the '''organization, item, or event in question'''
* on [http://war.shoutwiki.com WarWiki], hosted on servers in the United States by ShoutWiki, qualifies as '''[[wikipedia:fair use|fair use]]''' under [[wikipedia:United States copyright law|United States copyright law]]. '''Any other uses of this image, on WarWiki or elsewhere, may be [[wikipedia:copyright infringement|copyright infringement]].''' Certain commercial use of this image may also be trademark infringement. See [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use|Wikipedia:Fair use]] and [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Logos|Wikipedia:Logos]].
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>66</id>
    <revision>
      <id>745</id>
      <parentid>744</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-04-15T11:54:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>de-imagefy</comment>
      <origin>745</origin>
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|-
!&lt;!--[[Image:|100px]]--&gt; This page documents a current [[war]].
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    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1183</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3981</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-28T23:01:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>3981</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="scwzmcoxpahzmi2bdly556jsby13fmk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="dablink"&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>scwzmcoxpahzmi2bdly556jsby13fmk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Dead link</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1210</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4019</id>
      <parentid>4018</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-12-07T21:16:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Just leave this for now, we can update later</comment>
      <origin>4019</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="659" sha1="41vyhrpmtvz7h0l25s9h3ozpnh22z8x" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--{{Dead link}} begin--&gt;{{Fix
| subst = &lt;includeonly&gt;{{subst:&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;substcheck}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
| special  = &lt;sup class="noprint Inline-Template"&gt;&lt;span style="white-space: nowrap;"&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;i&gt;{{#if: {{{url|}}}|[http://web.archive.org/web/*/{{{url|}}} &lt;span title="{{{title|}}}{{#if:{{{date|}}}|&amp;nbsp;since {{{date}}}}}"&gt;dead link&lt;/span&gt;]|[[Wikipedia:Link rot|&lt;span title="{{{title|}}}{{#if:{{{date|}}}|&amp;nbsp;since {{{date}}}}}"&gt;dead link&lt;/span&gt;]]}}&lt;/i&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;
| date     = {{{date|}}}
| cat      = [[Category:All articles with dead external links]]
| cat-date = Category:Articles with dead external links}}&lt;!--{{Dead link}} end--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>41vyhrpmtvz7h0l25s9h3ozpnh22z8x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Delete</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>936</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3286</id>
      <parentid>3285</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-01-03T14:35:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>merged from template:propfD</comment>
      <origin>3286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="747" sha1="o45tak8gm0lggt7h27hgqlmc1xqt07u" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="boilerplate metadata" id="mfd" style="margin: 0 5%; padding: 0 7px 7px 7px; background: #D0ECDD; border: 1px solid #539570; text-align: left; font-size:95%;"&gt;
'''This page is being considered for deletion in accordance with WarWiki's community's opinion.'''&lt;br /&gt;
Please discuss the matter at [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|this page's talk page]] or the '''[[WarWiki:Votes for Deletion|Deletion page]]'''.&lt;br /&gt;
You are welcome to edit this page, but please do not blank, merge, move (without knowing exactly what you are doing), or remove this notice from the page while the discussion is in progress.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Pages for deletion]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o45tak8gm0lggt7h27hgqlmc1xqt07u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Disambig/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>345</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1967</id>
      <parentid>1966</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T16:17:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1967</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="872" sha1="dg92ii7lly63gu0fijdmc2txa2un4l1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;:''This template documentation is [[Wikipedia:Template doc page pattern|transcluded]] from [[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/doc]]'' [&lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}/doc|action=edit}} edit]&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- EDIT TEMPLATE DOCUMENTATION BELOW THIS LINE --&gt;
----

'''&lt;span style="font-size:1.3em"&gt;Attention: Please do not [[wikipedia:WP:SUBST|Subst:]] this template.&lt;/span&gt;'''

==Usage==
The [[Template:disambig|&lt;nowiki&gt;{{disambig}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; template]] is placed at the bottom of articles which exist to help readers find other articles with similar names (or which perhaps should have the same name).  This concept is called [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Disambiguation|Disambiguation]].

Disambiguation is used with common words such as war or bomb.

&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE --&gt;
[[Category:Templates|Disambig]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dg92ii7lly63gu0fijdmc2txa2un4l1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Documentation</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1174</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3970</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-25T12:10:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>3970</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="732" sha1="ilegj3gawl8iq597jtk38r5229nyblg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;div style="display:none;"&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;div style="border:1px solid black; margin:1em; margin-top:3em;"&gt;&lt;div style="background:#ddd; color:#111; padding:1em; margin:0em;"&gt;'''Template documentation''' &lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;(for the above template, sometimes hidden or invisible)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="padding:1em; padding-bottom:0em; margin:0em;"&gt;{{tocright}}
{{{{PAGENAME}}/doc}}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br style="clear:both;"/&gt;&lt;div style="background:#ddd; color:#111; padding:0.5em; margin:0em; font-size:85%; text-align:right;"&gt;Visit [[Template:{{PAGENAME}}/doc]] to edit this text! ([[Template:Documentation|How does this work]]?)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{{documentation}}[[Category:Template documentation| ]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ilegj3gawl8iq597jtk38r5229nyblg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Documentation/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1175</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3971</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-25T12:11:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template docuentation</comment>
      <origin>3971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1432" sha1="814mm13qnasvfgxbml94gbmf6sytor2" xml:space="preserve">;Description
:This template is used to provide descriptions of the purpose and usage of templates on template pages.
;Syntax
:Type &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{t|documentation}}&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; at the end of the template page.

==General usage==
===On the Template page===
&lt;pre&gt;
Template code&lt;includeonly&gt;Any categories to be inserted into articles by the template&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

Note that, depending on the template, you may need to add a clear or complete a table/div just before &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; is inserted (within the noinclude tags).

The line break is also useful as it helps prevent the documentation template "running into" previous code.

===On the Template/doc page===
&lt;pre&gt;
;Description
:This template is used to do something.
;Syntax
:Type &lt;code&gt;{{t|templatename}}&lt;/code&gt; somewhere.
;Sample output
:&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;nowiki&gt;{{templatename|foo}}&amp;lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; gives...
:{{templatename|foo}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;Any categories for the template itself&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

Use any or all of the above description/syntax/sample output sections. You may also want to add "see also" or further usage information sections.

&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>814mm13qnasvfgxbml94gbmf6sytor2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Dts</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3976</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-25T13:17:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>108.28.162.100</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>3976</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="392" sha1="1078gvjwc0a64yizm6t2k19mynvb8iv" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{dts/{{#ifeq:{{#expr:{{{1|}}}0*0}}|0|core|hart}}|{{{1}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|{{{4|}}}|debug={{{debug|}}}|format={{{format|}}}|link={{#if:{{{link|}}}|off|no}}|nowrap={{{nowrap|}}}|Y=y}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;{{dts/core|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|{{{4|}}}|debug={{{debug|}}}|format={{{format|}}}|link={{#if:{{{link|}}}|off|no}}|nowrap={{{nowrap|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1078gvjwc0a64yizm6t2k19mynvb8iv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Dts/core</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1181</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3977</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-25T13:20:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>3977</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3233" sha1="52yhhjuj4p3ca9vio88ed3eikka8ho5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{{1}}}&gt;0|&lt;!--
=====================================================
= year specified as number &gt; 0, with or without "BC"
=====================================================
  --&gt;&lt;span style="{{#ifeq:{{{debug|}}}|yes|border:1px solid|display:none}}"&gt;&lt;!--
  --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{4|}}}}}|bc|&lt;!--
==========================================
= year specified as number &gt; 0, with "BC"
==========================================
    --&gt;-{{#ifexpr: {{{1}}} &gt; 9000|0}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;{{#ifexpr: {{{1}}} &gt; 9900|0}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;{{#ifexpr: {{{1}}} &gt; 9990|0}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;{{#expr:10000-{{{1}}}}}|&lt;!--
==========
= year AD
==========
    --&gt;0{{#ifexpr: {{{1}}} &lt; 1000|0}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;{{#ifexpr: {{{1}}}&lt; 100|0}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;{{#ifexpr: {{{1}}} &lt; 10|0}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;{{#expr:1*{{{1}}}}} }}&lt;!--
=============================================================================
= rest of hidden part for the case that the year is specified as number &gt; 0,
= with or without "BC"
=============================================================================
  --&gt;{{#if:{{{2|}}}|-{{MONTH|{{{2}}}}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;{{#if:{{{3|}}}|-{{0expr|{{{3}}}}} }} }} &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="{{#ifeq:{{{nowrap|}}}|off||white-space:nowrap;}}"&gt;&lt;!--
=============================================================================
= visible part for the case that the year is specified as number &gt; 0,
= with or without "BC"
=============================================================================
  --&gt;{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{link|off}}}|off|{{#ifeq:{{{format|mdy}}}|dmy|{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} {{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}}|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}}, {{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{{3|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{year|}}}|hide||,}}}}}}|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} {{{3|}}}}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{year|}}}|hide||{{#ifeq:{{{link|off}}}|off|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{4|}}}}}|bc|{{#expr:1*{{{1}}}}} BC|{{#expr:1*{{{1}}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{4|}}}}}|bc|{{#expr:1*{{{1}}}}} BC|{{#expr:1*{{{1}}}}}}}}}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--
================================
= year specified as number &lt;= 0
================================
--&gt;{{#ifexpr:{{{1}}}&lt;=0|&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;span style="{{#ifeq:{{{debug|}}}|yes|border:1px solid|display:none}}"&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;-{{#ifexpr: {{{1}}} &lt; -8999|0}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifexpr: {{{1}}} &lt; -9899|0}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifexpr: {{{1}}} &lt; -9989|0}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#expr:9999+{{{1}}}}}&lt;!--
=============================================================================
// rest of hidden part for the case that the year is specified as number &lt;= 0
=============================================================================
--&gt;{{#if:{{{2|}}}|-{{MONTH|{{{2}}}}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|-{{0expr|{{{3}}}}}}}}} &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="{{#ifeq:{{{nowrap|}}}|off||white-space:nowrap;}}"&gt;&lt;!--
======================================================================
// visible part for the case that the year is specified as number &lt;= 0
======================================================================
--&gt;{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{link|off}}}|off|{{#ifeq:{{{format|mdy}}}|dmy|{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{{3|}}}}} {{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}}|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} {{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{{3|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{year|}}}|hide||,}}}}}}|{{MONTHNAME|{{{2}}}}} {{{3|}}}}}}} {{#ifeq:{{{year|}}}|hide||{{#ifeq:{{{link|off}}}|off|{{#expr:0-{{{1}}}}} BC|{{#expr:0-{{{1}}}}} BC}}}}}}&lt;!--

--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>52yhhjuj4p3ca9vio88ed3eikka8ho5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Esoteric</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>351</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1983</id>
      <parentid>1982</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-04-02T14:50:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>+Wikipedia link.</comment>
      <origin>1983</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1307" sha1="t0gqlnu7i3ndt7gukoxj6miie6btjah" xml:space="preserve">{| summary="Warning box: The source code of this template employs complicated constructs" class="messagebox" style="clear: both"
| style="align: center" | [[Image:Information_icon.png|50px]]
| style="width: 95%; padding: 0.4em" | This template employs some extremely complicated and/or [[wikipedia:esoteric programming language|esoteric]] features of template syntax.
Please do not attempt to alter it unless you are certain that you understand the setup '''and''' are prepared to repair/revert any consequent collateral damage if the results are unexpected.  Any experiments should be conducted in the [[WarWiki:Sandbox|sandbox]] or your user space.
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Esoteric templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
----
{| summary="A second, &lt;noinclude&gt;, box, specifying that the code of the former box is itself simple: rather, the code of templates which it marks may be complicated" class="messagebox"
|-
| align="center" | [[Image:Information_icon.png|50px]]
| align="left" width="95%" | Actually, ''this'' template uses very simple syntax, but templates that link to the above message do use esoteric syntax.  This template adds templates to [[:Category:Esoteric templates]].
|}
This template is for templates with esoteric syntax.

[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>t0gqlnu7i3ndt7gukoxj6miie6btjah</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:FIAV</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>482</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2220</id>
      <parentid>2219</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-18T16:14:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2220</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1006" sha1="hatdnie43z97ctazdsyn644vxitv7vc" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:FIAV {{{1}}}.svg|23px]][[:Category:Vexillological Symbols|&amp;uarr;]] &lt;noinclude&gt;___NOEDITSECTION___
{| style="background:#ffffdd;border:#ccccaa 1px solid;"
| 
===Description===
This template can be used to put vexillological symbols in flag descriptions.

===Usage===
Place this symbol in the description of the image of a flag.
There is one, obligatory parameter: The "Value" of the FIAV-symbol. For example: enter "111111" for all flags or "proposed" for a proposed flag.
&lt;p&gt;Example:&lt;br&gt;
*&lt;nowiki&gt;{{FIAV|111111}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; becomes {{FIAV|111111}}&lt;br&gt; 

With the alternate FIAV symbols the parameter has to start with a '''lower case letter'''!.

Alternate flag symbols are:
*alternate {{FIAV|alternate}}
*defacto {{FIAV|defacto}}
*historical {{FIAV|historical}}
*noflag {{FIAV|noflag}}
*normal {{FIAV|normal}}
*proposal {{FIAV|proposal}}
*reconstructed {{FIAV|reconstructed}}
*reverse {{FIAV|reverse}}
*sinister {{FIAV|sinister}}
*twosided {{FIAV|twosided}}
*variant {{FIAV|variant}}
|}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hatdnie43z97ctazdsyn644vxitv7vc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Fairuse</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1127</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3705</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-02T09:29:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>new</comment>
      <origin>3705</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1705" sha1="onmlczsmu15fnyt70fww2jpd4kpkrwp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="boilerplate" style="margin:0.5em auto;width:80%;clear:both;background-color:#f7f8ff;border:2px solid #8888aa; padding:4px;font-size:85%;min-height:64px;vertical-align:center" id="imageLicense"&gt;
&lt;div style="float:left" id="imageLicenseIcon"&gt;[[File:Red copyright.svg|64px|Copyrighted]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align:left;margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"&gt;
This work is [[wikipedia:copyright|copyright]]ed and unlicensed.  It does not fall into one of the blanket fair use categories listed at [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use#Images|Wikipedia:Fair use#Images]] or [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use#Audio clips|Wikipedia:Fair use#Audio clips]]. However, it is believed that the use of this work in the article "'''[[{{{1}}}]]'''":
*To illustrate the '''object in question'''
*Where no free equivalent is available or could be created that would adequately give the same information
*On the [[WarWiki]] ([http://war.shoutwiki.com]), hosted on servers in the United States,
qualifies as '''[[wikipedia:fair use|fair use]]''' under [[wikipedia:Fair use#Fair use under United States law|United States copyright law]].  '''Any other uses of this image, on WarWiki or elsewhere, ''may'' be [[wikipedia:copyright infringement|copyright infringement]].'''  See [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use|Wikipedia:Fair use]] and [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Copyrights|Wikipedia:Copyrights]].

'''To the uploader''': this tag is not a sufficient claim of fair use.  You must also include the '''source''' of the work, all available '''copyright information''', and a '''[[wikipedia:Help:Image page#Fair use rationale|detailed fair use rationale]]'''.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>onmlczsmu15fnyt70fww2jpd4kpkrwp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Featured Picture</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>93</id>
    <revision>
      <id>977</id>
      <parentid>976</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T16:21:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>977</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="737" sha1="sxzcodkjimj1adbyc4rglcisqbe6mbb" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style="position:absolute; z-index:100; right:10px; top:10px;" class="metadata" id="featured-star"&gt;&lt;div style="position: relative; width: 14px; height: 14px; overflow: hidden"&gt;
&lt;div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; font-size: 100px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 100px; z-index: 3"&gt;[[WarWiki:Featured picture|&lt;span title="This is a featured picture. Click here for more information."&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 2"&gt;[[image:Featured Picture.png|14px|This is a featured picture. Click here for more information.]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Featured pictures]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sxzcodkjimj1adbyc4rglcisqbe6mbb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Fix</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1029</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4022</id>
      <parentid>3419</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T18:24:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update template</comment>
      <origin>4022</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1063" sha1="blf4jdbmqwgskndkp061f6vj0n4uz2n" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:{{{subst|¬}}}
 |¬={{category handler
  |template=[[Category:Templates needing substitution checking]]
  |nocat={{{nocat|&lt;noinclude&gt;true&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}
 }}
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}}{{Category handler
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  <page>
    <title>Template:For</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>327</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1936</id>
      <parentid>1935</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-01-03T14:38:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>change category</comment>
      <origin>1936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="179" sha1="ig4rqyol5lsxrcr1z28ytuzsenp1gzo" xml:space="preserve">:&lt;span class="dablink"&gt;''For {{{1}}}, see [[{{{2|{{PAGENAME}} (disambiguation)}}}]]{{#if:{{{3|}}}|&amp;#32;and [[{{{3}}}]]}}.''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates|For]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Template:Forumheader</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>408</id>
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      <id>2126</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T15:20:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <origin>2126</origin>
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      <text bytes="222" sha1="n77d8809ex23klz5kcc6p41xcrbn4u6" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 5px"&gt;'''Forums:''' [[Forum:Index|Index]] &gt; [[Forum:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]] &gt; {{PAGENAME}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

[[Category:{{{1}}}]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Forum]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Forumheader/Consensus track</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>409</id>
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      <id>2127</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T15:20:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <origin>2127</origin>
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&lt;!-- Please put your content under this line.  Be sure to sign your edits with four tildes ~~~~ --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Forumheader/War Room</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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      <id>2128</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T15:21:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <text bytes="126" sha1="t8oa9dqp3dent53ywpg7lg4jrhsf0th" xml:space="preserve">{{Forumheader|War Room}}

&lt;!-- Please put your content under this line.  Be sure to sign your edits with four tildes: ~~~~ --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Forumtop</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>406</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2121</id>
      <parentid>2120</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-03-24T14:18:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <minor/>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>2121</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="401" sha1="hrkfr3n07rh36dm7j8cc2herhtahlgy" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style="background: #eee; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 5px"&gt;'''[[Forum:Index|Forums]]''' &amp;gt; '''[[Forum:War Room|War Room]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Forum:War Room/Archive|Archive]])&lt;/small&gt; | '''[[Forum:Consensus track|Consensus track]]''' &lt;small&gt;([[Forum:Consensus track/Archive|Archive]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;includeonly&gt;

[[Category:Forum]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

[[Category:Templates]]

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:French Revolution</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>59</id>
    <revision>
      <id>715</id>
      <parentid>714</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-04-03T20:10:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>715</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3897" sha1="7jv3zou43a6r7ckjd04bzovxwhmv5rc" xml:space="preserve">{| style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background: #ffffff;" align="right" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0
! style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background:#ccccff" align="center" | [[Wikipedia:History of France|French history]]&lt;br /&gt;series
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #f2f7ff;" | [[Wikipedia:Gaul|Celtic Gaul]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #f2f7ff;" | [[Wikipedia:Roman Gaul|Roman Gaul]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #f2f7ff;" | [[Wikipedia:Franks|Franks]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #f2f7ff;" | [[Wikipedia:France in the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #f2f7ff;" | [[Wikipedia:Early Modern France]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #f2f7ff;" | [[Wikipedia:France in Modern Times I (1792-1920)|Revolution to WWI]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #ffffff;" | [[French Revolution]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 15px; background: #ffffff;" | [[Causes of the French Revolution|Causes]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 15px; background: #ffffff;" | [[Wikipedia:Estates-General of 1789|Estates-General]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 15px; background: #ffffff;" | [[Wikipedia:National Assembly (French Revolution)|National Assembly]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 15px; background: #ffffff;" | [[Storming of the Bastille]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 15px; background: #ffffff;" | [[Wikipedia:National Constituent Assembly|National Constituent&lt;br&gt;Assembly]] ([[Wikipedia:National Constituent Assembly|1]], [[French Revolution from the abolition of feudalism to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy|2]], [[French Revolution from the summer of 1790 to the establishment of the Legislative Assembly|3]])
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 15px; background: #ffffff;" | [[Wikipedia:Legislative Assembly (France)|Legislative Assembly]]&lt;br&gt;and [[Wikipedia:The Legislative Assembly and the fall of the French monarchy|fall of the monarchy]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 15px; background: #ffffff;" | [[Wikipedia:National Convention|National Convention]]&lt;br&gt;and [[Reign of Terror|Reign of Terror]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 15px; background: #ffffff;" | [[Wikipedia:French Directory|Directory]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 15px; background: #ffffff;" | [[Wikipedia:French Consulate|Consulate]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 15px; background: #ffffff;" | ''Related:'' [[Glossary of the French Revolution|Glossary]],&lt;br&gt;[[Timeline of the French Revolution|Timeline]], [[French Revolutionary Wars|Wars]],&lt;br&gt;[[List of people associated with the French Revolution|List of people]],&lt;br&gt;[[List of historians of the French Revolution| List of historians]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff7f8;" | [[Wikipedia:First French Empire|First Empire]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff7f8;" | [[Wikipedia:Bourbon Restoration|Restoration]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff7f8;" | [[Wikipedia:July Monarchy|July Monarchy]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff7f8;" | [[Wikipedia:French Second Republic|Second Republic]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff7f8;" | [[Wikipedia:Second French Empire|Second Empire]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #fff7f8;" | [[Wikipedia:French Third Republic|Third Republic]]
|-
| style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background: #f2f7ff;" | [[Wikipedia:France in modern times|Modern France]]
|}

[[Category:French Revolution]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:GFDL</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>448</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2176</id>
      <parentid>2175</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-01-01T14:45:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <minor/>
      <origin>2176</origin>
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| [[Image:Heckert GNU white.svg|64px|GNU head]]
| ''Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify [[Media:{{PAGENAME}}|this document]] under the terms of the '''[[wikipedia:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]''', Version 1.2 or any later version published by the [[wikipedia:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]]; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "[[Commons:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]]".''
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:GFDL|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
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    <title>Template:GPL</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1136</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3764</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:33:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>new template</comment>
      <origin>3764</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1003" sha1="dhbh1suj3pgoa4w6fe7ytu3bcr7wtsf" xml:space="preserve">{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:80%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f9f9f9; border:2px solid #e0e0e0;"
| [[File:Heckert GNU white.svg|64px|GNU head]]
| ''This work is [[wikipedia:Free software|free software]]; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the '''[[wikipedia:GNU General Public License|GNU General Public License]]''' as published by the [[wikipedia:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]]; either version 2 of the License, or any later version. This work is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html version 2] and [http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl-3.0.html version 3 of the GNU General Public License] for more details.''
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:GPL|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:License tags|{{PAGENAME}}]] 
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    <title>Template:Hall of Valor</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1163</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3957</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-25T03:16:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template to more easily link to the Hall of Valor site</comment>
      <origin>3957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="256" sha1="ft9f8giw8fx9ybsp2w88vk3l9407grt" xml:space="preserve">{{Cite web|url=http://www.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid={{{1|{{{grid}}}}}}|title={{{2|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}} |publisher= [[Military Times]] |work= [[Hall of Valor]] |date={{{date|}}} |accessdate={{{accessdate|}}}}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Harvard citation/No brackets</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1192</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3997</id>
      <parentid>3995</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-11-30T21:54:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reguyla moved page [[Template:Template:Harvard citation/No brackets]] to [[Template:Harvard citation/No brackets]]: Fix name</comment>
      <origin>3997</origin>
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      <text bytes="235" sha1="monyn3v0th2rvm1i6xfzbtx7qx52ide" xml:space="preserve">{{Harvard citation/core
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|P2={{{2|}}}
|P3={{{3|}}}
|P4={{{4|}}}
|P5={{{5|}}}
|REF={{{ref|{{{Ref|}}}}}}
|Location={{{loc|}}}
|Page={{{p|{{{page|}}}}}}
|Pages={{{pp|{{{pages|}}}}}}
|PageSep=, p.&amp;nbsp;
|PagesSep=, pp.&amp;nbsp;
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Harvard citation/core</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1193</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3994</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-30T21:52:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>3994</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1192" sha1="3fsd3cgjb11xtsszvujd0605n84dht0" xml:space="preserve">{{{BracketLeft|}}}{{#ifeq:{{{REF|}}}|none
  |{{#if:{{{P5|}}}
       |{{{P1|}}} et al. {{{BracketYearLeft|}}}{{{P5|}}}
       |{{#if:{{{P4|}}}
          |{{{P1|}}}, {{{P2|}}} &amp;amp; {{{P3|}}} {{{BracketYearLeft|}}}{{{P4|}}}
          |{{#if:{{{P3|}}}
             |{{{P1|}}} &amp;amp; {{{P2|}}} {{{BracketYearLeft|}}}{{{P3|}}}
             |{{{P1|}}} {{{BracketYearLeft|}}}{{{P2|}}}
           }}
        }}
     }}
  |[[#{{#if:{{{REF}}}
       |{{{REF}}}
       |CITEREF{{#if:||{{{P1|}}}}}{{#if:||{{{P2|}}}}}{{#if:||{{{P3|}}}}}{{#if:||{{{P4|}}}}}{{#if:||{{{P5|}}}}}
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          |{{{P1|}}} et al. {{{BracketYearLeft|}}}{{{P5|}}}
          |{{#if:{{{P4|}}}
             |{{{P1|}}}, {{{P2|}}} &amp;amp; {{{P3|}}} {{{BracketYearLeft|}}}{{{P4|}}}
             |{{#if:{{{P3|}}}
                |{{{P1|}}} &amp;amp; {{{P2|}}} {{{BracketYearLeft|}}}{{{P3|}}}
                |{{{P1|}}} {{{BracketYearLeft|}}}{{{P2|}}}
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    }}{{{BracketYearRight|}}}]]
}}{{#if:{{{Page|}}}
     |{{{PageSep|}}}{{{Page|}}}
     |{{#if:{{{Pages|}}}
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}}{{#if:{{{Location|}}}
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}}{{{BracketRight|}}}{{{Postscript|}}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Harvnb</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1194</id>
    <redirect title="Template:Harvard citation/No brackets" />
    <revision>
      <id>3999</id>
      <parentid>3996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-11-30T21:55:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add a cat and fix name</comment>
      <origin>3999</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="82" sha1="bpqy4m9uc7c2hsyeqhz2e1aud5h8fx4" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Harvard citation/No brackets]]
[Category:Template redirects]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:HistoricPhoto</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3793</id>
      <parentid>2260</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T09:17:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <origin>3793</origin>
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      <text bytes="1964" sha1="ddr16jh1l9vepoco51p7lpo2hbtfr4r" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="boilerplate" style="margin:0.5em auto;width:80%;clear:both;background-color:#f7f8ff;border:2px solid #8888aa; padding:4px;font-size:85%;min-height:64px;vertical-align:center" id="imageLicense"&gt;
&lt;div style="float:left" id="imageLicenseIcon"&gt;[[File:Red copyright.svg|64px|Copyrighted]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style="text-align:left;margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"&gt;
This image is a faithful digitalization of a '''unique historic photograph''', and the '''copyright''' for it is most likely held by the '''photographer who took the photograph''' or the '''agency employing the photographer'''.  It is believed that the use of this photograph
*to illustrate '''the event in question''' where:
*The photograph depicts a '''non-reproducible historic event''', and no free alternative exists or can be created, and
*The image is '''low resolution''' and of '''no larger and of no higher quality''' than is necessary for the illustration of an article, and the use of the image on WarWiki is '''not expected to decrease the value of the copyright''',
*on [http://war.shoutwiki.com WarWiki], hosted on servers in the United States,
qualifies as '''[[wikipedia:fair use|fair use]]''' under [[wikipedia:United States copyright law|United States copyright law]]. '''Other use of this image, on Wikipedia or elsewhere, may be [[wikipedia:copyright infringement|copyright infringement]].''' See [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Fair use|Wikipedia:Fair use]] for more information.

'''If this does not accurately describe this image, please remove this tag and provide a different fair use rationale.'''

'''To the uploader''': please add a detailed ''fair use rationale'' for each use, as described on [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Image description page|Wikipedia:Image description page]], as well as the '''source''' of the work and copyright information.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Category:Fair use historic photographs|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:License tags|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:IMDb title</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1196</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4000</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-01T15:46:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4000</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="509" sha1="lylmhac38h9cz2lponjcaf1iv6d4cad" xml:space="preserve">[http://www.imdb.com/{{#if:{{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}|title/{{#ifeq:{{Str left|{{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}|2}}|tt||tt}}{{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{#property:P345}}|title/{{#property:P345}}|Title?{{urlencode:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}/{{#switch:{{lc:{{{section|}}} }}
|award|awards=awards Awards for
}}  ''{{{2|{{{title|{{Title without disambig|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}}}'' {{{3|{{{description|}}}}}}] at the Internet Movie Database&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}{{#property:P345}}||[[Category:IMDb template with no id set]]}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Include-USGov</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1222</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4034</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T19:00:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4034</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1392" sha1="8oz0nvw2fdvbumzy38zxdpiiquwes30" xml:space="preserve">{{#if:{{{agency|}}}|&lt;!--
--&gt;[[File:PD-icon.svg|12px|link=|alt=]]&amp;nbsp;{{#if:{{{source|}}}|This article incorporates&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{policy|}}}|{{{policy}}} public domain material}}&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--
--&gt;from the&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifexist:{{{agency|}}}|{{{agency}}}|{{{agency}}}}} document:&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--if the article exist link to it
--&gt;{{{source|}}}|&lt;!--source not set
------&gt;This article incorporates&amp;nbsp;&lt;!--
------&gt;{{#if:{{{policy|}}}|{{{policy}}} public domain material}} from &lt;!--
------&gt;{{#if:{{{article|}}}|| websites or documents of&amp;#32;}}&lt;!--
------&gt;the &lt;!--
------&gt;{{#ifexist:{{{agency|}}}|{{{agency}}}|&lt;!-- if agency has a wiki article, link to it
------------&gt;{{#if:{{{url|}}}|{{#if:{{{article|}}}|{{{agency}}}|[{{{url}}} {{{agency}}}]}}|&lt;!-- otherwise, if url and no article, use url as ext link
------------&gt;{{{agency}}} }} }}&lt;!--- otherwise, just use normal text
------&gt;{{#if:{{{article|}}}|&amp;#32;document {{#if:{{{url|}}}|[{{{url}}}}} "{{{article}}}"{{#if:{{{url|}}}|]}}&lt;!--
------&gt;{{#if:{{{author|}}}|&amp;#32;by {{{author}}}}}}}&lt;!--
------&gt;{{#if:{{{accessdate|}}}|&amp;#32;(retrieved on &lt;span class="reference-accessdate"&gt;{{{accessdate}}}&lt;/span&gt;)}}&lt;!--
------&gt;{{#if:{{{comment|}}}|&amp;#32;({{{comment}}})}}.&lt;!--
----&gt;}}&lt;!--End of source test
--&gt;|&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style="color:red"&gt;No "agency=''name''" parameter provided.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;}}&lt;!--End of agency test
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Infobox Aircraft</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>350</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1980</id>
      <parentid>1979</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-04-02T14:49:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Wikipedia links.</comment>
      <origin>1980</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2510" sha1="oxcjau4bfz7vhd5djwfdic37k6rhjnk" xml:space="preserve">{| class="infobox" style="width:{{#ifexpr:23&lt;{{{infoboxwidth|23}}}|23|{{{infoboxwidth|23}}}}}em;  font-size: 90%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-size: large; padding-bottom: 0.3em;" | {{{name}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{image|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
{{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" {{!}} &lt;div style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"&gt;[[{{{image}}}|250px]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{caption|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
{{!}} colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" {{!}} {{{caption}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{!}} style="width: 7em;text-align:right;" {{!}} '''Type'''
{{!}} {{{type}}}
{{!}}-
{{!}} style="text-align:right;" {{!}} '''[[wikipedia:aircraft manufacturer|Manufacturer{{#if:{{{manufacturers|}}}|s}}]]'''
{{!}} {{{manufacturers|{{{manufacturer}}}}}}
{{!}}-
{{#if:{{{designer|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
{{!}} style="text-align:right;" {{!}} '''Designed by'''
{{!}} {{{designer}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{first flight|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
{{!}} style="text-align:right;" {{!}} '''[[wikipedia:Maiden flight|Maiden flight]]'''
{{!}} {{{first flight}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{introduced|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
{{!}} style="text-align:right;" {{!}} '''Introduced'''
{{!}} {{{introduced}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{retired|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
{{!}} style="text-align:right;" {{!}} '''Retired'''
{{!}} {{{retired}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{status|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
{{!}} style="text-align:right;" {{!}} '''Status'''
{{!}} {{{status}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{primary user|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
{{!}} style="text-align:right;" {{!}} '''Primary&amp;nbsp;user{{#if:{{{more users|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|s}}'''
{{!}} {{{primary user}}}{{#if:{{{more users|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
&lt;br /&gt;{{{more users}}} }}
{{!}}-
}}
{{	 
#if:{{{produced|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
{{!}} style="text-align:right;" {{!}} '''Produced'''
{{!}} {{{produced}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{number built|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
{{!}} style="text-align:right;" {{!}} '''Number built'''
{{!}} {{{number built}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{unit cost|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
{{!}} style="text-align:right;" {{!}} '''Unit cost'''
{{!}} {{{unit cost}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{developed from|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
{{!}} style="text-align:right;" {{!}} '''Developed from'''
{{!}} {{{developed from}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{variants with their own articles|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
{{!}} style="text-align:right;" {{!}} '''Variants'''
{{!}} {{{variants with their own articles}}}
{{!}}-
}}
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{esoteric}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oxcjau4bfz7vhd5djwfdic37k6rhjnk</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Infobox Aircraft Begin</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1231</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4045</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T20:35:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4045</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="690" sha1="5su03nri65dq5h932uz315wjpsi2ojw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Military history infobox style|main_box}}
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: large; padding-bottom: 0.3em;" | {{{name|}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{image|}}}|
{{!}} colspan="2" {{Military history infobox style|image_box_plain}} {{!}} &lt;div style="border: 1px solid #AAAAAA;"&gt; [[File:{{{image|}}}|{{{size|300px}}}|center|alt={{{alt|}}}]]&lt;/div&gt;
{{#if: {{{caption|}}}|
{{!}}-
{{!}}colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;" {{!}}{{{caption}}}
|{{#if: {{{long caption|}}}|
{{!}}-
{{!}}colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;" {{!}}{{{long caption}}}
}}
}}
{{!}}-
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5su03nri65dq5h932uz315wjpsi2ojw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Infobox Military Conflict</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>328</id>
    <revision>
      <id>5128</id>
      <parentid>5127</parentid>
      <timestamp>2019-10-05T21:35:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Odinhammar</username>
        <id>30585659</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>5128</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10740" sha1="dx8rb7zaxbm9jt2jyb7vbjrk5jq4k70" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;
{| class="infobox" style="width: 315px; border-spacing: 2px; font-size: 95%; text-align: left;"
|- 
! {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | colspan="3" | colspan="2" }} style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center;" | {{{conflict|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{partof|}}} |
{{!}} {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | colspan="3" | colspan="2" }} style="text-align: center; background: lightsteelblue;" {{!}} Part of {{{partof|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{image|}}} |
{{!}} {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | colspan="3" | colspan="2" }} style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;" {{!}} {{{image|}}}&lt;br/&gt;{{{caption|}}}
}}
|-
| {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | colspan="3" | colspan="2" }} | 
{| class="infobox" width="100%" style="margin: 0; cellpadding: 0; padding: 0; border: 0;"
|-
! style="padding-right: 1em;" | Date
| {{{date|}}}
|-
! style="padding-right: 1em;" | Location
| {{{place|}}}
|-
! style="padding-right: 1em;" | Result
| {{{result|}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{casus|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} &lt;i&gt;[[Casus belli|Casus&amp;nbsp;belli]]&lt;/i&gt;
{{!}} {{{casus|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{territory|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Territorial&lt;br&gt;changes
{{!}} {{{territory|}}}
}}
|}
|-
{{#if:{{{combatant1|}}}{{{combatant2|}}}{{{combatant3|}}} |
! {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | colspan="3" | colspan="2" }} style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center;" {{!}} Combatants
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{combatant1|}}}{{{combatant2|}}}{{{combatant3|}}} |
{{!}} {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | width="33%" | width="50%" }} style="border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;" {{!}} {{{combatant1|}}}
{{!}} {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | width="33%" | width="50%" }} style="padding-left: 0.25em;" {{!}} {{{combatant2|}}}
{{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | 
{{!}} width="33%" style="border-left: 1px dotted #aaa; padding-left: 0.25em;" {{!}} {{{combatant3|}}}
}}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{commander1|}}}{{{commander2|}}}{{{commander3|}}} |
! {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | colspan="3" |colspan="2" }} style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center;" {{!}} Commanders
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{commander1|}}}{{{commander2|}}}{{{commander3|}}} |
{{!}} {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | width="33%" | width="50%" }} style="border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;" {{!}} {{{commander1|}}}
{{!}} {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | width="33%" | width="50%" }} style="padding-left: 0.25em;" {{!}} {{{commander2|}}}
{{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | 
{{!}} width="33%" style="border-left: 1px dotted #aaa; padding-left: 0.25em;" {{!}} {{{commander3|}}}
}}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{strength1|}}}{{{strength2|}}}{{{strength3|}}} |
! {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | colspan="3" | colspan="2" }} style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center;" {{!}} Strength
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{strength1|}}}{{{strength2|}}}{{{strength3|}}} |
{{!}} {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | width="33%" | width="50%" }} style="border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;" {{!}} {{{strength1|}}}
{{!}} {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | width="33%" | width="50%" }} style="padding-left: 0.25em;" {{!}} {{{strength2|}}}
{{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | 
{{!}} width="33%" style="border-left: 1px dotted #aaa; padding-left: 0.25em;" {{!}} {{{strength3|}}}
}}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{casualties1|}}}{{{casualties2|}}}{{{casualties3|}}} |
! {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | colspan="3" | colspan="2" }} style="background: lightsteelblue; text-align: center;" {{!}} Casualties
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{casualties1|}}}{{{casualties2|}}}{{{casualties3|}}} |
{{!}} {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | width="33%" | width="50%" }} style="border-right: 1px dotted #aaa;" {{!}} {{{casualties1|}}}
{{!}} {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | width="33%" | width="50%" }} style="padding-left: 0.25em;" {{!}} {{{casualties2|}}}
{{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | 
{{!}} width="33%" style="border-left: 1px dotted #aaa; padding-left: 0.25em;" {{!}} {{{casualties3|}}}
}}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{combatant3|}}} | | {{#if:{{{casualties3|}}} |
{{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center; {{#if:{{{casualties1|}}}{{{casualties2|}}} | border-top: 1px dotted #aaa;}}" {{!}} {{{casualties3|}}}
}}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{notes|}}} |
{{!}} {{#if:{{{combatant3|}}}|colspan="3"|colspan="2"}} style="font-size:90%; border-top:1px solid #aaa;" {{!}} {{{notes|}}}
}}
|}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
==== Military conflict infobox ====
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict= Battle of Lützen
|partof= the [[Thirty Years' War]]
|image= [[Image:Battle of Lutzen.jpg|300px|Battle of Lutzen]]
|caption= The '' '''Battle of Lützen''' '' by [[wikipedia:Carl Wahlbom|Carl Wahlbom]] shows the death of King [[wikipedia:Gustavus Adolphus|Gustavus Adolphus]] on [[wikipedia:November 16|November 16]], [[wikipedia:1632|1632]].
|date= [[wikipedia:November 6|November 6]] ([[wikipedia:Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) or [[wikipedia:November 16|November 16]] ([[wikipedia:Old Style and New Style dates|N.S.]]), [[wikipedia:1632|1632]]
|place= Near [[wikipedia:Lützen, Germany|Lützen]], southwest of [[wikipedia:Leipzig|Leipzig]], [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]]
|result= Swedish victory
|combatant1=[[wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]],&lt;br/&gt; [[wikipedia:Protestant|Protestant]] [[wikipedia:Germany|German states]] 
|combatant2=[[wikipedia:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]],&lt;br/&gt; [[wikipedia:Catholic League (German)|Catholic German states]]
|commander1=[[wikipedia:Gustavus Adolphus|Gustavus Adolphus]][[wikipedia:Killed in action|†]],&lt;br/&gt; [[wikipedia:Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar|Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar]]
|commander2=[[wikipedia:Albrecht von Wallenstein|Albrecht von Wallenstein]], &lt;br/&gt;[[wikipedia:Gottfried zu Pappenheim|Gottfried zu Pappenheim]][[wikipedia:Killed in action|†]]
|strength1=12,800 infantry,&lt;br/&gt; 6,200 cavalry, &lt;br/&gt;60 guns
|strength2=10,000 infantry,&lt;br/&gt; 7,000 cavalry, &lt;br/&gt; 24 guns
|casualties1=3,400 dead,&lt;br/&gt; 1,600 wounded or missing
|casualties2=3,000&amp;ndash;3,500 dead or wounded
}}

A military conflict infobox (sometimes referred to as a warbox) may be used to summarize information about a particular military conflict (a battle, campaign, war, or group of related wars) in a standard manner.  Many of the parameters can be omitted if desired; the choice of which parameters are appropriate for a particular conflict is left to the discretion of the article editors.

The infobox should be added using the {{tl|Infobox Military Conflict}} template, as shown below:

&lt;div style="width:250px;background:#dddddd;border: 1px solid black;padding:0.5em  1em 0.5em 1em"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=
|partof=
|image=
|caption=
|date=
|place=
|casus=
|territory=
|result=
|combatant1=
|combatant2=
|combatant3=
|commander1=
|commander2=
|commander3=
|strength1=
|strength2=
|strength3=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|casualties3=
|notes=
}}
&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

* '''conflict''' &amp;ndash; the name of the conflict being described (e.g. "Battle of Lützen" or "World War I").
* '''partof''' &amp;ndash; ''optional'' &amp;ndash; the larger conflict containing the event described in the article.  For battles or campaigns, this should be the war during which the event takes place; for particularly large wars, this may include a theatre (e.g. "the Eastern Front of World War II").  For wars, the parameter may be used to link to a larger group of wars (e.g. the [[Italian War of 1521]] to the [[Italian Wars]]).  It may be necessary to insert "the" before the name of the war for proper grammar.
* '''image''' &amp;ndash; ''optional'' &amp;ndash; an image for the warbox.  The image must be given in the form &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Image:Example.jpg|300px]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;; in particular, the ''thumb'' attribute must '''not''' be selected.
* '''caption''' &amp;ndash; ''optional'' &amp;ndash; the text to be placed below the image.  
* '''date''' &amp;ndash; the date of the conflict described.  Convention is to give the actual date for battles and the years for wars, but this does not always apply.
* '''place''' &amp;ndash; the location of the conflict.  For conflicts covering a wide area, a general description (e.g. "[[wikipedia:France|France]]", or "[[wikipedia:Europe|Europe]]", or "Worldwide") may be used.
* '''casus''' &amp;ndash; ''optional'' &amp;ndash; the formal [[wikipedia:casus belli|casus belli]] of a war.  This field should '''not''' be used for battles, for the underlying causes of a war, or in cases where the casus belli is disputed and requires a lengthy explanation.
* '''territory''' &amp;ndash; ''optional'' &amp;ndash; any changes in territorial control as a result of the conflict; this should not be used for overly lengthy descriptions of the peace settlement.
* '''result''' &amp;ndash; the outcome of the conflict (e.g. "French victory").  Modifiers such as "inconclusive" or "decisive" may be used as necessary.
* '''combatant1'''/'''combatant2'''/'''combatant3''' &amp;ndash; ''optional'' &amp;ndash; the parties participating in the conflict.  This is most commonly the countries whose forces took part in the conflict; however, larger groups (such as alliances or international organizations) or smaller ones (such as particular units, formations, or groups) may be indicated if doing so improves reader understanding.  When there is a large number of participants, it may be better to list only the three or four major groups on each side of the conflict, and to describe the rest in the body of the article.  The '''combatant3''' field may be used if a conflict has three distinct "sides", and should be left blank on other articles.
* '''commander1'''/'''commander2'''/'''commander3''' &amp;ndash; ''optional'' &amp;ndash; the commanders of the military forces involved.  For battles, this should include army commanders (and other officers as necessary).  For wars, only prominent or notable leaders  should be listed.  Ranks and titles should be omitted.  The '''commander3''' field can only be used if the '''combatant3''' field is set.
* '''strength1'''/'''strength2'''/'''strength3''' &amp;ndash; ''optional'' &amp;ndash; the numerical strength of the units involved.  It is generally not useful to provide unit names without giving an indication of numbers.  The '''strength3''' field can only be used if the '''combatant3''' field is set.
* '''casualties1'''/'''casualties2''' &amp;ndash; ''optional'' &amp;ndash; casualties suffered, including dead, wounded, missing, captured, and civilian deaths.  Terms such as "dead" (or "killed"), "wounded", or "captured" should be used in place of abbreviations such as "KIA" or "POW".
* '''casualties3''' &amp;ndash; ''optional'' &amp;ndash; if '''combatant3''' is set, this is a third casualty field identical to the two above; if it is '''''not''''' set, this is an alternate combined field for use where only the total casualties of a conflict are known, or where civilian casualties cannot be directly attributed to either side.
* '''notes''' &amp;ndash; ''optional'' &amp;ndash; optional field for further notes; this should only be used in exceptional circumstances.
[[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dx8rb7zaxbm9jt2jyb7vbjrk5jq4k70</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Infobox aircraft type</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1229</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4043</id>
      <parentid>4042</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T20:32:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4043</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2262" sha1="5676a9p8xnw3kr67d4ny5wp31kdk65j" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;
{{#if:{{{subtemplate|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
{{!}} colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" {{!}} {{{subtemplate}}}
{{!}}-
}}
! Role
{{!}} {{{type}}}
{{!}}-
{{#if:{{{national origin|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! {{nowrap|National origin}} 
{{!}} {{{national origin}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{manufacturer|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! Manufacturer{{#if:{{{manufacturers|}}}|s}}
{{!}} {{{manufacturers|{{{manufacturer}}}}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{design group|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! Design group
{{!}} {{{design group}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{designer|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! Designer
{{!}} {{{designer}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{builder|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! Built by
{{!}} {{{builder}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{first flight|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! First flight
{{!}} {{{first flight}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{introduction|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! Introduction
{{!}} {{{introduction}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{introduced|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! Introduction
{{!}} {{{introduced}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{retired|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! Retired
{{!}} {{{retired}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{status|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! Status
{{!}} {{{status}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{primary user|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! Primary&amp;nbsp;user{{#if: {{{more users|}}} |s}}
{{!}} {{{primary user}}}{{#if:{{{more users|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
&lt;br /&gt;{{{more users}}} }}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{produced|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! Produced
{{!}} {{{produced}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{number built|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! {{nowrap|Number built}}
{{!}} {{{number built}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{program cost|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! {{nowrap|Program cost}}
{{!}} {{{program cost}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{unit cost|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! {{nowrap|Unit cost}}
{{!}} &lt;div&gt;
{{{unit cost}}}&lt;/div&gt;
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{developed from|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! {{nowrap|Developed from}}
{{!}} {{{developed from}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{variants with their own articles|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! Variants
{{!}} {{{variants with their own articles}}}
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{developed into|&lt;noinclude&gt;-&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|
! {{nowrap|Developed into}}
{{!}} {{{developed into}}}
{{!}}-
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5676a9p8xnw3kr67d4ny5wp31kdk65j</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Infobox military installation</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1262</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4097</id>
      <timestamp>2016-01-10T01:40:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stranger195</username>
        <id>24950220</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Copied from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_military_installation&amp;oldid=692050677</comment>
      <origin>4097</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15666" sha1="t1g4gsbxayl1gkufpis7nko7sxusvz9" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox
| bodyclass = vcard
| bodystyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|main_box_raw|vcard}} 
| abovestyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_raw}}
| above = {{{name|&lt;includeonly&gt;{{PAGENAMEBASE}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{ensign|}}}|&lt;div style="padding-bottom:2px"&gt;{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{ensign|}}}|size={{{ensign_size|}}}|sizedefault=90px|alt={{{ensign_alt|}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}{{{nativename|}}}{{{nativename-a|}}}{{{nativename-r|}}}|
{{Infobox|child=yes
| datastyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_raw}}
| data1 = {{br separated entries
  |1 = {{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|&lt;span class="nickname"&gt;''{{{native_name|}}}''&lt;/span&gt;}}
  |2 = {{#if:{{{nativename|}}}|&lt;span class="nickname"&gt;''{{{nativename|}}}''&lt;/span&gt;}}
  |3 = {{#if:{{{nativename-a|}}}|&lt;span class="nickname"&gt;{{{nativename-a}}}&lt;/span&gt;}}
  |4 = {{#if:{{{nativename-r|}}}|&lt;span class="nickname"&gt;{{{nativename-r}}}&lt;/span&gt;}}
}}}}}}
| subheaderstyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|sub_header_raw}}
| subheader1 = {{#if:{{{partof|}}}| Part of {{{partof}}}}}
| subheader2 = {{#if:{{{location|}}}{{{nearest_town|}}}{{{country|}}} 
  |&lt;span class="label"&gt;{{br separated entries
    |1={{{location|}}}
    |2={{#if:{{{nearest_town|}}}|Near {{{nearest_town}}} }}
    }} {{#if:{{{country|}}} | {{#if:{{{location|}}}{{{nearest_town|}}}|in&amp;nbsp;}}{{{country}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;
  }}

| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{image_size|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{image_alt|{{{alt|}}}}}}}}
| caption = {{{caption|}}}
| image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image2|}}}|size={{{image2_size|}}}|sizedefault=75px|alt={{{image2_alt|{{{alt2|}}}}}}}}
| caption2 = {{{caption2|}}}
| image3 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{map|{{{image_map|}}}}}}|size={{{map_size|{{{image_mapsize|}}}}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{map_alt|{{{image_map_alt|}}}}}}}}
| caption3 = {{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption|}}}}}}
| image4 = {{#if:{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}}
  |{{Location map|{{{pushpin_map|{{{map_type|}}}}}}
|label = {{#ifeq: {{lc: {{{pushpin_label_position|}}} }} | none | | {{#if:{{{pushpin_label|}}}|{{{pushpin_label}}}|{{{name|&lt;includeonly&gt;{{PAGENAMEBASE}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}}} }}
|alt = {{{pushpin_map_alt|}}}
|lat = {{#if:{{{latm|}}}{{{latNS|}}}| |{{{latd|{{{latitude|}}}}}} }}
|long = {{#if:{{{longm|}}}{{{longEW|}}}| |{{{longd|{{{longitude|}}}}}} }}
|lat_deg={{#if:{{{latm|}}}{{{latNS|}}}|{{{latd|}}}| }}
|lat_min={{#if:{{{latm|}}}{{{latNS|}}}|{{{latm|}}}| }}
|lat_sec={{#if:{{{lats|}}}{{{latNS|}}}|{{{lats|}}}| }}
|lat_dir={{#if:{{{latNS|}}}|{{{latNS|}}}| }}
|lon_deg={{#if:{{{longm|}}}{{{longEW|}}}|{{{longd|}}}| }}
|lon_min={{#if:{{{longm|}}}{{{longEW|}}}|{{{longm|}}}| }}
|lon_sec={{#if:{{{longs|}}}{{{longEW|}}}|{{{longs|}}}| }}
|lon_dir={{#if:{{{longEW|}}}|{{{longEW|}}}| }}
|mark = {{#if: {{{pushpin_mark|}}} | {{{pushpin_mark}}} | Red_pog.svg }}
|marksize = {{#if: {{{pushpin_marksize|}}} | {{{pushpin_marksize}}} | 10 }}
|float = center
|caption =
|border = none
|position = {{{pushpin_label_position|}}}
|width = {{#if:{{{pushpin_mapsize|{{{map_size|}}}}}}|{{{pushpin_mapsize|{{{map_size|}}}}}} | 250 }}
|relief = {{{pushpin_relief|{{{map_relief|}}}}}}
|AlternativeMap = {{{pushpin_image|}}}
}}}}
| caption4 = {{{pushpin_map_caption|}}}

| labelstyle = padding-right:1em
| headerstyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_raw}}

| label1 =  Coordinates
| data1 = {{#if:{{{coordinates|}}}
  |{{{coordinates|}}}
  |{{#if:{{both|{{{latd|{{{latitude|}}}}}}|{{{longd|{{{longitude|}}}}}}}}
    |{{Geobox coor|{{{latd|{{{latitude|}}}}}}|{{{latm|}}}|{{{lats|}}}|{{{latNS|}}}|{{{longd|{{{longitude|}}}}}}|{{{longm|}}}|{{{longs|}}}|{{{longEW|}}}|{{#if:{{{coordinates_type|{{{coord_type|}}}}}}|type:{{{coordinates_type|{{{coord_type}}}}}}|type:landmark}}{{#if:{{{coordinates_region|{{{coord_region|}}}}}}|_region:{{{coordinates_region|{{{coord_region}}}}}}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{coordinates_display|}}}|inline|μ1|{{#if:{{{coordinates_display|{{{coord_display|}}}}}}|title|μ1}}}}={{{coordinates_display|{{{coord_display|}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{coordinates_format|{{{coord_format|}}}}}}|format|μ2}}={{{coordinates_format|{{{coord_format|}}}}}}}}{{{coordinates_footnotes|{{{coord_footnotes|}}}}}}
    }}
  }}

| label2 =  Type
| data2 =  {{{type|}}}

| label3 =  Code
| data3 = {{{code|}}}

| label4 =  Area
| data4 = {{{site_area|}}}

| label5 = Floor area
| data5 = {{{floor_area|}}}

| label6 =  Height
| data6 = {{{height|}}}

| label7 =  Length
| data7 = {{{length|}}}

| header8 ={{#if:{{{ownership|}}}{{{owner|}}}{{{operator|}}}{{{controlledby|}}}{{{controlled by|}}}{{{controlled_by|}}}{{{open_to_public|}}}{{{condition|}}}{{{status|}}}{{{site_other|}}}{{{website|}}}|Site information}}

| label9 =  Owner
| data9 = {{ifempty|{{{ownership|}}}|{{{owner|}}}}}

| label10 =  Operator
| data10 = {{{operator|}}}

| label11 =  Controlled&amp;nbsp;by
| data11 = {{ifempty|{{{controlledby|}}}|{{{controlled by|}}}|{{{controlled_by|}}}}}

| label12 =  Open&amp;nbsp;to&lt;br /&gt;the&amp;nbsp;public
| data12 = {{{open_to_public|}}}

| label13 =  {{#if: {{{condition|}}}|Condition|Status}}
| data13 = {{ifempty|{{{condition|}}}|{{{status|}}}}}

| label14 =  {{#if:{{{site_other_label|}}} | {{{site_other_label}}} | Other site&lt;br&gt;facilities }}
| data14 = {{{site_other|}}}

| label15 =  Website
| data15 = {{{website|}}}

| header16 = {{#if:{{{built|}}}{{{built_for|}}}{{{builder|}}}{{{architect|}}}{{{used|}}}{{{dates|}}}{{{materials|}}}{{{fate|}}}{{{demolished|}}}{{{battles|}}}{{{events|}}} | Site history }}

| label17 =  Built 
| data17 = {{{built|}}}

| label18 = Built&amp;nbsp;for
| data18 = {{{built_for|}}}

| label19 =  Built&amp;nbsp;by
| data19 = {{{builder|}}}

| label20 = Architect
| data20 = {{{architect|}}}

| label21 =  In&amp;nbsp;use
| data21 = {{ifempty|{{{used|}}}|{{{dates|}}}}}

| label22 =  Materials
| data22 = {{{materials|}}}

| label23 =  Fate 
| data23 = {{{fate|}}}

| label24 = Demolished
| data24 = {{{demolished|}}}

| label25 =  Battles/wars 
| data25 = {{{battles|}}}

| label26 =  Events 
| data26 = {{{events|}}}  

| header27 = {{#if:{{{commander|}}}{{{current_commander|}}}{{{past_commanders|{{{commanders|}}}}}}{{{garrison|}}}{{{occupants|}}} |  Garrison information  }}

| label28 =  Current&lt;br /&gt;commander  
| data28 = {{ifempty|{{{current_commander|}}}|{{{commander|}}}}}

| label29 =  Past&lt;br /&gt;commanders
| data29 = {{ifempty|{{{past_commanders|}}}|{{{commanders|}}}}}

| label30 =  Garrison  
| data30 = {{{garrison|}}} 

| label31 =  Occupants 
| data31 = {{{occupants|}}}  

| header32 = {{#if:{{{subcritical_tests|}}}{{{nuclear_tests|}}}{{{thermonuclear_tests|}}}{{{other_tests|}}}{{{remediation|}}} | Test information  }}

| label33 = [[Subcritical]] tests 
| data33 = {{{subcritical_tests|}}} 
  
| label34 = [[Nuclear fission|Nuclear]] tests 
| data34 = {{{nuclear_tests|}}}  

| label35 = [[Nuclear fusion|Thermonuclear]] tests  
| data35 = {{{thermonuclear_tests|}}} 

| label36 = {{#if:{{{other_tests_label|}}} | {{{other_tests_label}}} | Other tests }}  
| data36 = {{{other_tests|}}}

| label37 = [[Environmental remediation|Remediation]]
| data37 = {{{remediation|}}}

&lt;!-- image3 testing area (START) --&gt;
| data38 = {{#if:{{{image3|}}}|
{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image3|}}}|size={{{image3_size|}}}|sizedefault=250px|alt={{{image3_alt|{{{alt3|}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{caption3|}}}|&lt;div&gt;{{{caption3|}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}}}
&lt;!-- image3 testing area (END) --&gt;


| header39 = {{#if:{{{r1-number|}}}{{{r1-length|}}}{{{r1-surface|}}}{{{h1-number|}}}{{{h1-length|}}}{{{h1-surface|}}}{{{airfield_other|}}}{{{elevation|}}}{{{IATA|}}}{{{ICAO|}}}{{{FAA|}}}{{{TC|}}}{{{LID|}}}{{{GPS|}}}{{{WMO|}}} |Airfield information}}

&lt;!-- this next bit is to display ICAO, IATA etc codes if the airfield has (any of) these --&gt;

| label40 =  Identifiers
| data40 = {{comma separated entries
 |1= {{#if:{{{IATA|}}} | [[International Air Transport Association airport code|IATA]]: {{{IATA|}}}}}
 |2= {{#if:{{{ICAO|}}} | [[International Civil Aviation Organization airport code|ICAO]]: {{{ICAO}}}}}
 |3= {{#if:{{{FAA|}}} |[[Location identifier#FAA identifier|FAA LID]]: {{{FAA}}}}}
 |4= {{#if:{{{TC|}}} | [[Location identifier#Transport Canada identifier|TC LID]]: {{{TC}}}}}
 |5= {{#if:{{{LID|}}}| [[Location identifier|LID]]: {{{LID}}}}}
 |6= {{#if:{{{GPS|}}}| [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]: {{{GPS}}}}}
 |7= {{#if:{{{WMO|}}}| [[Location identifier#WMO station identifiers|WMO]]: {{{WMO}}}}}
 }}

| label41 =  Elevation
| data41 = {{#if:{{{elevation|}}} |{{{elevation}}} [[Above mean sea level|AMSL]] }}

| data43 = {{#if: {{{r1-number|}}} {{{r1-length|}}} {{{r1-surface|}}}|
&lt;table style="width:100%; margin:-2px -1px -1px -1px; border-spacing:0;"&gt;
&lt;tr style="background-color: #ddd"&gt;
&lt;th colspan=2 style="font-weight:normal; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:0 0 1px 0;"&gt;Runways&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="background-color: #ddd; text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;th scope=col style="font-weight:normal; width: 25%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 1px 0 0;padding:1px 2px;"&gt;[[Runway#Orientation and dimensions|Direction]]&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th scope=col style="font-weight:normal; width: 75%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 0 0 1px;padding:1px 2px;"&gt;Length and surface&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{r1-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{r1-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{r1-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;{{#if:{{{r2-number|}}} {{{r2-length|}}} {{{r2-surface|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{r2-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{r2-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{r2-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;}}{{#if:{{{r3-number|}}} {{{r3-length|}}} {{{r3-surface|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{r3-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{r3-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{r3-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;}}{{#if:{{{r4-number|}}} {{{r4-length|}}} {{{r4-surface|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{r4-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{r4-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{r4-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;}}{{#if:{{{r5-number|}}} {{{r5-length|}}} {{{r5-surface|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{r5-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{r5-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{r5-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;}}{{#if:{{{r6-number|}}} {{{r6-length|}}} {{{r6-surface|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{r6-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{r6-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{r6-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;}}{{#if:{{{r7-number|}}} {{{r7-length|}}} {{{r7-surface|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{r7-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{r7-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{r7-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;}}{{#if:{{{r8-number|}}} {{{r8-length|}}} {{{r8-surface|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{r8-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{r8-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{r8-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;}}{{#if:{{{r9-number|}}} {{{r9-length|}}} {{{r9-surface|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{r9-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{r9-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{r9-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;/table&gt;}}

| data45 = {{#if: {{{h1-number|}}} {{{h1-length|}}} {{{h1-surface|}}}|
&lt;table style="width:100%; margin:-2px -1px -1px -1px; border-spacing:0;"&gt;
&lt;tr style="background-color: #ddd"&gt;
&lt;th colspan=2 style="font-weight:normal; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:0 0 1px 0;"&gt;Helipads&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="background-color: #ddd; text-align: left;"&gt;
&lt;th scope=col style="font-weight:normal; width: 25%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 1px 0 0; padding:1px 2px;"&gt;Number&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th scope=col style="font-weight:normal; width: 75%; border:solid 1px #fafafa; border-width:1px 0 0 1px; padding:1px 2px;"&gt;Length and surface&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
{{#if:{{{h1-number|}}} {{{h1-length|}}} {{{h1-surface|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{h1-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{h1-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{h1-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;}}
{{#if:{{{h2-number|}}} {{{h2-length|}}} {{{h2-surface|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{h2-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{h2-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{h2-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;}}
{{#if:{{{h3-number|}}} {{{h3-length|}}} {{{h3-surface|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{h3-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{h3-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{h3-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;}}
{{#if:{{{h4-number|}}} {{{h4-length|}}} {{{h4-surface|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{h4-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{h4-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{h4-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;}}
{{#if:{{{h5-number|}}} {{{h5-length|}}} {{{h5-surface|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{h5-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{h5-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{h5-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;}}
{{#if:{{{h6-number|}}} {{{h6-length|}}} {{{h6-surface|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: center;"&gt;{{{h6-number|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td style="text-align: left;"&gt;{{{h6-length}}}&amp;nbsp;{{{h6-surface}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;/table&gt;}}

| label46 =  {{#if:{{{airfield_other_label|}}} | {{{airfield_other_label}}} | Other airfield&lt;br&gt;facilities }}
| data46 = {{{airfield_other|}}}

| header47 = {{{nrhp|{{{embedded|{{{module|}}}}}}}}}

| belowstyle = text-align: left; background-color: #eee
| below = {{{footnotes|}}}
}}{{&lt;includeonly&gt;safesubst:&lt;/includeonly&gt;#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=[[Category:Pages using infobox military installation with deprecated syntax|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]|ignoreblank=y
| name| ensign| ensign_size| ensign_alt| native_name| nativename| nativename-a| nativename-r|partof| location| nearest_town| country| image| image_size| image_alt| alt| caption| image2| image2_size| image2_alt| alt2| caption2| map| image_map |map_size| image_mapsize| map_alt| image_map_alt| map_caption| image_map_caption| pushpin_map| map_type| pushpin_label_position| pushpin_label| pushpin_map_alt| latm| latNS| latd| latitude| longm| longEW| longd| longitude| lats| longs| pushpin_mark| pushpin_marksize| pushpin_mapsize| pushpin_relief| map_relief| pushpin_image| pushpin_map_caption| coordinates| coordinates_type| coord_type| coordinates_region| coord_region| coordinates_display| coord_display| coordinates_format| coord_format| coordinates_footnotes| coord_footnotes| type| code| site_area| height| length| ownership| owner| operator| controlledby| controlled by| controlled_by| open_to_public| condition| status| site_other| website| site_other_label| built| built_for| builder| architect| used| dates |materials| fate| demolished| battles| events| current_commander| past_commanders| garrison| occupants| subcritical_tests| nuclear_tests| thermonuclear_tests| other_tests| remediation| other_tests_label| image3| image3_size| image3_alt| alt3| caption3| r1-number| r1-length| r1-surface| h1-number| h1-length| h1-surface| airfield_other| elevation| IATA| ICAO| FAA| TC| LID| GPS| WMO| r2-number| r2-length| r2-surface| r3-number| r3-length| r3-surface| r4-number| r4-length| r4-surface| r5-number| r5-length| r5-surface| r6-number| r6-length| r6-surface| r7-number| r7-length| r7-surface| r8-number| r8-length| r8-surface| r9-number| r9-length| r9-surface| h2-number| h2-length| h2-surface| h3-number| h3-length| h3-surface| h4-number| h4-length| h4-surface| h5-number| h5-length| h5-surface| h6-number| h6-length| h6-surface| airfield_other_label| |nrhp |embedded |module| footnotes
}}{{#if:{{#if:{{both|{{{ownership|}}}|{{{owner|}}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{both|{{{condition|}}}|{{{status|}}}}}|1}}{{#if:{{both|{{{used|}}}|{{{dates|}}}}}|1}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox military installation with deprecated syntax|Δ]]
}}{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:string|replace|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|.*
.*|CHECK|plain=false}}|CHECK|[[Category:Pages using infobox military installation with deprecated syntax|Ε]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;!-- Please add categories to the /doc subpage, not here. --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>t1g4gsbxayl1gkufpis7nko7sxusvz9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Infobox military structure</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1261</id>
    <redirect title="Template:Infobox military installation" />
    <revision>
      <id>4096</id>
      <timestamp>2016-01-10T01:40:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stranger195</username>
        <id>24950220</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Copied from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_military_structure&amp;oldid=577830142</comment>
      <origin>4096</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="52" sha1="ecr5mh0eg3uen2fvtw1phcqfxsenmjp" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Infobox military installation]]</text>
      <sha1>ecr5mh0eg3uen2fvtw1phcqfxsenmjp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Infobox military unit</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1206</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4030</id>
      <parentid>4014</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T18:46:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>4030</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3150" sha1="ohsqkrh5bikt8rebimboo82occi9yun" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{| {{Military history infobox style|main_box}}
|- class="hproduct"
&lt;!--------------------------Name, image, type, origin------------------------&gt;
! class="fn" colspan="2" {{Military history infobox style|header_bar}} | {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{image|}}} |
{{!}} colspan="2" {{Military history infobox style|image_box}} {{!}} {{{image|}}}&lt;br/&gt;{{{caption|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{country|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Country
{{!}} {{{country|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{branch|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Branch
{{!}} {{{branch|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{allegiance|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Allegiance
{{!}} {{{allegiance|}}}
}}
&lt;!----------------------------Service history-----------------------------&gt;
! class="fn" colspan="2" {{Military history infobox style|header_bar}} | Service history
|-
{{#if:{{{start_date|}}}{{{end_date|}}}{{{dates|}}}|
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Active
{{!}} {{{dates|}}}{{{start_date|}}}{{{end_date|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{role|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Role
{{!}} {{{role|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{size|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Size
{{!}} {{{size|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{command_structure|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Part of
{{!}} {{{command_structure|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{nickname|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Nickname
{{!}} {{{nickname|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{patron|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Patron
{{!}} {{{patron|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{motto|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Motto
{{!}} {{{motto|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{colors|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Colors
{{!}} {{{colors|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{battles|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Battles
{{!}} {{{battles|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{decorations|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Decorations
{{!}} {{{decorations|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{website|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Website
{{!}} {{{website|}}}
}}
|-
&lt;!----------------------------Commanders-----------------------------&gt;
! class="fn" colspan="2" {{Military history infobox style|header_bar}} | Commanders
|-
{{#if:{{{commander1|}}}{{{commander2|}}}{{{commander3|}}}{{{current_commander|}}}{{{ceremonial_chief|}}}{{{colonel_of_the_regiment|}}}{{{notable_commanders|}}}|
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Commanders
{{!}} {{{commander1|}}}{{{commander2|}}}{{{commander3|}}}{{{current_commander|}}}{{{ceremonial_chief|}}}{{{colonel_of_the_regiment|}}}{{{notable_commanders|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{commander2_label|}}}{{{commander2_label|}}}|
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Current commander
{{!}} {{{commander2_label|}}}{{{commander2_label|}}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{commander3_label|}}}{{{commander3_label|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Command Sergeant Major
{{!}} {{{commander3_label|}}}{{{commander3_label|}}}
}}
|-
&lt;!------------------------------insignia-------------------------------&gt;
! class="fn" colspan="2" {{Military history infobox style|header_bar}} | Insignia
|-
{{#if:{{{identification_symbol|}}} |
! style="padding-right: 1em;" {{!}} Insignia
{{!}} {{{identification_symbol|}}}
}}
|}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ohsqkrh5bikt8rebimboo82occi9yun</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Information</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>417</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2138</id>
      <parentid>2137</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-04-05T16:49:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>2138</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1599" sha1="ry95wutqkf2gv3uskbf8kpxf075jxah" xml:space="preserve">{| summary="A standardized table providing complete information about the file, including description of what it shows and how it was made, copyright status and source." class="toccolours" style="width: 100%" cellpadding="2"
! style="background: #ccf; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.4em; width: 15%" id="fileinfotpl_desc" |Description
|
{{{Description}}}
|-
! style="background: #ccf; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.4em" id="fileinfotpl_src" | Source
|
{{{Source}}}
|-
! style="background: #ccf; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.4em; white-space: nowrap" id="fileinfotpl_date" | Date
|
{{{Date}}}
|-
! style="background: #ccf; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.4em" id="fileinfotpl_aut" | Author
|
{{{Author}}}
|-
! style="background: #ccf; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.4em" id="fileinfotpl_perm" | Permission
|
{{{Permission}}}
{{#switch: {{{other_versions|}}}
|   =
| - =
| none =
| #default = &lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="background: #ccf; text-align: right; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.4em; font-weight: bold" id="fileinfotpl_ver"&gt;Other versions&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;
{{{other_versions}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
==Brief syntax description ==
For usage full description of the the template see [[Commons:Commons:First steps/Quality and description|Commons:First steps/Quality and description]].

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{Information
|Description=
|Source=
|Date=
|Author=
|Permission=
|other_versions= (optional variable, can be left out)
}}
&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;
[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Insignia</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>416</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2135</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T18:24:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2135</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="607" sha1="dkezn1amn1e3vv1ezy6zrl9xmacy0i2" xml:space="preserve">{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#e8f8e8; border:2px solid #80d080;"
| This image shows a [[wikipedia:flag|flag]], a [[wikipedia:coat of arms|coat of arms]], a [[wikipedia:seal (device)|seal]] or some other official '''[[wikipedia:insignia|insignia]]'''. The use of such symbols is restricted in many countries. These restrictions are independent of the [[wikipedia:copyright|copyright]] status of the depiction shown here.
|}
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Insignia]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:License tags|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dkezn1amn1e3vv1ezy6zrl9xmacy0i2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Legend</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>519</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2271</id>
      <parentid>2270</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-01-03T14:37:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>+category</comment>
      <origin>2271</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="913" sha1="243yrzxihnjshgj0ebz6155lr28kb0d" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%; display:block;"&gt;&lt;span style="border:{{{border|none}}}; background-color:{{{1|none}}}; color:{{{1|none}}};"&gt;██&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;{{{2|}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

Shows a legend row with a colored box.

;Usage:
 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;legend|''color''|''label''|border=''border''&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

''color'' is passed to the [[wikipedia:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] background-color property. The optional ''border'' argument is passed to the css border property.

;Example:
 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{legend|black|Africa}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{legend|green|Americas}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{legend|blue|Oceania}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{legend|#ff0|Europe}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 &lt;nowiki&gt;{{legend|#ff2800|Asia}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

{{legend|black|Africa}}
{{legend|green|Americas}}
{{legend|blue|Oceania}}
{{legend|#ff0|Europe}}
{{legend|#ff2800|Asia}}

[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>243yrzxihnjshgj0ebz6155lr28kb0d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:MONTH</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1248</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4064</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:55:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4064</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="230" sha1="jy4xlapt7gcubp83itdmc1s8jwoll4w" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#switch:{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{1}}}}}|1=01|2=02|3=03|4=04|5=05|6=06|7=07|8=08|9=09|{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{1}}}}}}}|Missing required parameter 1=''month''!}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jy4xlapt7gcubp83itdmc1s8jwoll4w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:MONTH/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1249</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4065</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:56:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template doc</comment>
      <origin>4065</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6419" sha1="ab7su0whgrv51bv44qwpn058w05e9i4" xml:space="preserve">This template returns the cyclic integer month number in ISO format (between 01 and 12) of the month whose real number is in parameter. Alternatively, the month can be given with its English name (complete or abbreviated to 3 characters, with capitals or small letters).

; Syntax&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt;
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}|&lt;/tt&gt;''month''&lt;tt&gt;}}&lt;/tt&gt;
* The ''month'' value is interpreted modulo 12 (extra leading zeroes are ignored, negative numbers are accepted, all numbers are rounded to floor).


; Examples for all standard month numbers&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt;
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|1}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|1}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|2}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|2}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|3}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|4}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|5}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|5}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|6}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|6}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|7}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|7}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|8}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|8}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|9}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|9}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|10}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|10}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|11}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|11}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|12}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|12}}

; Examples for month numbers with extra leading zero&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt;
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|01}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|01}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|02}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|02}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|03}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|03}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|04}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|04}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|05}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|05}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|06}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|06}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|07}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|07}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|08}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|08}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|09}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|09}}

; Examples for month number underflows and overflows, from computed values&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt;
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-1200}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-1200}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-1201}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-1201}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-1212}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-1212}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-12}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-12}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-11}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-11}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-10}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-10}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-9}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-9}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-8}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-8}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-7}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-7}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-6}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-6}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-5}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-5}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-4}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-4}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-3}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-3}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-2}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-2}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-1}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-1}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-0.9999}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-0.9999}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-0.5}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-0.5}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|-0.0001}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|-0.0001}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|0}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|0}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|0.0001}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|0.0001}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|0.5}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|0}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|0.9999}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|0.9999}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|12.0001}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|12.0001}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|12.5}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|12.5}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|12.9999}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|12.9999}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|13}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|13}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|14}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|14}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|24}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|24}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|1200}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|1200}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|1201}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|1201}}
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|1212}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|1212}}

; Example for invalid month name&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt;
: &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{BASEPAGENAME}}&lt;nowiki&gt;|xxx}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; returns {{{{BASEPAGENAME}}|xxx}}

; See also&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt;
: [[Template:MONTHNAME]]
: [[Template:MONTHABBREV]]
: [[Template:MONTHNUMBER]]

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[Category:Date-computing templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ab7su0whgrv51bv44qwpn058w05e9i4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:MONTHNAME</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1186</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3984</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-28T23:06:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>3984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="274" sha1="aec3ln7w1og3uu07bj5gt5gnqiclbwt" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{#switch:{{MONTHNUMBER|{{{1}}}}}|1=January|2=February|3=March|4=April|5=May|6=June|7=July|8=August|9=September|10=October|11=November|12=December|Incorrect required parameter 1=''month''!}}|Missing required parameter 1=''month''!}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>aec3ln7w1og3uu07bj5gt5gnqiclbwt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:MONTHNUMBER</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1250</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4066</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:57:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4066</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="543" sha1="28ynegl9eyocxd7rq7wp4oq2l50xd04" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}
 |{{#switch:{{lc:{{{1}}}}}
  |january|jan=1
  |february|feb=2
  |march|mar=3
  |apr|april=4
  |may=5
  |june|jun=6
  |july|jul=7
  |august|aug=8
  |september|sep|sept=9
  |october|oct=10
  |november|nov=11
  |december|dec=12
  |{{#ifexpr:{{{1}}}&lt;0
   |{{#ifexpr:(({{{1}}})round 0)!=({{{1}}})
    |{{#expr:12-(((0.5-({{{1}}}))round 0)mod 12)}}
    |{{#expr:12-(((11.5-({{{1}}}))round 0)mod 12)}}
   }}
  |{{#expr:(((10.5+{{{1}}})round 0)mod 12)+1}}
  }}
 }}
 |Missing required parameter 1=''month''!
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>28ynegl9eyocxd7rq7wp4oq2l50xd04</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Main</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>367</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2019</id>
      <parentid>2018</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-02-18T22:52:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>And just when I though that there were no more "copy-paste from Wikipedia" pages...</comment>
      <origin>2019</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="676" sha1="kobwk00brdkgp7uuey7q3aqesdnek1b" xml:space="preserve">:&lt;div class="noprint"&gt;''Main article{{#if:{{{2|}}}|s}}&amp;#58; [[{{{1}}}|{{{l1|{{{1}}}}}}]]{{#if:{{{2| }}}
  |{{#if:{{{3|}}}|,&amp;#32;|&amp;#32;and&amp;#32;}}[[{{{2}}}|{{{l2|{{{2}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}
  |{{#if:{{{4|}}}|,&amp;#32;|,&amp;#32;and&amp;#32;}}[[{{{3}}}|{{{l3|{{{3}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{4|}}}
  |{{#if:{{{5|}}}|,&amp;#32;|,&amp;#32;and&amp;#32;}}[[{{{4}}}|{{{l4|{{{4}}}}}}]]}}{{#if:{{{5|}}}
  |, and [[{{{5}}}|{{{l5|{{{5}}}}}}]]}}''{{#if:{{{6| }}}|&amp;#32; (too many parameters in &amp;#123;&amp;#123;[[Template:main|main]]&amp;#125;&amp;#125;)}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

== Usage ==
To link to a "main article" on a topic, use &amp;#123;{main|The other article}}.

[[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kobwk00brdkgp7uuey7q3aqesdnek1b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Main Page/Featured article</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>313</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1915</id>
      <parentid>1914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-11-09T16:03:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Protected "[[Template:Main Page/Featured article]]": this is a part of the main page, anons/new users have no need to edit this [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed] (expires 00:00, 31 December 2007 (UTC))</comment>
      <origin>1915</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="766" sha1="b99zicqj6q9r8l7t8f7935zd5xbk44c" xml:space="preserve">'''Aerial warfare''' is the use of [[military aircraft]] and other flying machines in [[warfare]], including military airlift of [[wikipedia:cargo|cargo]] to further the national interests as was demonstrated in the [[Berlin Airlift]]. Developing from unpowered observation [[wikipedia:hot air balloon|hot air balloon]]s in the 18th century and even older [[wikipedia:Kite|Kite]], aerial warfare has become a [[wikipedia:Technology|high-technology]] affair that has led to many advances in technology and techniques such as [[wikipedia:Air propulsion|propulsion]], [[wikipedia:radar|radar]], and use of composites and engineered materials such as [[wikipedia:carbon fiber|carbon fiber]]s.
[[Aerial warfare|Read more...]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>b99zicqj6q9r8l7t8f7935zd5xbk44c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Medal of Honor recipients</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1233</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4048</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:12:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4048</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4273" sha1="16o2g1nnvxjmwf4hie6ip0qtern1qqb" xml:space="preserve">{{Sidebar
|name = Medal of Honor recipients
|class = collapsible
|style = width:auto;
|titlestyle = background:lightsteelblue;padding-top:0.8em;padding-left:3.75em;font-size:90%&lt;!---90% to keep [show]/[hide] link small---&gt;;font-weight:normal;
|title = {{resize|150%|[[Medal of Honor]]}}&lt;!---{{resize}} used so [show]/[hide] link kept small---&gt;
|imagestyle = background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.4em;
|image = [[File:Medalsofhonor2.jpg|170px|alt=Three medals, side by side, consisting of an inverted 5-pointed star hanging from a light blue ribbon with 13 white stars in the center. Left medal has a laurel wreath around the star and an eagle emblem above the star; central medal has an anchor emblem attaching the medal to the ribbon; rightmost medal has a laurel wreath around the star and an emblem with wings, lightning bolts and the word "VALOR" connecting the medal to the ribbon.]]
|headingstyle = background:gainsboro;
|contentclass = hlist
|contentstyle = padding-top:0.2em;

|content1style = padding-top:0.4em;font-size:110%;
|content1 = [[List of Medal of Honor recipients|All recipients]]


|heading2 = [[List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients|American Civil War]]
|content2 =
:''By surname'' 
[[List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F|A–F]] {{*}} [[List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L|G–L]] {{*}} [[List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: M–P|M–P]] {{*}} [[List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: Q–S|Q–S]] {{*}} [[List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: T–Z|T–Z]]
:''By battle''
[[List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Second Battle of Fort Fisher|Second Battle of Fort Fisher]] {{*}}&lt;br/&gt; [[List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Opequon|Battle of Opequon]] {{*}}&lt;br/&gt; [[List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Cedar Creek|Battle of Cedar Creek]]

|heading3 = Other wars and conflicts
|content3 = [[List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars|Indian Wars]] {{*}}&lt;br/&gt; [[List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Spanish–American War|Spanish–American War]] {{*}}&lt;br/&gt; [[List of Philippine–American War Medal of Honor recipients|Philippine–American War]] {{*}}&lt;br/&gt; [[List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion|Boxer Rebellion]] {{*}} [[List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz)|Veracruz]] {{*}}&lt;br/&gt; [[List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I|World War I]] {{*}}&lt;br/&gt; {{longlink |[[List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II|World War II]]&lt;br/&gt;{{small|([[List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima|Battle of Iwo Jima]])}}}} {{*}}&lt;br/&gt; [[List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients|Korean War]] {{*}} [[List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] {{*}}&lt;br/&gt; [[List of post-Vietnam Medal of Honor recipients|Post-Vietnam]] {{*}} [[List of Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime|Peacetime]]

|heading4 = By ethnic group
|content4 = [[List of African-American Medal of Honor recipients|African American]] {{*}} [[List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients|Asian American]] {{*}}&lt;br/&gt; [[List of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients|Hispanic American]] {{*}} [[List of Irish-American Medal of Honor recipients|Irish American]] {{*}}&lt;br/&gt;  [[List of Italian-American Medal of Honor recipients|Italian American]] {{*}} [[List of Jewish Medal of Honor recipients|Jewish American]] {{*}}&lt;br/&gt;  [[List of Native American Medal of Honor recipients|Native American]] {{*}} [[List of Puerto Rican recipients of the Medal of Honor|Puerto Rican]]

|heading5 = By other criteria
|content5 = [[List of living Medal of Honor recipients|Living]] {{*}} [[List of foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients|Foreign-born]] {{*}}&lt;br/&gt; [[List of Medal of Honor recipients educated at the United States Naval Academy|Naval Academy alumni]] {{*}}&lt;br/&gt; [[List of Medal of Honor recipients educated at the United States Military Academy|Military Academy alumni]] {{*}}&lt;br/&gt; [[Tiffany Cross Medal of Honor|Tiffany Cross]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;

[[Category:United States military templates]]
[[Category:Military awards and decorations of the United States| ]]
[[Category:Recipients of Orders, Decorations, and Medals templates|United States]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>16o2g1nnvxjmwf4hie6ip0qtern1qqb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Military-Insignia</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>421</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3748</id>
      <parentid>2142</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:21:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fix image name</comment>
      <origin>3748</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="973" sha1="3mcsedivsyxc77ah296r9tn542lch0i" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- License: Public domain, transcluded from Template:Military-Insignia --&gt;
{|class="boilerplate" style="margin:0.5em auto;width:80%;background-color:#f7f8ff;border:2px solid #8888aa; padding:4px;font-size:85%;min-height:64px;vertical-align:center" id="imageLicense"
|style="float:left" id="imageLicenseIcon"|[[File:PD-icon.svg|64px|Public domain]]
|style="text-align:left;margin-left:68px" id="imageLicenseText"|
This image displays an insignia of a military rank. '''[[wikipedia:Copyright|Copyright]]ing''' combatant identification and/or rank insignia violates international law; hence this image cannot be copyrighted and belongs to the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]'''. This applies worldwide.''
----
Note that the use of such symbols is restricted in many countries independently of the copyright status.&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Images of military insignia|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:License tags|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3mcsedivsyxc77ah296r9tn542lch0i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Military history infobox style</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1207</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4015</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-07T20:31:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create support template</comment>
      <origin>4015</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1082" sha1="ghyolpk5xr9h0eal1nxpfqw7769o5ep" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#switch:{{{1|}}}
|main_box= class="infobox {{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}}}" style="float: right; clear: right; width: 315px; border-spacing: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"
|main_box_raw= width: 315px; border-spacing: 2px; font-size: 90%;
|header_bar= style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"
|header_color= background-color: #B0C4DE;
|nav_box= margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; width: 315px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em;
|nav_box_wide=  
|nav_box_header= background-color: #B0C4DE; font-size: 90%;
|nav_box_wide_header= background-color: #B0C4DE; font-size: 95%;
|nav_box_header_text= padding: 0.2em 0; line-height: 1.3em;
|nav_box_label= background-color: #DCDCDC;
|nav_box_text=
|image_box= style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"
|image_box_plain= style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1.5em;"
|internal_border= 1px dotted #aaa;
|section_border= 1px solid #aaa;
|#default=
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ghyolpk5xr9h0eal1nxpfqw7769o5ep</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Military navigation</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1172</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3968</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-25T12:07:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>3968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3542" sha1="iraarg91a2t2i7dkscx8fb3c78qxt3x" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Navbox
|titlestyle= {{#switch:{{{style|}}}|wide={{Military history infobox style|nav_box_wide_header}}|#default={{Military history infobox style|nav_box_header}}}}
|bodystyle= {{#switch:{{{style|}}}|wide={{Military history infobox style|nav_box_wide}}|#default= {{#ifeq:{{{border|}}}|child|{{Military history infobox style|nav_box_child}}|{{Military history infobox style|nav_box}}}}}}
|groupstyle= {{Military history infobox style|nav_box_label}} {{{groupstyle|}}}
|belowstyle= {{Military history infobox style|nav_box_label}} {{{belowstyle|}}}
|abovestyle= {{Military history infobox style|nav_box_label}} {{{abovestyle|}}}
|oddstyle= {{#if:{{{odd_color|}}}|background: {{{odd_color|}}};}}
|evenstyle= {{#if:{{{even_color|}}}|background: {{{even_color|}}};}}
|bodyclass={{{bodyclass|}}}
|listclass={{{listclass|}}}
|aboveclass={{{aboveclass|}}}
|belowclass={{{belowclass|}}}
|state={{#if:{{{state|}}}|{{{state|}}}|autocollapse}}
|border={{{border|}}}
|name={{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name|}}}|{{{raw_name|}}}}}
|navbar={{#if:{{{raw_name|}}}{{{name|}}}||plain}}
|title={{{title|}}}
|group1={{{group1|}}}
|list1={{{list1|}}}
|group2={{{group2|}}}
|list2={{{list2|}}}
|group3={{{group3|}}}
|list3={{{list3|}}}
|group4={{{group4|}}}
|list4={{{list4|}}}
|group5={{{group5|}}}
|list5={{{list5|}}}
|group6={{{group6|}}}
|list6={{{list6|}}}
|group7={{{group7|}}}
|list7={{{list7|}}}
|group8={{{group8|}}}
|list8={{{list8|}}}
|group9={{{group9|}}}
|list9={{{list9|}}}
|group10={{{group10|}}}
|list10={{{list10|}}}
|group11={{{group11|}}}
|list11={{{list11|}}}
|group12={{{group12|}}}
|list12={{{list12|}}}
|group13={{{group13|}}}
|list13={{{list13|}}}
|group14={{{group14|}}}
|list14={{{list14|}}}
|group15={{{group15|}}}
|list15={{{list15|}}}
|group16={{{group16|}}}
|list16={{{list16|}}}
|group17={{{group17|}}}
|list17={{{list17|}}}
|group18={{{group18|}}}
|list18={{{list18|}}}
|group19={{{group19|}}}
|list19={{{list19|}}}
|group20={{{group20|}}}
|list20={{{list20|}}}
|group21={{{group21|}}}
|list21={{{list21|}}}
|group22={{{group22|}}}
|list22={{{list22|}}}
|group23={{{group23|}}}
|list23={{{list23|}}}
|group24={{{group24|}}}
|list24={{{list24|}}}
|group25={{{group25|}}}
|list25={{{list25|}}}
|group26={{{group26|}}}
|list26={{{list26|}}}
|group27={{{group27|}}}
|list27={{{list27|}}}
|group28={{{group28|}}}
|list28={{{list28|}}}
|group29={{{group29|}}}
|list29={{{list29|}}}
|group30={{{group30|}}}
|list30={{{list30|}}}
|list1style={{{list1style|}}}
|list2style={{{list2style|}}}
|list3style={{{list3style|}}}
|list4style={{{list4style|}}}
|list5style={{{list5style|}}}
|list6style={{{list6style|}}}
|list7style={{{list7style|}}}
|list8style={{{list8style|}}}
|list9style={{{list9style|}}}
|list10style={{{list10style|}}}
|list11style={{{list11style|}}}
|list12style={{{list12style|}}}
|list13style={{{list13style|}}}
|list14style={{{list14style|}}}
|list15style={{{list15style|}}}
|list16style={{{list16style|}}}
|list17style={{{list17style|}}}
|list18style={{{list18style|}}}
|list19style={{{list19style|}}}
|list20style={{{list20style|}}}
|list21style={{{list21style|}}}
|list22style={{{list22style|}}}
|list23style={{{list23style|}}}
|list24style={{{list24style|}}}
|list25style={{{list25style|}}}
|list26style={{{list26style|}}}
|list27style={{{list27style|}}}
|list28style={{{list28style|}}}
|list29style={{{list29style|}}}
|list30style={{{list30style|}}}
|below={{{below|}}}
|above={{{above|}}}
|image={{{image|}}}
|imageleft={{{imageleft|}}}
}}
&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Navigational boxes| ]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>iraarg91a2t2i7dkscx8fb3c78qxt3x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Namespace detect</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1215</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4025</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T18:29:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>create template</comment>
      <origin>4025</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1296" sha1="rfcpaa94p1nwj177qr3d3vnspb73brk" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:
  {{lc:               &lt;!--Lower case the result--&gt;
    &lt;!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--&gt;
    {{#if:{{{demospace|}}} 
    | {{{demospace}}}
    | {{#if:{{{page|}}} 
      | &lt;!--Detect the namespace in the "page" parameter--&gt;
        {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE:{{{page}}} }}|{{TALKSPACE:{{{page}}} }}
        | talk
        | {{SUBJECTSPACE:{{{page}}} }} 
        }}
      | &lt;!--No "demospace" or "page" parameters, so detect actual namespace--&gt;
        {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{TALKSPACE}}
        | talk
        | {{SUBJECTSPACE}} 
        }}
      }}
    }}
  }}
&lt;!-- Only one of the lines below will be executed --&gt;
&lt;!-- Respecting empty parameters on purpose --&gt;
| main        &lt;!--"demospace=main" or {{SUBJECTSPACE}}={{ns:0}}=""--&gt;
|           = {{{main| {{{other|}}} }}}
| talk      = {{{talk| {{{other|}}} }}}
| user      = {{{user| {{{other|}}} }}}
| warwiki = {{{warwiki| {{{other|}}} }}}
| file
| image     = {{{file| {{{image| {{{other|}}} }}} }}}
| mediawiki = {{{mediawiki| {{{other|}}} }}}
| template  = {{{template| {{{other|}}} }}}
| help      = {{{help| {{{other|}}} }}}
| category  = {{{category| {{{other|}}} }}}
| other
| #default  = {{{other|}}}   &lt;!--"demospace=other" or a new namespace--&gt;

}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rfcpaa94p1nwj177qr3d3vnspb73brk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Navbar</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4038</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T19:09:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4038</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1133" sha1="9w9i4h370cebqmrq7jz0nbtp466biyw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar {{#if:{{{mini|}}}|mini}}" style="{{{style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{mini|}}}{{{plain|}}}|&lt;!--nothing--&gt;|&lt;!--else:
--&gt;&lt;span style="word-spacing:0;{{{fontstyle|}}}"&gt;{{{text|This box:}}} &lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{brackets|}}}|&lt;span style="margin-right:-0.125em;{{{fontstyle|}}}"&gt;&amp;#91;&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;li class="nv-view"&gt;[[{{transclude|{{{1}}}}}|&lt;span title="View this template" &lt;!--
--&gt;style="{{{fontstyle|}}}"&gt;{{#if:{{{mini|}}}|v|view}}&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/li&gt;&lt;!--

--&gt;&lt;li class="nv-talk"&gt;[[{{TALKPAGENAME:{{transclude|{{{1}}}}}}}|&lt;span title="Discuss this template" &lt;!--
--&gt;style="{{{fontstyle|}}}"&gt;{{#if:{{{mini|}}}|t|talk}}&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/li&gt;&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{noedit|}}}|&lt;!--nothing--&gt;|&lt;!--else:
--&gt;&lt;li class="nv-edit"&gt;[{{fullurl:{{transclude|{{{1}}}}}|action=edit}} &lt;span title="Edit this template" &lt;!--
--&gt;style="{{{fontstyle|}}}"&gt;{{#if:{{{mini|}}}|e|edit}}&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/li&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{brackets|}}}|&lt;span style="margin-left:-0.125em;{{{fontstyle|}}}"&gt;&amp;#93;&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
[[Category:Templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9w9i4h370cebqmrq7jz0nbtp466biyw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Navbox</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1209</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4017</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-07T21:10:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4017</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="28484" sha1="169u9v6hui69m5phregit9348id8c2s" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--Please do not edit without discussion first as this is a VERY complex template.

--&gt;{{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child=&lt;/div&gt;|none=|#default=&lt;table cellspacing="0" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;{{{bodystyle|}}};{{{style|}}}"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="padding:2px;"&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks {{{bodyclass|}}} {{#if:{{{title|}}}|{{#switch:{{{state|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;plain|off=|#default=collapsible {{#if:{{{state|}}}|{{{state}}}|autocollapse}}}}}} {{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;subgroup|child|none=navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;{{{bodystyle|}}};{{{style|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;#default=navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit}};{{{innerstyle|}}};"&gt;&lt;!--


---Title and Navbar---
--&gt;{{#if:{{{title|}}}|&lt;tr&gt;{{#if:{{{titlegroup|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{titlegroupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{titlegroupstyle|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{titlegroup|}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th scope="col" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;th scope="col" style="}}{{{basestyle|}}};{{{titlestyle|}}}" class="navbox-title" &lt;!--
 --&gt;colspan={{#expr:2{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{titlegroup|}}}|-1}}}}&gt;&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{#switch:{{{navbar|}}}|plain|off=1}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{name|}}}||{{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child|none=1}}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{navbar|}}}|off|{{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain|&lt;span style="float:right;width:6em;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain||&lt;span style="float:left;width:6em;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;}}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{Navbar|{{{name}}}|mini=1|&lt;!--
 --&gt;fontstyle={{{basestyle|}}};{{{titlestyle|}}};background:none transparent;border:none;}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;span class="error" style="float:left;white-space:nowrap;"&gt;Error: No name provided&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{state|}}}|plain|&lt;span style="float:right;width:6em;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;}}}}&lt;!--

 --&gt;&lt;div class="{{{titleclass|}}}" style="font-size:110%;"&gt;
{{{title}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--


---Above---
--&gt;{{#if:{{{above|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{title|}}}|&lt;tr style="height:2px;"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="navbox-abovebelow {{{aboveclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{abovestyle|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;colspan="{{#expr:2{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|+1}}}}"&gt;&lt;div&gt;
{{{above}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--


---Body---

---First group/list and images---
--&gt;{{#if:{{{list1|}}}|{{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}|&lt;tr style="height:2px;"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;td class="navbox-image {{{imageclass|}}}" style="width:0%;padding:0px 2px 0px 0px;{{{imageleftstyle|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;rowspan={{#expr:1{{#if:{{{list2|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list3|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list4|}}}|+2}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{list5|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list6|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list7|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list8|}}}|+2}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{list9|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list10|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list11|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list12|}}}|+2}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{list13|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list14|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list15|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list16|}}}|+2}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{list17|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list18|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list19|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list20|}}}|+2}}}}&gt;&lt;div&gt;
{{{imageleft}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;}}&lt;!--

 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group1|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group1style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group1}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list1style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{list1padding|{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}}}}"&gt;
{{{list1}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{image|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;td class="navbox-image {{{imageclass|}}}" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;{{{imagestyle|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;rowspan={{#expr:1{{#if:{{{list2|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list3|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list4|}}}|+2}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{list5|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list6|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list7|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list8|}}}|+2}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{list9|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list10|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list11|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list12|}}}|+2}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{list13|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list14|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list15|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list16|}}}|+2}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{list17|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list18|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list19|}}}|+2}}{{#if:{{{list20|}}}|+2}}}}&gt;&lt;div&gt;
{{{image}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--


---Remaining groups/lists---

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list2|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list1|}}}|&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group2|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group2style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group2}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list2style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list2}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list3|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list1|}}}{{{list2|}}}|&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group3|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group3style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group3}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list3style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list3}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list4|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group4|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group4style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group4}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list4style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list4}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list5|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group5|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group5style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group5}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list5style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list5}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list6|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group6|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group6style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group6}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list6style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list6}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list7|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group7|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group7style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group7}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list7style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list7}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list8|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group8|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group8style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group8}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list8style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list8}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list9|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group9|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group9style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group9}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list9style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list9}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list10|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group10|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group10style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group10}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list10style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list10}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list11|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group11|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group11style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group11}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list11style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list11}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list12|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group12|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group12style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group12}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list12style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list12}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list13|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group13|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group13style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group13}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list13style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list13}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list14|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group14|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group14style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group14}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list14style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list14}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list15|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group15|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group15style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group15}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list15style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list15}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list16|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group16|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group16style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group16}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list16style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list16}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list17|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group17|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group17style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group17}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list17style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list17}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list18|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group18|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group18style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group18}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list18style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list18}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list19|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group19|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group19style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group19}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{oddstyle|}}};{{{list19style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|even|{{{evenodd|odd}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list19}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list20|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group20|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group20style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group20}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list20style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list20}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list21|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group21|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group21style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group21}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list21style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list21}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list22|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group22|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group22style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group22}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list22style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list22}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list23|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group23|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group23style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group23}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list23style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list23}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list24|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group24|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group24style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group24}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list24style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list24}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list25|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group25|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group25style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group25}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list25style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list25}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list26|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group26|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group26style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group26}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list26style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list26}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list27|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group27|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group27style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group27}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list27style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list27}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list28|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group28|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group28style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group28}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list28style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list28}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list29|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group29|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group29style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group29}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list29style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list29}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list30|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group30|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group30style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group30}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list30style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list30}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list31|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group31|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group31style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group31}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list31style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list31}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#if:{{{list32|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr style="height:2px"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{group32|}}}|&lt;th scope="row" class="navbox-group {{{groupclass|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}|width:{{{groupwidth}}};}}{{{groupstyle|}}};{{{group32style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{group32}}}&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;|&lt;td colspan=2 style="}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{groupwidth|}}}||width:100%;}}padding:0px;{{{liststyle|}}};{{{evenstyle|}}};{{{list32style|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;class="navbox-list navbox-{{#ifeq:{{{evenodd|}}}|swap|odd|{{{evenodd|even}}}}} {{{listclass|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;div style="padding:{{{listpadding|0em 0.25em}}}"&gt;
{{{list32}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--

---Below---
--&gt;{{#if:{{{below|}}}|&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if:{{{title|}}}{{{above|}}}{{{list1|}}}{{{list2|}}}{{{list3|}}}|&lt;tr style="height:2px;"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--
 --&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="navbox-abovebelow {{{belowclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{{belowstyle|}}}" &lt;!--
 --&gt;colspan="{{#expr:2{{#if:{{{imageleft|}}}|+1}}{{#if:{{{image|}}}|+1}}}}"&gt;&lt;div&gt;
{{{below}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;}}&lt;!--


--&gt;&lt;/table&gt;{{#switch:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup|child=&lt;div&gt;|none=|#default=&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:10}}|{{#ifeq:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|child||{{#ifeq:{{{border|{{{1|}}}}}}|subgroup||{{#switch:{{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}
 |doc
 |sandbox
 |testcases =
 |#default = {{#switch:{{{bodyclass|}}}
  |plainlist
  |hlist
  |hlist hnum
  |hlist vcard
  |vcard hlist = 
  |#default = {{#switch:{{{listclass|}}}
   |plainlist
   |hlist
   |hlist hnum
   |hlist vcard
   |vcard hlist = 
   |#default = {{#ifeq:{{{tracking|}}}|no||[[Category:Navigational boxes without horizontal lists]]}}
   }}
  }}
 }}
}}}}}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:10}}|{{#switch:{{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}
 |sandbox
 |testcases =
 |#default = {{#switch:{{{liststyle|}}}
  |padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.3em;
  |padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;
  |padding:0.4em 0; line-height:1.4em; = [[Category:Navigational boxes with custom list spacing]]
  |#default = 
 }}
}}}}&lt;includeonly&gt;{{template other|{{#if:{{{titlestyle|}}}{{{groupstyle|}}}|[[Category:Navboxes using background colours]]}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc sub-page --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>169u9v6hui69m5phregit9348id8c2s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Navbox subgroup</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1224</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4036</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T19:07:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4036</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6952" sha1="8f04t57x88s4rhbb5v57pxrodzqb8ji" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name = {{{name|}}}
|state = {{{state|}}}
|navbar = {{{navbar|}}}
|border = {{#if:{{{border|}}}|{{{border}}}|child}}

|title = {{{title|}}}
|above = {{{above|}}}
|below = {{{below|}}}
|image = {{{image|}}}
|imageleft = {{{imageleft|}}}
|groupwidth = {{{groupwidth|}}}

|group1 = {{#if:{{{group1|}}}|&lt;div style="padding:{{{grouppadding|0em 0.75em;}}}"&gt;{{{group1}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}
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&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Nazi symbol</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>2224</id>
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      <timestamp>2007-03-24T10:10:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <comment>+Wikipedia links instead of redlinks</comment>
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| '''Legal disclaimer'''
This image shows (or resembles) a symbol that was used by the National Socialist (NSDAP/Nazi) government of Germany or an organization closely associated to it, or another party which has been banned by the [[wikipedia:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany|Federal Constitutional Court of Germany]].

The use of insignia of organizations that have been banned in Germany (like the Nazi [[swastika]] or the arrow cross) may also be '''illegal in [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]], [[wikipedia:Austria|Austria]], [[wikipedia:Hungary|Hungary]], [[wikipedia:Poland|Poland]], [[wikipedia:Czech Republic|Czech Republic]], [[wikipedia:France|France]], [[wikipedia:Brazil|Brazil]] and other countries''', depending on context. In Germany, the applicable law is [http://bundesrecht.juris.de/stgb/__86a.html paragraph 86a] of the criminal code (StGB), in Poland – Art. 256 of the [http://isip.sejm.gov.pl/servlet/Search?todo=file&amp;id=WDU19970880553&amp;type=3&amp;name=D19970553Lj.pdf criminal code] (Dz.U. 1997 nr 88 poz. 553).
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Nazi symbols]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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''[[Media:{{PAGENAME}}|This file]]  '''does not have information on its [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Copyrights|copyright]] status'''.  Unless the copyright status is provided, it may be deleted.
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;
&lt;includeonly&gt; [[Category:Files with unknown copyright status|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:License tags]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
'''This template is added when no license template is selected on uploading images or other files'''
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Nominated</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>585</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2387</id>
      <parentid>2386</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-03-18T07:57:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>1</id>
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|-
| [[Image:Wiki.png|50px|]]
| '''This article is nominated to be highlighted as the [[WarWiki:Featured article|featured article]]!''' &lt;br /&gt; Feel free to review [[WarWiki:Featured article#{{PAGENAME}}|this page's entry]] and voice your opinion
|}</text>
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  <page>
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    <revision>
      <id>2086</id>
      <parentid>2085</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-02-26T16:00:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <minor/>
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      <origin>2086</origin>
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      <text bytes="743" sha1="il7xj0gdb65xobzvgshie3dbup2p0vl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;cite id="endnote_{{{1}}}" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;[[#ref_{{{1}}}|'''↑{{{2|}}}''']]&lt;/cite&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;noinclude&gt;
----
Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do [[Wikipedia:Footnotes|footnotes]]. Some people prefer to use [[m:Cite/Cite.php|Cite.php]]. Cite.php has many advantages, but the use of it is not mandatory. You can use the [[wikipedia:User:Cyde/Ref converter|Ref converter]] to replace ref/note tags with the newer [[m:Cite/Cite.php|Cite.php]] style. Be aware that some articles use both the Note and Ref systems to provide separate Notes and References sections. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the [[wikipedia:Wikipedia_talk:Footnotes|Footnotes talk page]].
[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1230</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4044</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T20:33:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>3386017</id>
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      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4044</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Operations of the Iraq war: 2007</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1170</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3966</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-25T12:04:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>3966</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8135" sha1="7tiwa991b3viv9lnj3o49z77k6ab8xm" xml:space="preserve">{{military navigation
| raw_name  = Operations of the Iraq war: 2007
| title = 2007 [[Iraq War|Iraq war]] Operations
|listclass = hlist
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|style = wide

| group1 = 2007 Operations
| list1 =
* [[Operation Agave L|Agave L]]
* [[Operation Alljah|Alljah]]
* [[Operation Ameliyet|Ameliyet]]
* [[Operation Anchorage|Anchorage]]
* [[Operation Arbead II|Arbead II]]
* [[Operation Ardennes|Ardennes]]
* [[Operation Arrowhead Ripper|Arrowhead Ripper]]
* [[Operation Arrowhead Strike III|Arrowhead Strike III]]
* [[Operation Arrowhead Strike VI|Arrowhead Strike VI]]
* [[Operation Arrowhead Strike 9|Arrowhead Strike 9]]
* [[Operation Arrowhead Strike 10|Arrowhead Strike 10]]
* [[Operation Banzeen|Banzeen]]
* [[Operation Bastogne|Bastogne]]
* [[Operation Beach Yellow|Beach Yellow]]
* [[Operation Bear|Bear]]
* [[Operation Bell Hurriyah|Bell Hurriyah]]
* [[Operation Belleau Wood|Belleau Wood]]
* [[Operation Bethel|Bethel]]
* [[Operation Black Eagle|Black Eagle]]
* [[Operation Black Eagle II|Black Eagle II]]
* [[Operation Black Eagle City|Black Eagle City]]
* [[Operation Black Shark|Black Shark]]
* [[Operation Bonebreaker|Bonebreaker]]
* [[Operation Brown Hawk|Brown Hawk]]
* [[Operation Brutus|Brutus]]
* [[Operation Bullrun|Bullrun]]
* [[Operation Castine|Castine]]
* [[Operation Cave Dweller|Cave Dweller]]
* [[Operation Chalons|Chalons]]
* [[Operation Chesterfield|Chesterfield]]
* [[Operation Church|Church]]
* [[Operation Cobra Strike (2007)|Cobra Strike (2007)]]
* [[Operation Comanche Swarm II|Comanche Swarm II]]
* [[Operation Combined Justice|Combined Justice]]
* [[Operation Eagle Ares|Eagle Ares]]
* [[Operation Commando Dive|Commando Dive]]
* [[Operation Commando Eagle|Commando Eagle]]
* [[Operation Crazyhorse Thunder|Crazyhorse Thunder]]
* [[Operation Crimson Shogun|Crimson Shogun]]
* [[Operation Destroyer Strike|Destroyer Strike]]
* [[Operation Dixon|Dixon]]
* [[Operation Dragon Fire|Dragon Fire]]
* [[Operation Dragon Fire East|Dragon Fire East]]
* [[Operation Dragon Fox|Dragon Fox]]
* [[Operation Dragon Hammer|Dragon Hammer]]
* [[Operation Dragon Talon II|Dragon Talon II]]
* [[Operation Eagle Ares|Eagle Ares]]
* [[Operation Eagle Chickmauga|Chickmauga]]
* [[Operation Eagle Claw XI|Eagle Claw XI]]
* [[Operation Eagle Dive I|Eagle Dive I]]
* [[Operation Eagle Dive II|Eagle Dive II]]
* [[Operation Eagle Lightning|Eagle Lightning]]
* [[Operation Eagle Shiloh III|Eagle Shiloh III]]
* [[Operation Eagle Sweep|Eagle Sweep]]
* [[Operation Eagle Talon|Eagle Talon]]
* [[Operation Eagle Thunder III|Eagle Thunder III]]
* [[Operation Venture IV|Operation Venture IV]]
* [[Operation Eagles|Eagles]]
* [[Operation Eastern Fury|Eastern Fury]]
* [[Operation Elfin Cove|Elfin Cove]]
* [[Operation Enduring Education|Enduring Education]]
* [[Operation Falcon Fury|Falcon Fury]]
* [[Operation Falcon Fury II|Falcon Fury II]]
* [[Operation Falkirk|Falkirk]]
* [[Operation Firecracker|Firecracker]]
* [[Operation Four Brothers|Four Brothers]]
* [[Operation Gator Run|Gator Run]]
* [[Operation Gecko|Gecko]]
* [[Operation Gecko III A|Gecko III A]]
* [[Operation Gecko III B|Gecko III B]]
* [[Operation Geronimo Strike|Geronimo Strike]]
* [[Operation Geronimo Strike II|Geronimo Strike II]]
* [[Operation Geronimo Strike III|Geronimo Strike III]]
* [[Operation Gold Digger|Gold Digger]]
* [[Operation Golden Eagle II|Golden Eagle II]]
* [[Operation Green Angel|Green Angel]]
* [[Operation Grenada|Grenada]]
* [[Operation Greywolf Hammer II|Greywolf Hammer II]]
* [[Operation Gun Barrel City|Gun Barrel City]]
* [[Operation Headhunter|Headhunter]]
* [[Operation Hermes|Hermes]]
* [[Operation Hit and Run|Hit and Run]]
* [[Operation Hoplite|Hoplite]]
* [[Operation Iraqi Heart|Iraqi Heart]]
* [[Operation Iraqi Home Protector|Iraqi Home Protector]]
* [[Operation Iron Blitz|Iron Blitz]]
* [[Operation Ithaca|Ithaca]]
* [[Operation Justice League|Justice League]]
* [[Operation Jalil|Jalil]]
* [[Operation Justice Reach|Justice Reach]]
* [[Operation K (Iraq)|K (Iraq)]]
* [[Operation Kids|Kids]]
* [[Operation Kodiak|Kodiak]]
* [[Operation Law and Order (Fardh Al Qanoon)|Law and Order (Fardh Al Qanoon)]]
* [[Operation Leyte Gulf|Leyte Gulf]]
* [[Operation Lightning Hammer|Lightning Hammer]]
* [[Operation Lightning Hammer II|Lightning Hammer II]]
* [[Operation Lions Paw|Lions Paw]]
* [[Operation Little Man|Little Man]]
* [[Operation Marne Anvil|Marne Anvil]]
* [[Operation Marne Avalanche|Marne Avalanche]]
* [[Operation Marne Husky|Marne Husky]]
* [[Operation Marne Torch|Marne Torch]]
* [[Operation Marne Torch II|Marne Torch II]]
* [[Operation Machete Harvest|Machete Harvest]]
* [[Operation Mawtini|Mawtini]]
* [[Operation Michigan|Michigan]]
* [[Operation New Blue|New Blue]]
* [[Operation New Day|New Day]]
* [[Operation Nijmegen|Nijmegen]]
* [[Operation Nijmegen II|Nijmegen II]]
* [[Operation Nijmegen III|Nijmegen III]]
* [[Operation Northern Forge|Northern Forge]]
* [[Operation Northern Venture|Northern Venture]]
* [[Operation Northwestern Shoulder|Northwestern Shoulder]]
* [[Operation Olympus|Olympus]]
* [[Operation Patriot Strike|Patriot Strike]]
* [[Operation Pegasus Bridge|Pegasus Bridge]]
* [[Operation Peregrine II|Peregrine II]]
* [[Operation Pericles|Pericles]]
* [[Operation Phantom Strike|Phantom Strike]]
* [[Operation Phantom Thunder|Phantom Thunder]]
* [[Operation Phoenix|Phoenix]]
* [[Operation Polar Charade|Polar Charade]]
* [[Operation Polar Dive|Polar Dive]]
* [[Operation Polar Scrum|Polar Scrum]]
* [[Operation Polar Tempest|Polar Tempest]]
* [[Operation Police Victory (Shurta Nasir)|Police Victory (Shurta Nasir)]]
* [[Operation Powerline|Powerline]]
* [[Operation Punisher III|Punisher III]]
* [[Operation Purple Haze|Purple Haze]]
* [[Operation Rat Trap|Rat Trap]]
* [[Operation Red Eagle|Red Eagle]]
* [[Operation Regular Justice|regular Justice]]
* [[Operation Rock Drill|Rock Drill]]
* [[Operation Rock Hammer|Rock Hammer]]
* [[Operation Rogue Stomp|Rogue Stomp]]
* [[Operation Rogue Thunder|Rogue Thunder]]
* [[Operation Saber Boss|Saber Boss]]
* [[Operation Saber Guardian|Saber Guardian]]
* [[Operation Safe Teach|Safe Teach]]
* [[Operation Safety and Security|Safety and Security]]
* [[Operation School Supplies|School Supplies]]
* [[Operation SINBAD|SINBAD]]
* [[Operation Sledgehammer|Sledgehammer]]
* [[Operation Snake River|Snake River]]
* [[Operation Southern Scimitar|Southern Scimitar]]
* [[Operation Stampede 3|Stampede 3]]
* [[Operation Street Sweeper II|Street Sweeper II]]
* [[Operation Tacoma III|Tacoma III]]
* [[Operation Three Swords|Three Swords]]
* [[Operation Tiger Hammer|Tiger Hammer]]
* [[Operation The Iron Hammer|The Iron Hammer]]
* [[Operation Tomahawk Strike 11|Tomahawk Strike 11]]
* [[Operation Tomahawk Strike 12|Tomahawk Strike 12]]
* [[Operation Trident IV|Trident IV]]
* [[Operation Turki Bowl|Turki Bowl]]
* [[Operation Turki Bowl II|Turki Bowl II]]
* [[Operation Tuwaitha Sunrise|Tuwaitha Sunrise]]
* [[Operation Valdez|Valdez]]
* [[Operation Valiant Guardian|Valiant Guardian (Harris Ba'sil)]]
* [[Operation Viking Clampdown III|Clampdown III]]
* [[Operation Viking Snatch|Snatch]]
* [[Operation Viking Squeeze|Viking Squeeze]]
* [[Operation Vipers Bite|Vipers Bite]]
* [[Operation Waterfront|Waterfront]]
* [[Operation Warmup|Warmup]]
* [[Operation White Rockets|White Rockets]]
* [[Operation Wickersham|Wickersham]]
* [[Operation Wickersham II|Wickersham II]]
* [[Operation Wickersham III|Wickersham III]]
* [[Operation William Wallace|William Wallace]]
* [[Operation Winston-Salem|Winston-Salem]]
* [[Operation Wolverine Alesia|Wolverine Alesia]]
* [[Operation Woodshed|Woodshed]]
* [[Operation Yukon River|Yukon River]]
| group2 = See also
| list2  =
* [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Invasion]]
* [[Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–present|Post Invasion]]
* [[List of coalition military operations of the Iraq War|Iraq Operations - Chronological]]
* [[Timeline of the Iraq War|Timeline]]
* [[Iraq War insurgent attacks|Terrorist Attacks]]
* [[Casualties of the Iraq War|Casualties]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{collapsible option}}
[[Category:Navigational boxes|Operations of the Iraq war: 2007]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:PD</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1140</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3782</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:59:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>new template</comment>
      <origin>3782</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="464" sha1="f4s8p7eutryyq9zm7n499ln0wxtxpuw" xml:space="preserve">{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:80%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;"
| [[File:PD-icon.svg|64px|Public domain]]
| ''This file has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, its copyright has expired, or it is ineligible for copyright. This applies worldwide.''
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Public domain|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:License tags]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:PD-Art</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>436</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3750</id>
      <parentid>2161</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:21:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fix image name</comment>
      <origin>3750</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1064" sha1="kigqfao2klp7lte4fvl6ejye165wsbq" xml:space="preserve">{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:80%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;"
| [[File:PD-icon.svg|64px|Public domain]]
| ''The two-dimensional work of art depicted in this image is in the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]''' worldwide due to the date of death of its author (if it was published outside of the U.S. and the author has been dead for over 70 years), or due to its date of publication (if it was first made public in the U.S. before 1923). Therefore this photographical reproduction is also in the public domain, at least in the [[wikipedia:United States|United States]] (see [[wikipedia:Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.|Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.]]), in [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]], and in many other countries.&lt;small&gt;&lt;center&gt;To uploader: '''Please provide necessary copyright information about the artwork itself.''''' &lt;/center&gt;&lt;/small&gt;''
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:PD Art|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:License tags|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:PD-Flag</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3749</id>
      <parentid>2158</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:21:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fix image name</comment>
      <origin>3749</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1521" sha1="ehhq7989bc038uqmmyq8qhtd78x69de" xml:space="preserve">{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:80%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;"
| [[File:PD-icon.svg|64px|Public domain]]
| ''This image is a national, governmental, military, royal/vice-regal or historical [[wikipedia:flag|flag]]. The flag may have been contributed by a user or taken and/or modified from the [[wikipedia:Central Intelligence Agency|Central Intelligence Agency's]]'' [[wikipedia:The World Factbook|World Factbook]]. ''Many have also been color-modified based on data from the [http://www.flags.net/index.php World Flag Database]. Such flags are ineligible for copyright but they are protected by Article 6' of the [[wikipedia:Paris Convention|Paris Convention]] (Protection of State Emblems, and Names, Abbreviations and Emblems of International Intergovernmental Organizations). Representations of national flags are subject to copyright as original works of art and do not fall under'' [[wikipedia:Bridgeman Art Library Ltd. v. Corel Corporation|Bridgeman Art Library Ltd. v. Corel Corporation's]] ''purview as they are not representations of two-dimensional works of art.''

&lt;small&gt;Note to contributors: Use of this tag to indicate copyright status is deprecated, please use one of the other Copyright tags for this purpose. For images from the CIA's World Factbook, use &lt;nowiki&gt;{{PD-USGov-CIA-WF}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/small&gt;
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:PD Flags|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:License tags|{{PAGENAME}}]] &lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:PD-RO-Symbol</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1137</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3766</id>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:41:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>new template</comment>
      <origin>3766</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1029" sha1="hcpvu2oc8u8g6w4kleykyk849s56epw" xml:space="preserve">{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:80%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;"
| [[File:PD-icon.svg|64px|Public domain]]
| ''According to [[wikipedia:Romania|Romania]]'s [http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=10396 Law on Copyright and Related Rights nr.8 of 14 march 1996] (modified by [http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act?ida=50384  Law nr.285 of 23 june 2004]) this image is in the '''[[wikipedia:Public domain|public domain]]'''.''

'''Article 9''' of the above law states that: The following are not eligible for legal protection of copyright:

....&lt;br /&gt;
c) official symbols of the state, of public authorities and of organisations, such as: The coat of arms, the seal, the flag, the emblems, the badges and the medals;&lt;br /&gt;
d)means of payment;&lt;br /&gt;
....

Hence this image has been released into public domain.
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:SVG flags|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:PD-Russia</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>550</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3747</id>
      <parentid>2314</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:21:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fix image name</comment>
      <origin>3747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2125" sha1="j0ue2btpyb595fozze0et8s9sts67oc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style="clear:both"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{| align="center" style="width:80%; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;  padding:5px;"
|height="64px" align="center" rowspan="2"|[[File:PD-icon.svg|64px|Public domain]][[File:Flag of Russia.svg|64px|Flag of Russia]]
| This file is in the [[wikipedia:WP:PD|public domain]] ''in Russia''. It was published before January 1st, 1954, ''and'' the creator (if known) died before that date (For veterans of the [[wikipedia:Great Patriotic War|Great Patriotic War]], the critical date is January 1st, 1950). Works belonging to the former Soviet government or other Soviet [[wikipedia:legal entity|legal entities]] published before January 1st, 1954, are also public domain in Russia. &lt;small&gt;(This is the effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/russia/Russia_Copyright_ENG.pdf Russian copyright law] of 1993 and the copyright [http://www.rg.ru/2004/07/28/piraty-doc.html term extension] from 50 to 70 years in 2004.)
|-
|&lt;hr&gt;&lt;small&gt;A Russian or Soviet work that is in the public domain in Russia according to this rule is in the public domain '''''in the U.S.'' only''' if it was in the public domain in Russia in 1996, e.g. if it was published '''before 1946''' (1942 for WWII veterans) ''and'' the creator died before that year, and no copyright was registered in the U.S. (This is the combined effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Russian_Federation._Law_on_Copyright_and_Neighboring_Rights Russian copyright law of 1993], Russia's joining the [[wikipedia:Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] in 1995, and of [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A] with its critical date of January 1, 1996.)&lt;/small&gt;
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:PD-Russia]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:License tags|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;

&lt;!-- Please do not add this template to the category "PD Soviet", because "PD-Russia" is completely another copyright than "PD Soviet" --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:PD-USGov</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>260</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3806</id>
      <parentid>1762</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:28:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>svg instead of png</comment>
      <origin>3806</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="932" sha1="iu00q8qh4ypspcd93plyle4ajqx0703" xml:space="preserve">{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:80%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;"
| [[File:PD-icon.svg|64px|Public domain]]
|
 ''This work is in the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]''' because it is a work of the [[wikipedia:work of the United States Government|United States Government]] under the terms of ''Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the [[wikipedia:US Code|US Code]]''. This applies worldwide. See [[wikipedia:Copyright|Copyright]].''&lt;hr&gt; Note that this DOES NOT apply to any work of any [[wikipedia:US state|US state]]. Nearly all such works, especially photographs, are NOT released and are held under copyright. This is not the appropriate template to use if they are.
| [[File:Great Seal of the US.png|64px|right]]
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:PD US Government|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:License tags|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:PD-USN</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>249</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3834</id>
      <parentid>3832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T12:51:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>another fix</comment>
      <origin>3834</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="785" sha1="lhypxojvm85u2yqlfe5z1zrtlcc1kxu" xml:space="preserve">{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:80%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;" class="boilerplate" id="pd"
| [[File:PD-icon.svg|64px|Public domain]]
| ''This image is a work of a sailor or employee of the [[wikipedia:United States Navy|U.S. Navy]], taken or made during the course of the person's official duties. As a [[wikipedia:Work of the United States Government|work]] of the [[wikipedia:Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]], the image is in the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]'''.''
| [[File:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg|64px|right]]
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:PD US Navy|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:License tags|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lhypxojvm85u2yqlfe5z1zrtlcc1kxu</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:PD-ineligible</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>453</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3746</id>
      <parentid>2182</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:19:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix image name</comment>
      <origin>3746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="560" sha1="nx75ddqsx5lbag1zw0fth2n2jq8oq6z" xml:space="preserve">{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:80%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;"
| [[File:PD-icon.svg|64px|Public domain]]
| ''This image is '''ineligible for [[wikipedia:Copyrights|copyright]]''' and therefore in the '''[[wikipedia:public domain|public domain]]''', because it consists entirely of information that is common property and contains no original authorship.''
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:PD ineligible|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:License tags|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nx75ddqsx5lbag1zw0fth2n2jq8oq6z</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:PD-users</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3751</id>
      <parentid>2164</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:21:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fix image name</comment>
      <origin>3751</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="627" sha1="0je6ekruafgj7fpiz949sglqkcy4ra7" xml:space="preserve">{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="0" style="width:80%; clear:both; margin:0.5em auto; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:2px solid #8888aa;"
| [[File:PD-icon.svg|64px|Public domain]]
| ''I, the author of this work, hereby release it into the '''[[wikipedia:Public domain|public domain]]'''.  This applies worldwide.''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;small&gt;In case this is not legally possible:&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
''I grant anyone the right to use this work '''for any purpose''', without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.''
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:PD-self|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:License tags]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0je6ekruafgj7fpiz949sglqkcy4ra7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Pipe</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>481</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2218</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-18T16:08:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2218</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="249" sha1="8k7cdvyth2i7yhvqajbljg0r4xul852" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;The pipe character (|) cannot be used inside conditional parameters etc. as it is a special parser delimiter; so, when output of a pipe is needed in such cases, this template can be included instead&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8k7cdvyth2i7yhvqajbljg0r4xul852</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Please leave this line alone and write below</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>564</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3565</id>
      <parentid>2335</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-05-31T05:22:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>update</comment>
      <origin>3565</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="924" sha1="rkfv37kjx43zcv0kg0g4s3w5yie7uq9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="borderc8 backgroundc1 plainlinks" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.3em 0.5em; border-style:solid; border-width:medium"&gt;
&lt;span style="color:#4a4a4a; font-size:140%;"&gt;'''Edit this page'''&lt;/span&gt;
__NOTOC__
This "sandbox" page is to allow you to carry out experiments. Feel free to try your skills at formatting here. If you want to learn more about how to edit a wiki, please read [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Introduction|this introduction]] or the [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Tutorial|tutorial]] at Wikipedia.
__NOEDITSECTION__
To edit, '''[http://war.shoutwiki.com/w/index.php?title=WarWiki:Sandbox&amp;action=edit click here]''' or ''"edit"'' at the top of the page, make your changes in the dialog box, and click the ''"Save page"'' button when you are finished. 
----
''Content added here will not stay permanently; this page is cleared regularly.''
&lt;/div&gt; &lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;
=Testing area=</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Redirect</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3980</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-28T23:01:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>3980</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1102" sha1="3wwnmk0j90xue9xfs74b50mk1l0p9u8" xml:space="preserve">{{dablink|&lt;!--
--&gt;"{{{1}}}" redirects here. For {{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|other uses}}, see {{#if:{{{3|}}}|[[:{{{3}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{4|}}}|and|&amp;#32;and {{#if:{{{5|}}}|[[:{{{5}}}]]|[[{{{1}}} (disambiguation)]]}}}}|[[{{{1}}} (disambiguation)]]}}.&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#if:{{{4|}}}|&lt;!--
  --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{4|}}}|and||&lt;!-- "and" is a special word, don't output "For and, ..."
    --&gt;&amp;#32;&amp;#32;For {{#ifeq:{{{4}}}|1|other uses|{{{4}}}}}, see {{#if:{{{5|}}}|[[:{{{5}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{6|}}}|and|&amp;#32;and {{#if:{{{7|}}}|[[:{{{7}}}]]|[[{{{4}}} (disambiguation)]]}}}}|[[{{{4}}} (disambiguation)]]}}.}}&lt;!--
  --&gt;{{#if:{{{6|}}}|&lt;!--
    --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{6|}}}|and||&lt;!--
      --&gt;&amp;#32;&amp;#32;For {{#ifeq:{{{6}}}|1|other uses|{{{6}}}}}, see {{#if:{{{7|}}}|[[:{{{7}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{8|}}}|and|&amp;#32;and {{#if:{{{9|}}}|[[:{{{9}}}]]|[[{{{6}}} (disambiguation)]]}}}}|[[{{{6}}} (disambiguation)]]}}.}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;{{#if:{{{8|}}}|&lt;!--
      --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{8|}}}|and||&lt;!--
        --&gt;&amp;#32;&amp;#32;For {{#ifeq:{{{8}}}|1|other uses|{{{8}}}}}, see {{#if:{{{9|}}}|[[:{{{9}}}]]|[[{{{8}}} (disambiguation)]]}}.}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;}}&lt;!--
  --&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;}}}}}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Ref</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>386</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2081</id>
      <parentid>2080</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-02-26T16:01:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Redlink blasting, category:templates instead of a new (and rather small) category.</comment>
      <origin>2081</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="820" sha1="n5ta5hnmpo6czck58fp9etoozkjrwil" xml:space="preserve">&lt;span class="reference plainlinksneverexpand" id="ref_{{{1}}}"&gt;&lt;sup&gt;{{#if:{{{2|}}}|[[#endnote_{{{1}}}|{{{2}}}]]|[{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}#endnote_{{{1|}}}]}}&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

----
Using ref/note tags is not the only way to do [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Footnotes|footnotes]]. Some people prefer to use [[m:Cite/Cite.php|Cite.php]]. Cite.php has many advantages, but is not mandatory. You can use the [[wikipedia:User:Cyde/Ref converter|Ref converter]] to replace ref/note tags with the newer [[m:Cite/Cite.php|Cite.php]] style. If you are interested in the discussion, please see the [[wikipedia:Wikipedia_talk:Footnotes|Footnotes talk page]].

See also: [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles|Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles]]
[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Refbegin</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1203</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4010</id>
      <parentid>4007</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-12-01T15:56:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add a cat</comment>
      <origin>4010</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="738" sha1="7xt8mrk3kp03kx7iuaqwvzzbzsx27cd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;div class="refbegin &lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if: {{{normalfont|}}}
    | refbegin-100 }} &lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if: {{{1|}}}
    | columns {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} &gt; 1 }}
      | references-column-width 
      | references-column-count references-column-count-{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}} }}
    | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}}
      | references-column-width }} }}" style="&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if: {{{1|}}}
    | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} &gt; 1 }}
      | {{column-width|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}}
      | {{column-count|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}} }}
    | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}}
      | {{column-width|{{{colwidth}}}}} }} }}"&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if: {{{indent|}}}
    | &lt;dl style="text-indent: -{{{indentsize|3.2}}}em;"&gt;}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7xt8mrk3kp03kx7iuaqwvzzbzsx27cd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Refend</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1204</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4009</id>
      <parentid>4008</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-12-01T15:56:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add a cat</comment>
      <origin>4009</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="84" sha1="sgynj2s0d55ifmzukgssrov59ev8ka2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sgynj2s0d55ifmzukgssrov59ev8ka2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Reflist</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>694</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3991</id>
      <parentid>2596</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-11-30T21:49:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Update to allow for some additional functionality like groups</comment>
      <origin>3991</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="832" sha1="8kplmpj7v2lx5115e2xv56kxzlcttf4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="reflist &lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if: {{{1|}}}
    | columns {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} &gt; 1}}
      | references-column-width 
      | references-column-count references-column-count-{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}}
    | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}}
      | references-column-width}}}}" style="&lt;!--
 --&gt;{{#if: {{{1|}}}
    | {{#iferror: {{#ifexpr: {{{1|1}}} &gt; 1}}
      | {{column-width|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}}
      | {{column-count|{{#if:1|{{{1}}}}}}}}}
    | {{#if: {{{colwidth|}}}
      | {{column-width|{{{colwidth}}}}}}}}} list-style-type: &lt;!--
 --&gt;{{{liststyle|{{#switch: {{{group|}}}
    | upper-alpha
    | upper-roman
    | lower-alpha
    | lower-greek
    | lower-roman = {{{group}}}
    | #default = decimal}}}}};"&gt;
{{#tag:references|{{{refs|}}}|group={{{group|}}}}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Templates]]
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8kplmpj7v2lx5115e2xv56kxzlcttf4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Rellink</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1247</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4063</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:53:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4063</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="98" sha1="2yhy2pus8qqimlfi3p0y66hl3khvnch" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="rellink{{#if:{{{extraclasses|}}}|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;{{{extraclasses}}}}}"&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2yhy2pus8qqimlfi3p0y66hl3khvnch</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Resize</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1235</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4050</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:16:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4050</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="113" sha1="cx5n3br3ivxg6tlw2u6fb14eo5vlw3k" xml:space="preserve">{{#if:{{{2|}}}
|&lt;span style="font-size:{{{1|}}};"&gt;{{{2|}}}&lt;/span&gt;
|&lt;span style="font-size:90%;"&gt;{{{1}}}&lt;/span&gt;
}}</text>
      <sha1>cx5n3br3ivxg6tlw2u6fb14eo5vlw3k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:See also</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1246</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4062</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:51:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4062</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1500" sha1="8zcwc1h5zuav1azhq4pujegnw6ss0up" xml:space="preserve">{{rellink|extraclasses=boilerplate seealso|{{{altphrase|See also}}}: {{#if:{{{1&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}} |&lt;!--then:--&gt;[[:{{{1}}}{{#if:{{{label 1|{{{l1|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 1|{{{l1}}}}}}}}]] |&lt;!--else:--&gt;'''Error: [[Template:See also|Template must be given at least one article name]]'''
}}{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#if:{{{3|}}}|, |&amp;nbsp;and }} [[:{{{2}}}{{#if:{{{label 2|{{{l2|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 2|{{{l2}}}}}}}}]]
}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{#if:{{{4|}}}|, |,&amp;nbsp;and }} [[:{{{3}}}{{#if:{{{label 3|{{{l3|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 3|{{{l3}}}}}}}}]]
}}{{#if:{{{4|}}}|{{#if:{{{5|}}}|, |,&amp;nbsp;and }} [[:{{{4}}}{{#if:{{{label 4|{{{l4|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 4|{{{l4}}}}}}}}]]
}}{{#if:{{{5|}}}|{{#if:{{{6|}}}|, |,&amp;nbsp;and }} [[:{{{5}}}{{#if:{{{label 5|{{{l5|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 5|{{{l5}}}}}}}}]]
}}{{#if:{{{6|}}}|{{#if:{{{7|}}}|, |,&amp;nbsp;and }} [[:{{{6}}}{{#if:{{{label 6|{{{l6|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 6|{{{l6}}}}}}}}]]
}}{{#if:{{{7|}}}|{{#if:{{{8|}}}|, |,&amp;nbsp;and }} [[:{{{7}}}{{#if:{{{label 7|{{{l7|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 7|{{{l7}}}}}}}}]]
}}{{#if:{{{8|}}}|{{#if:{{{9|}}}|, |,&amp;nbsp;and }} [[:{{{8}}}{{#if:{{{label 8|{{{l8|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 8|{{{l8}}}}}}}}]]
}}{{#if:{{{9|}}}|{{#if:{{{10|}}}|, |,&amp;nbsp;and }} [[:{{{9}}}{{#if:{{{label 9|{{{l9|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 9|{{{l9}}}}}}}}]]
}}{{#if:{{{10|}}}|{{#if:{{{11|}}}|, |,&amp;nbsp;and }} [[:{{{10}}}{{#if:{{{label 10|{{{l10|}}}}}}|{{!}}{{{label 10|{{{l10}}}}}}}}]]
}}{{#if:{{{11|}}}|&amp;mdash; '''&lt;br/&gt;Error: [[Template:See also|Too many links specified (maximum is 10)]]'''
}}}}</text>
      <sha1>8zcwc1h5zuav1azhq4pujegnw6ss0up</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Ship</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>211</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4069</id>
      <parentid>1621</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T17:10:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replace, it doesn't look like anything is using this template so no harm done</comment>
      <origin>4069</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="526" sha1="47a126o6qd0xluylb3031niph660yx6" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:#if:{{{up|}}}
| {{{1}}}&amp;#32;
}}[[{{{1}}} {{{2}}}{{safesubst:#if:{{{3|}}}| &amp;#32;({{{3}}})}}|{{safesubst:#switch:{{{4|7}}}
|1 = {{safesubst:#if:{{{3|}}}|{{{3}}}|Hull Number Missing}}
|2 = ''{{{2}}}''
|3 = ''{{{2}}}''&amp;nbsp;{{safesubst:#if:{{{3|}}}|({{{3}}})|Hull Number Missing}}
|4 = Invalid Optional Parameter
|5 = {{{1}}}&amp;nbsp;{{safesubst:#if:{{{3|}}}|({{{3}}})|Hull Number Missing}}
|6 = {{{1}}}&amp;nbsp;''{{{2}}}''
| {{{1}}}&amp;nbsp;''{{{2}}}''{{safesubst:#if:{{{3|}}}|&amp;nbsp;({{{3}}})}}
}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>47a126o6qd0xluylb3031niph660yx6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Shipindex</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>370</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2026</id>
      <parentid>2025</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T16:07:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>2026</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="601" sha1="ew29wiyto4vpmlvn6px4f8176kg1ohd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="notice metadata" id="disambig"&gt;
{|style="background:none"
|style="vertical-align:middle;"|
''This article includes a [[Wikipedia:Disambiguation#List of ships|list of ships]] with the same or similar names. If an [[Special:Whatlinkshere/{{NAMESPACE}}:{{PAGENAME}}|internal link]] for a specific ship referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.''
|}
&lt;/div&gt;[[Category:Lists of ships|&lt;noinclude&gt;*&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}]]&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Templates|Shipindex]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ew29wiyto4vpmlvn6px4f8176kg1ohd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Shpage</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>407</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2125</id>
      <parentid>2124</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-04-21T08:23:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Jack Phoney|Jack Phoney]] ([[User_talk:Jack Phoney|Talk]]); changed back to last version by [[User:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix]]</comment>
      <origin>2125</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="210" sha1="bg0g6sd1g7q1nswmxusw7753fjdcnks" xml:space="preserve">'''Pages: [[Forum:{{PAGENAME}}|1]] [[Forum:{{PAGENAME}}/Page2|2]] [[Forum:{{PAGENAME}}/Page3|3]] [[Forum:{{PAGENAME}}/Page4|4]] [[Forum:{{PAGENAME}}/Page5|5]]'''&lt;noinclude&gt;

[[Category:Templates]]

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bg0g6sd1g7q1nswmxusw7753fjdcnks</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Sidebar</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1234</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4049</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:13:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4049</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14945" sha1="5cyaygqh4p70kjblqvvmfcpllj0jwkq" xml:space="preserve">{{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||&lt;table class="vertical-navbox {{#ifeq:{{{wraplinks|}}}|true||nowraplinks}} {{{bodyclass|{{{class|}}}}}}" &lt;!--
    --&gt;cellspacing="{{#if:{{{cellspacing|}}} |{{{cellspacing}}} |5}}" &lt;!--
    --&gt;cellpadding="{{#if:{{{cellpadding|}}} |{{{cellpadding}}} |0}}" &lt;!--
    --&gt;style="float:{{#if:{{{float|}}} |{{{float}}} |right}};&lt;!--
           --&gt;clear:{{#ifeq:{{{float|}}}|none |both |{{#if:{{{float|}}} |{{{float}}} |right}}}};&lt;!--
           --&gt;width:{{#if:{{{width|}}} |{{{width}}} |22.0em}};&lt;!--
             (margins:)--&gt;{{#switch:{{{float|}}} |left=margin:0 1.0em 1.0em 0; |none|right|#default=margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;}}&lt;!--
           --&gt;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;{{{bodystyle|{{{style|}}}}}}"&gt;}}&lt;!--

 --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||{{#if:{{{outertitle|}}}
     |&lt;caption class="{{{outertitleclass|}}}" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold;{{{outertitlestyle|}}}"&gt;{{{outertitle}}}&lt;/caption&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;}}}}&lt;!--

 --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||{{#if:{{{topimage|}}}
     |&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="{{{topimageclass|}}}" style="padding:0.4em 0;{{{topimagestyle|}}}"&gt;{{{topimage}}}&lt;!--
           --&gt;{{#if:{{{topcaption|}}} |&lt;div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;{{{topcaptionstyle|}}}"&gt;{{{topcaption}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
    }}}}&lt;!--

 --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||{{#if:{{{pretitle|}}}
     |&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="{{{pretitleclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};{{#if:{{{topimage|}}} |padding-top:0.2em |padding-top:0.4em}};line-height:1.2em;{{{pretitlestyle|}}}"&gt;{{{pretitle}}}&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
    }}}}&lt;!--

 --&gt;{{#if:{{{title|}}}
     |{{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th class="{{{titleclass|}}}" style="{{{basestyle|}}};padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;{{#if:{{{pretitle|}}} |padding-top:0}};font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;{{{titlestyle|}}}"&gt;}}{{{title}}}&lt;/th&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
    }}&lt;!--

 --&gt;{{#if:{{{image|}}}
     |&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="{{{imageclass|}}}" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;{{{imagestyle|}}}"&gt;{{{image}}}&lt;!--
           --&gt;{{#if:{{{caption|}}} |&lt;div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;{{{captionstyle|}}}"&gt;{{{caption}}}&lt;/div&gt;}}&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
    }}&lt;!--

 --&gt;{{#if:{{{above|}}}
     |&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="{{{aboveclass|}}}" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;{{{abovestyle|}}}"&gt;&lt;!--newline required for bullet-points to work:--&gt;
{{{above}}}&lt;/td&gt;
      &lt;/tr&gt;
    }}&lt;!--

 heading#/content# starts here:

 --&gt;{{#if: {{{heading1|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading1style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading1}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content1|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content1style|}}}"&gt;&lt;!-- newline required before contents# for bullets to work --&gt;
{{{content1}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading2|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading2style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading2}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content2|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content2style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content2}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading3|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading3style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading3}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content3|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content3style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content3}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading4|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading4style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading4}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content4|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content4style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content4|}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading5|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading5style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading5}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content5|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content5style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content5}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading6|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading6style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading6}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content6|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content6style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content6}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading7|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading7style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading7}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content7|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content7style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content7}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading8|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading8style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading8}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content8|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content8style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content8}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading9|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading9style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading9}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content9|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content9style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content9}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading10|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading10style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading10}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content10|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content10style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content10}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading11|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading11style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading11}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content11|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content11style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content11}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading12|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading12style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading12}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content12|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content12style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content12}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading13|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading13style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading13}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content13|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content13style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content13}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading14|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading14style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading14}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content14|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content14style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content14}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading15|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading15style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading15}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content15|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content15style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content15}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading16|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading16style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading16}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content16|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content16style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content16}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading17|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading17style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading17}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content17|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content17style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content17}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading18|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading18style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading18}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content18|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content18style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content18}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading19|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading19style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading19}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content19|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content19style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content19}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading20|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading20style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading20}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content20|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content20style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content20}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading21|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading21style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading21}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content21|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content21style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content21}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading22|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading22style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading22}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content22|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content22style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content22}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading23|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading23style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading23}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content23|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content23style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content23}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading24|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading24style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading24}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content24|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content24style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content24}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading25|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading25style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading25}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content25|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content25style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content25}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading26|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading26style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading26}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content26|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content26style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content26}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading27|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading27style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading27}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content27|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content27style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content27}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading28|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading28style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading28}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content28|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content28style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content28}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading29|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading29style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading29}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
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&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content29style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content29}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading30|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading30style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading30}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
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&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content30style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content30}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading31|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading31style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading31}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
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&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content31style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content31}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading32|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading32style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading32}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content32|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content32style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content32}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading33|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading33style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading33}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content33|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content33style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content33}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading34|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading34style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading34}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content34|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content34style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content34}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if: {{{heading35|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th class="{{{headingclass|}}}" style="padding:0.1em;{{{basestyle|}}};{{{headingstyle|}}};{{{heading35style|}}}"&gt;
{{{heading35}}}&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}{{#if:
{{{content35|}}}|
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td class="{{{contentclass|}}}" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;{{{contentstyle|}}};{{{content35style|}}}"&gt;
{{{content35}}}&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
}}&lt;!--

 --&gt;{{#if: {{{below|}}}
     |&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class="{{{belowclass|}}}" style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;{{{belowstyle|}}}"&gt;
{{{below}}}&lt;/td&gt;
     &lt;/tr&gt;
    }}&lt;!--

 --&gt;{{#ifeq:{{{child|}}}|yes||{{#switch:{{{navbar|{{{tnavbar|&lt;noinclude&gt;off&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}}}}
     |none |off=
     |#default=&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;{{{navbarstyle|{{{tnavbarstyle|}}}}}}"&gt;{{navbar|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|mini=1|fontstyle={{{navbarfontstyle|{{{tnavbarfontstyle|}}}}}}}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;!--
 --&gt;}}
&lt;/table&gt;}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;!-- Please add categories and interwikis to the bottom of Template:Sidebar/doc, not here --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5cyaygqh4p70kjblqvvmfcpllj0jwkq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Sort</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1239</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4054</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:32:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4054</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="112" sha1="ojjwikat5425vg2285jcl6qcwwvt733" xml:space="preserve">&lt;span style="display:none" class="sortkey"&gt;{{{1}}}&amp;#32;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="sorttext"&gt;{{{2|[[{{{1}}}]]}}}&lt;/span&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ojjwikat5425vg2285jcl6qcwwvt733</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Sortname</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4055</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:33:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4055</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="672" sha1="52jdelvssdmzqys9bcy4l1y5rgvr5jv" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;span style="display:none;"&gt;{{#if:{{{4|{{{sort|}}}}}} | {{{4|{{{sort}}}}}} | {{{2|{{{last}}}}}}, {{{1|{{{first}}}}}} }}&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;/span&gt;{{#if:{{{nolink|}}}
| &lt;span class="vcard"&gt;&lt;span class="fn"&gt;{{{1|{{{first}}}}}} {{{2|{{{last}}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| &lt;span class="vcard"&gt;&lt;span class="fn"&gt;[[{{#if:{{{3|{{{link|}}}}}}
  | {{{3|{{{link}}}}}}|{{{1|{{{first}}}}}} {{{2|{{{last}}}}}} {{#if:{{{dab&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
    | ({{{dab}}})
    }}
  }}|{{{1|{{{first}}}}}} {{{2|{{{last}}}}}}]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
}}{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:0}}|[[Category:Articles with hCards]]}}</text>
      <sha1>52jdelvssdmzqys9bcy4l1y5rgvr5jv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Speedy</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2510</id>
      <parentid>2509</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-01-03T14:34:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>*sigh*</comment>
      <origin>2510</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="842" sha1="ni1mxbqypsogm29zjpt2d8dyjmgbqc7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="boilerplate metadata" id="delete" style="margin: 0 5%; padding: 0 7px 7px 7px; background: #fee; border: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: left; font-size:95%;"&gt;
'''This page should be wiped out.'''&lt;br /&gt;

&lt;span class="iumb-message"&gt;This page is a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|candidate for speedy deletion]], because: '''''{{{1|no reason given}}}'''''.&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;small&gt;'''This article should be ready for deletion with no deliberation over it.''' If you disagree with its deletion, please explain why on [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|its talk page]]. If this page obviously does not meet the criteria for deletion, or you intend to fix it, please remove this notice.&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Candidates for speedy deletion]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ni1mxbqypsogm29zjpt2d8dyjmgbqc7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Sprotect</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>371</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3753</id>
      <parentid>2029</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-03T06:25:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix image</comment>
      <origin>3753</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="979" sha1="alm9t2kegdo6gb12gte5jbs0in2381f" xml:space="preserve">{| class="messagebox protected" style="border: 1px solid #8888aa; padding: 0; font-size:9pt; width:auto;"
| style="width:40px" | [[File:Padlock.svg|30px|center]]
|align="left"| Editing of this {{#if:{{NAMESPACE}}|page|article}} by unregistered or newly registered users is currently [[Wikipedia:Semi-protection policy|disabled]].&lt;br /&gt;Such users may {{#ifeq:{{TALKPAGENAME}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|| [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|discuss changes]],}} [[User talk:Jack Phoenix|request unprotection]], or [[Special:UserLogin|create an account]].
|}&lt;includeonly&gt;{{{category|[[Category:Semi-protected|{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
This template categorizes pages into [[:Category:Semi-protected]].

'''Adding this template to an article does not protect it.''' Protection can only be applied by [[WarWiki:Administrators|administrators]], and can be requested at [[User talk:Jack Phoenix|Jack Phoenix's talk page]].

[[Category:Templates using ParserFunctions|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>alm9t2kegdo6gb12gte5jbs0in2381f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Str find</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1199</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4003</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-01T15:49:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4003</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="85" sha1="tgnyaftab3ng7qz6bb6ejoe27mk4sfm" xml:space="preserve">{{#titleparts: {{str find/logic|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{str len|*{{{2|}}}*}}-2}}-1 | 1 }}</text>
      <sha1>tgnyaftab3ng7qz6bb6ejoe27mk4sfm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Str find/logic</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1200</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4004</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-01T15:49:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4944" sha1="16o0bzsn4dyd83pw9cfq7w4trgiem1j" xml:space="preserve">{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}} }} }}*|*{{{2}}}*|1/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+1}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|1}}{{{2}}}*|2/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+2}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|2}}{{{2}}}*|3/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+3}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|3}}{{{2}}}*|4/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+4}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|4}}{{{2}}}*|5/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+5}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|5}}{{{2}}}*|6/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+6}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|6}}{{{2}}}*|7/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+7}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|7}}{{{2}}}*|8/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+8}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|8}}{{{2}}}*|9/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+9}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|9}}{{{2}}}*|10/}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+10}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|10}}{{{2}}}*|11/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+11}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|11}}{{{2}}}*|12/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+12}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|12}}{{{2}}}*|13/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+13}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|13}}{{{2}}}*|14/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+14}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|14}}{{{2}}}*|15/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+15}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|15}}{{{2}}}*|16/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+16}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|16}}{{{2}}}*|17/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+17}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|17}}{{{2}}}*|18/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+18}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|18}}{{{2}}}*|19/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+19}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|19}}{{{2}}}*|20/}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+20}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|20}}{{{2}}}*|21/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+21}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|21}}{{{2}}}*|22/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+22}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|22}}{{{2}}}*|23/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+23}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|23}}{{{2}}}*|24/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+24}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|24}}{{{2}}}*|25/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+25}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|25}}{{{2}}}*|26/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+26}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|26}}{{{2}}}*|27/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+27}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|27}}{{{2}}}*|28/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+28}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|28}}{{{2}}}*|29/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+29}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|29}}{{{2}}}*|30/}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+30}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|30}}{{{2}}}*|31/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+31}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|31}}{{{2}}}*|32/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+32}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|32}}{{{2}}}*|33/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+33}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|33}}{{{2}}}*|34/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+34}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|34}}{{{2}}}*|35/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+35}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|35}}{{{2}}}*|36/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+36}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|36}}{{{2}}}*|37/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+37}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|37}}{{{2}}}*|38/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+38}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|38}}{{{2}}}*|39/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+39}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|39}}{{{2}}}*|40/}}&lt;!--

--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+40}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|40}}{{{2}}}*|41/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+41}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|41}}{{{2}}}*|42/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+42}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|42}}{{{2}}}*|43/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+43}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|43}}{{{2}}}*|44/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+44}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|44}}{{{2}}}*|45/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+45}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|45}}{{{2}}}*|46/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+46}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|46}}{{{2}}}*|47/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+47}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|47}}{{{2}}}*|48/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+48}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|48}}{{{2}}}*|49/}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq:*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|{{#expr: {{{3}}}+49}} }}*|*{{str_left|{{{1}}}|49}}{{{2}}}*|50/}}</text>
      <sha1>16o0bzsn4dyd83pw9cfq7w4trgiem1j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Str left</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1198</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4002</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-01T15:47:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4002</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="75" sha1="8onx3jahcel4aoopl1mnjf8jyy4bd14" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:|{{{2|1}}}|{{{1}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8onx3jahcel4aoopl1mnjf8jyy4bd14</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Str len</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1201</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4012</id>
      <parentid>4005</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-12-01T15:57:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add a cat</comment>
      <origin>4012</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="628" sha1="cewuzj4kzv894sajavk662kir18fzx3" xml:space="preserve">{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:x|{{{1|}}}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| 500 }}   &lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!-- str &gt;= 500 --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| 500
| {{{{{|safesubst:}}}str len/core   &lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!-- xx0-xx9 --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
  |{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:x|{{{1|}}}}}
  | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}str len/core   &lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!-- x0x-x9x --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
    |{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:x|{{{1|}}}}}
    | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}str len/core   &lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!-- 0xx-4xx --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
      |{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:x|{{{1|}}}}}
      | | hundreds
      }}| tens
    }}| ones
  }}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cewuzj4kzv894sajavk662kir18fzx3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Str len/core</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1202</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4011</id>
      <parentid>4006</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-12-01T15:57:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add a cat</comment>
      <origin>4011</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3308" sha1="o70m5e1fq6dus4rewyf6simhiskjcx1" xml:space="preserve">{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#switch: {{{3|}}}

| hundreds =   &lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!-- 0xx-4xx, using linear search since most strings will probably be less than 100 bytes. --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| 100 }}  &lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!--str &gt;= x--&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| 200 }}
  | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| 300 }}
    | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| 400 }}
      | 4
      | 3
      }}
    | 2
    }}
  | 1
  }}
|   &lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!-- Don't return 0, since tens and ones don't want a leading 0 in parameter 2. --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}

| tens =   &lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!-- x0x-x9x, using linear search for 0x-3x, binary search for 4x-9x, since most strings will probably be 0-39 bytes. --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{{2|}}}{{
{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}10 }}  &lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!--str &gt;= x--&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}20 }}
  | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}30 }}
    | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}40 }}
      | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}60 }}
        | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}80 }}
          | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}90 }}
            | 9
            | 8
            }}
          | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}70 }}
            | 7
            | 6
            }}
          }}
        | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}50 }}
          | 5
          | 4
          }}
        }}
      | 3
      }}
    | 2
    }}
  | 1
  }}
| {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{2|}}}|0}}   &lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!-- Only return 0 if &gt;=100, since ones don't want a leading 0 in parameter 2. --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
}}

| ones =   &lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!-- xx0-xx9, using binary search. --&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{{2|}}}{{
{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}4 }}  &lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;!--str &gt;= x--&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;
| {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}6 }}
  | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}8 }}
    | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}9 }}
      | 9
      | 8
      }}
    | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}7 }}
      | 7
      | 6
      }}
    }}
  | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}5 }}
    | 5
    | 4
    }}
  }}
| {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}2 }}
  | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}3 }}
    | 3
    | 2
    }}
  | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq: x{{{1|}}} | x{{{{{|safesubst:}}}padleft:{{{1|}}}| {{{2|}}}1 }}
    | 1
    | 0
    }}
  }}
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o70m5e1fq6dus4rewyf6simhiskjcx1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Stub</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>238</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1697</id>
      <parentid>1696</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-12-08T13:01:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>plainlinks</comment>
      <origin>1697</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="416" sha1="t2xfecslusc4f9771okd3wu1bh3qoab" xml:space="preserve">{| id="Stub" class="noprint" style="border:1px solid #999; background:#fff; margin:0 0 .5em .5em; text-align:center; padding:5px; clear:center; font-size:smaller;" align="center"
|-
![[Image:Wiki.png|25px]] This article is a stub. You can help WarWiki by &lt;span class="plainlinks"&gt;[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{PAGENAME}}|action=edit}} expanding it]&lt;/span&gt;.
|}[[Category:Stubs]]&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>t2xfecslusc4f9771okd3wu1bh3qoab</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Succession box</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>158</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1316</id>
      <parentid>1315</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-01-02T23:07:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>yuck, ugly Wikipedia templates...</comment>
      <origin>1316</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="525" sha1="11hprlgzny6eg5tq5f735nzrsbvpu47" xml:space="preserve">{|style="width: 75%; margin: 1em auto auto auto; clear: both;" class="toc"
|-style="text-align: center;"
|width="10%" |{{#if:{{{logo|}}}|{{{logo|}}}}} ||width="30%" |preceded by:&lt;br /&gt;'''{{{before}}}''' ||width="30%" |'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br /&gt;{{#if:{{{years|}}}|{{{years|}}}}} ||width="30%" |succeeded by:&lt;br /&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;pre&gt;
{{succession box
|logo = (if applies)
|before = 
|title =
|years =
|after = 
}}
&lt;/pre&gt;
{{wikipedia|fi:Malline:Edeltäjä-seuraaja}}
[[Category:Succession templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>11hprlgzny6eg5tq5f735nzrsbvpu47</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Swastika</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2214</id>
      <parentid>2213</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-01-13T17:31:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>this template might be useful in the future or then not.</comment>
      <origin>2214</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="109" sha1="dxn55gpzt62tqhb96w4u243aj1b9go8" xml:space="preserve">flag includes the [[wikipedia:Swastika|Swastika]]

&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dxn55gpzt62tqhb96w4u243aj1b9go8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Template:Harvard citation/No brackets</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1195</id>
    <redirect title="Template:Harvard citation/No brackets" />
    <revision>
      <id>3998</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-30T21:54:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reguyla moved page [[Template:Template:Harvard citation/No brackets]] to [[Template:Harvard citation/No brackets]]: Fix name</comment>
      <origin>3998</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="51" sha1="gohr6c19ejzh5k59atrpb5mda55c8az" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Template:Harvard citation/No brackets]]</text>
      <sha1>gohr6c19ejzh5k59atrpb5mda55c8az</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Template other</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1225</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4037</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T19:08:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4037</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="322" sha1="run215k5m4kbxr2cy4q0qyuaxiq1or4" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:
  &lt;!--If no or empty "demospace" parameter then detect namespace--&gt;
  {{#if:{{{demospace|}}}
  | {{lc: {{{demospace}}} }}    &lt;!--Use lower case "demospace"--&gt;
  | {{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:Template}}
    | template
    | other
    }}
  }}
| template = {{{1|}}}
| other
| #default = {{{2|}}}
}}&lt;!--End switch--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>run215k5m4kbxr2cy4q0qyuaxiq1or4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Test</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>426</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2148</id>
      <parentid>2147</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T20:45:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>2148</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="418" sha1="iwle54jjiauvtuymxbsma9vsz6jzy87" xml:space="preserve">Thank you for experimenting with {{#if:{{{1|}}}|the page [[:{{{1}}}]] on}} WarWiki. Your test worked, and it has been [[WarWiki:Reverting vandalism|reverted]] or removed. Please use [[WarWiki:Sandbox|the sandbox]] for any other tests you may want to do. Take a look at the [[WarWiki:Community Portal|community portal]] to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia. &lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>iwle54jjiauvtuymxbsma9vsz6jzy87</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Test2</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2146</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T20:41:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2146</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="260" sha1="2a5bmwnrxy58kqfyrwcc3h9s620ngpd" xml:space="preserve">Please do not add nonsense to WarWiki{{#if:{{{1|}}}|, as you did to [[:{{{1}}}]]}}. It is considered [[WarWiki:Vandalism|vandalism]]. If you would like to experiment, use the [[WarWiki:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. &lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2a5bmwnrxy58kqfyrwcc3h9s620ngpd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Test3</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>427</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2149</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T20:47:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2149</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="293" sha1="3378u2ppvfie5iqyhc0frw808r02ukp" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Stop_hand.svg|left|30px]] This is your '''last warning'''. &lt;br /&gt;The next time you [[WarWiki:Vandalism|vandalize]] a page, {{#if:{{{1|}}}|as you did to [[:{{{1}}}]],}} you will be [[WarWiki:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing WarWiki. &lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3378u2ppvfie5iqyhc0frw808r02ukp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Test4</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>428</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2150</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T20:47:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2150</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="716" sha1="82sf2jlxlxw3ie9i44wpsmd3cbuk31k" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style="clear: both"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;[[Image:Octagon-warning.svg|left|30px]]'''You have been {{#if:{{{1|}}}||temporarily}} [[WarWiki:Blocking policy|blocked]] from editing WarWiki {{#if:{{{1|}}}|for a period of {{{1|}}}}} as a result of your {{#if:{{{2|}}}|disruptive edits to [[:{{{2}}}]]|disruptive edits}}.''' You are free to make constructive edits after the block has expired, but please note that [[WarWiki:Vandalism|vandalism]] (including page blanking or addition of [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Patent nonsense|random text]]), [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Spam|spam]], deliberate misinformation, privacy violations and  [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:No personal attacks|personal attacks]] will not be tolerated.

[[Category:Templates]]</text>
      <sha1>82sf2jlxlxw3ie9i44wpsmd3cbuk31k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Title without disambig</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1197</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4001</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-01T15:47:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4001</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="106" sha1="bvp5od5rqn055gj5g8c8wscqz8rsaz2" xml:space="preserve">{{#ifeq:{{str find|{{{1|}}}|(}}|-1|{{{1|}}}|{{str left|{{{1|}}}|{{#expr:{{str find|{{{1|}}}|(}} -2}} }} }}</text>
      <sha1>bvp5od5rqn055gj5g8c8wscqz8rsaz2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Tl</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1952</id>
      <parentid>1951</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T15:54:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <origin>1952</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="66" sha1="0mn6vn1oiteudaj91nvdlga8kady4nk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[template:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0mn6vn1oiteudaj91nvdlga8kady4nk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Tocright</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1176</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3972</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-25T12:13:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>3972</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="192" sha1="5kzj5sbeg732yvt806r9aetctcvs8qk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style="float:right; clear:{{{clear|right}}}; margin-bottom:.5em; padding:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em; background:transparent; max-width:20em;"&gt;__TOC__&lt;/div&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5kzj5sbeg732yvt806r9aetctcvs8qk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Tocright/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1177</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3973</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-25T12:14:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template doc</comment>
      <origin>3973</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="355" sha1="oxam2kq5wizv09xds0gaz2ea8x14gcj" xml:space="preserve">;Description
:This template will float the article's table of contents to the right. It will also force a ToC when/where it would not normally be found.
:Use it only when needed.
;Syntax
:Type &lt;code&gt;{{t|tocright}}&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Template documentation|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oxam2kq5wizv09xds0gaz2ea8x14gcj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Transclude</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1227</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4039</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T19:11:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4039</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="358" sha1="nvz6phy0wuk49cehacq6kho5i8lvr08" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch: {{NAMESPACE: {{{1}}} }}
 |#default = {{FULLPAGENAME: {{{1}}} }} &lt;!-- eg "User:Foo" --&gt;
 |{{ns:0}} = 
    {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE: {{{1}}} }} | {{NAMESPACE: Template{{{1}}} }}
      | Template:{{{1}}}            &lt;!-- no leading colon, eg "Foo" --&gt;
      | {{PAGENAME: {{{1}}} }}      &lt;!-- leading colon, eg ":Foo", so we want the article --&gt;
    }}
}}</text>
      <sha1>nvz6phy0wuk49cehacq6kho5i8lvr08</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:USAAF 20th Air Force World War II</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1223</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4035</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T19:04:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4035</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4217" sha1="1ywi076h3ybue64voqsp0co0xnhvng7" xml:space="preserve">{{military navigation
|raw_name  = USAAF 20th Air Force World War II
|title = [[Image:Us army air corps shield.svg|20px]] [[United States Army Air Forces|USAAF]] [[Twentieth Air Force]] in [[World War II]] 
|listclass = hlist
|style = wide
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|collapsed&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|image = [[Image:Twentieth_Air_Force_-_Emblem_(World_War_II).png|80px]]
|groupstyle = text-align:center;

|group1 = Airfields
|list1  =  {{Navbox subgroup
 |groupstyle = width:10em; text-align:center; {{Military history infobox style|nav_box_label}}
 |liststyle = width:auto;
 |group1 = China
 |list1=
* [[Xinjin Airport|Hsinching Airfield]] (A-1)
* [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Kwanghan Airfield]] (A-3)
* [[Qionglai Air Base|Kuinglai Airfield]] (A-5)
* [[Pengshan Air Base|Pengshan Airfield]] (A-7)
 |group2 = India
 |list2=
* [[Chakulia Airport|Chakulia Airfield]]
* [[Dudhkundi Airfield]]
* [[Piardoba Airfield]]
* [[Kalaikunda Air Force Station|Kalaikunda Airfield]]
 |group3 = Marianas
 |list3=
* [[Harmon Air Force Base|Harmon Airfield (Guam)]] 
* [[Saipan International Airport|Isely Airfield (Saipan)]] 
* [[Andersen Air Force Base|North Airfield (Guam)]] 
* [[North Field (Tinian)|North Airfield (Tinian)]] 
* [[Northwest Field (Guam)|Northwest Airfield (Guam)]] 
* [[Tinian International Airport|West Airfield (Tinian)]]  
}}

|group2 = Units
|list2  = {{Navbox subgroup
 |groupstyle = width:10em; text-align:center; {{Military history infobox style|nav_box_label}}
 |liststyle = width:auto;
 |group1 = Commands
 |list1  =
* [[46th Fighter Wing (World War II)|VII Fighter]] 
* [[XX Bomber Command|XX Bomber]] 
* [[XXI Bomber Command|XXI Bomber]]
 |group2 = Wings
 |list2  =
* [[58th Air Division|58th Bombardment]]
* [[73d Air Division|73d Bombardment]]
* [[313th Air Division|313th Bombardment]]
* [[314th Air Division|314th Bombardment]]
* [[315th Air Division|315th Bombardment]]
* [[301st Fighter Wing|301st Fighter]] 
 |group3 =Groups
 |list3 = {{Navbox subgroup
 |groupstyle = width:8em; text-align:center; {{Military history infobox style|nav_box_label}}
 |liststyle = width:auto;

   |group1 = Bombardment
   |list1  =
* [[6th Operations Group|6th Bombardment]]
* [[9th Operations Group|9th Bombardment]]
* [[16th Air Expeditionary Wing|16th Bombardment]]
* [[19th Operations Group|19th Bombardment]]
* [[29th Flying Training Wing|29th Bombardment]]
* [[39th Air Base Wing|39th Bombardment]]
* [[40th Air Expeditionary Wing|40th Bombardment]]
* [[330th Bombardment Group (VH)|330th Bombardment]]
* [[331st Bombardment Group|331st Bombardment]]
* [[444th Bombardment Group|444th Bombardment]]
* [[462d Strategic Aerospace Wing|462d Bombardment]]
* [[468th Bombardment Group|468th Bombardment]]
* [[497th Air Refueling Wing|497th Bombardment]]
* [[498th Tactical Missile Group|498th Bombardment]]
* [[499th Air Refueling Wing|499th Bombardment]]
* [[500th Air Refueling Wing|500th Bombardment]]
* [[501st Combat Support Wing|501st Bombardment]]
* [[502d Bombardment Group|502d Bombardment]]
* [[504th Bombardment Group|504th Bombardment]]
* [[505th Bombardment Group|505th Bombardment]]
* [[509th Composite Group|509th Composite]] 

 |group2 = Fighter
 |list2  =
* [[15th Operations Group|15th Fighter]]
* [[21st Operations Group|21st Fighter]]
* [[413th Flight Test Group|413th Fighter]]
* [[414th Fighter Group|414th Fighter]]
* [[506th Air Expeditionary Group|506th Fighter]]
* [[507th Air Refueling Wing|507th Fighter]] 
}}
}}

|belowclass = hlist
|below = 
* '''United States Army Air Forces'''

* [[First Air Force|First]]
* [[Second Air Force|Second]]
* [[Third Air Force|Third]]
* [[Fourth Air Force|Fourth]]
* [[Fifth Air Force|Fifth]]
* [[United States Air Forces Southern Command|Sixth]]
* [[Seventh Air Force|Seventh]]
* [[Eighth Air Force|Eighth]]
* [[Ninth Air Force (World War II)|Ninth]]
* [[Tenth Air Force|Tenth]]
* [[Eleventh Air Force|Eleventh]]
* [[Twelfth Air Force|Twelfth]]
* [[Thirteenth Air Force|Thirteenth]]
* [[Fourteenth Air Force|Fourteenth]]
* [[15th Expeditionary Mobility Task Force|Fifteenth]]
* [[Twentieth Air Force|Twentieth]]

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{collapsible option}}
[[Category:United States Army Air Force World War II navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1ywi076h3ybue64voqsp0co0xnhvng7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:USS</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1238</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4053</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:30:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4053</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="239" sha1="bwjxt8bwvc2nxvs1fweyxzn7wyt7642" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{safesubst:ship|USS|{{{1}}}|{{safesubst:#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}}}|{{safesubst:#if:{{{3|}}}|{{{3}}}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}} 
&lt;!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bwjxt8bwvc2nxvs1fweyxzn7wyt7642</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:UnitedStatesCode</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1251</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4067</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-26T16:58:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create template</comment>
      <origin>4067</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="457" sha1="qgi8t1oagr99mwes5lzyllq4rnjyk8m" xml:space="preserve">{{#if:{{{pipe|}}}|[http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/{{{1}}}/{{{2}}}.html {{{pipe|}}}]|{{#switch:{{{1}}}
| 26 = [[Internal Revenue Code|26 U.S.C.]]
|[[Title {{{1}}} of the United States Code|{{{1}}} U.S.C.]]}}&amp;nbsp;[http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/{{{1}}}/{{{2}}}.html §{{#if:{{{3&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|§}}&amp;nbsp;{{{2}}}]{{#if:{{{3&lt;includeonly&gt;|&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}|–[http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/{{{1}}}/{{{3}}}.html {{{3}}}]}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qgi8t1oagr99mwes5lzyllq4rnjyk8m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:United States armed forces</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>957</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3315</id>
      <parentid>3314</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-12-30T22:32:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>complex wikipedia templates fail on Wikia due to [[wikipedia:HTML Tidy|Tidy]] - or to be more specific, lack of it</comment>
      <origin>3315</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="908" sha1="k4axs0kamq39gyvdkxbhszblu9homdh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div class="NavFrame"&gt;
&lt;div class="NavHead"&gt;[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|24px|Flag of the United States]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;[[Military of the United States]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class="NavContent"&gt;
[[Image:United States Department of the Army Seal.svg|30px|United States Army seal]] [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] • [[Image:USMC logo.svg|30px|United States Marine Corps seal]] [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] • [[Image:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg|30px|United States Navy Seal]] [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] • [[Image:Seal of the US Air Force.svg|30px|United States Air Force seal]] [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] • [[Image:USCG S W.svg|30px|United States Coast Guard seal]] [[United States Coast Guard|U.S. Coast Guard]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Military of the United States| ]]
[[Category:Templates|United States armed forces]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>k4axs0kamq39gyvdkxbhszblu9homdh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:WWIITheatre</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2265</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-22T19:11:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2265</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2446" sha1="aflh808xdoci6kbw0xq8b01wap2y6ct" xml:space="preserve">&lt;br clear="all" /&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
{| class="toccolours"
|-
| style="background:#ccddcc" align="center" | '''Campaigns and theatres of [[World War II]]'''
|-
| style="background:#ccccff" align="center" | '''[[European Theatre of World War II|European Theatre]]'''
|- 
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;"  | [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Poland]] | [[Phony War]] | [[Norwegian Campaign|Denmark &amp; Norway]] | [[Battle of France|France &amp; Benelux countries]] | [[Battle of Britain|Britain]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front 1941-45]] | [[Continuation War]] | [[Western Front (WWII)#1944 &amp;ndash; 1945|Western Front 1944-45]]
|-
| style="background:#ccccff" align="center" | '''[[Pacific War|Asian and Pacific Theatres]]'''
|- 
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[Second Sino-Japanese War|China]] | [[Pacific Ocean Areas|Pacific Ocean]] | [[South-East Asian Theatre of World War II|South-East Asia]] | [[South West Pacific Area|South West Pacific]] | [[Operation August Storm|Manchuria 1945]]
|-
| style="background:#ccccff" align="center" | '''[[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II|The Mediterranean]], [[African Theatres of World War II|Africa]] and [[Middle East Theatre of World War II|Middle East]]'''
|- 
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[Battle of the Mediterranean|Mediterranean Sea]] | [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East Africa]] | [[North African Campaign|North Africa]] | [[West Africa Campaign (World War II)|West Africa]] | [[Balkans Campaign|Balkans]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Middle East Campaign|Middle East]] | [[Battle of Madagascar|Madagascar]] | [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italy]]
|-
| style="background:#ccccff" align="center" | '''Other'''
|- 
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)|Atlantic Ocean]] | [[Strategic bombing during World War II|Strategic bombing]] | [[Attacks on North America during World War II|Attacks on North America]] | [[Greenland|Arctic]] | [[Operation Tabarin|Antarctica]] | [[Operation Drumbeat|Caribbean Sea]] | [[Battle for Australia|Attacks on Australia]]
|-
| style="background:#ccddcc" align="center" | '''Contemporary wars'''
|- 
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[Chinese Civil War]] | [[Battle of Khalkhin Gol|Soviet-Japanese Border War]] | [[Winter War]] &lt;br /&gt; [[French-Thai War]] | [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] | [[Greek Civil War]] | [[Sino-Japanese War]] | [[Lapland War]] | [[Ecuadorian-Peruvian War]]
|}
&lt;/center&gt;</text>
      <sha1>aflh808xdoci6kbw0xq8b01wap2y6ct</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Welcome</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1434</id>
      <parentid>1433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-02-09T22:36:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>-mailing list link</comment>
      <origin>1434</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1179" sha1="ks19wh9lkxf4rfhwvdqrtzd7hxn6l1w" xml:space="preserve">&lt;big&gt;'''Welcome, {{PAGENAME}}, to [[WarWiki]], the [[wikipedia:Wiki|wiki]] about wars in history!'''&lt;/big&gt;

We hope that you like this project and you decide to stay. Feel free to edit and contribute some articles to WarWiki. Please show us your ideas and help us improve our site! However do not remove important information while fixing articles, and remember to assume good faith. Always.

'''Important links:'''
*[[Special:Contributions/{{PAGENAME}}|''Your contributions'']]
*[[Help:Contents|''Editing help'']]
*[[WarWiki:Administrators|''Administrators'']]

'''Community'''
*[[Forum:Index|''Forums'']]
*[[WarWiki:Community Portal|''Community Portal'']]

:::{{{1|}}}
----

&lt;noinclude&gt;
==Usage==
&lt;nowiki&gt;
{{welcome|~~~~}} or {{welcome|[[User:YOURusername|YOURusername}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
Sign your name as the template's variable. Remember, it's '''''YOUR NAME''''' you want to sign it with, not the name of the user you are welcoming. Occasionally, custom signatures can make this template work with less reliability, so try to refrain from using custom signatures that have an excess of &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;, &lt;sub&gt;, thumbnails, or flashy images.&lt;/nowiki&gt;
[[Category:Templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ks19wh9lkxf4rfhwvdqrtzd7hxn6l1w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:Wikipedia</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>41</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3875</id>
      <parentid>3551</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-08-01T09:12:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3875</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="910" sha1="qrb8ygw0yirhyjeuauo7hg2so9i0wrl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
{| align="center" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" style="border: 1px solid #E0E0E0; background-color: #F8F8F8"
|- 
| style="font-size: 90%" | This page uses content from [http://www.wikipedia.org '''Wikipedia''']. The original article was at [http://en.wikipedia.org{{localurl:{{{1}}}}} '''{{{1}}}''']. The list of authors can be seen in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/w{{localurl:{{{1}}}|action=history}} '''page history''']. As with [[Project:About|{{SITENAME}}]], the text of Wikipedia is available under the [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license].
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
==Usage==
To use this template, type: '''&lt;nowiki&gt;{{wikipedia|article name}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' at the bottom of the article, changing "article name" to the name of the Wikipedia article you took the text from.
[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qrb8ygw0yirhyjeuauo7hg2so9i0wrl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Template:World War I</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>374</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3770</id>
      <parentid>2036</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:47:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cleanup</comment>
      <origin>3770</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7161" sha1="cs0u0wl021acqxupvmmybxbox5sxz4c" xml:space="preserve">{| class="toccolours" style="clear:both"
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#ccddcc" align="center" | '''[[World War I]]'''
|-

|width="200px" style="background:#B0C4DE"| '''Theatres'''
|width="300px" style="background:#B0C4DE"| '''Main events'''
|width="200px" style="background:#B0C4DE"| '''Specific articles'''
|width="200px" style="background:#B0C4DE"| '''[[Participants in World War I|Participants]]'''
|width="200px" style="background:#B0C4DE"| '''See also'''
|-valign="top"
|
''Prelude:''&lt;br/&gt;
• [[Causes of World War I|Causes]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Assassination in Sarajevo|Sarajevo assassination]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[July Ultimatum|The July Ultimatum]]

''Main theatres:''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Italian Campaign (World War I)|Italian Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I|Middle Eastern Theatre]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Balkans Campaign (World War I)|Balkan Theatre]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[First Battle of the Atlantic|Atlantic Theatre]]

''Other theatres:''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[African theatre of World War I|African Theatre]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I|Pacific Theatre]]

''General timeline:''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[World War I timeline|WWI timeline]]

|valign="top"|
''1914:''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Liège]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Tannenberg (1914)|Battle of Tannenberg]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Serbian Campaign (World War I)|Invasion of Serbia]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[First Battle of the Marne]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Arras (1914)|First Battle of Arras]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Sarikamis]]&lt;br /&gt;
''1915:''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Mesopotamian Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Gallipoli]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Italian Campaign (World War I)|Italian Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Serbian Campaign (World War I)#1915|Conquest of Serbia]]&lt;br /&gt;
''1916:''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Verdun]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of the Somme (1916)|Battle of the Somme]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Jutland]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Brusilov Offensive]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Romanian Campaign (World War I)|Conquest of Romania]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Arab Revolt|Great Arab Revolt]]&lt;br /&gt;
''1917:''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Vimy Ridge|Second Battle of Arras (Vimy Ridge)]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Passchendaele|Battle of Passchendaele]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Fall of Baghdad (1917)|Capture of Baghdad]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign#Palestine campaign|Conquest of Palestine]]&lt;br /&gt;
''1918:''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Spring Offensive]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Hundred Days Offensive]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|Armistice with Germany]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Armistice of Mudros|Armistice with Ottoman Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;

|valign="top"|
• [[List of military engagements of World War I|Military engagements]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Naval warfare of World War I|Naval warfare]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Aviation in World War I|Air warfare]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Trench code|Cryptography]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[List of people associated with World War I|People]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Use of poison gas in World War I|Poison gas]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[War Department Light Railways|Railways]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Technology during World War I|Technology]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Trench warfare]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|Partition of Ottoman Empire]]

''Civilian impact and atrocities:''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Armenian Genocide]]&lt;br/&gt;
• [[Assyrian Genocide]] 

''Aftermath:''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Aftermath of World War I|Aftermath]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[World War I casualties|Casualties]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Treaty of Versailles]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Treaty of St. Germain]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine|Treaty of Neuilly]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Treaty of Trianon]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Treaty of Sèvres]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Treaty of Lausanne]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[League of Nations]]

|valign="top"|

'''[[Allies of World War I|Entente Powers]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
• {{border|[[File:Russian Empire 1914 17.svg|20px]]}} [[Russian Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[French Third Republic|France]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[British Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;» [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;» [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|20px|]] [[Military history of Australia during World War I|Australia]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;» [[File:Flag of Canada-1868-Red.svg|20px|]] [[Military History of Canada during WWI|Canada]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;» [[File:Imperial-India-Blue-Ensign.svg|20px|]] [[British Raj|India]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;» [[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|20px]] [[Dominion of New Zealand|New Zealand]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;» [[File:Flag of Newfoundland.svg|20px|]] [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;» [[File:South Africa Red Ensign.png|20px]] [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] [[United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
• {{border|[[File:Flag of Serbia (1882-1918).png|20px]]}} [[History of Modern Serbia#Serbia in World War I|Serbia]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Portugal.svg|20px]] [[Portugal in the Great War|Portugal]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg|20px]] [[History of the Republic of China#World War I and Manchu Restoration|China]]&lt;br /&gt;
• {{border|[[File:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|20px|]]}} [[Japan during World War I|Japan]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px]] [[Belgium]]&lt;br /&gt;
• {{border|[[File:Old Flag of Montenegro.png|20px]]}} [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Greece (1828-1978).svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|20px]] [[Democratic Republic of Armenia|Armenia]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Allies of World War I|more…]] 

'''[[Central Powers]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of the German Empire.svg|20px]] [[German Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Austria-Hungary.svg|20px]] [[Austria-Hungary]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Ottoman Flag.svg|20px]] [[Ottoman Empire]]&lt;br /&gt;
• {{border|[[File:Bg-1913.gif|20px]]}} [[History of Independent Bulgaria#World War I|Bulgaria]]&lt;br /&gt;

|valign="top"|
• [[:Category:World War I|Category: World War I]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[War to end all wars|A war to end all wars]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Female roles in the World Wars|Female roles]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Literature of World War I|Literature]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Total war]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Spanish flu]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Surviving veterans of World War I|Veterans]]&lt;br /&gt;

''Contemporaneous conflicts:''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[First Balkan War]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Second Balkan War]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Maritz Rebellion]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Easter Rising]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Russian Civil War]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Finnish Civil War]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[North Russia Campaign]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Wielkopolska Uprising (1918–1919)|Wielkopolska Uprising]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Polish-Soviet War|Polish–Soviet War]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Turkish War of Independence]] also known as the [[Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|}

[[Category:World War I]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:World War II</title>
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      <timestamp>2009-06-04T08:45:08Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>tweaks</comment>
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      <text bytes="8057" sha1="hzjqlczdby5h1ojxzugmyx5b64s5bjf" xml:space="preserve">{| width="100%" class="toccolours"
|colspan="7" style="background:#ccddcc; text-align:center;"| '''[[World War II]]'''
|- style="background:#b0c4de;"
!            | [[Participants in World War II|Participants]]
!colspan="2" | Theatres
!colspan="2" | Main events
!colspan="2" | Specific articles
|- valign="top"
|width="23%"|

'''[[Allies of World War II|The Allies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II|United Kingdom]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|20px]] [[Military history of the Soviet Union#World War II|Soviet Union]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] [[Military history of the United States during World War II|United States]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|20px]] [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Republic of China]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] [[History of Poland (1939–1945)|Poland]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Free France 1940-1944.svg|20px]] [[Military history of France during World War II|Free France]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|20px]] [[Military history of the Netherlands during World War II|Netherlands]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|20px]] [[History of Belgium#World War II|Belgium]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Canadian Red Ensign 1921.svg|20px|]] [[Military history of Canada during the Second World War|Canada]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|20px]] [[History of Norway#Norway in World War II|Norway]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Greece (1828-1978).svg|20px]] [[Military history of Greece during World War II|Greece]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg|20px]] [[Yugoslavia#Yugoslavia during the Second World War|Yugoslavia]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|20px]] [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Imperial-India-Blue-Ensign.svg|20px|]] [[India in World War II|India]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|20px]] [[Military history of Australia during World War II|Australia]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of El Salvador.svg|20px]] [[El Salvador]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|20px]] [[Military history of New Zealand during World War II|New Zealand]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of South Africa 1928-1994.svg|20px]] [[Military history of South Africa during World War II|South Africa]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Egypt 1922.svg|20px]] [[Military history of Egypt during World War II|Egypt]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|20px]] [[Military history of the Philippines during World War II|Philippines]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|20px|]] [[History of Brazil (1930-1945)#World War II, Vargas, the Axis Powers, and the liberalization of the Estado Novo|Brazil]]&lt;br /&gt;

• ''[[Allies of World War II|more...]]''&lt;br /&gt;

'''[[Axis powers of World War II|The Axis]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Germany 1933.svg|20px]] [[History of Germany during World War II|Germany]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Japan - variant.svg|20px|]] [[Military history of Japan#Showa Period - World War II|Japan]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg|22px|20px|Kingdom of Italy]] [[Military history of Italy during World War II|Italy]]&lt;br /&gt; 
• [[File:Flag of Vichy France.gif|20px]] [[Vichy France]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Hungary 1940.svg|20px]] [[History of Hungary#World War II|Hungary]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Bulgaria (1878-1944).svg|20px]] [[Military history of Bulgaria during World War II|Bulgaria]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Romania.svg|20px]] [[Romania during World War II|Romania]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Finland.svg|20px]] [[Military history of Finland during World War II|Finland]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Croatia Ustasa.svg|20px]] [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Slovakia WW2 flag.svg|20px]] [[Slovak Republic (1939-1945)|Slovakia]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[File:Flag of Thailand.svg|20px]] [[History of Thailand (1932-1973)#World War II|Thailand]]&lt;br /&gt;

• ''[[Axis Powers|more...]]''

|width="1%" |
|width="20%"|
''Prelude''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Causes of World War II|Causes]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Events preceding World War II in Europe|in Europe]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Events preceding World War II in Asia|in Asia]]

''Main theatres''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[European Theatre of World War II|Europe]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Europe]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Second Sino-Japanese War|China]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[North African campaign|Africa]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Middle East Theatre of World War II|Middle East]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Pacific War|Asia and the Pacific]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of the Atlantic (1939-1945)|Atlantic]]

''General timeline''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Timeline of World War II|Timeline]]

|width="1%" | 
|width="27%"| &lt;!--If you are about to add a battle/operation to this list, please take some time to really consider its importance in the history of WW2 compared to the others in the list. The added battle needs to be very important, and it might be a good idea to first propose it/discuss it on the template talk page.--&gt;
''1939''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|Invasion of Poland]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Winter War]]&lt;br /&gt;

''1940''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Operation Weserübung|Invasion of Denmark/Norway]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of France]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Britain]]&lt;br /&gt;

''1941''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Operation Barbarossa|Invasion of the Soviet Union]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Moscow]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]]&lt;br /&gt;

''1942''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Midway]]&lt;br /&gt; 
• [[Battle of Stalingrad]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Second Battle of El Alamein]]&lt;br /&gt;

''1943''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Kursk]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Guadalcanal campaign]]&lt;br /&gt; 
• [[Allied invasion of Italy|Invasion of Italy]]&lt;br /&gt;

''1944''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Normandy]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Operation Bagration]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]]&lt;br /&gt; 

''1945''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Okinawa]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Battle of Berlin]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[End of World War II in Europe|End in Europe]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Surrender of Japan]]&lt;br /&gt;

• ''[[List of military engagements of World War II|more...]]''

|width="1%" |
|width="27%"|
• [[Blitzkrieg]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[World War II cryptography|Cryptography]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[List of World War II military equipment|Equipment]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Home front during World War II|Home Front]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[List of military engagements of World War II|Military engagements]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Military production during World War II|Production]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Resistance during World War II|Resistance]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Technology during World War II|Technology]]&lt;br /&gt;

''Civilian impact and atrocities''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Nanking Massacre]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Siege of Leningrad]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Dutch famine of 1944]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Strategic bombing during World War II|Strategic bombings]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Comfort women]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Allied war crimes during World War II|Allied war crimes]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[German war crimes]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Japanese war crimes]]&lt;br /&gt;

''Aftermath''&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Effects of World War II|Effects]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[World War II casualties|Casualties]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II|Expulsion of Germans]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Cold War|Cold War]]

|-
|colspan="7"|
{| style="width:100%; background:transparent;"
|colspan="2" style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"| '''See also''' 
|-
|valign="top"|

• [[:Category:World War II|Category:World War II]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[List of World War II topics|Topics]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[List of World War II conferences|Conferences]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Total war]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[World War II in contemporary culture|WWII in contemporary culture]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Military awards of World War II]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Attacks on North America during World War II|Attacks on North America]]&lt;br /&gt;
• [[Comparative military ranks of World War II]]
| 
|-
|}&lt;!--close "See also" table--&gt;
|-
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;!--Categories--&gt;
[[Category:Templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
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      <text bytes="158" sha1="3eyayyaekb82u7ymr4fh6r1xq41naoe" xml:space="preserve">This is the '''top category''' of this wiki. This top-level category has several subcategories, which contain articles, policy pages, uploaded files and such.</text>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Create cat</comment>
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      <text bytes="206" sha1="pcz45byrk3yc5swcpofaonxfsm9k1cl" xml:space="preserve">This is intended to be the highest level category for Article maintenance categories. These categories have been created to make it easier to find articles needing improvement or contain potential problems.</text>
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      <comment>New page: .</comment>
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      <text bytes="1" sha1="6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb" xml:space="preserve">.</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>2157545</id>
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      <comment>New page: .</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1" sha1="6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb" xml:space="preserve">.</text>
      <sha1>6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Articles with unsourced statements since July 2007</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>1049</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3441</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T22:55:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elassint</username>
        <id>2157545</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: .</comment>
      <origin>3441</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1" sha1="6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb" xml:space="preserve">.</text>
      <sha1>6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Articles with unsourced statements since June 2007</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>1048</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3440</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T22:55:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elassint</username>
        <id>2157545</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: .</comment>
      <origin>3440</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1" sha1="6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb" xml:space="preserve">.</text>
      <sha1>6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Battles and operations of the Eastern Front of World War II</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>1046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3438</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T22:55:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elassint</username>
        <id>2157545</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: .</comment>
      <origin>3438</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1" sha1="6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb" xml:space="preserve">.</text>
      <sha1>6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Battles involving the Soviet Union</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>1050</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3442</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T22:55:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elassint</username>
        <id>2157545</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: .</comment>
      <origin>3442</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1" sha1="6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb" xml:space="preserve">.</text>
      <sha1>6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Births by year</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>1168</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3964</id>
      <parentid>3963</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-11-25T03:43:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add a cat</comment>
      <origin>3964</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="88" sha1="8vwvo7x9izfahxkzctckz69bv5cf5a6" xml:space="preserve">People categorized by the year of birth.

[[Category:Events by year]]
[[Category:Years]]</text>
      <sha1>8vwvo7x9izfahxkzctckz69bv5cf5a6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:CC-BY-SA-2.5</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>559</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2330</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-25T14:34:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2330</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="381" sha1="8l1y3r6vqod0rzdxwlsqbmf9sop51xb" xml:space="preserve">This category is for media licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 2.5 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/.

To place an image in this category, add the tag {{tl|cc-by-sa-2.5}} to the bottom of the image's description page. Please consider placing your image in a new or existing subcategory if this category is too large.

[[Category:Files]]</text>
      <sha1>8l1y3r6vqod0rzdxwlsqbmf9sop51xb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Consensus track</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>412</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2130</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T15:23:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2130</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="65" sha1="kmpla3h3hkb5gr9h07fno66e47b9ccb" xml:space="preserve">For forums in the consensus track forum area.

[[Category:Forum]]</text>
      <sha1>kmpla3h3hkb5gr9h07fno66e47b9ccb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Disambiguation</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>630</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2513</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-02T14:23:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: This category contains [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Disambiguation|disambiguation]] pages &amp;mdash; navigational aids which list other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article...</comment>
      <origin>2513</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="328" sha1="krxq15catnl5wnkt2gmw35cna7am4dx" xml:space="preserve">This category contains [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia:Disambiguation|disambiguation]] pages &amp;mdash; navigational aids which list other pages that might otherwise share the same title. If an article link referred you to one of these pages, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended page.

[[Category:Content]]</text>
      <sha1>krxq15catnl5wnkt2gmw35cna7am4dx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Esoteric templates</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2514</id>
      <timestamp>2007-04-02T14:51:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: These templates employ some extremely complicated and/or esoteric features of template syntax and should not be altered unless you know what you're doing.  [[Category:Templates]]</comment>
      <origin>2514</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="178" sha1="0n17h4y4zxqiflvt8j1eaol5rc20cuy" xml:space="preserve">These templates employ some extremely complicated and/or esoteric features of template syntax and should not be altered unless you know what you're doing.

[[Category:Templates]]</text>
      <sha1>0n17h4y4zxqiflvt8j1eaol5rc20cuy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Fair use historic photographs</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>561</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2332</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-25T14:39:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2332</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="319" sha1="lretjk1smktdsxuvztl8gunbmyo87t6" xml:space="preserve">To place an image in this category, add the tag {{tl|HistoricPhoto}} to the bottom of the image's description page. If you are not sure which category an image belongs to, consult the image copyright tag page. If this category is very large, please place your image in a new or existing subcategory.

[[Category:Files]]</text>
      <sha1>lretjk1smktdsxuvztl8gunbmyo87t6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Files with unknown copyright status</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2468</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-23T21:53:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: These files do not have information about their copyright status and they will be deleted unless copyright status is provided.   [[Category:Files]]</comment>
      <origin>2468</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="147" sha1="fbjd3ujeqw8rluusetmvxyao2hseay0" xml:space="preserve">These files do not have information about their copyright status and they will be deleted unless copyright status is provided. 

[[Category:Files]]</text>
      <sha1>fbjd3ujeqw8rluusetmvxyao2hseay0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Forum</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>403</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2111</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T15:13:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2111</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="85" sha1="af7awtpmp8uhvccjb0qyt4tdutm21dp" xml:space="preserve">The following is a list of Forums available on the [[WarWiki]].

[[Category:WarWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>af7awtpmp8uhvccjb0qyt4tdutm21dp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:GFDL</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>558</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2329</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-25T14:31:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2329</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="347" sha1="mfhmrkhm4vzvs78o8iwvx5qz3nj4equ" xml:space="preserve">The following images are licensed under the [[wikipedia:GNU Free Documentation License|GNU Free Documentation License]].

To place an image in this category, add the tag {{tl|GFDL}} to the bottom of the image's description page. Please consider placing your image in a new or existing subcategory if this category is too large.

[[Category:Files]]</text>
      <sha1>mfhmrkhm4vzvs78o8iwvx5qz3nj4equ</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Hundred Years' War navigational boxes</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>1044</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3436</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T22:55:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elassint</username>
        <id>2157545</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: .</comment>
      <origin>3436</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1" sha1="6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb" xml:space="preserve">.</text>
      <sha1>6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Insignia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>419</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2140</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T18:38:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2140</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="246" sha1="e6l1wanekato9yenx30jmgurv85ciyk" xml:space="preserve">This category lists images of [[wikipedia:insignia|insignia]] to which may apply restrictions that are independent of the copyright status. To place an image in this category, please put '''{{[[Template:Insignia|Insignia]]}}''' on the image page.</text>
      <sha1>e6l1wanekato9yenx30jmgurv85ciyk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Navigational boxes</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>1171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3967</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-25T12:05:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create cat</comment>
      <origin>3967</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22" sha1="0t5jiibdq6k1tam9oy4zt1yld5iz80u" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Templates]]</text>
      <sha1>0t5jiibdq6k1tam9oy4zt1yld5iz80u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Nazi symbols</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>562</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2333</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-25T14:43:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2333</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="392" sha1="6kp5bymul6e17lhw3yycjrdpmpppbt8" xml:space="preserve">This category lists symbols of the Nazi movement that have restrictions on their use in many countries, regardless of their copyright status.

{{Nazi symbol}}

To place an image in this category, add the tag {{tl|nazi symbol}} to the bottom of the image's description page. Please consider placing your image in a new or existing subcategory if this category is too large.

[[Category:Files]]</text>
      <sha1>6kp5bymul6e17lhw3yycjrdpmpppbt8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:PD-Russia</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>553</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2318</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-24T22:47:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2318</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2666" sha1="2ordo6xrpyueth9zteo0fnaiyy8t0my" xml:space="preserve">Works published in the USSR '''prior to January 1, 1954''' are in the [[wikipedia:WP:PD|public domain]] ''in Russia'' if one of the following is true:
# if the author died before January 1, 1954 and was not rehabilitated after that date;&lt;ref name="posthumous"&gt;Please note that if an author died before 1954 but his work was published only posthumously (i.e. after his death, 1954 or later), the work is ''not'' in the public domain in Russia: the copyright term for posthumously published works begins to run at the date of publication, not at the year the author died.&lt;/ref&gt;
# otherwise, if the copyright was held by an artificial person (e.g. a corporation or the state);
# otherwise, if the work was published anonymously and the author never became known.

For works by known authors who were veterans of the [[Great Patriotic War]], the copyright term is extended by four years: a work authored by a veteran is in the public domain in Russia only if it was published before '''1950''' ''and'' the author died before 1950.&lt;ref name="Russia"&gt;This is the effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://www.cipr.org/legal_reference/countries/russia/Russia_Copyright_ENG.pdf Russian coypright law] of 1993 and the copyright [http://www.rg.ru/2004/07/28/piraty-doc.html term extension] from 50 to 70 years in 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''In the U.S.''', such a work is in the public domain if it was in the public domain in Russia in 1996, e.g. if it was published before '''1946''' by a legal entity, and no copyright was registered in the U.S. For works of known authors the critical year for the U.S. is '''1942''', as any author who lived 1942 - 1946 falls into the category "veretans of the Great Patriotic War": only Soviet works published before 1942 of known authors who died before 1942 are in the public domain in the U.S.&lt;ref name="US"&gt;This is the combined effect of the [http://www.supcourt.ru/vscourt_detale.php?id=4349 retroactive] [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Russian_Federation._Law_on_Copyright_and_Neighboring_Rights Russian copyright law of 1993], Russia's joining the [[wikipedia:Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]] in 1995, and of [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#104a 17 USC 104A] with its critical date of January 1, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt;

The template {{tl|PD-Russia}} populates this category. This template should be used only for works first published in the USSR within the Russian SFSR. If it is unknown where exactly within the USSR a work was first published, {{tl|PD-Russia}} can also be used.

== Footnotes ==

&lt;references/&gt;
[[Category:Files|PD-Russia]]</text>
      <sha1>2ordo6xrpyueth9zteo0fnaiyy8t0my</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:PD-self</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>557</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2328</id>
      <parentid>2327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-02-25T14:31:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>+cat</comment>
      <origin>2328</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="387" sha1="ps2j10xq7s2vs0p4j89hm3bgs5uobq6" xml:space="preserve">This category contains images that have been released into the public domain by their creators. Use this for images that you created that you are uploading.

To place an image in this category, add the tag {{tl|PD-users}} to the bottom of the image's description page. Please consider placing your image in a new or existing subcategory if this category is too large.

[[Category:Files]]</text>
      <sha1>ps2j10xq7s2vs0p4j89hm3bgs5uobq6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:PD ineligible</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>560</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2331</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-25T14:35:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2331</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="234" sha1="3j955132pwu9p3m9lbmm70ksfvathe4" xml:space="preserve">To place an image in this category, add the tag {{tl|PD-ineligible}} to the bottom of the image's description page. Please consider placing your image in a new or existing subcategory if this category is too large.

[[Category:Files]]</text>
      <sha1>3j955132pwu9p3m9lbmm70ksfvathe4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Pages for deletion</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>156</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1311</id>
      <parentid>1310</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-04-01T12:15:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>1311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="98" sha1="ov19v7e1gsxfd5vrz66acmiqsg44hw4" xml:space="preserve">These pages are at '''[[WarWiki:Votes for Deletion|up for deletion]]'''.

[[Category:Maintenance]]</text>
      <sha1>ov19v7e1gsxfd5vrz66acmiqsg44hw4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Redirects</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>1165</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3959</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-25T03:17:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create category</comment>
      <origin>3959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32" sha1="fdcyp6npwm80mzxjqa5295sizpgox3c" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Article maintenance]]</text>
      <sha1>fdcyp6npwm80mzxjqa5295sizpgox3c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:SVG flags</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2195</id>
      <parentid>2194</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-02-25T15:19:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>[[Category:Files]] suits better than [[Category:WarWiki]].</comment>
      <origin>2195</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="704" sha1="375qiuvdwl8f7m1dswhev4bvowiazzo" xml:space="preserve">The intention of this category is to be able to keep track of new SVG flags as they get uploaded.  

For other collections of free SVG flags elsewhere, see the SodiPodi flag collection at http://www.sodipodi.com/index.php3?section=clipart/flags (no longer being added to) or the OpenClipArt.Org flags category http://www.openclipart.org/cgi-bin/navigate/signs_and_symbols/flags (and also the general symbols category http://www.openclipart.org/cgi-bin/navigate/signs_and_symbols ).  Also, a BZIP2-compressed archive of hundreds of SVG flags is available at sites where data files for the "xrmap" software can be downloaded, such as ftp://ftp.ac-grenoble.fr/ge/geosciences/xrmap/data/


[[Category:Files]]</text>
      <sha1>375qiuvdwl8f7m1dswhev4bvowiazzo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:SVG sovereign state flags</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2334</id>
      <timestamp>2007-02-25T15:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2334</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="90" sha1="klojhx7ikfx16a4d83calk2dbjuzzxl" xml:space="preserve">SVG versions of flags of internationally-recognized sovereign nations.

[[Category:Files]]</text>
      <sha1>klojhx7ikfx16a4d83calk2dbjuzzxl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Soviet-German War</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>1042</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3434</id>
      <timestamp>2008-10-27T22:55:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elassint</username>
        <id>2157545</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: .</comment>
      <origin>3434</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1" sha1="6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb" xml:space="preserve">.</text>
      <sha1>6t9fg2gmch401ldtk8m7pyzz632ixbb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Template documentation</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>1178</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3974</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-25T12:15:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create cat</comment>
      <origin>3974</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22" sha1="0t5jiibdq6k1tam9oy4zt1yld5iz80u" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Templates]]</text>
      <sha1>0t5jiibdq6k1tam9oy4zt1yld5iz80u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Template redirects</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>1220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4032</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T18:50:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create cat</comment>
      <origin>4032</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45" sha1="qqn61d9caw8ej7ylgxwo4yvytlojegy" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Templates]]
[[Category:Redirects]]</text>
      <sha1>qqn61d9caw8ej7ylgxwo4yvytlojegy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Templates needing substitution checking</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>1217</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4027</id>
      <timestamp>2014-12-08T18:35:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create cat</comment>
      <origin>4027</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22" sha1="0t5jiibdq6k1tam9oy4zt1yld5iz80u" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Templates]]</text>
      <sha1>0t5jiibdq6k1tam9oy4zt1yld5iz80u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Templates using ParserFunctions</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>178</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1474</id>
      <parentid>1473</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-01-03T14:26:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uhh...</comment>
      <origin>1474</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="116" sha1="km71aosah99aeilvh5uir3tmpct9u7m" xml:space="preserve">This category contains templates that heavily use [[m:Help:ParserFunctions|ParserFunctions]].
[[Category:Templates]]</text>
      <sha1>km71aosah99aeilvh5uir3tmpct9u7m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Vexillological Symbols</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>484</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2222</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-18T16:15:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2222</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="276" sha1="o7w8ccee3vaoego2v29mc8l3kfyy6gm" xml:space="preserve">This category contains '''vexillological symbols''' according to [http://www.fotw.net/flags/xf-fis.html#fiavcode FIAV] / W. Smith.

All the SVG images in this catagory are optimized for a size of 23x15 px. 
To use these images, try the [[Template:FIAV]].

[[Category:WarWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>o7w8ccee3vaoego2v29mc8l3kfyy6gm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:WarWiki</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>314</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1917</id>
      <parentid>1916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-04-01T19:50:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Description added.</comment>
      <origin>1917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="106" sha1="qyct4sk1vt0oo0rxvvgyfgwoxtsklmm" xml:space="preserve">This is the category about pages related to [[WarWiki:About|this wiki]].

[[Category:!Categories|WarWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>qyct4sk1vt0oo0rxvvgyfgwoxtsklmm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:War Room</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>411</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2129</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T15:22:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>2129</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="58" sha1="8pahv5yyok61cev224zbbubyh0tdwnk" xml:space="preserve">For forums in the War Room forum area.

[[Category:Forum]]</text>
      <sha1>8pahv5yyok61cev224zbbubyh0tdwnk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:World War II</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>176</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1460</id>
      <parentid>1459</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-03-31T13:57:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>+wikilink</comment>
      <origin>1460</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="79" sha1="8j0erp9cifflnvtlvumkxsi2f7ay82e" xml:space="preserve">These articles are about '''[[World War II]]'''.

[[Category:War|World War II]]</text>
      <sha1>8j0erp9cifflnvtlvumkxsi2f7ay82e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Year of birth missing</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>1167</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3962</id>
      <timestamp>2014-11-25T03:40:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Reguyla</username>
        <id>3386017</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Create category</comment>
      <origin>3962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="162" sha1="pxhywqgn791z5qywhvyfiiauji9vmyp" xml:space="preserve">This category is for individuals whose year of birth has not been indicated.

[[Category:Births by year]]
[[Category:Articles missing birth or death information]]</text>
      <sha1>pxhywqgn791z5qywhvyfiiauji9vmyp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Years</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2498</id>
      <timestamp>2007-03-29T13:03:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>New page: This is a category for articles about specific years.  [[Category:Content|Years]]</comment>
      <origin>2498</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="81" sha1="n6m2dczhygvxf0xsi78jexplok32lam" xml:space="preserve">This is a category for articles about specific years.

[[Category:Content|Years]]</text>
      <sha1>n6m2dczhygvxf0xsi78jexplok32lam</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category talk:French Revolution</title>
    <ns>15</ns>
    <id>154</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1304</id>
      <parentid>1303</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-03-02T21:03:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Rm redlink.</comment>
      <origin>1304</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="413" sha1="qptrrjtdm1fwdx9dzy5ucldg62r4120" xml:space="preserve">This will replace Forum:French Revolution.--[[User:Gangsta-Easter-Bunny|Gangsta-Easter-Bunny]] 20:18, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

== Redlinks ==
We need to fix all the redlinks in the French Revolution articles.
:Good idea. I started the de-wikilinking with [[List of historians of the French Revolution]] Links can be re-added when articles appear about them, if ever. - [[User:Nhprman|Nhprman]] 04:46, 10 June 2006 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qptrrjtdm1fwdx9dzy5ucldg62r4120</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Forum:Index</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>402</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2110</id>
      <timestamp>2007-01-15T15:12:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
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      <origin>2110</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="662" sha1="rep6ykam6y00k3edz7qc4bf483nuh4e" xml:space="preserve">Welcome to the forum! Please click below to go to a specific forum.

:''Note: You may have to [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=purge}} purge] this page to see changes.''

&lt;table class="forumlist" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th class="forum_title" align="left"&gt;Forum&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="forum_edited" align="left"&gt;Last Edit&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="forum_editor" align="left"&gt;Last Author&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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category=Consensus track
title=Forum:Consensus track
shownamespace=false
addlasteditor=true
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&lt;/forum&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

[[Category:Forum]]</text>
      <sha1>rep6ykam6y00k3edz7qc4bf483nuh4e</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Forum:War Room</title>
    <ns>110</ns>
    <id>404</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3548</id>
      <parentid>2117</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-05-30T17:03:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jack Phoenix</username>
        <id>1</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor/>
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/77.91.130.42|77.91.130.42]] ([[User talk:77.91.130.42|Talk]]) to last version by [[User:Uberfuzzy|Uberfuzzy]]</comment>
      <origin>3548</origin>
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      <text bytes="1003" sha1="m0n92zybpfxgsrl2ahg3w1x2w7zpcue" xml:space="preserve">{{forumtop}}
'''War Room forum''' is a site-wide discussion area about almost anything. Feel free to post your questions, suggestions and comments '''&lt;big&gt;not related to specific articles&lt;/big&gt;'''. Questions related to specific articles should be asked at the talk page for that article.


&lt;div style="clear: both"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
----
[[Special:Recentchangeslinked/Category:{{PAGENAME}}|View recent changes for the General discussion forum]]

&lt;table width="100%"&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;{{shpage}}&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width="40%"&gt;&lt;createbox&gt;
break=no
prefix=Forum:
preload=Template:Forumheader/{{PAGENAME}}
buttonlabel=Add new topic
&lt;/createbox&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;table class="forumlist" style="border: 1px solid #aaa" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tr style="background: #eee"&gt;&lt;th class="forum_title" align="left"&gt;Topic&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="forum_edited" align="left"&gt;Last Edit&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th class="forum_editor" align="left"&gt;Last Author&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;forum&gt;
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category=War Room
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addlasteditor=true
count=40
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&lt;/forum&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</text>
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